Harvey Kronberg’s phone keeps playing the sad-trombone sound Every time he gets a text—and he gets a lot—his device lets out a loud womp-womp-womp is an artifact from last year’s Texas Republican primary a bloodbath for a lot of his friends and sources in the state House who were wiped out by a tsunami of spending by Governor Greg Abbott and a vengeful mood among the GOP’s Jacobin base The news the longtime Capitol insider kept getting via text was so bad he figured it ought to be heralded with an appropriate sound effect “All the news is still bad!” he says Kronberg—or “Harvey,” as he’s almost universally known around the Capitol—is one of the fixtures of the Texas Legislature He has covered state politics for 36 years a subscription-only website that trades in insider information and political gossip The Quorum Report was one of the first Texas political outlets to take advantage of the internet and it still retains the look of a website circa 2005—Drudge Report for people who fall asleep to the legislative live stream Kronberg describes his publication as catering to “combatants”—those in the relatively small community of lawmakers and political operators who work professionally at the Capitol and he knows them better than almost anyone.  the 74-year-old has pivoted away from dispassionate political analysis to get-it-off-your-chest columnizing Kronberg talks often of “the game” and “the chessboard,” describing politics as a never-ending shifting of power in which shrewdness and strategy are the coins of the realm—but he has expressed alarm of late at the rise of players (Abbott Trump) who prefer to knock over the chessboard and have little regard for the rules of civil engagement Kronberg used to regularly dine with Abbott back when the latter was a Texas Supreme Court justice and in the early years of Abbott’s time as attorney general but now Kronberg was calling him “the grandstander in chief” and “Christian in Name Only,” and accusing the governor of lying and engaging in something “reminiscent of Stalinist purges.”  just a couple of weeks after a new speaker of the House—Lubbock Republican Dustin Burrows—was elected over the objections of a significant swath of the GOP caucus We discussed why Kronberg is bullish on Burrows the obscene amount of spending in politics and whether the Republican establishment is dead This interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.  Texas Monthly: People are very keyed in to national politics–what’s happening with Trump in the White House They might be keyed in to what’s happening locally But I feel like a lot of people just forget about state government Harvey Kronberg: Every now and then it actually does some good things My joke is the only question is velocity of point of impact we’ve now criminalized medicine [by making it a crime for doctors to perform nearly all abortions] We’re on the edge of potentially criminalizing women that need a certain kind of medical health care We are about to pass a voucher bill that will negatively affect over five million students [by draining public schools of funding] What makes it really difficult for civilians to understand what’s going on here is the fact that it’s all so compressed The Legislature meets for ninety days [every two years] but not much happens for the first month or so.] And of course most Texans think that the [state] House of Representatives is the same as Congress.  TM: You’ve been covering the state legislature for three and a half decades But I sense from some of your columns in the last couple of years that you’ve grown increasingly dismayed by the degradation of Texas politics HK: It starts with the primary—and the fact that the primary has made November irrelevant most of the time the Republican primary in particular has been overwhelmed by socially conservative issues which are the beginning and the end of most conversations in the Republican primary That has pushed the party into a swamp of social conservatism every impulse seems to be centralizing government now over people’s lives.  you add the siloing that social media creates and the fact that everything is now self-reinforcing to what you believe X’s algorithm figures out your political side.  TM: You’re close to a lot of the players at the Capitol including the veterans—folks who have been around for a long time How do they feel about the way governance has changed because of the way politics has changed primarily the role of the Republican primary?  it depends on whether they’re winning or losing for the most part—other than the fact that politics is so addictive—are looking forward to their exit plan And so there’s a lot of chest-beating about how “I’m going to retire next year.”  One of the most common phrases you hear from the old guys is “Patrick is a cancer on the Senate.” The young guys—the young lobbyists and players—don’t understand the culture of consensus as opposed to the culture of confrontation I don’t want to glamorize the past too much TM: I’m trying to think from the perspective of Republican grassroots activists They see their involvement in the process as bringing a kind of perpetual sense of accountability So these lawmakers that they helped put in office know that they’re being watched at all times And the activists have the receipts for the kind of damage that they can do if a member doesn’t toe the party line—the primaries last year being a great example of that.  HK: But that result was because Jeff Yass made Greg Abbott his bagman The violence that he perpetrated on the House over the summer on something that’s not going to have any impact on student performance in any consequential way is frankly unforgivable talking to seventy-year-old members who are having to go to church and say “I’m not the one lying; it’s the governor that’s lying”—that made it personal [Some antivoucher GOP incumbents bemoaned the Abbott-funded ads attacking them as soft on the border.] And this is a community If you play the game this long and you don’t have friends then you’re not understanding the game we had one regular session and four special sessions Abbott couldn’t get his voucher plan passed That seemed to be consistent with his inability to get big things done in the Legislature But it seems like he’ll get something passed now And that’s because he accomplished more or less what he set out to accomplish: getting rid of many of the antivoucher Republicans We’ll see if his popularity is sustainable.  wait a second; this is going to bankrupt my city.” He helped steer the national conversation if he gets that passed—whether you agree with it or not—will be consequential.  HK: I can’t remember an initiative that he has put on the table that came from him that he drove and drove across the finish line I think Abbott is all tactics and no strategy Even with vouchers—if it wasn’t the latest new I don’t think he would even care about that They lost seats in the Texas House and the Senate Speaker Burrows stripped them of their committee chairs in the lower chamber Democrats are fulfilling the cliché of being in disarray If you were giving them advice this session HK: They’ve got two pieces of leverage there One is that we’re going to be busting budget caps You need one hundred votes to bust budget caps The leverage is that it’s going to take two-thirds to do some things anyway—West Texas Republicans have more in common with South Texas Democrats on most issues than they do with Woodlands Republicans And that has been the basis of a workable coalition for a long time Second, the Democrats couldn’t figure out why they should care [about losing chairmanships], because only six or eight were going to be chairs anyway. But Burrows giving them vice-chair authority in the rules What is most disheartening is that Patrick has neutered [the Democrats] in the Senate TM: Let’s talk about a lot of these freshmen Republicans who are coming into the House antiestablishment message.” Many are pretty wedded to the Republican Party platform or are they kind of catering to the far right in order to get elected and will govern differently?  But I fundamentally think that they arrive as true believers and that half of them will figure out how this process works and what it means And the other half will remain Tony Tinderholt et cetera [hard-line lawmakers who mostly refuse to cooperate with House leadership] the freshmen will be socialized and seduced They’re going to spend sixty days being wined and dined by the lobby They’re going to meet the other members and find out the roles a complex pantheon of individuals play in the process You don’t want to come here just to waste your time if you have enough ideologically committed folks they change the balance of power in the House tilting it even further to the right and allowing for more of what Dan Patrick passes in the Senate to make it through the House is that Dustin Burrows is way more decisive than [predecessor Dade] Phelan was and my sense is he’s not afraid to make a decision.  TM: But Burrows comes in as a Speaker elected without a majority of his own caucus.  He’s the first Speaker that was a trial lawyer He’s the first Speaker who was a Calendars Committee chair Calendars chairs piss everybody off because they have to say no to everybody [The committee is a key choke point for legislation; the chair of it has the power to decide which bills get a vote by the full 150-member House.] And he’s the first Speaker that survived being disgraced by targeting other Republicans was secretly recorded in a meeting with then-Speaker Dennis Bonnen discussing plans to oust ten of the men’s Republican colleagues.] TM: It seems to me like the House is potentially pretty fractious Do you think this session might be chaotic HK: I tend to be a glass-half-full kind of guy he would only go to the frat-boy caucus [a group of younger white He never went to Red Square [the part of the chamber where Democratic liberals sit] He never went to the old farts over by the members’ lounge One of the responsibilities of a Speaker is to build a community members never knew what the direction was from management; even if they disagreed with the plan The chairmen didn’t feel like they were empowered as much as the frat-boy caucus was He didn’t have any graybeards in the back hall with him Now I see the pieces there for Burrows to build a community.  So where does that leave the traditional industrialists and tycoons—you know your Ross Perots and Dick Weekleys and people who really used to run things in the state and seem like they’re on the sidelines now HK: I can say without fear of being corrected that they are lusting for getting rid of Patrick As he’ll tell any of them that he visits with “You folks are not responsible for electing me.” It feels like we’ve approached the apogee of the pendulum And they will be there with money when the season presents itself News | Nov 1 Pitkin County commissioner hopeful Toni Kronberg and incumbent commissioner Francie Jacober compete to serve as one of five county commissioners The Aspen Times asked each candidate where they fall on key county issues as the Nov Kronberg looks to serve her first term with the county The Aspen Times: Which airport-related ballot question will you vote for 5 ballot questions will come before the board for a decision after the election Pitkin County’s Standard for Public Conduct requires “Pitkin County Elected Officials to be independent and fair in their judgment and actions.” I will not take sides so as to remain impartial to fulfill the Standard for Public Conduct and not erode the public’s trust of elected officials being fair Respecting our First Amendment right to petition and free speech I will abide by what the voters and a court of law decides I successfully lobbied for the expansion of the TSA waiting area AT: Will you vote “yes“ or “no“ on the property tax meant to help fund affordable housing How do you think affordable housing should be approached in the valley TK: Everywhere in the United States is an affordable housing crisis The pocketbooks of Pitkin County voters will decide if their budgets can afford the 25-year property tax increase Petition to change the Taxpayer’s Bill of Rights to allow counties to collect real estate transfer taxes instead of raising property taxes and 10 other governments use the real estate transfer tax to fund their affordable housing.  AT: How will you work to balance the natural beauty of the area with infrastructure installments or improvements TK: Cell phone towers are critical for safety Having served on Aspen Mountain Rescue for 20 years being in cell phone range in an airplane crash or a family hiking trip is critical for life-saving measures.   Cell phone towers can be made to look like evergreen and aspen trees.    AT: What would be your proposed solution for the entrance to Aspen particularly thinking about evacuation routes in the event of a wildfire fire!” “Evacuate now” are the words we don’t want to hear ​Especially when there is only one bridge in and out of downtown Aspen We know the straight shot … the Preferred Alternative will make traffic worse with the closing of the right-hand turn on Cemetery Lane to the roundabout and a new traffic light at the Hickory House “To boldly go where no one has gone before” is why Aspen City Council wisely started the process (EIS/ROD) to look at better solutions than the Preferred Alternative straight shot across Marolt Open Space In a perfect world … two bridges (not across Marolt Open Space) and two S-curves (one going in and one going out of Aspen) redesigning the Maroon Creek/Castle Creek entrances into the roundabout Asking for a permanent life and safety order from CDOT/feds to open up the two downvalley lanes coming out of the roundabout A dedicated off-the highway bus station is already in place Emergency escape route from Cemetery Lane for pedestrians (who ditched their cars on the Castle Creek grid-locked bridge) and cyclists Supporting the “twin bridges” linking Rio Grande Trail with one bridge connecting AABC and the second bridge connecting Brush Creek Park & Ride Exploring the possibility of a Highway 82 valley-floor mass transit aerial gondola connecting RFTA Ruby Park with Buttermilk/Lumberyard housing AT: The county unanimously expressed support for a Highway Safety Improvement Program grant application for Colorado Highway 82 projects at Lazy Glen and Smith Way What are other safety features you think could be utilized on the highway TK: I began my 2024 campaign for Pitkin County commissioner with the “goal of fixing the Hidden Minefields of killer Highway 82 most specifically Smith Hill Road and Lazy Glen.” Over 1,000 letters-to-the-editor have asked for safety and efficiency and make it to work.” Mental health and quality of life depend on a safe Highway 82 Yet safety of Highway 82 has never made it to the commissioner’s goal list Since graduating from paramedic school in 1991 I have lobbied for improvements on Smith Hill Road with CDOT Here we are in 2024 still trying to figure out what can be done with Smith Hill and Lazy Glen new striping along the entire Highway 82 are the easy quick fixes Supporting the Roaring Fork Safe Passages Mission of land bridges and fencing to knit back together our fragmented watershed and reduce wildlife vehicle collisions while saving human lives will help Highway 82 is not a contentious issue as everyone agrees “something” must be done to fix the increasingly dangerous Highway 82 It’s time to make everyone’s lifeline of Highway 82 a priority for the environment and getting home alive by improving all intersections with nuts-and-bolts improvements Regan Mertz can be reached at 970-429-9153 or rmertz@aspentimes.com Readers around Aspen and Snowmass Village make the Aspen Times’ work possible Your financial contribution supports our efforts to deliver quality your support is critical to help us keep our community informed about the evolving coronavirus pandemic and the impact it is having locally Each donation will be used exclusively for the development and creation of increased news coverage are you considering any property transactions this spring View Results This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application Lyn was preceded in death first by her loving mother Dodie Kronberg her larger-than-life father George Kronberg Also remembered in preceding is her cousin Garth Thompson She specifically requested there be no funeral And with no fanfare her ashes are to be spread in the Mississippi River ‘this is all you’re going to get’.  She is to be remembered as a fantastic mother and a great teacher Lyn’s passion in life was her children conversed with frequently until her passing Mom could be counted on for praise when it was wanted but not asked for and the truth when needed but also not asked for D also became a high school history teacher On her way to getting a masters in education later in life Lyn was very proud of having become fluent in German and having a top one percent MCAT score She begrudgingly loved educating both our brightest minds and “the little sh*ts” If you are reading this and went to Fayette Academy during her tenure she knows you know which category you fall into because she told you (although these authors will add most fell somewhere in the middle) Lyn loved being artistic via the mediums of stained glass she loved skiing and racquetball and spent time as both a ski and swimming instructor She was never to be trifled with in any game involving words – or Yahtzee There is a backstory for which little detail is known but involved decades of hints in casual conversation There was a time when she partied with The Who participated in the 1960’s protest riots and made the scene with the Skull and Crossbones with her brother for Saturday Night Live to be as funny as the original cast and for a couple of cigarettes with a glass of wine the life lessons compiled by her children can be consolidated to: “Don’t be a useless piece of flotsam and jetsam” Anyone wishing to donate in remembrance is encouraged to give to St Mom leaves behind her husband Tom Dorough; her sons Chris Mitchell and Nate Mitchell with Kat Mitchell; her daughters Grace Neal with Matt Neal and family and Sarah Eberle with Tom Eberle and family She is fondly remembered by her sister-in-law Kit Kronberg niece Megan Hart with Bobby Hart and family and Tom’s daughters Bonnie Wilder with family and Katie Selph with family This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors we may receive compensation from retailers and/or from purchases of products through these links Even before Alana Miller and Greg Kronberg had a baby, their interior design style was tailor-made for a tiny human. They decorated their late-19th-century brownstone in Brooklyn’s Fort Greene with bright hues so when their son was born in December 2023 maximalist aesthetic makes even more sense with so many patterns and lots of googly eyes and creatures there’s a sense of whimsy and play that has always been present in our life and in our space And it just feels right to now have a little child.” “A lot of our stuff brings our family and friends into the space,” says Kronberg (left) pictured here playing with Miller and their son “The tennis balls really remind me of my grandparents who used to have a tennis ball hanging in their garage so they knew when the car should stop.” The most prominent color in the apartment’s vibrant palette is yellow none of which had shelving or hanging rods when Miller and Kronberg bought the place Adding organization systems was their first order of business upon moving in so they decided to apply some coats of sunshine-toned paint at the same time the yellow stuff just kept growing,” Miller says “That jellyfish has seen some things,” Miller says of the papier-mâché marine animal she made for an art therapy exercise “It lived in our apartment that we shared with friends for many years who usually is not very attached to objects was very clear in his desire to continue to have the jellyfish hung.” “The appeal was that unstacking feature,” notes Kronberg often the post-dinner hang is on the floor that I embrace both high- and lowbrow,” considers Miller but I also have no problem throwing tennis balls on chairs so they can slide around without scratching the floor It was gifted from Miller’s grandparents to her parents for their wedding in 1979 then passed down to Miller and Kronberg when they got engaged Miller’s Shabbat candlestick holders mix well with the red-and-pink tablecloth she and Kronberg picked up on a trip to Peru The special textile is paired with a midcentury wooden dining set a 1960s Vetri Murano egg lamp atop a neon green plexiglass pedestal and a Mostafa El Hadar painting from the couple’s trip to Morocco Two ceramic Shabbat candlestick holders that Miller crafted in the shape of scantily clad ladies stand on the table “One of them is a self-portrait of me lactating,” she shares pregnant woman with mom tattooed on her butt.” then does a glitter layer and a resin pour,” Miller says of the process and a painting of a woman drinking a coconut by a relative of a friend which look like they were plucked out of a fairytale “I was obsessed with them as a little kid,” Miller admits “All the ceramics are things that I made and there are a lot of costume items scattered throughout,” says Miller “I have all my jewelry and knickknacks and lots of plants.” “Our son actually came really early,” Miller reveals All we had done was paint the walls and put in a Murphy bed system His crib takes up the space that you would need The nursery is outfitted with periwinkle walls a polka-dotted floor mat—and a healthy dose of yellow A corn-colored patchwork curtain glows with natural light during the day and a lemonade microsuede configurable kids’ couch offers endless opportunities for both lounging and playing so in the winter we can see kids sledding down the hill—it’s almost too cute,” shares Miller “It just feels really nice to be in New York City but to be tapped next to this big green space.” “There’s a photo of my parents that’s really sweet from when they were little youngins that I embrace both highbrow and lowbrow,” considers Miller and a painting of a rabbi by Kronberg’s grandfather “The interesting part is that he had retinitis pigmentosa so he was basically blind when he painted that,” he says and objects adds personality to the couple’s bedroom Help keep local news alive—donate to support our community reporting!Donate Mike Williamson basketball, Dexter athletics, dreadnaughts, Dreadstrong, Hornets, Saline Athletics The Dexter basketball team held off a late fourth quarter rally to take down Saline 44-37 in a SEC Red battle Friday night The Dreadnaughts held a 15-point lead after three 33-18 but the Hornets began to chip away at the lead and got within six 35-29 with three minutes left Noah Kronberg hit a triple with 24 seconds left to cut the lead to five 42-37 but Scott Smith sank a pair of free throws to seal the win for the Dreadnaughts Dexter jumped out to an 11-5 lead after one quarter behind triples by Haden Harm and Andrew Boydston Saline got back into with to start the second with back-to-back triples by Kronberg to cut the lead to 13-12 but Dexter closed out the half with an 8-0 run for a 21-12 halftime lead Jack DeMerell came to life and scored nine second half points for Dexter as their lead grew to double digits in the third DeMerell finished with a team-high 12 points for the Dreads Smith finished with 11 points and Boydston nine for Dexter while Marcus Keeler and Sam Cormier had one each Gabe Iadipaolo and Broderick Calder scored two each Dexter improved to 3-1 in the SEC Red and 4-3 overall while Saline fell to 4-7 overall and 1-3 in the Red The Sun Times News is the hub of the most useful information in Chelsea Subscribe to our free daily newsletter to stay on top of all the local news Shangri-La Muscat is delighted to announce the appointment of Philippe Kronberg as the new Resort General Manager for Shangri-La Barr Al Jissah and Shangri-La Al Husn hotels brings a wealth of experience to his new role in Muscat He will oversee the strategic direction and daily operations of the resorts' 640 suites and rooms spread across three distinctive hotels on 124 acres along the vibrant shores of the Gulf of Oman Philippe is embarking on his third General Manager position within the Shangri-La Group With over three decades in luxury hospitality his global career spans roles in the Asia-Pacific region Philippe completed a Diploma in Hotel Management at the renowned Swiss hospitality school ´Les Roches´ before beginning his professional journey at London's famous Ritz Hotel He has since demonstrated impressive hands-on leadership and commercial acumen; in Sydney his leadership led to the hotel's highest revenue since its opening Philippe also holds an MBA from the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales and served on the board of Australia's Tourism Accommodation Association from 2019 to 2023 gaining valuable insights into the industry's relationship with government Philippe is committed to sustainable practices and adherence to compliance directives across all departments His extensive experience makes him uniquely qualified to lead both Oman's sole adult-only resort and its beloved family beach resort with a talented and dedicated team of hospitality professionals to reinforce the complex's success and attract a wider international audience Oman is a hidden gem of the Middle East that deserves wider recognition in the luxury travel sphere This will be a wonderful opportunity to expand my experience in the Gulf states," said Philippe Kronberg "The resort is at an exciting point in its growth and development I anticipate plenty of opportunities to enhance revenue streams devise strategies alongside the commercial team and amplify our guest satisfaction while maintaining the standards of excellence Shangri-La is renowned for across both Shangri-La Barr Al Jissah and Shangri-La Al Husn." holds a private pilot's license and enjoys aerobatic flying he is also dedicated to charitable causes through fundraising and outreach initiatives His adventurous spirit and sense of responsibility align with the ethos of the Shangri-La Group which combines luxury with sustainability and local elegance to provide guests with their own personal Shangri-La Opinion | Mar 3 There is one thing 100% of people agree on: The Colorado Highway 82 gridlock from the Pitkin County Aspen airport to Aspen is untenable and in need of solutions to the people who think the 30-year-old “straight shot” known as the Preferred Alternative (Referendum 2) is the solution or a part of the solution to the Entrance to Aspen corridor … let’s think again Referendum 2 does nothing to create solutions to the daily gridlock of Maroon Creek and Castle Creek roads entering the roundabout; the untenable gridlock in front of the airport Did you know that there will only be one bridge connecting to the roundabout as part of the “straight shot” Preferred Alternative Referendum 2 The stretch of Highway 82 currently going from Cemetery Lane to the roundabout used by thousands of vehicles daily will be replaced by a land bank Then the only way for those thousands of cars headed to the hospital and downvalley will all have to drive back into Aspen through the existing S-curves to the new Hickory House stoplight at Seventh and Main The thousands of cars coming from Cemetery Lane through the S-curves would get stuck in more gridlock trying to make a right-hand turn to the roundabout or crossing Main Street to get into town or 4th of July celebration … thousands of cars from the Cemetery Lane neighborhoods and Starwood driving back into town to get out of town This forcing of cars to come back into town to get out of town defies common sense and would put thousands of people at risk of burning The 400-foot cut-and-covered tunnel will be the only way to get in and out of Aspen to the roundabout the existing Castle Creek Bridge will be a dead end to the roundabout due to Cemetery Lane’s right-hand turn being replaced by a land bank) What happens when there is an accident in the tunnel closing it for months for repairs or even for one day and there is no more “straight shot” between Aspen and the roundabout Everyone trying to get through the roundabout will be forced to double-back The bridge is not falling down but is in need of repairs Referendum 2 does not address the bridge repairs when needed CDOT does not have funding in their 10-year vision plan for any funding for the “straight shot” the Preferred Alternative Referendum 2 82 gridlock and get people out of their cars into mass transit (like me); we need an aerial gondola mass transit system connecting Aspen (That is another guest column on the aerial gondola mass transit system) We can’t do anything without CDOT and the Federal Highway Administration (FHA) approvals CDOT regional communications manager for Region 3 “We have advised the City of Aspen that if they provide sufficient reasoning to FHA and CDOT then a new Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) process could be approved “If there is valid reasoning to enter into a new EIS the existing Record of Decision would be vacated and a new one would be drafted based on the findings of that EIS.” We can work together to find a sustainable solution Don’t worry: Your voice will be heard is required to develop the “sufficient reasoning” outlined in a “purpose and need” statement to show CDOT and the Federal Highway Administration why the Record of Decision should be reopened to look at sustainable solutions and Sam Rose have already started the process to submit the City of Aspen’s “intent to reopen” the ROD to CDOT and FHA for sustainable solutions with plans to submit in early June NOTE: Pitkin County Airport is required by the FAA to conduct an Environmental Impact Study for the new airport layout design Aspen and Pitkin County can work simultaneously on their Environmental Impact Studies we can achieve getting rid of the nightmare of Highway 82 gridlock from the Pitkin County Airport to Main Street Aspen Toni Kronberg is a longtime Roaring Fork Valley resident Marcus Orlob and the 10-year-old Jane won the CDI4* Grand Prix on a personal best score with Adrienne Lyle on Helix second at Kronberg Germany in one of two final competitions before the selection of the United States team for the Paris Olympics in five weeks Marcus and the KWPN mare were awarded 73.913% to cap continually improving results since taking over competing Jane from owner Alice Tarjan in Wellington Florida three months ago that was also the horse’s Big Tour debut 12-year-old KWPN gelding owned by Heidi Humphries’ Zen Elite Equestrian Center scored 72.739% for runner-up The pair’s CDI debut was at the same event in Wellington as Marcus and Jane Finland’s Henri Ruoste on Tiffanys Diamond was third on 72.674% 14-year-old Westfalen gelding also owned by Heidi Humphries short listed riders at Kronberg included Anna Marek on her Pan American Games team gold medal mount Fire Fly scoring 70.826% for eighth place Anna Buffini on Fiontini placed last of 26 combinations scoring 56.326% The Kronberg event is the same time as the Rotterdam CDIO5* Nations Cup where Ashley Holzer on Hansel and Katherine Bateson Chandler on Haute Couture were on the American team that placed last of eight countries Thursday Grand Prix Specials at both Kronberg and Rotterdam are scheduled for Saturday while the four-member squad of three for the team and a reserve will be announced early next week Steffen Peters on Suppenkasper was excused from both final selection events as the five-time Olympian has led the rankings and will compete in two weeks at Aachen The Schafhof event is the second European competition for the partnership of the German-born Marcus and Jane and just the sixth CDI for the duo He began riding under the Stars ‘n’ Stripes in 2015 his only previous Big Tour experience was a handful of CDIs in 2019 on a horse named  Royal Touch that is now 19 years old First CDI Grand Prix for Marcus and Jane was end of March after owner Alice Tarjan turned the ride over to her long-time trainer because she had ridden the horse to 11 straight victories at Intermediate II and A and B competitions over the course of a year The 42-year-old Marcus won the Lövsta Future Challenge Intermediate II division at Wellington’s Global Dressage Festival and the Grand Prix Special at the last U.S qualifying competition at TerraNova in April Olympic short list he moved to Germany and got his feet wet by competing in a national Grand Prix to place second to Isabell Werth on Special Blend As with the other American short-listed riders this was the partnership’s second European competition “I am incredibly happy with Helix’s grand prix today,” said Adrienne a two-time Olympian including on the silver medal team with Steffen and Suppenkasper and Sabine Schut-Kery on Sanceo at the Tokyo Games “He is such an amazing horse with a huge heart and really tries so hard for his rider Today I was super happy with the feel he gave me in the ring–he felt very trusting and focused and went off the lightest of aids “There is still so much more in the tank with him we are only just scratching the surface of what he is capable of but the plan is to stay methodical and build him up slowly For only being together for barely five months I have to say I am pretty blown away by his character and what a teammate he has become to me in that short time.” has stayed in Europe to work with Adrienne and Helix as well as Lars van de Hoenderheide as well as Kasey Perry-Glass on Heartbeat W.P. scoring 69.609% in Friday’s Grand Prix “Our time in Europe has been really beneficial so far,” said Adrienne “I am really happy with how both horses are training and handling everything involved with all the travel it is really great to see such a strong representation from USA riders I think it’s very exciting for our country “A huge huge thank you to lady who has made this all possible Heidi Humphries and her Zen Elite Equestrian Center.” Hornets, Saline Athletics, Saline basketball It was a learning experience for a very young Saline basketball team in the season opener Tuesday night when the Hornets fell to Plymouth 57-49 in overtime The Hornets have just one player returning from last years team had has a roster with three sophomores and three freshmen so a majority of the team will be learning on the fly this season as they gain varsity experience The young Hornets looked anything but that early Tuesday night when they jumped out to a 19-8 lead after one quarter Freshman Noah Kronberg hit a pair of triples and Chris Cotuna the lone player back from last years squad added five points in the quarter to spark Saline Saline continued to hold a comfortable lead in the second with a Cotuna basket and a pair of hoops from freshman Brady Costigan to hold a 29-18 lead at the half Cotuna opened the second with a steal and breakaway dunk to push the lead to 12 but Plymouth began to chip away at the lead The Rocks cut the lead to one late in the third but a Kronberg basket and a Cotuna buzzer-beater pushed the lead back to five 42-37 after three Saline tried to hold on but Plymouth took its first lead of the night with three minutes left in the fourth Gabe Iadipaolo put the Hornets back on top48-47 with 1:16 lead and Leo Sotiropoulos split a pair of free throws with 29 seconds left for a 49-47 lead The Rocks tied it up with a rebound putback with ten seconds left and a Hornets shot at the buzzer bounced away sending the game into overtime tied at 49 including going 0-4 from the free thrown line while the Rocks sank six free throws in the extra session to pull away for the eight points win Saline returns to action Tuesday night when they host Detroit King Academy Stalls for Rent at Durondeau Dressage in Peer, Belgium Exceptionally Well Located Equestrian Facility in Wellington, Florida Well-built Equestrian Estate With Multiple Business Opportunities in Sweden Stable Units for Rent at Lotje Schoots' Equestrian Center in Houten (NED) For Rent: Several Apartments and Stable Wing at High-End Equestrian Facility Stable Wing Available at Reiterhof Wensing on Dutch/German border Real Estate: Well-Appointed Country House with Extensive Equestrian Facility in the U.K. Rémi Blot Join us at the Akustika Fair at the Nuremberg Exhibition Centre from April 4-6 Meet The Strad team at stand F08 and pick up a free copy of the magazine The Strad Directory Jobs Stumm has been recognised for her work with Ilumina and receives the €10,000 prize which honours artists for exceptional musical achievements and strong commitment to social justice Violist Jennifer Stumm © Andreas Malkmus Read more news stories here Violist Jennifer Stumm has been named as the recipient of the 2024 Pablo Casals Award She received the award at a ceremony on 26 September during the concert ‘Brazilian Fire’ at the Casals Forum at this year’s Kronberg Festival Stumm received the award for her work with the artist collective Ilumina, a São-Paulo-based artist development initiative and chamber music collective that Stumm founded in 2015 It brings together international soloists with the best up-and-coming talent in Latin America At the Ilumina Festival and on worldwide tours these talents work and perform together in order to provide equal opportunities The young artists are studying at leading international universities and have already reached a high level Ilumina’s recent performances include appearances at the Concertgebouw Amsterdam, a residency at the 2024 Edinburgh International Festival and the Kronberg Festival 2025 will mark the tenth anniversary of the Ilumina Festival commented on the significance of Stumm’s work: ’With Ilumina Jennifer Stumm succeeds in using music as a bridge - a bridge thattranscends cultural social and geographical boundaries and unites young talents but also the chance to develop in a community based on mutual learning and human exchange ’Ilumina is a living example of how art can actively contribute to shaping a more open and united world while carrying on the legacy of Pablo Casals who firmly believed that music could be a transformative force for society.’ ’Jennifer’s curatorial flair makes Ilumina concerts a dynamic experience characterised by cultural exchange and fresh energy The award shows how music not only impresses through its technical brilliance but also through its contribution to community life,’ said Marcus Stollenwerk member of the executive board at asset management company Flossbach von Storch Jennifer Stumm receiving the award © Andreas Malkmus US and studied with Karen Tuttle at the Curtis Institute of Music and the Juilliard School as well as with Nobuko Imai and Steven Isserlis She also pursued interests in politics at the University of Pennsylvania Geneva and Concert Artist Guild competitions and recipient of the BBC New Generation artist and Borletti-Buitoni Trust awards for her work in chamber music Stumm recently spoke at NASA about how the arts can innovate toward a better world and her viral TEDx talk about the viola and the blessings of being different, The Imperfect Instrument was named editor’s pick of all TED talks and led to a solo debut at the Berlin Philharmonie Stumm is professor of viola at the Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna She plays a Gasparo da Salò viola from 1589 Read: Sentimental work: Jennifer Stumm on Rebecca Clarke’s Viola Sonata Read: ‘They just didn’t want to listen’: cellist Maja Bogdanović denied boarding by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines In The Best of Technique you’ll discover the top playing tips of the world’s leading string players and teachers It’s packed full of exercises for students plus examples from the standard repertoire to show you how to integrate the technique into your playing The Strad’s Masterclass series brings together the finest string players with some of the greatest string works ever written Masterclass has been an invaluable aid to aspiring soloists chamber musicians and string teachers since the 1990s The Canada Council of the Arts’ Musical Instrument Bank is 40 years old in 2025 This year’s calendar celebrates some its treasures including four instruments by Antonio Stradivari and priceless works by Montagnana Edward Bhesania visits London’s Wigmore Hall on 13 October 2024 for the performance of Debussy Violist Clifton Harrison leaves the British quartet after almost ten years Online editor Davina Shum previously described a performance by Ilumina unlike any concert she’d attended before – why about the Ilumina’s ethos and motivation ahead of its tenth anniversary in January 2025 The violinist has been appointed artistic director of Clarion Concerts which provides chamber music concerts and experiences in New York’s Hudson Valley The Astatine Trio and Novo Quartet join the scheme from 2025–2027 Ten ensembles will compete for the chance to win the top prize package at this year’s competition from 25 to 31 August Site powered by Webvision Cloud Match Expires at Midnight GIVE NOW A North Dakota rancher conducted a controlled burn on his property It’s a Wednesday morning in May and Pete Kronberg’s pot-bellied pig is following him around his 150-acre North Dakota ranch as he inspects the grass growth near his hoop barn I want the max amount of grass as close to that barn as I can get it.” The squat white barn and surrounding ranch part of a larger 400-acre family operation and home to 500 sheep and 45 cattle sits in an undulating swathe of mixed-grass Missouri Coteau called the Leola Hills which winds down from Saskatchewan and into South Dakota It’s been home to his family since it was originally homesteaded though the family lore is foggy about exactly how long Vice-Chair of the North Dakota Grazing Lands Coalition is busy preparing for up to 750 lambs and is carefully assessing flora growth around the proximity of his lambing barn The ewes need to graze near the barn when their lambs drop so they can be attended to by Kronberg and his ranch hands once born and then put out into protected pasture He explains how he’s left thick spring growth in several surrounding paddocks so that the nursing ewes and their fresh lambs can be closely monitored It’s a meticulous operation—and one that speaks to Kronberg’s love of systems and management but I did not like the profession,” he said “I like being outside and working with the animals Grass is what he has been focused on for the past several years, and in 2023 he decided to try out prescribed fire, with support from the North Dakota Prescribed Fire Cooperative. facilitated by The Nature Conservancy and other local and national partners promotes a positive North Dakota landowner awareness of prescribed fire as a management tool for both grassland productivity and wildfire prevention—including training landowners on how to conduct burns on their own land After attending a pasture walk event with the Cooperative and having numerous conversations with various landowners and fire practitioners Kronberg cut fire breaks and burned a small portion of his southeast pasture one spring saw that the grass had thickened and sprouted high but it wasn’t until his girlfriend took a casual evening horse ride in mid-August that he understood the results She came back and urged him on another horse and as they got to the pasture Kronberg saw that the grass towered over both as they sat on their horses “My grass looked good before but got much better oxeye and maximillian sunflowers—and a bounty for his animals It was not only the sheer size and bulk of the pasture During the hot July and August months—the “summer slump”—Kronberg noticed his burned pasture’s natives faring well “They’re not as responsive to negative climate conditions—they can take the dry periods for a long time.” Kronberg thinks ranchers should start looking beyond Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome “There’s no reason that the ranching world is reliant on two invasive species." “The real gains to be had—ranching and farming—will come from management increasing stock rates with the same returns and he loves the experimentation that comes with his work “Most people just do what they did before and it doesn’t change.” News | Jun 17 As the June 25 primary election approaches the race for the District 5 seat on the Pitkin County Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) is heating up Covering the scenic Crystal River and Frying Pan river valleys District 5 has become the focal point of a contested and vibrant campaign season The candidates — Democratic incumbent Francie Jacober and Democrat Neil Reilley — each bring distinct visions and priorities to the table Jacober is seeking reelection after completing her first term With 30 years of experience teaching middle school math Jacober’s campaign is built around three core pillars: agriculture “I support Ag because it constitutes our open space tracks here in the valley That is what people cherish about living here — open space and most of that open space is Ag,” Jacober said “We really value Ag in the valley but to evaluate we have to help the ranchers and farmers.” Jacober emphasizes the need for support systems to make ranching and farming viable in the valley She endorses the Pitkin County Open Space and Trails’ agriculture lease program which assists small ranchers and farmers in starting or maintaining their operations Jacober highlights the extension of childcare services and teacher stipends initiated during the COVID-19 pandemic she advocates for increasing access without compromising open spaces citing a county buyback program that helps employees purchase homes with deed restrictions for future tenants “I am committed to continuing the robust services that we provide for our disadvantaged populations,” Jacober said “We are a very generous county and it’s one of the things I love about Pitkin County Public services provided go far beyond what is mandated by the state.” Jacober is passionate about upgrading Pitkin County’s climate action plan and building codes to mitigate the impact of development Having been involved in the environmental movement for decades she is eager to leverage her governmental role to drive meaningful change Kronberg brings a multifaceted background to her campaign Kronberg has participated in over 100 community projects in Pitkin County since 1976 “The primary reason I am running is because of Highway 82,” Kronberg said “I read an article about multiple deaths on Smith Hill Road When I read that the county commissioners wanted to put a stoplight there and increase the speed limit Kronberg insists that Highway 82’s safety is her top concern citing numerous accidents and advocating for collaborative efforts with Snowmass Village and other jurisdictions to improve road safety through dialogue with the Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) I sat on the very first transportation committee in 1976 to help design the parkway for the entrance to Aspen,” she said “The goal was to focus on the open space and keep the area green.” Kronberg also plans to scrutinize the airport layout plan voicing concerns about larger planes and the impact on local communities which has been pushing for a vote on the airport’s expansion plans “This group hired an attorney to come with up language to circulate a petition to bring it to a vote,” Kronberg said of CABP “That was brought to the Pitkin County commissioners who then had an executive session to go over the subject matter and put the question to a vote Kronberg’s campaign also emphasizes the need for mental health facilities arguing against the criminalization of mental health issues and the protection of the Crystal and Roaring Fork rivers She advocates for affordable housing initiatives that still preserve the county’s natural beauty With deep roots in the Crystal River Valley Reilley’s campaign focuses on affordable housing and slowing down growth to maintain the community’s character “We are seeing fewer and fewer mom-and-pop places and more and more corporate facilities that are coming into these resort communities,” Reilley said “You have to pay attention to what is going on Vacation rentals are what people are looking to invest in I told the county commissioners that they had forgotten the other side of the equation.” Reilley positions himself as a champion of blue-collar workers criticizing the BOCC for favoring affluent residents with exemptions for developments such as additional ponds or roads He advocates for equitable treatment and fair regulations for all community members “They (BOCC) seem to be giving exemptions to a lot of issues We see the city saying that we’d like to set the energy cap to this; then you have the county commissioners saying we can give an exemption,'” Reilley explained all of a sudden their tune will change the second there is community pushback Reilley also raises concerns about the airport expansion where he observed negative impacts on local businesses following similar developments He argues that larger planes could depress wages and profit margins (airline companies) want the county to pony up costs to offset fuel Nobody is talking about what happens once the airport is expanded and these larger planes come in,” Reilley said “This depresses the wages and profit margins the pressure to lower rates from $230 to $79 is real If you’re not calling the shots as county commissioners if you’re not telling them this is what we want Reilley recalls a meeting in Snowmass when a family sought to add two ponds to their existing one for fire mitigation The two ponds are said to be for ducks and geese — one pond for the ducks He criticizes the county commissioners for approving such requests which divert valuable water resources from streams and rivers “The county commissioners did it,” Reilley exclaimed That is ditch water that gets diverted to two more ponds That’s ditch water that’s not going into Snowmass Creek It’s not contributing our 10% output to the Colorado River.” particularly in construction projects driven by aesthetic preferences to alleviate traffic and support local businesses He encourages hiring locals and promoting local products like beef and vegetables the residents of District 5 have until 7 p.m Volume 9 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2021.738988 This article is part of the Research TopicMicro- to Macro-Scale Dynamics of Earth’s Flank MagnetopauseView all 17 articles The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) and its effects relating to the transfer of energy and mass from the solar wind into the magnetosphere remain an important focus of magnetospheric physics One such effect is the generation of Pc4-Pc5 ultra low frequency (ULF) waves (periods of 45–600 s) 2007 at ∼ 0500 magnetic local time the Cluster space mission encountered Pc4 frequency Kelvin-Helmholtz waves (KHWs) at the high latitude magnetopause with signatures of persistent vortices Such signatures included bipolar fluctuations of the magnetic field normal component associated with a total pressure increase and rapid change in density at vortex edges; oscillations of magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasma populations; existence of fast-moving mixed plasma; quasi-periodic oscillations of the boundary normal and an anti-phase relation between the normal and parallel components of the boundary velocity The event occurred during a period of southward polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field according to the OMNI data and THEMIS observations at the subsolar point Several of the KHI vortices were associated with reconnection indicated by the Walén relation field-aligned ion beams observed together with bipolar fluctuations in the normal magnetic field component Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the event also resulted in KHWs at the magnetopause The observed KHWs associated with reconnection coincided with recorded ULF waves at the ground whose properties suggest that they were driven by those waves Such properties were the location of Cluster’s magnetic foot point but also through the generation of inner and outer Kelvin-Helmholtz modes Presented herein is a Cluster-observed incidence of ULF waves in the Pc4 range observed at the magnetopause driven by the KHI associated with reconnection. The observed magnetospheric conditions were also modeled to further test if the magnetic field configuration was KHI-unstable. This event adds to the few previously published KHW-ULF linked events (e.g., [19,20,22]) but provides an even more comprehensive analysis of the magnetopause surface waves investigating the magnetic field data in conjunction with plasma particle observations for KHI signatures at high latitudes We present evidence of north-south ULF magnetic field and plasma pressure fluctuations in the magnetosheath at the subsolar point observed by THEMIS satellites which may have modulated the KHW and due to the additional plasma pressure compressions may have driven the reconnection more strongly in KHI vortices KHI vortices in our event are associated with reconnection signatures The event improves our understanding of under which conditions thin-current sheets, where reconnection can operate, are created. Identification of the processes that trigger ULF waves at the magnetospheric boundaries is important for the study of ion acceleration. Kronberg et al. [26] has demonstrated enhanced contamination of the XMM-Newton X-Ray telescope by soft protons at the flank high-latitude regions the satellite observed KHWs were compared with concurrent ULF pulsations measured at ground indicating the connection between magnetic disturbances seen in space and those seen on Earth the total magnetic field oscillates at the boundary between the two regimes which has the innermost location within the magnetosphere compared to the other SC mainly shows higher values for the total magnetic field The OMNI-calculated solar wind parameters during this event can be found in Figure 2 There was a solar wind speed of ∼375 km s−1 nearly constant IMF of ∼10.5 nT and the BZ component of the IMF was southward The wavelet analysis for wave power of the corresponding 3 s WIND data does not show any prominent spikes in the Pc4-Pc5 range (not shown) The horizontal component of the IMF was in Parker spiral orientation (BX ≈ 5 nT There were pressure fluctuations up until about 1635 UT which then ceased and remained rather stable throughout the event time frame The Dst index (not shown) revealed that there wasn’t a geomagnetic storm during the time of the event; however the AE index indicated that a geomagnetic substorm had occurred OMNI derived solar wind parameters for July 3 The highlighted portion represents the time frame of the observed KHI from 1640 to 1720 The profiles of velocity; magnetic field, ion density and total pressure, including its magnetic and plasma components, using Cluster SC 1 data for the time interval from 1640 to 1705 UT are shown in Figure 3 The total pressure was calculated as the sum of the magnetic (pmag) and plasma (p) calculated using observations from the CIS/HIA instrument) pressures L and M are reasonably defined because λ1/λ2 = 3.2 A well-defined Siscoe normal direction was also found for SC 4 during the event (not shown) The three dimensionality of the boundary normal relative to the GSE coordinate system produced by complex processes at the boundary can lead to twisting of the magnetic field in the magnetosheath in the northward direction This can also result in a discrepancy between the southward direction as seen in the OMNI data and that observed by THEMIS-C and D at the subsolar point (not shown) The vortex formations are indicated when the M and N coordinates are mainly in anti-phase for both the velocity and magnetic field, according to Yan et al. [33], see Figure 3 observations of BM and BN in anti-phase can also be associated with reconnection it is expected to observe anti-phase VM and VN oscillations and other magnetic and velocity component profiles were also highly oscillatory The vertical dashed lines mark the local total pressure maxima that are mostly aligned with the local absolute maxima of BN and with jumps in the density This indicates the formation of the rolled-up KHI vortices (see also Discussion 5.1 We calculated the individual (L, M, N) coordinates for subsequent 1 min windows centered on each point in the time series, between 1640 and 1705 UT. The first panel in Figure 4 shows the values of the λ2/λ3 ratios, which are mostly well-defined throughout the event. The variation of the X, Y, and Z components of the boundary normals are also shown in Figure 4 One can see from the plot that the boundary normal is very dynamic The angle between the averaged and individual boundary normals changes quasi-periodically in opposite directions indicating the oscillation of the boundary direction SC 1 derived parameter profiles for the KHI event on July 3 2007 are shown for the time frame of 1640–1705 UT From top to bottom within each graph: (A) the ratio λ2/λ3; (B–D) X respectively; (E) angle between average normal and individual normal The average normal is calculated for the whole time interval using the Siscoe method The individual normals were defined subsequently for each 1 min period of observations after a solar wind period when HT velocity vectors were in the negative XGSE direction Cluster entered a region with rotating deHoffmann-Teller velocity vectors and normal vectors associated with the boundary direction oscillations SC 1 derived observations of the HT velocity vectors (cyan) and of the boundary normals (yellow) for the KHI event on July 3 The existence of fast-moving, low-density plasma is typical for the KHI associated with mixing of two plasma environments [36,37]. We demonstrate this existence by plotting VM versus ion density in Figure 6 The color of each point indicates the ion specific entropy SC 1 derived observations of the VM velocity component versus ion density with colors indicating the ion specific entropy for the time frame of 1640–1705 UT The black line in the figure shows the fast-moving plasma population, with speeds in the range of −400 to −200 km s−1, low ion density of < 5.5 cm−3, and specific entropy values in the intermediate range between that of magnetospheric and magnetosheath ions [38] It seems that we observe a primary wave mode with a period ∼ 133 s and its submode at ∼ 70 s The dashed red rectangles correspond to two period bands from 62 to 82 s and from 113 to 173 s In this figure we can see that the hyperbolic points of the rolled-up KHWs indicated by the dashed lines are in two cases accompanied by the RD likely associated with reconnection There are multiple observations of the crescent distributions from 1640 to 1650 UT (not shown) During the same time period as the observed magnetopause fluctuations, large magnetic field disturbances were recorded at ground-based geomagnetic stations. These disturbances are shown in SuperMAG’s Polar Plot (Gjerloev [43]; see Figure 9). Also shown in Figure 9 is the estimated magnetic field line foot point from Cluster SC 1 The SuperMAG Polar Plot is shown for July 3 The field line foot point corresponding to Cluster SC 1 is shown by a black star The green vectors represent the direction and magnitude of ground-based magnetic field disturbances The approximate location of the Arctic Station (ARC) magnetometer is denoted by the red dot The magnetopause shear angle for IMF values BZ<0 Red areas represent magnetopause regions where the geomagnetic field and IMF are antiparallel within 150°–180° White regions embedded in the red regions represent the line of maximum magnetic shear angles which are thought to be the most likely location for reconnection to occur The black circle represents the location of the x = 0 plane Earth’s dayside and nightside magnetopause are shown inside and outside of the black circle The yellow star marks the location of Cluster SC 1 (XGSM ≈ −9.5 RE The wavelet analysis for the magnetic field recorded at the magnetometer in ARC (selected for its better clarity) is shown in Figure 11. The analysis shows a wave power peak in the global wavelet spectrum for the N-component at 140°s. This value approximately coincides with the main mode of the KHW. According to, for example, Hughes and Southwood [51]; Sciffer and Waters [52]; Paschmann et al. [53] not all ULF waves propagate from the magnetosphere down to the ground and the wave modes could be affected by complex wave mode conversions low ionospheric conductance during the summer could have prevented propagation of waves with periods of 70°s observed by Cluster but not observed at the ground The dashed red rectangle corresponds to the period band from 113 to 173 s Snapshot of the Global MHD (LFM-model) simulation in Solar Magnetic coordinates driven with solar wind dynamic pressure variations in the XY-plane with Z = −9.4 RE (solar magnetic coordinates) for July 3 2007 at 1650 (on the left) and 1657 UT (on the right) Colors represent plasma density (see color bar) and the triangles show the location of the four Cluster spacecraft The purple diamond denotes the approximate (X Y) location of the THEMIS-E spacecraft (with ZGSE ≈ −2.4 RE) driven with constant IMF orientation and without solar wind dynamic pressure variations in the XY-plane with Z = −9.4 RE (solar magnetic coordinates) for conditions characteristic of July 3 The figure on the left shows a snapshot taken at 10 min into the simulation and the figure on the right shows a snapshot taken at 20 min All the simulation results and more details on the settings of both runs can be found at https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/with run-name Katariina_Nykyri_111218_1 (real solar wind and IMF based run) and Katariina_Nykyri_070119_8 (synthetic run without solar wind dynamic pressure variations). A movie of the simulation can be found in the Supplementary Materials, S3 More detailed high-resolution 3D MHD simulations with test particles and Cluster data comparison is left for our future work the Pc4 event shown here can be interpreted as the KHI because: 2) VM and VN and BM and BN are mainly in anti-phase, indicating that there are vortex formations according to Yan et al. [33] the velocity components will not show such anti-phase behavior; 3) The angle between the average boundary normal and the boundary normals calculated for subsequent 1 min windows centered on each point in the time series 4) The HT velocity vectors show oscillations at the boundary region; low-density plasma populations associated with the mixing of two plasma environments are observed; which could explain why KHWs were observed by Cluster at high latitudes Several of the KHI vortices observed in this event were likely accompanied by reconnection events as indicated by the Walén relation The relation between the KHI and reconnection is highly dependent upon the magnetic field direction with respect to the sheared flow This event demonstrates the complexity of the instabilities generated at the magnetopause Most relevant for the present event are the first two source regions and future work will need to address the possible KHI associated with reconnection interference from multiple sources ULF waves in the magnetosphere have been correlated with solar wind conditions. For example, dynamic pressure variations are known to generate pulsations [69] and flow dynamic pressure from the OMNI data all remained nearly constant during the event ruling out the likelihood of the ULF waves observed by Cluster being driven directly by pressure perturbations THEMIS-E pressure tensor for the xx − (red) recorded by the Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) We did the wavelet analysis of the magnetic field BZ,GSE fluctuations observed by THEMIS-E, see Figure 15 We do observe spikes of the wave power at the periods of 140 and 70 s which is in agreement with the spikes observed by Cluster these fluctuations (via reconnection) may have further modulated the KHWs THEMIS-E also observes magnetosheath jets (see the plasma ram pressure pulsations in Supplementary Figure S6 in the Supplementary Materials) with a periodicity of about 5 min, which would result in dayside magnetopause oscillations and/or magnetopause reconnection [71,72] and possibly also modulate the KHWs and associated reconnection The origin and dynamics of these jets is beyond the scope of this paper and is left for a future study The current debate surrounding the extent of magnetospheric effects caused by KHWs at the magnetopause remains an exciting topic as more and more in situ observations become available for analysis This process’ role in the generation of ULF waves at the Earth’s ground continues to be uncertain since different potential drivers have been identified The event scrutinized in this article suggests a relation between the KHI associated with reconnection and ground-based ULF waves 2007 Cluster encountered KHWs at the high-latitude magnetopause Signatures of these waves included bipolar fluctuations in the magnetic field normal component at the edge of total pressure maxima mostly coinciding with alternations of the low-density low-speed and high-energy magnetospheric plasma with the high-density and low-energy magnetosheath plasma; existence of fast-moving low-density mixed plasma; quasi-periodic oscillations of the boundary normal; and the boundary normal and parallel velocity components being in anti-phase The KHWs exhibited frequency peaks in the Pc4 range which is typical for this instability Several of the observed KHI vortices were accompanied by reconnection as indicated by the Walén relation LFM simulations of the observed event conditions also resulted in KHWs at the magnetopause During the same time as the event at the magnetopause there were Pc4 ULF perturbations recorded at ground-based geomagnetic stations These pulsations were observed around the location of the foot point corresponding to the field line of the location of the spacecraft recordings Solar wind conditions during the event were rather steady The solar wind speed was low and the IMF magnitude was nearly constant Only minimal pressure perturbations were recorded and the BZ component of the IMF remained southward without strong fluctuations the fluctuations in the southward IMF and plasma/ram pressure at the subsolar point may have triggered KHWs The conditions recorded during this case study provide evidence for the likelihood that Pc4 ULF waves can be generated by the KHI associated with reconnection at the magnetopause This suggests that the KHI can play a role in the transfer of energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere further studies are needed before the ubiquity of such an event can be declared contributed to the text and wrote the Volkswagen proposal produced figures and contributed to the text AS produced figures and contributed to the text JGj and MF provided SuperMAG data and assisted in its use and EK is supported by the Volkswagen Foundation under grant Az 90 312 Work by KN and XM is supported by the NASA grant ##NNX17AI50G The work of EK is also supported by German Research Foundation (DFG) under number KR 4375/2-1 within SPP “Dynamic Earth” The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher The authors would like to thank the Cluster Science Archive team for providing the data and assistance in obtaining the CIS plot We acknowledge NASA contract NAS5-02099 and V Angelopoulos for use of data from the THEMIS Mission The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphy.2021.738988/full#supplementary-material Some Features of Field Line Resonances in the Magnetosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Geotail Observations of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at the Equatorial Magnetotail Boundary for Parallel Northward fields CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at the Magnetotail Boundary: MHD Simulation and Comparison with Geotail Observations CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Plasma Transport at the Magnetospheric Boundary Due to Reconnection in Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortices CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Transport of Solar Wind into Earth's Magnetosphere through Rolled-Up Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortices PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Ubiquity of Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves at Earth's Magnetopause CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Exploring the Influence of Ionospheric O+ Outflow on Magnetospheric Dynamics: The Effect of Outflow Intensity J Geophys Res Space Phys (2013) 118:5522–31 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar On the Dawn-Dusk Asymmetry of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability between 2007 and 2013 J Geophys Res Space Phys (2017) 122:888–11 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Statistical Study of the ULF Pc4-Pc5 Range Fluctuations in the Vicinity of Earth's Magnetopause and Correlation with the Low Latitude Boundary Layer Thickness CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar and Sources in the Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field Plasma Sheet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Ion‐Scale Wave Properties and Enhanced Ion Heating across the Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer during Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability J Geophys Res Space Phys (2017) 122:11128–11153 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Statistical Mapping of Magnetosheath Plasma Properties Based on THEMIS Measurements in the Magnetosheath Interplanetary Medium Reference Frame J Geophys Res Space Phys (2013) 118:4963–76 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Electrostatic Shock and Suprathermal Electrons Powered by Dispersive Anomalously Resistive Field Line Resonance Geophys Res Lett (1998) 25:4449–52 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Resonant Acceleration and Diffusion of Outer Zone Electrons in an Asymmetric Geomagnetic Field CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Comparing and Contrasting Dispersionless Injections at Geosynchronous Orbit during a Substorm Event J Geophys Res Space Phys (2017) 122:3055–72 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetopause and its Boundary Layers Monogr Environ Earth Planets (2012) 1:71–119 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar ULF Wave Activity in the Magnetosphere: Resolving Solar Wind Interdependencies to Identify Driving Mechanisms J Geophys Res Space Phys (2018) 123:2745–71 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Evolution and Characteristics of Global Pc5 ULF Waves during a High Solar Wind Speed Interval CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Surface Waves and Field Line Resonances: A Themis Case Study CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer Planet Space Sci (1981) 29:1119–33 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Mapping of the Quasi-Periodic Oscillations at the Flank Magnetopause into the Ionosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A Multispacecraft Event Study of Pc5 Ultralow‐frequency Waves in the Magnetosphere and Their External Drivers J Geophys Res Space Phys (2017) 122:5132–47 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Interaction of Magnetic Reconnection and Kelvin-Helmholtz Modes for Large Magnetic Shear: 1 J Geophys Res Space Phys (2014) 119:781–97 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Interaction of Magnetic Reconnection and Kelvin-Helmholtz Modes for Large Magnetic Shear: 2 J Geophys Res Space Phys (2014) 119:808–20 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Prediction and Understanding of Soft-Proton Contamination in XMM-Newton: A Machine Learning Approach CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar First Multispacecraft Ion Measurements in and Near the Earth’ S Magnetosphere with the Identical Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS) experiment CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Cluster Magnetic Field Investigation: Overview of In-Flight Performance and Initial Results CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Cluster—Science and mission Overview CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Power Spectra and Discontinuities of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field: Mariner 4 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Data Analysis Tools and Physical Measurements and Mission-Oriented Theory Google Scholar Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortices Observed by THEMIS at the Duskside of the Magnetopause under Southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field Geophys Res Lett (2014) 41:4427–34 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Self-Organization in the Two-Dimensional Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Phan T-D Fluid Aspects of Reconnection at the Magnetopause: In Situ Observations American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series (1995) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Single-spacecraft Detection of Rolled-Up Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortices at the Flank Magnetopause CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Spatial Distribution of Rolled up Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortices at Earth's Dayside and Flank Magnetopause CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Northward Interplanetary Magnetic Field Plasma Sheet Entropies CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Classification of Geomagnetic Micropulsations CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Characteristics of the Near-Tail Dawn Magnetopause and Boundary Layer CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Cluster Observations of Reconnection Due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at the Dawnside Magnetospheric Flank CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Electron-scale Dynamics of the Diffusion Region during Symmetric Magnetic Reconnection in Space PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A Magnetospheric Magnetic Field Model with a Warped Tail Current Sheet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar 45. Boscher D, Bourdarie S, O’Brien P, Guild T. Irbem-lib Library. (2012). Availableat: https://github.com/PRBEM (Accessed June 1 Google Scholar Microburst Scale Size Derived from Multiple Bounces of a Microburst Simultaneously Observed with the FIREBIRD-II CubeSats CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Simultaneous Field‐aligned Currents at Swarm and Cluster Satellites Geophys Res Lett (2015) 42:3683–91 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Modeling the Global Magnetic Field of the Large-Scale Birkeland Current Systems CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Probing the Boundary between Anti-parallel and Component Reconnection during Southwards Interplanetary Magnetic Field Conditions CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The MMS Dayside Magnetic Reconnection Locations during Phase 1 and Their Relation to the Predictions of the Maximum Magnetic Shear Model J Geophys Res Space Phys (2017) 122:991–12 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Screening of Micropulsation Signals by the Atmosphere and Ionosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Propagation of ULF Waves through the Ionosphere: Analytic Solutions for Oblique Magnetic fields CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) Global MHD Magnetospheric Simulation Code CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effects of the Low-Latitude Ionospheric Boundary Condition on the Global Magnetosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability of the Magnetospheric Boundary in a Three-Dimensional Global MHD Simulation during Northward IMF Conditions J Geophys Res Space Phys (2013) 118:5478–96 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Solar Wind Ion Entry into the Magnetosphere during Northward IMF J Geophys Res Space Phys (2019) 124:5461–81 PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Solar Wind Spatial Scales in and Comparisons of Hourly Wind and ACE Plasma and Magnetic Field Data CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Impact of MHD Shock Physics on Magnetosheath Asymmetry and Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability J Geophys Res Space Phys (2013) 118:5068–81 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Influence of Velocity Fluctuations on the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability and its Associated Mass Transport J Geophys Res Space Phys (2017) 122:9489–512 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Cross-scale Energy Transport in Space Plasmas CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability under Parker-spiral Interplanetary Magnetic Field Conditions at the Magnetospheric Flanks CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Magnetic Reconnection Induced by Weak Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability and the Formation of the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Mass Transport at the Magnetospheric Flanks Associated with Three-Dimensional Kelvin- Helmholtz Modes Google Scholar Double Mid-latitude Dynamical Reconnection at the Magnetopause: An Efficient Mechanism Allowing Solar Wind to Enter the Earth's Magnetosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Plasma Transport Driven by the Three‐Dimensional Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves under Southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar MMS Observations of the Multiscale Wave Structures and Parallel Electron Heating in the Vicinity of the Southern Exterior Cusp J Geophys Res Space Phys (2021) 126:e27698 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Role of Low-Frequency Boundary Waves in the Dynamics of the Dayside Magnetopause and the Inner Magnetosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Global Structure and Time Evolution of Dayside Magnetopause Surface Eigenmodes Geophys Res Lett (2015) 42:2594–602 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar In Situ Observations of a Magnetosheath High-Speed Jet Triggering Magnetopause Reconnection Geophys Res Lett (2018) 45:1732–40 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Can Enhanced Flux Loading by High‐Speed Jets Lead to a Substorm Multipoint Detection of the Christmas Day Substorm Onset at 08:17 UT J Geophys Res Space Phys (2019) 124:4314–40 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Properties of Low-Latitude Mantle Plasma in the Earth's Magnetotail: ARTEMIS Observations and Global MHD Predictions J Geophys Res Space Phys (2014) 119:7264–80 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Distribution of Energetic Oxygen and Hydrogen in the near‐Earth Plasma Sheet J Geophys Res Space Phys (2015) 120:3415–31 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Trattner KJ and Friel M (2021) Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Associated With Reconnection and Ultra Low Frequency Waves at the Ground: A Case Study Received: 09 July 2021; Accepted: 05 November 2021;Published: 02 December 2021 Copyright © 2021 Kronberg, Gorman, Nykyri, Smirnov, Gjerloev, Grigorenko, Kozak, Ma, Trattner and Friel. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: E. A. Kronberg , a3JvbmJlcmdAZ2VvcGh5c2lrLnVuaS1tdWVuY2hlbi5kZQ== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Volume 4 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00128 This article is part of the Research TopicLivestock Production and the Functioning of Agricultural Ecosystems: Volume IView all 10 articles There is wide scale concern about the effects of red meat on human health and climate change designed to mimic the sensory experience and nutritional value of red meat have recently been introduced into consumer markets Plant-based meats are marketed under the premise of environmental and human health benefits and are aimed appeal to a broad consumer base Meat production is critiqued for its overuse of water supplies environmental footprints may be lower with plant-based meat alternatives Life-cycle analyses suggest that the novel plant-based meat alternatives have an environmental footprint that may be lower than beef finished in feedlots but higher than beef raised on well-managed pastures we discuss the nutritional and ecological impacts of eating plant-based meat alternatives vs Most humans fall on a spectrum of omnivory: they satisfy some nutrient requirements better from plant foods while needs for other nutrients are met more readily from animal foods Animal foods also facilitate the uptake of several plant-derived nutrients (zinc and iron) while plant nutrients can offer protection against potentially harmful compounds in cooked meat plant and animal foods operate in symbiotic ways to improve human health The mimicking of animal foods using isolated plant proteins and minerals likely underestimates the true nutritional complexity of whole foods in their natural state which contain hundreds to thousands of nutrients that impact human health Novel plant-based meat alternatives should arguably be treated as meat alternatives in terms of sensory experience but not as true meat replacements in terms of nutrition If consumers wish to replace some of their meat with plant-based alternatives in the diet (a “flexitarian approach”) this is unlikely to negatively impact their overall nutrient status but this also depends on what other foods are in their diet and the life stage of the individual the novel meat alternatives are particularly targeted at flexitarians—omnivores who are looking to eat less animal foods Given the close resemblance of novel plant-based meat alternatives to meat we will discuss the nutritional and ecological impacts of eating plant-based meat alternatives vs while also providing a broader discussion of the ecological and health effects of replacing animal foods with plant foods though more work is needed to firmly establish this hypothesis though more work is needed to confirm this hypothesis is that this “subconscious motivation for eating meat” was observed already after a single overnight fast in the following section we address the following question: Can plant-based alternatives meet the nutritional requirements traditionally fulfilled by eating animal foods Figure 2. Methionine (A) and lysine (B) content of beef and plant proteins commonly used in plant-based meat alternatives. Human muscle is provided as a reference standard. 1From Burd et al. (2012). 2From Tang et al. (2009). 3From Khattab et al. (2009) despite the blending of plant-based sources to make a complete amino acid profile the anabolic potential may still be reduced when compared to animal-based protein it may reasonably be expected that the consumption of plant-based meat alternatives as part of an omnivorous diet is unlikely to negatively impact skeletal muscle mass or affect protein requirements thus increasing their dietary requirements The latter can be mitigated by consuming copper-rich (plant) foods (e.g. The ω-6 fatty acid linoleic acid (C18:2, LNA) and the ω-3 fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, ALA) are essential fatty acids that cannot be synthesized in vivo by humans and must be obtained from dietary sources (Barcelo-Coblijn and Murphy, 2009) ALA is the parent precursor to the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3 ALA and LNA are commonly found in plant foods but can also be found in limited quantities in animal foods while DHA and EPA are found exclusively in animal foods and certain algae The ω-3 fatty acid ALA is found in substantial amounts in certain vegetable oils, such as flax seed oil (53 % ALA), chia seed oil (64% ALA), perilla oil (60% ALA), and camelina oil (38% ALA), though consumption of the latter two oils is generally restricted to Asian and Nordic countries, respectively (Barcelo-Coblijn and Murphy, 2009) While the amount of ALA necessary to ensure minimum DHA requirements in the human body can be obtained with modest intake of these oils the majority of vegetable oils consumed in industrialized countries is in the form of ω-6 LNA-rich seed oils such as soybean sunflower oil and canola oil—the main oils in the novel plant-based meat alternatives—contain only 1% (sunflower oil) and 10% (canola oil) ALA Given the already low conversion rates of ALA to EPA and DHA plant-based meat alternatives in their current state likely will not provide meaningful amounts of very long-chain PUFAs in the diet which potentially increases their healthfulness While we have highlighted several important individual nutrients thus far, foods in their natural state are considerably more complex than their essential fatty acid, amino acid, vitamin, and mineral content would suggest. Food sources contain hundreds-to-thousands of biochemicals that are important to human metabolism (Barabási et al., 2019) While many of these nutrients are considered non-essential or conditionally-essential based on life-stages and are often less appreciated in discussions of human nutritional requirements their ability to impact human metabolism should not be ignored Future studies are needed to better understand how these differences in secondary nutrients between plant-based meat alternatives and meat impacts short- and long-term health which is not surprising once equilibrium of ecological systems are reached This notion should be considered in the discussions below This means that over the lifecycle of the animal more carbon was sequestered than emitted Nonetheless, the LCAs performed on meat alternatives and pasture-finished beef both exclude GHGE potentials of retail, and restaurant or at home preparation, end-of-life stages, and other localized or indirect impacts. Acknowledging the difficulty in assessing all aspect of environmental footprints, future work should confirm these LCA analysis with full accounting for all GHGE to provide for even-handed assessments (Halpern et al., 2019) once we put carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuel—whether from transportation or food production—it persists for thousands of years These nuances are important to recognize in discussions on carbon footprints of different foods and dietary patterns This would obviously mean that we would have to diversify our meat and milk intake to include products from other livestock goats and perhaps smaller mammals such as ducks and rabbits Offering by-products on pasture, as opposed to feeding them to cattle in feedlots, would also mitigate some of the animal welfare issues associated with feedlots such as unfamiliar environments, inability to self-select their diet, and the ability to express natural behavior (Atwood et al., 2001; Villalba and Manteca, 2019) Offering by-products to cattle on pasture may represent a worthwhile opportunity for the livestock industry to improve consumer perception while maintaining the ability to upcycle by-products to meet customer demand It will be important to use only industrial by-products that would have been produced anyway rather than growing feed with the specific intent of giving it to livestock The symbiotic relationship between plants and herbivores are important to appreciate in discussions on whether we displace livestock production Future studies should confirm this hypothesis in European and American households but similar results can reasonably be expected due the prevalent consumption of the Standard Western/American diet is home to billions of people who depend on managed livestock grazing for their livelihood In discussions of dietary transitions towards plant-based substitutes it is crucial that no policies are set into place that threaten the health and livelihood of the world's poorest that improvements must be made in plant farming and livestock production methods in ways that enhance the welfare of livestock and wildlife is something arguably most agree on (meat and plant-eaters alike) The ecological impacts of human diets are not as simple as plant vs. meat discussions might suggest. The global food system is far too diverse and contingent on unique environmental and socioeconomic circumstances to allow for one-size-fits-all policy recommendations. As the latest IPCC Report points out, mixed plant farming-livestock grazing systems can heal damage done by years of continuous arable cropping reliant on mechanical and chemical inputs (IPCC, 2019) we may increase the number of animals grazing phytochemically rich landscapes that nuture animals and provide food that is biochemically richer and arguably more nourishing for Homo sapiens and the planet plant and animal foods interact in symbiotic ways to improve human health regardless of how well the plant-based food or diet may be “designed.” Scientists who operate in the realms of nutrition and ecology, those in companies that produce plant-based meat alternatives, and the general public arguably share similar concerns about the influence of agriculture on climate change. Where groups differ is in their solution to the challenge. There are many whole-foods dietary options that could substantially improve human and ecological health (Tilman and Clark, 2014)—whether they be vegetarian We contend that an omnivorous diet rich in whole foods produced using sustainable agricultural practices that integrates plants and animals in agroecological ways (i.e. is most likely to benefit human and ecological health novel plant-based meat alternatives should arguably be treated as meat alternatives in terms of sensory experience but not per se as true nutritional replacement for meat If consumers wish to replace some meat in their diet with plant-based alternatives (a “flexitarian approach”) this is unlikely to negatively impact their overall nutrient status; however this also depends on what other foods are routinely consumed and the life stage of the individual (e.g. it is important for future work to compare human health outcomes in response plant-based vs the healthfulness of plant-based meat alternatives and meat itself as it is likely that both will have a have a significant role to play in our future food supply SV and FP wrote the first draft of the manuscript SK critically revised the text and made substantial contributions to the manuscript All authors approved the final version of the manuscript SV reports a grant from the North Dakota Beef Association to study the impact of diet quality on the relationship between red meat and human health and has not accepted personal honoraria from any organization to prevent undue influence in the eye of the public FP reports receiving honoraria for his talks about behavior-based management of livestock The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest 1. ^Statista (2020). https://www.statista.com/ red and white meat consumption and all-cause CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies 762–775 doi: 10.1017/S000711451400124X Effects of cobalt supplementation and vitamin B12 injections on lactation performance and metabolism of Holstein dairy cows 1755–1768 doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5979 The role of grazing management for the net biome productivity and greenhouse gas budget (CO2 A solution to the misrepresentations of CO2-equivalent emissions of short-lived climate pollutants under ambitious mitigation Brussels: International Zinc Association Brussels Google Scholar Gland: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Google Scholar Managing livestock using animal behavior: mixed-species stocking and flerds Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of a beef system in the USA Influence of free-choice vs mixed-ration diets on food intake and performance of fattening calves Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials Pea protein isolates: Novel wall materials for microencapsulating flaxseed oil 2418–2428 doi: 10.1007/s11947-015-1589-6 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Barabási The unmapped chemical complexity of our diet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Barcelo-Coblijn Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels Dietary intake and sources of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in German adults Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group Dietary determinants of and possible solutions to iron deficiency for young women living in industrialized countries: a review Evolution in crop–livestock integration systems that improve farm productivity and environmental performance in Australia Increased alpha-linolenic acid intake lowers C-reactive protein but has no effect on markers of atherosclerosis The influence of creatine supplementation on the cognitive functioning of vegetarians and omnivores Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases Bjorn-Rasmussen Effect of animal proteins on the absorption of food iron in man PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Calcium supplements with or without vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular events: reanalysis of the Women's Health Initiative limited access dataset and meta-analysis Efficiency of conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to long chain n-3 fatty acids in man 127–132 doi: 10.1097/00075197-200203000-00002 Differential responses of blood essential amino acid levels following ingestion of high-quality plant-based protein blends compared to whey protein-a double-blind randomized Nutritional and hormonal factors influencing desaturation of essential fatty acids PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The reliability of using the single-biopsy approach to assess basal muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans Metabolism of alpha-linolenic acid in humans PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians Grazing behaviour and performance of lactating suckler cows ewes and goats on partially improved heathlands Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies A concise review: iron absorption–the mucin-mobilferrin-integrin pathway A competitive pathway for metal absorption Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update Plant-based meat substitutes in the flexitarian age: an audit of products on supermarket shelves Vitamin B12 content in raw and cooked beef Vitamin B-12 from algae appears not to be bioavailable Foods and supplements associated with vitamin B12 biomarkers among vegetarian and non-vegetarian participants of the adventist health study-2 (AHS-2) calibration Study PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Grasslands may be more reliable carbon sinks than forests in California CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK de Oliveira Otto Dietary intakes of zinc and heme iron from red meat are associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease traditional and modern processed meat and colorectal cancer risk among the Moroccan population: a large-scale case-control study Brain health across the lifespan: a systematic review on the role of omega-3 fatty acid supplements PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group Dominguez-Rodrigo Earliest porotic hyperostosis on a 1.5-million-year-old hominin Energy and nutrient density of foods in relation to their carbon footprint Druesne-Pecollo Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the paleolithic Scientific Opinion on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of beef and lamb liver protein and energy conserving plant based alternatives to U.S Effect of beef and soy proteins on the absorption of non-heme iron and inorganic zinc in children Dietary intake of heme iron and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies FAO (2020). FAOSTAT Land Use module. Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL/visualize (accessed January 6 FAO/WHO/UNI (2011) Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Human Nutrition: report of a joint fao/who/uni expert consultation PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Faunalytics (2015). Study of Current and Former Vegetarians and Vegans. Available online at: https://faunalytics.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Faunalytics-Study-of-Current-and-Former-Vegetarians-and-Vegans—Qualitative-Findings1.pdf (accessed November 14 Foraging behaviour of domestic herbivore species grazing on heathlands associated with improved pasture areas CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effect of vegetarian diets on zinc status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in humans Vegetarian diets across the lifecycle: impact on zinc intake and status Safety evaluation of soy leghemoglobin protein preparation derived from pichia pastoris intended for use as a flavor catalyst in plant-based meat Taurine: the comeback of a neutraceutical in the prevention of retinal degenerations 44–63 doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.03.001 Low total and nonheme iron intakes are associated with a greater risk of hypertension Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock: A Global Assessment of Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Google Scholar Is iron and zinc nutrition a concern for vegetarian infants and young children in industrialized countries Food processing and emotion regulation in vegetarians and omnivores: An event-related potential investigation Effects of intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 on lactation performance of dairy cows fed dietary supplements of folic acid and rumen-protected methionine* Soil carbon sequestration in grazing systems: managing expectations Godfray, H. C. J. (2019). Meat: The future series - alternative proteins. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Available online at: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_White_Paper_Alternative_Proteins.pdf (accessed July 24 Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration An analysis of data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Contributions to the analytical chemistry of vitamin B12 hydroxocobalamin and cobinamide in the solid state 211–220 doi: 10.1016/0040-6031(82)87129-3 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar González Protein efficiency per unit energy and per unit greenhouse gas emissions: potential contribution of diet choices to climate change mitigation The stomach as a “bioreactor”: when red meat meets red wine Ingestion of wheat protein increases in vivo muscle protein synthesis rates in healthy older men in a randomized trial Reducing meat consumption and following plant-based diets: Current evidence and future directions to inform integrated transitions The effect of vegetarian diets on iron status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis Opinion: Putting all foods on the same table: Achieving sustainable food systems requires full accounting PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young 373–381 doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.373 Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming Nationwide shift to grass-fed beef requires larger cattle population CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Functional vitamin B12 deficiency and determination of holotranscobalamin in populations at risk CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar particularly holotranscobalamin II and methylmalonic acid concentrations Studies on vitamin B12 retention comparison of retention following intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin Cooking conditions affect the true ileal digestible amino acid content and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) of bovine meat as determined in pigs Composition of polyamines and amino acids in plant-source foods for human consumption High- versus low-meat diets: effects on zinc absorption Effects of various fiber additions on lipid digestion during in vitro digestion of beef patties Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Institute of Medicine (2005) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar International Food Information Council (2020). A Consumer Survey on Plant Alternatives to Animal Meat. Available online at: https://foodinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/IFIC-Plant-Alternative-to-Animal-Meat-Survey.pdf (accessed February 26 IPCC (2019). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change and Land. Available online at: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ (accessed January 6 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Evaluating potential risks of food allergy and toxicity of soy leghemoglobin expressed in pichia pastoris Heme iron intake and acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study of men Meat consumption does not explain differences in household food carbon footprints in Japan Meat consumption and diet quality and mortality in NHANES III Microcapsule production employing chickpea or lentil protein isolates and maltodextrin: physicochemical properties and oxidative protection of encapsulated flaxseed oil 448–457 doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.040 Protein requirements are elevated in endurance athletes after exercise as determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford Nutritional quality of legume seeds as affected by some physical treatments CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Taurine as an essential neuromodulator during perinatal cortical development CComparative genomics guides elucidation of vitamin B12 biosynthesis in novel human-associated Akkermansia strains Is oil palm agriculture really destroying tropical biodiversity CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Pork meat increases iron absorption from a 5-day fully controlled diet when compared to a vegetarian diet with similar vitamin C and phytic acid content carotenoids and the prevention of coronary heart disease PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems: Opportunities and Challenges NY: Springer Science & Business Media Google Scholar Meat intake and cause-specific mortality: a pooled analysis of Asian prospective cohort studies Associations of dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation with myocardial infarction and stroke risk and overall cardiovascular mortality in the Heidelberg cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study (EPIC-Heidelberg) 920–925 doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301345 Antioxidant-rich spice added to hamburger meat during cooking results in reduced meat Iron status and coronary heart disease: negative findings from the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study Lichtenstein Essential nutrients: food or supplements?where should the emphasis be CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Cobalamin metabolism and its clinical aspects PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Improving oxidative stability of flaxseed oil with a mixture of antioxidants Availability of disaggregated greenhouse gas emissions from beef cattle production: a systematic review Bioactive dietary polyphenols decrease heme iron absorption by decreasing basolateral iron release in human intestinal Caco-2 cells Effects of dried distillers grains and equivalent undegradable intake protein or ether extract on performance and forage intake of heifers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures Bioavailability of vitamin B(1)(2) in cows' milk CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Soil quality and corn yield under crop–livestock integration in illinois Red meat from animals offered a grass diet increases plasma and platelet n-3 PUFA in healthy consumers Prolonged meat diets with a study of kidney function and ketosis Google Scholar Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes – an updated review of the evidence “The role of taurine on skeletal muscle cell differentiation,” in: Taurine 8 PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults Livestock: on our plates or eating at our table “Silvopasture and carbon sequestration with special reference to the Brazilian savanna (cerrado),” in Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems: Opportunities and Challenges Google Scholar Chemical composition and nutritive benefits of chicory (Cichorium intybus) as an ideal complementary and/or alternative livestock feed supplement Intestinal absorption and concurrent chemical changes of methylcobalamin PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease Serum docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid and risk of cognitive decline over 10 years among elderly Japanese Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis 1088–1096 doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.018978 Papanikolaou US adults are not meeting recommended levels for fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake: results of an analysis using observational data from NHANES 2003–2008 Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Comparative bioavailability and utilization of particular forms of B(12) supplements with potential to mitigate B(12)-related genetic polymorphisms PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Effects of beef- and fish-based diets on the kinetics of n-3 fatty acid metabolism in human subjects Do low-carbon-emission diets lead to higher nutritional quality and positive health outcomes Carrying capacity of US agricultural land: ten diet scenarios Nutrient-rich meat proteins in offsetting age-related muscle loss PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Protein “requirements” beyond the RDA: implications for optimizing health Meat and cancer: haemoglobin and haemin in a low-calcium diet promote colorectal carcinogenesis at the aberrant crypt stage in rats Pierrehumbert Climate impact of beef: an analysis considering multiple time scales and production methods without use of global warming potentials CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers 987–992 doi: 10.1126/science.aaq0216 PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Iron bioavailability of hemoglobin from soy root nodules using a Caco-2 cell culture model Quantis International (2019a). Quantis International. Carbon Footprint Evaluation of Regenerative Grazing at White Oak Pastures. Prepared for general mills and white oak pastures. Available online at: https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf (accessed December 2 Quantis International (2019b). “Quantis International. Comparative Environmental LCA of the Impossible Burger with Conventional Ground Beef Burger. Prepared for impossible foods. Available online at: https://impossiblefoods.com/mission/lca-update-2019/ (accessed December 2 Dietary alpha-linolenic acid decreases C-reactive protein serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 in dyslipidaemic patients Brain metabolism of nutritionally essential polyunsaturated fatty acids depends on both the diet and the liver Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands Cropland footprints of Australian dietary choices Review: taurine: a “very essential” amino acid PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Daily carnosine and anserine supplementation alters verbal episodic memory and resting state network connectivity in healthy elderly adults Long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma in British meat-eating Environmental footprints of beef cattle production in the United States CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effects of a DASH-like diet containing lean beef on vascular health Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores and digestible indispensable amino acid scores differentially describe protein quality in growing male rats Sandström Effect of protein level and protein source on zinc absorption in humans Sarwar Gilani Impact of antinutritional factors in food proteins on the digestibility of protein and the bioavailability of amino acids and on protein quality Processed meat intake and incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women An overview of attitudes toward genetically engineered food and advanced age-related macular degeneration Absorption and transport of cobalamin (vitamin B12) 343–369 doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.02.070182.002015 PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effects of dietary intervention on vitamin B(12) status and cognitive level of 18-month-old toddlers in high-poverty areas: a cluster-randomized controlled trial The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A global clinical view on vitamin A and carotenoids PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Regulation of the biosynthesis of 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3: a complex intracellular process Agricultural wastes as dairy feed in Chiang Mai CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems Genetic and epigenetic contributions to human nutrition and health: managing genome-diet interactions Effect of the cobalt-N coordination on the cobamide recognition by the human vitamin B12 binding proteins intrinsic factor Dietary 18:3n-3 and 22:6n-3 as sources of 22:6n-3 accretion in neonatal baboon brain and associated organs Evaluation of wheat middlings as a supplement for beef cattle consuming dormant bluestem-range forage Taurine as a constituent of mitochondrial tRNAs: new insights into the functions of taurine and human mitochondrial diseases 6581–6589 doi: 10.1093/emboj/cdf656 Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life Anserine and carnosine supplementation in the elderly: effects on cognitive functioning and physical capacity Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid levels and markers of accelerated brain aging Bioconversion of dietary provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in humans PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men The role of ruminants in reducing agriculture's carbon footprint in North America 156–164 doi: 10.2489/jswc.71.2.156 Essential amino acids: master regulators of nutrition and environmental footprint The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group (1994) The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid and vitamin B-12 increases vitamin concentrations and reduces homocysteine concentrations: a randomized trial Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations relate to intake source in the framingham offspring study Imaging incorporation of circulating docosahexaenoic acid into the human brain using positron emission tomography USDA (2015). United States Department of Agriculture. By-Product Drop Value (STEER) - An Overview. Available online at: https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/ByProduct%20DropValue%28Steer%29Overview.pdf (accessed June 6 USDA (2016). USDA, Agricultural Research Service. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28. Washington, DC: USDA. Available online at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl (accessed November 14 The potential of herbs and spices to reduce lipid oxidation during heating and gastrointestinal digestion of a beef product 785–792 doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.090 Oxidation during digestion of meat: interactions with the diet and helicobacter pylori gastritis Epidemiologic evidence for beta-carotene and cancer prevention PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Achieving optimal post-exercise muscle protein remodeling in physically active adults through whole food consumption The skeletal muscle anabolic response to plant- versus animal-based protein consumption Opinion paper: the role of livestock in a sustainable diet: a land-use perspective Reassessing the role of grazing lands in carbon-balance estimations: meta-analysis and review Pasture chemoscapes and their ecological services PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Whey protein supplementation during resistance training augments lean body mass Inhibition of the metmyoglobin-induced peroxidation of linoleic acid by dietary antioxidants: action in the aqueous vs Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products Google Scholar The effects of oral taurine on resting blood pressure in humans: a meta-analysis Multispecies grazing: the ecological advantage Unfortunately there is no DOI available for this publication Google Scholar Meat consumption is associated with obesity and central obesity among US adults PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar polyphenol-rich rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract on lipid stability of plant-derived omega-3 fatty-acid rich oil Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “Zinc Concentrations and Forms in Plants for Humans and Animals,” in Zinc in Soils and Plants: Proceedings of the International Symposium on ‘Zinc in Soils and Plants’ held at The University of Western Australia Interim Summary of Conclusions and Dietary Recommendations on Total Fat & Fatty Acids From the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition Geneva: World Health Organization 10–14 Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage Food in the anthropocene: the EAT–lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems The recommended dietary allowance of protein: a misunderstood concept PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A Mediterranean-style eating pattern with lean unprocessed red meat has cardiometabolic benefits for adults who are overweight or obese in a randomized Dietary and supplemental calcium intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: the national institutes of health–AARP diet and health study Efficiency and carbon footprint of the german meat supply chain and zinc status: response to supplementation with zinc or zinc and iron in adult females CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “Cobalt: its role in health and disease,” in Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar Myofibrillar protein synthesis following ingestion of soy protein isolate at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men Association between haem and non-haem iron intake and serum ferritin in healthy young women Docosahexaenoic acid and adult memory: a systematic review and meta-analysis Measurement of zinc bioavailability from beef and a ready-to-eat high-fiber breakfast cereal in humans: application of a whole-gut lavage technique omega-6/omega-3 ratio and mortality: findings from two independent nationwide cohorts Kronberg SL and Provenza FD (2020) Plant-Based Meats Received: 23 April 2020; Accepted: 22 July 2020; Published: 06 October 2020 Copyright © 2020 van Vliet, Kronberg and Provenza. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Stephan van Vliet, c3RlcGhhbi52YW52bGlldEBkdWtlLmVkdQ== The victory by Marcus Orlob on Jane on a personal best score and the second highest Grand Prix result for an American behind only Steffen Peters on Suppenkasper this year puts him firmly in the top four riders and horses ahead of next Tuesday’s selection of the United States team for the Paris Olympics in five weeks. The personal best result of 73.913% for Marcus and the American-trained 10-year old mare has created a media sensation in Germany, the birthplace of the rider who based in Loxahatchee, the community neighboring Wellington in Florida and where owner Alice Tarjan, coached for years by Marcus, is located in winters with the large herd of exceptional horses she has an unusual skill of finding on the Internet. Alice is grooming for him while in Europe. The short listed squad of up to eight riders and nine horses has shrunk in the European stage of the selection trials at a time after the retirements of several horses that provided U.S. teams silver medals at the World Equestrian Games in Tryon in 2018 and the Tokyo Olympics. It has left Marcus in company with five-time Olympian Steffen Peters on his Tokyo Games silver medal mount Suppenkasper; two-time Olympian Adrienne Lyle on Helix over Lars van de Hoenderheide.that is competing for Heidi Humphries’ Zen Elite Equestrian Center, and Endel Ots on Zen Elite’s Bohemian. Anna Marek on her Pan American Games team gold medal mount Fire Fly that has remained consistent throughout the lengthy trials but with scores are slightly below the top group of four. All but Steffen on Suppenkasper are partnerships newly created and making their Big Tour debuts within the past four months. Marcus began riding under the Stars ‘n’ Stripes in 2019 and had scant Big Tour experience before Alice asked him to take over the ride on Jane. Marcus recalled that he had told Alice when first offered the ride that dreams of a start in Paris “could never work out.” He and Jane made their CDI debut at Wellington’s Global Dressage Festival at the end of March. The pair did well enough in four Florida CDIs to be picked to go to Europe as part of the Olympic team selection process. With no previous international level competition experience in Europe, he got his feet wet at a national event to place second behind superstar Isabell Werth. In the only head-to-head competition for the American short-listed combinations at Hagen, Germany in early June the 42-year-old rider and Jane were fourth ranked U.S. pair on a score of 71.936% in the Grand Prix Special. “Today I thought: Come on, let’s step it up a notch, the competition never sleeps,” he said of the Schafhof CDI4*. “I thought it was great that the mare took it so well.” Marcus told dressage-news.com that he thinks he can make the rides on Jane “prettier and with even more cadence” and smooth out other rough spots. Piaffe-passage was more expressive as were the extensions, but “it takes time and the time is ticking.” Even before the Olympic team is decided he and Jane were named to the squad to compete in the CDIO5* Nations Cup at the World Equestrian Festival in Aachen, Germany the world’s premier dressage and jumping event scheduled for the first week of July. “It was always my dream to ride in Aachen one day,” he said. “And now everything is suddenly happening very quickly.” Marcus grew up in Düsseldorf, not far from Aachen. He completed an apprenticeship as a rider at Johan Zagers’ stables and often rode at Hubertus Schmidt’s stables during the school holidays. “Then I did my rider’s test in Warendorf and happened to talk to an American girl there.” he laughs. “We got married and I went to the USA 16 years ago.” Isabel Freese of Norway on the Totilas offspring Total Hope OLD won the Schafhof Dressurfestival CDI4* Grand Prix Freestyle Sunday with America’s Anna Marek on Fayvel runner-up. Isabel and the 12-year-old Oldenburg stallion were awarded 80.950% for the win. The pair competed at the 2022 World Championships and the 2023 Europeans. Anna Marek on Fayvel, the 14-year-old KWPN gelding that she competed at April’s World Cup Final, scored 78.995% for second. She competed Fire Fly, her 2023 Pan American Games gold medal mount, in the Grand Prix Special earlier. Felicitas Hendricks of Germany on Drombusch OLD, a star partnership at this year’s winter-long Global Dressage Festival in Wellington, Florida, was third on 77.075%. Adrienne Lyle on Lars van de Hoenderheide, one of two horses from Heidi Humphries’ Zen Elite Equestrian Center she has competed on the U.S. Olympic short list, was fifth on 75.505%. The Schafhof competition marked the end of the U.S. Olympic qualifying with the team of three combinations and a reserve to be announced Tuesday. CORRECTION: An earlier version incorrectly named the horse Anna Marek competed. She rode Fayvel. Volume 4 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.555426 While commission reports and nutritional guidelines raise concerns about the effects of consuming red meat on human health the impacts of how livestock are raised and finished on consumer health are generally ignored provide many essential nutrients including bioavailable protein Emerging data indicate that when livestock are eating a diverse array of plants on pasture additional health-promoting phytonutrients—terpenoids and anti-oxidants—become concentrated in their meat and milk Several phytochemicals found in grass-fed meat and milk are in quantities comparable to those found in plant foods known to have anti-inflammatory As meat and milk are often not considered as sources of phytochemicals their presence has remained largely underappreciated in discussions of nutritional differences between feedlot-fed (grain-fed) and pasture-finished (grass-fed) meat and dairy which have predominantly centered around the ω-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid Grazing livestock on plant-species diverse pastures concentrates a wider variety and higher amounts of phytochemicals in meat and milk compared to grazing monoculture pastures while phytochemicals are further reduced or absent in meat and milk of grain-fed animals The co-evolution of plants and herbivores has led to plants/crops being more productive when grazed in accordance with agroecological principles The increased phytochemical richness of productive vegetation has potential to improve the health of animals and upscale these nutrients to also benefit human health Several studies have found increased anti-oxidant activity in meat and milk of grass-fed vs Only a handful of studies have investigated the effects of grass-fed meat and dairy consumption on human health and show potential for anti-inflammatory effects and improved lipoprotein profiles current knowledge does not allow for direct linking of livestock production practices to human health Future research should systematically assess linkages between the phytochemical richness of livestock diets and subsequent effects on human metabolic health This is important given current societal concerns about red meat consumption and human health Addressing this research gap will require greater collaborative efforts from the fields of agriculture and medicine while ensuring global food security and nutrient adequacy via consumption of moderate amounts of animal foods Pasture-based grazing systems, when managed in ways that mimic natural ecosystems, can improve plant diversity (Teague, 2018), soil carbon levels (Allard et al., 2007; Stanley et al., 2018), ecosystem function (Krausman et al., 2009; Teague and Kreuter, 2020), and water retention and quality of fresh water systems (Park et al., 2017). As the IPCC (2019) notes Earth's health depends upon plant diversity and abundance which can be improved by managing the grazing behavior of livestock when done in concert with agroecological principles (i.e. That should come as no surprise in the light of plant-herbivore coevolution which have evolved to form complex reciprocal relationships over millions of years we discuss the information currently available on the wide range on phytochemicals found in grass-fed meat and dairy products and evaluate their potential health effects By maximizing the output of one component of a system we inevitably hasten the demise of ecosystems Diversity in terms of nutrition also increases the range of options available for both animals and humans to nourish themselves and medicate prophylactically That is significant because the majority of those lands are in developing nations and are home to billions of people who depend on livestock grazing for their livelihood Livestock are intelligent beings (Marino and Allen, 2017); they possess most of the mental, emotional, and behavioral traits we identify in humans, and by nurturing livestock we can nurture ourselves (Provenza et al., 2019) agricultural systems largely moved away from integrated multi-species livestock-crop systems toward farming systems where livestock are separated from plant farming and finished (cattle and sheep) or raised almost exclusively (poultry and pigs) in concentrated operations where animals are fed total mixed rations confined feeding systems can thwart the animals' ability to self-select their own diet and express natural behavior which can adversely affect their welfare and health animal health issues can also arise in ill-managed pasture-based systems While causality cannot be inferred from these data the link between consuming meat and dairy products from animals—that display varying degrees of metabolic health—and the subsequent effects on human metabolic health requires further examination highlighting a need to account for both lifestyles and individual diets in studies comparing health associations with meat consumption from different livestock production systems (e.g. While improved fatty acid ratios (ω-3: ω-6) and CLA have been the predominant focus in comparisons of pasture-raised, grass-fed vs. grain-fed meat and milk, emerging data indicate that when livestock are eating a diverse array of plants on pasture, many plant phytochemicals are also concentrated in their meat and milk (Prache et al., 2005; Carrillo et al., 2016) This is noteworthy as phytochemicals are often considered to occur only in plant foods and sabinene concentrations (anti-inflammatory and/or anti-carcinogenic) were collectively 5-fold higher in cream produced from animals raised on diversified pasture compared to cream from animals fed concentrates Impact of livestock diets on phytochemicals in meat and dairy Rather these examples serve to illustrate that pasture-raised animal foods can contribute substantially to phytonutrient intake in the human diet Whether the potential beneficial effects of consuming phytochemically-rich meat and dairy are analogous to benefits attained by eating phytochemically-rich herbs and vegetables should be assessed in future studies by consuming phytochemically-rich meat and milk we ingest a broad spectrum of phytonutrients from classes of plants (e.g. a wide variety of Monocotyledoneae and Dicotyledoneae) otherwise not readily consumed by humans was 1.5- to 2.5-fold higher than milk from goats fed concentrates they found that anti-oxidant capacity of the milk was strongly correlated with the presence of phenols Impact of livestock diet selection on anti-oxidant activity in meat and dairy these data suggest that pasture-raising and finishing is beneficial for both the health of the animal and its meat and milk products It is perhaps no surprise that the two are connected: a healthier animal provides healthier meat and milk While the phytochemical richness and anti-oxidant capacity is enhanced in grass-fed meat and dairy especially when raised on nutrient-rich species-diverse pastures compared to animals that fed grain-based concentrates in confinement (e.g. the question remains: Does the increased phytochemical richness of grass-fed meat and dairy have an appreciable effect on improving human health Modulating the inflammatory milieu by dietary choices represents an important strategy to prevent or treat metabolic disease despite a lower SFA content and improved ω-3-to-ω-6 ratio in pasture-raised butter Total daily saturated and polyunsaturated fat intake was similar between groups which could have washed-out any effects of the butter per se No effect of either intervention was observed for lipid profiles Gilmore et al. (2011) found that consumption of 113g of beef, 5 times per week for 5-weeks, from cattle raised on non-diverse pasture (coastal Bermuda grass) or grain-finished in feedlots does not differentially impact inflammatory profiles (Gilmore et al., 2011). As highlighted in Tables 1 and 2 the phytochemical richness and anti-oxidant capacity is reduced in meat from animals raised on monoculture pastures compared to meat from animals with access to more forage diversity and that could be a reason for the lack of changes in inflammatory biomarkers in this work future clinical trials comparing inflammatory responses to botanically diverse diets vs grain-fed meat (and dairy) are needed to test this hypothesis or glucose tolerance compared to a diet comprised of products from grain-fed cattle only CLA was higher in the group that consumed pasture-fed meat and milk no information was provided on the diet fed to pasture-raised and grain-fed cattle these data suggest the lipid content of animal products may affect lipoprotein profiles of consumers and that pasture-raised meat and milk may have greater anti-inflammatory properties compared to feedlot-finished animals evidence is too sparse to make definitive claims and further clinical nutrition trials are needed Even the term “grass-fed” can mean animals were fed grass pellets in a feedlot-type production model or were grazing monoculture grasses this does not result in similar phytochemical richness and favorable fatty acid profiles compared to animals raised on pasture with access to a wide variety of different grasses The uncertainty about product quality may be the result of a change in the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) regulation of standards for “grass-fed.” While the claim “grass-fed” can still be made through the USDA AMS discontinued the verification of the applicant's programs to the Standard in 2016 To truly know whether animals were raised on pasture consumers would have to rely on third-party verification (e.g. “100% Pasture-Raised,” “Global Animal Partnership 5-Step® Animal Welfare Rating,” “Regenerative Organic CertifiedTM″ etc.) and/or use Internet resources to gain insight into production practices of farmers This would mean that we would have to diversify our meat and milk intake to include products from other livestock such as goats It is noteworthy that consumption of products from many of these livestock is already common practice on other parts of the world or are increasing rapidly in the US (e.g. Limiting consumption to only two to three species conflicts with herbivore diversity found in natural ecosystems and arguably the level of diversity that is desired in agroecologically appropriate livestock systems cover crop grazing provides further potential to increase land and forage available to pasture-based livestock production systems while providing important agroecological benefits Strategies that integrate multi-species grazing and/or phytochemically rich by-product feeding should not be viewed as “silver bullet” approaches to climate change or to meet an ever-growing demand for red meat practices that promote good land stewardship and effective use of resources should be incentivized to sustain and improve the natural resource base upon which agriculture depends—in turn benefiting the presence of health-promoting compounds in meat and milk from productive soils and vegetation While public health recommendations are for reducing red meat consumption to reduce risk of metabolic disease no consideration is given to animal production practices in these dietary recommendations That is likely because the literature on animal production systems and human health is limited is it often stated that little to no differences exist between grass-fed or grain-fed meat and milk; however the reductionist focus on fatty acids vastly underestimates the complexity of natural food matrices It is in the expanded pool of phytonutrients (e.g. and tocopherols) where substantial differences between grass-fed and grain-fed meat and milk are observed several studies show a potential for anti-inflammatory effects and improved lipoprotein profiles when people consume pasture-raised meat and dairy How increasing the phytonutrient density of animal foods will modify potential relationships between consumption and metabolic health of consumers needs to be further addressed in clinical studies Future research should systematically assess the linkages between phytochemical richness of herbivore diets and their subsequent effects on human metabolic health This is important as a rich body of agricultural literature exists on the presence of health-promoting phytonutrients—terpenoids and tocopherols—in grass-fed meat and milk that have rarely been evaluated in clinical trials for their potential to modulate human health responses to meat and milk consumption Given the concerns about red meat consumption on human health and the growing interest among producers and consumers in grass-fed meat and dairy products clinical nutrition studies evaluating cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in response to phytochemically-rich meat and dairy represents a logical next step in the field future studies should elucidate critical—and as yet unstudied—linkages between soil health SV wrote the first draft of the manuscript FP and SK provided many suggestions to improve the manuscript SV reports a grant from the North Dakota Beef Association to study the health effects of red meat in relation to diet quality He has not accepted personal honoraria from any organization to prevent undue influence in the eye of the public saturated and trans-fatty acids decreases HDL cholesterol and LDL particle diameter Animal source foods: sustainability problem or malnutrition and sustainability solution Phytoestrogens and their metabolites in bulk-tank milk: effects of farm management and season Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Tanker milk variability according to farm feeding practices: vitamins A and E Evolutionary basis for the human diet: consequences for human health PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Muscle from grass- and grain-fed cattle differs energetically “Occurrence in plants and in vitro animal and human metabolism of chlorogenic acids,” in Green Coffee Bean Extract in Human Health CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women Differences in postprandial inflammatory responses to a 'modern' v traditional meat meal: a preliminary study Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies “Chapter 4 - regulations and production of raw milk,” in Raw Milk CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns Barabási CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Enhancing the fatty acid profile of milk through forage-based rations Fat-soluble vitamin contents and fatty acid composition in organic and conventional Italian dairy products CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A review of economic considerations for cover crops as a conservation practice CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Google Scholar Ultraviolet-absorbing compounds in milk are related to forage polyphenols Reticulo-rumen biohydrogenation and the enrichment of ruminant edible products with linoleic acid conjugated isomers Variation of terpenes in milk and cultured cream from Norwegian alpine rangeland-fed and in-door fed cows Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat Diets high in conjugated linoleic acid from pasture-fed cattle did not alter markers of health in young women Dirt to Soil: One Family's Journey into Regenerative Agriculture Google Scholar Relationships between flavour and chemical composition of Abondance cheese derived from different types of pastures CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Recent advances in plant-herbivore interactions PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in milk from high- and low-input conventional and organic systems: seasonal variation Extensive ruminant production systems and milk quality with emphasis on unsaturated fatty acids antioxidant protection degree and phenol content Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Calderón and color in cow's plasma and milk following a shift from hay diet to diets containing increasing levels of carotenoids and vitamin E Benefits of polyphenols on gut microbiota and implications in human health Integrated metabolomic and transcriptome analyses reveal finishing forage affects metabolic pathways related to beef quality and animal welfare The importance of diet choice on stress-related responses by lambs CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Sesquiterpenoids lactones: benefits to plants and people Color stability and antioxidant capacity of yak meat as affected by feeding with pasture or grain CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Back to Grass: The Market Potential for U.S NY: Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture Variation of fatty acid and terpene profiles in mountain milk and “Toma piemontese” cheese as affected by diet composition in different seasons Dietary intake of carotenoids and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in cardiovascular care Dietary compounds influencing the sensorial volatile and phytochemical properties of bovine milk Palatable disruption: the politics of plant milk biodiversity and ecosystem function in soil systems CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Forage system is the key driver of mountain milk specificity Health-promoting properties of common herbs PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Cuchillo-Hilario bioactive polyphenols in Mexican goats' milk cheeses on summer grazing Cuchillo-Hilario Forage selectivity by cattle and sheep co-grazing swards differing in plant species diversity CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef Novel n-3 immunoresolvents: structures and actions PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar D'Amico Microbiological quality of raw milk used for small-scale artisan cheese production in Vermont: effect of farm characteristics and practices β-carotene and retinol contents in the meat of herbivorous ungulates with a special reference to their public health importance PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar De Faccio Carvalho Managing grazing animals to achieve nutrient cycling and soil improvement in no-till integrated systems Flavonoids and terpenoids in goat milk in relation to forage intake Google Scholar Patterns of protein food intake are associated with nutrient adequacy in the general french adult population Age-related macular degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study Delgadillo-Puga Goats' feeding supplementation with acacia farnesiana pods and their relationship with milk composition: fatty acids A nutritional explanation for body-size patterns of ruminant and nonruminant herbivores CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Influence of pasture or grain-based diets supplemented with vitamin E on antioxidant/oxidative balance of Argentine beef Antioxidant status and odour profile in fresh beef from pasture or grain-fed cattle Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets Effects of Sulla forage (Sulla coronarium L.) on the oxidative status and milk polyphenol content in goats A dose-response study relating the concentration of carotenoid pigments in blood and reflectance spectrum characteristics of fat to carotenoid intake level in sheep1 Associations of dairy intake with risk of mortality in women and men: three prospective cohort studies Regulation of immune function by polyphenols PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Current situation and future trends for beef production in the United States of America - A review Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: III Incorporating diversity into animal production systems can increase their performance and strengthen their resilience Colour of bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue: a review of contributory factors associations with carcass and meat quality and its potential utility in authentication of dietary history bioavailability and dietary variety in age-related macular degeneration protection Extreme population differences in the human zinc transporter ZIP4 (SLC39A4) are explained by positive selection in Sub-Saharan Africa CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Diet and inflammation: a link to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Eating on the Wild Side: The Pharmacologic Ecologic and Social Implications of Using Noncultigens Google Scholar FAO (2009). The State of Food and Agriculture. Livestock in the Balance. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0680e.pdf (accessed September 21 Google Scholar FAO (2010). The Second Report on the State of the World's Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/3/i1500e/i1500e00.htm (accessed September 14 Google Scholar FAO (2020). Suite of Food Security Indicators. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS (accessed October 9 FAOSTAT (2020). Land Use Module. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL/visualize (accessed October 10 Effect of types of forage on terpenes content and profile in goat milk Google Scholar Official Journal of the European Union L274/19 Livestock in no-till cropping systems- A story of trade-offs CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Association between red and processed meat consumption and chronic diseases: the confounding role of other dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: those confounded milks Mixed grazing systems benefit both upland biodiversity and livestock production Incidence and mortality of testicular and prostatic cancers in relation to world dietary practices Effect of diet finishing mode (pasture or mixed diet) on antioxidant status of Charolais bovine meat Gerdes, S. (2019). “Grass-fed dairy sector small, but growing rapidly,” in Dairy Foods. Available online at: https://www.dairyfoods.com/articles/93994-grass-fed-dairy-sector-small-but-growing-rapidly (accessed January 3 Management-Intensive Grazing: The Grassroots of Grass Farming Oxidative stress and diabetic complications PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Four-year monitoring of foodborne pathogens in raw milk sold by vending machines in Italy Agroecology: the key role of arbuscular mycorrhizas in ecosystem services Consumption of high-oleic acid ground beef increases HDL-cholesterol concentration but both high- and low-oleic acid ground beef decrease HDL particle diameter in normocholesterolemic men Gonzalez-Calvo The relationship between muscle alpha-tocopherol concentration and meat oxidation in light lambs fed vitamin E supplements prior to slaughter designing the menu and influencing the diner CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A randomized trial of beta carotene supplementation and cognitive function in men: the Physicians' Health Study II fruit and vegetable consumption in cohort studies: a comprehensive meta-analysis Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition Guasch-Ferré and Type 2 diabetes: a narrative review of the evidence Guasch-Ferré Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of red meat consumption in comparison with various comparison diets on cardiovascular risk factors Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions Google Scholar Milk and dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: beta-carotene bioavailability and conversion–evidence in humans Influence of feeding different types of roughage on the oxidative stability of milk CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Catechin content of 18 teas and a green tea extract supplement correlates with the antioxidant capacity High levels of equol in organic skimmed Finnish cow milk Holmer-Jensen Differential effects of dietary protein sources on postprandial low-grade inflammation after a single high fat meal in obese non-diabetic subjects “Effect of earthworms on the disappearance rate of cattle droppings,” in Earthworm Ecology: From Darwin to Vermiculture CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Relationship between serum alpha-tocopherol and overall and cause-specific mortality Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats IPCC (2019). Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change and Land. Available online at: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ (accessed January 6 Emerging evidence of the health benefits of S-equol Rotational grazing effects on rangeland vegetation at a farm scale CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Conjugated linoleic acid in milk fat: high variation depending on production system CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Seasonal differences exist in the polyunsaturated fatty acid Adapting livestock management to spatio-temporal heterogeneity in semi-arid rangelands Janštová Quality of raw milk from a farm with automatic milking system in the Czech Republic Ambivalence to the Palatability Factors in Wild Food Plants Google Scholar Unprocessed red meat and processed meat consumption: dietary guideline recommendations from the Nutritional Recommendations (NutriRECS) consortium Red meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Carotenoids and their isomers: color pigments in fruits and vegetables Polyphenols: benefits to the cardiovascular system in health and in aging The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar An update on the potential health benefits of carotenes PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effect of beef packaging method on volatile compounds developed by oven roasting or microwave cooking CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Isolation and identification of volatiles and condensable material in raw beef with supercritical carbon dioxide extraction “Vitamin deficiencies and other nutritional disorders of the nervous system,” in Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Klingelschmidt and fishery workers: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis Kozová Changes in the content of biologically active polyamines during beef loin storage and cooking Kris-Etherton Kris-Etherton Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer Phenolic content and ferric reducing-antioxidant power of cow's milk produced in different pasture-based production systems in southern Brazil Trans-11-18:1 is effectively Delta9-desaturated compared with trans-12-18:1 in humans Kumar, S., and Deshmukh, R. (2019). Allied Market Research. Organic Dairy Food and Drinks Market by Type (Organic Milk, Organic Yogurt, Organic Cheese, and Other Organic Dairy Food and Drinks): Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2019–2026. Available online at: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/organic-dairy-food-and-drinks-market (accessed October 10 Increasing pasture intakes enhances polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipophilic antioxidants in plasma and milk of dairy cows fed total mix ration Flavor constituents of beef as influenced by forage- and grain-feeding High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort Effects of conventional and grass-feeding systems on the nutrient composition of beef Integrated crop–livestock systems: strategies to achieve synergy between agricultural production and environmental quality Overview of metabolism and bioavailability enhancement of polyphenols Inflammatory mechanisms: the molecular basis of inflammation and disease PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Where's the beef?: incorporating cattle into sustainable agroforestry systems in the Amazon Basin CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar López-Andrés Antioxidant effects of ryegrass phenolics in lamb liver and plasma Relationships between animal species (cow versus goat) and some nutritional constituents in raw milk farmhouse cheeses The 21st-century great food transformation PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Protein oxidation in muscle foods: a review and antioxidant properties of lambs fed pasture versus mixed diet PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Detection of lipid-derived aldehydes and aldehyde:protein adducts in vitro and in beef Mangialasche Tocopherols and tocotrienols plasma levels are associated with cognitive impairment Occurrence of volatile mono- and sesquiterpenoids in highland and lowland plant species as possible precursors for flavor compounds in milk and dairy products CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Influence of season and pasture feeding on the content of α-tocopherol and β-carotene in milk from Holstein “Milk indicators for recognizing the types of forages eaten by dairy cows,” in Indicators of Milk and Beef Quality Google Scholar “Effects of grass-based diets on the content of micronutrients and fatty acids in bovine and caprine dairy products” in Land Use Systems in Grassland Dominated Regions Proceedings of the 20th General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation (Luzern: vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich) Potential of multi-species livestock farming to improve the sustainability of livestock farms: a review Call of the Reed Warbler: A New Agriculture Google Scholar Typical dairy products in Africa from local animal resources and fiber reduces the cancer risk of red and processed meat in a large prospective cohort of adults from Alberta's tomorrow project Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions Vitamin E supplementation for the ruminant Soil health and arthropods: from complex system to worthwhile investigation PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Perspectives on sesquiterpene lactones in inflammation and cancer PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Meunier-Goddik “Chapter 15 - Consumers acceptance of raw milk and its products,” in Raw Milk CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar When art and science meet: integrating knowledge of French Herders with science of foraging behavior CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes–an updated review of the evidence A short-term n-3 DPA supplementation study in humans and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.007 Absorption of phenolic acids in humans after coffee consumption Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeinae dung beetles Nielsen (2020). Retail Sales Data. Available online at: https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/ (accessed July 13 Defective mitochondrial biogenesis: a hallmark of the high cardiovascular risk in the metabolic syndrome The Role of Animal-Source Foods in Healthy Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Comparison of dietary conjugated linoleic acid with safflower oil on body composition in obese postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus Nozière Carotenoids for ruminants: from forages to dairy products O'Callaghan “Chapter 7 - nutritional aspects of raw milk: a beneficial or hazardous food choice,” in Raw Milk Omamo, S. W., Diao, X., Wood, S., Chamberlin, J., You, L., Benin, S., et al. (2006). Strategic Priorities for Agricultural Development in Eastern and Central Africa. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. Research Reports 150. Available online at: http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/rr150.pdf Google Scholar Evaluating the ranch and watershed scale impacts of using traditional and adaptive multi-paddock grazing on runoff sediment and nutrient losses in North Texas Pena-Oyarzun Autophagy and oxidative stress in non-communicable diseases: a matter of the inflammatory state Commonly consumed protein foods contribute to nutrient intake Declining biodiversity for food and agriculture needs urgent global action CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Pizzoferrato Degree of antioxidant protection: a parameter to trace the origin and quality of goat's Milk and Cheese Grasslands: a source of secondary metabolites for livestock health Traceability of animal feeding diet in the meat and milk of small ruminants CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Review: authentication of grass-fed meat and dairy products from cattle and sheep Effect of concentrate finishing on the carotenoid content of perirenal fat in grazing sheep: its significance for discriminating grass-fed concentrate-fed and concentrate-finished grazing lambs Google Scholar Nourishment: What Animals Can Teach Us About Rediscovering Our Nutritional Wisdom Google Scholar The value to herbivores of plant physical and chemical diversity in time and space Acquired aversions as the basis for varied diets of ruminants foraging on rangelands PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar What does it mean to be locally adapted and who cares anyway PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar “Applicability of five diet-selection models to various foraging challenges ruminants encounter,” in Behavioural Mechanisms of Food Selection CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Is grassfed meat and dairy better for human and environmental health Quiñonez-Flores Oxidative stress relevance in the pathogenesis of the rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review concentrate feeding with or without antioxidants on carcass characteristics Water scarcity and fish imperilment driven by beef production Ritzenthaler Consumption of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) from CLA-enriched cheese does not alter milk fat or immunity in lactating women Rodríguez-García Naturally lignan-rich foods: a dietary tool for health promotion Röhrle colour and reflectance measurements in bovine adipose tissue to discriminate between beef from different feeding systems Climate change responses benefit from a global food system approach Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Role of natural phenolics in hepatoprotection: a mechanistic review and analysis of regulatory network of associated genes Productive response of dairy cows fed with different levels of totally mixed ration and pasture Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: a review of the implications for ruminant meat production Conjugated linoleic acid in meat and meat products: a review Schönfeldt The need for country specific composition data on milk CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Schwingshackl Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies Schwingshackl Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies The value of native plants and local production in an era of global agriculture Dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of type 2 diabetes Effects of a dairy product (pecorino cheese) naturally rich in cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on lipid inflammatory and haemorheological variables: a dietary intervention study STATISTA (2019). Per Capita Consumption of Boneless Red Meat in the U.S. by Type 2017. Available online at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/184378/per-capita-consumption-of-red-meat-in-the-us-2009-by-type/ (accessed October 10 Comparative ecology of bison and cattle on mixed-grass prairie Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effects of consumption of beef from variably fed cattle on anthropometric measurements serum parameters and fatty acid composition in healthy men and women CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar USDA (2016a). Organic Production and Handling Standards. US Department of Agriculture. Available online at: https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/OrganicProductionandHandlingStandards.pdf USDA (2016b). USDA, Agricultural Research Service. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, release 28. Washington, DC: USDA. Available online at: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl (accessed January 2 Changes in terpenoid composition of milk and cheese from commercial sheep flocks associated with seasonal feeding regimens throughout lactation Van Der Steeg and apolipoprotein A-I: significance for cardiovascular risk: the IDEAL and EPIC-Norfolk studies CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Conservation and value of local livestock breeds: usefulness of niche products and/or adaptation to specific environments Vialloninsta Transfer of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenesfrom forages into milk fat Milk volatile organic compounds and fatty acid profile in cows fed timothy as hay Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes as Livestock Feed and as Substrates for Generation of Other Value-Added Products Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Google Scholar Google Scholar Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity Evaluation of continuous and multipaddock grazing on vegetation and livestock performance—a modeling approach CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Prolonged exposure to manure from livestock-administered antibiotics decreases ecosystem carbon-use efficiency and alters nitrogen cycling Effects of butter from mountain-pasture grazing cows on risk markers of the metabolic syndrome compared with conventional Danish butter: a randomized controlled study Whaley-Connell The role of oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems Carotenoid and retinol concentrations in serum adipose tissue and liver and carotenoid transport in sheep CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A comparison of beta-carotene-splitting activity isolated from intestinal mucosa of pasture-grazed sheep PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar oxidative stress and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects Anti-cancer potential of sesquiterpene lactones: bioactivity and molecular mechanisms Association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality among US women and men: two prospective cohort studies or fish intake with incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality Natural polyphenols for prevention and treatment of cancer A cluster analysis of natural beef product consumers by shopping behavior Provenza FD and Kronberg SL (2021) Health-Promoting Phytonutrients Are Higher in Grass-Fed Meat and Milk Received: 24 April 2020; Accepted: 14 December 2020; Published: 01 February 2021 Copyright © 2021 van Vliet, Provenza and Kronberg. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) Pitkin County voters will consider three candidates for one seat on the Board of County Commissioners in a primary election this month. Ballots went out in the mail on June 3; the election is June 25. District 5 is the only contested race, and incumbent Francie Jacober has two challengers: Neil Reilley and Toni Kronberg. It’s an at-large election, meaning voters in all regions of the county will get to decide who fills the seat representing some of its most rural areas, including the Crystal River Valley, Frying Pan Valley and parts of Snowmass Canyon. The two highest vote-getters in the primary will advance to the general election on November 5. Jacober, who is vying for a second term on the Board of County Commissioners, lives in the Crystal River Valley and has made environmental issues a key part of her platform. She said in an interview that she wants to preserve open space and agricultural lands — “because once we lose a piece of land to development, it's over, there's no going back and land is finite.” She also wants the county to continue its momentum on climate action and reduce carbon emissions through policies like the county’s “aggressive” Climate Action Plan. Jacober said her platform also includes a two-pronged approach to the needs of the community through human services and affordable housing. “It's incumbent on us to take care of everybody in our county, and to protect those who don't have access to that immense wealth that we have up here in Aspen,” Jacober said. In fact, all three candidates acknowledged the need for more housing that the workforce can afford — so long as it fits with the scale and character of the community. Neil Reilley also lives up the Crystal; he said he wants to preserve the “agrarian and rural nature of Pitkin County.” “I would like to see less building, less multi-story mixed-use, less looks-like-Vail-starting-to-look-like-Summit County (development), and just slow down a little bit,” Reilley said. He’s also focused on environmental protections and the preservation of natural resources, and wants to see the county tamp down further on energy consumption. Meanwhile, Toni Kronberg is building her campaign around safety and efficiency on Highway 82. She lives close to the major thoroughfare in Snowmass Canyon. “It's our lifeline, … and it's very dangerous,” Kronberg said. “So my motto is that we need to arrive home alive, sane, and on time to pick up the kids.” In addition to Highway 82 and affordable housing, Kronberg said she’s thinking about mental health services and the layout of the Aspen/Pitkin County Airport. Aspen Public Radio will cover several key issues in the lead-up to the June 25 primary, including the candidates’ perspectives on the Airport Layout Plan, satisfaction with elected officials and affordability in Pitkin County. Two other races for Pitkin County Commissioner are uncontested this year. Greg Poschman is the sole candidate in District 3, and Jeffrey Woodruff is the sole candidate in District 4. Volume 10 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1226200 we consider the dynamics of ion fluxes and magnetic field changes in turbulent regions of magnetotail dipolarizations The data from the Cluster-II mission (magnetic field measurements from fluxgate magnetometers and energetic charged particle observations from RAPID spectrometers) were used for the analysis We study individual events and investigate statistically the changes of charged particle fluxes during magnetic field dipolarizations observed during 2001–2015 Received changes in the spectral index indicate that CNO+ ions undergo stronger acceleration during dipolarization than protons and helium ions Before dipolarization front monotonic growth the ions flux is observed (the maximum of flux is observed at 1–1,5 min after the start of dipolarization) in the range of ∼ 92–374 keV for proton; in the energy range ∼ 138–235 keV for He+ and in the energy range of 414–638 keV for CNO+ ions Flux increase before arriving dipolarization front may result from the reflection of plasma sheet ions at the dipolarization front and the result of the resonant interactions of ions with low-frequency electromagnetic waves the dissipation of turbulent fluctuations leads to plasma heating and acceleration of charged particles localized dissipation is associated with the phenomenon of “intermittency” which is an uneven distribution of energy within a turbulent environment Both the solar wind and ionosphere can serve as sources for ions and electrons in the magnetosphere (Delzanno et al., 2021) The source of ions can be determined based on the property that ionospheric particles are singly ionized while solar wind ions are almost completely ionized The number of ions entering the magnetosphere will depend on the level of geomagnetic activity It can be determined by a significant number of factors including solar wind ion heating at the front of the shock wave the modulation in the region of magnetic field reconnection The presence of heavy ions in the magnetosphere will significantly change the physics of the processes taking place there Since the main characteristics of the plasma (density thickness of the current/plasma layer) are changing the conditions and rate of development of instabilities (in particular the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and reconnection) will also change The results presented in the studies by Kozak et al. (2018) showed that the relative content of heavy ions in the observed regions of magnetic field dipolarization may exert significant influence upon the scale of the transition from the magnetohydrodynamic to the kinetic approach in the analysis of turbulent processes The aim of this study is to use measurements of the magnetic field and particle fluxes in various energy channels to estimate the time dependence of these values before and after the start of dipolarization; to find out the energization evolution of protons and heavier ions we investigate the change in fluxes of charged particles and magnetic field changes for a single event Later we will provide a statistical analysis of the change in particle fluxes in the region of magnetic field dipolarization observed during 2001–2015 using the superimposed epoch approach For our analysis, we used the magnetic field measurements provided by fluxgate magnetometers (FGM) on board four Clusters spacecraft (SC) with resolution 22.4 Hz (Balogh et al., 2001), and fluxes measurements by RAPID (Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors) spectrometers in the energy range up to 1,500 keV for protons with the resolution 0.25 Hz, and up to 4,000 keV for heavier ions with 0.067 Hz (Wilken et al., 2001) we used GSM (geocentric solar magnetospheric) coordinate system everywhere All analysed events are characterized by multiple dipolarization and correspond to criteria (Borovsky et al., 1993): • sharp fluctuations Bz components of the magnetic field (≥4 nT); • large inclination angle of magnetic field (≥45°); • large inclination angle from minimal to maximal Bz (≥10°); • value ∣Bx∣ ≤ 15 nT The beginning of the first dipolarization front for the considered events is shown in Supplementary Appendix Table S1 Initialization of the substorm and dipolarization of the magnetic field for all events takes place in a spatial range −10 > XGSE > − 17RE −5 < YGSE < 9RE and −1 < ZGSE < 4RE As a typical example of ion flux changes in magnetotail regions we consider in detail the event on 11 September 2014 For the 11 September 2014 event, the dipolarization (a sharp increase in the Bz component of the magnetic field pointing north) in the magnetotail begins at around 04:03:13 UT. The onset of dipolarization becomes evident through a pronounced jump in the Bz component. Figure 1 shows the temporal evolution of the magnetic field (top panel) FIGURE 1. Changes in the magnetic field, fluxes and spectral index for the event of 11 September 2014. The intensities are averaged over a sampling interval of 30s for e−, 60s for H+, and 180s for CNO+ and He+. Spectral indices γ are calculated from the ion intensities using Eq. 1 The bands in the ion and electron fluxes show the standard deviations obtained from the instrument and the bands in the spectral index represent the uncertainty in γ using error propagation of the errors in the ion and electron intensities For this event, a series of injections at SC are presented in Supplementary Appendix Table S2. We determined proton injections as increases in proton flux in, at least, two energy channels by more than 5 times, and electron injections as increased more than 1.7 times (Malykhin et al., 2018) and there is a shift between proton and electron injections The difference in observations of electron and proton injections can also be attributed to the complex structure of the flux accumulation region consisting of several pulses moving one after the other The presence of several localized pulses complicates the multiscale picture of magnetic field gradients which affects the electron drift trajectories and cause the formation of multiple and short electron injections rather than a monotonous increase of suprathermal electron flux Further, we compare changes in electron and ion fluxes with magnetic field changes (top panel of Figure 1). The energy dependency of fluxes was considered in the form of a power law: Flux ∼ Energy−γ (Imada et al., 2007) The ratio to determine the spectral index was determined as (Kronberg and Daly, 2013): where Ji2 and Ji1 - are the differential fluxes of charged particles in neighbouring energy channels Eeff2 and Eeff1 we use the geometric mean between the lowest energies of the neighboring channels The fluxes measured by the RAPID experiment and the calculated values of the spectrum index for the event of 11 September 2014, are presented in Figure 1 Averaging was carried out in the time resolution of 30 s for electrons An increase in the energy of the electron flux was observed after the onset of dipolarization by each spacecraft (SC). After the start of dipolarization, the behaviour of energetic electron flux resembles the dynamics of the Bz field in the plasma sheet, which indicates the adiabatic acceleration of electrons, and it is consistent with the results by Malykhin et al. (2018) Figure 1 shows the growth of the spectral index γ for electrons within 10 min after the start of dipolarization (the first front) in the energy range from 94.5 to 127.5 keV a “collapse” (sharp decrease) of the spectral index is observed in various energy ranges the minima of which are shifted by several seconds relative to each other the decrease in the spectral index γ during dipolarization is fixed to ∼ 92 keV within ∼ 20 min after dipolarization in the energy range of 75.3–92.2 keV the spectral index γ fluctuates near zero Graphs of changes in He+ and CNO+ fluxes are similar to those for high-energy proton fluxes We observe an increase in helium fluxes during the dipolarization of the magnetic field the lack of a significant number of measurements for heavy ions does not allow us to draw unambiguous conclusions The value of the intensity of the magnetic field fluctuations at the gyrofrequencies of different types of ions was plotted in Figure 2 and Figure 3 where we can compare the contribution of heavy ions to the processes occurring during the multiple magnetic dipolarization for the 11 September 2014 substorm The value of the intensity of magnetic field oscillations at different gyrofrequencies for the event of 11 September 2014 The top panel shows magnetic field changes for 11 September 2014 event The middle panel indicates the square root of the wavelet power of the magnetic field vector with overplotted gyrofrequencies of H+ The bottom panel shows wavelet amplitudes along each gyrofrequency in the time domain Change in the intensity of wavelet oscillations at gyrofrequencies of various types of ions from four-spacecraft measurements for 11 September 2014 event Zero value for Time Since Epoch indicates the first dipolarization front Superposed epoch analysis was performed for all Cluster spacecraft for this event Blue shadows mean an area between the 25th and 75th percentiles Intensities of the magnetic field fluctuations at the gyrofrequencies of different types of ions were obtained from the slicing wavelet transform of the magnetic field over the time domain at each gyrofrequency (Figure 2). In Figure 3 we can compare the contribution of heavy ions to the processes occurring during the multiple magnetic dipolarization for the 11 September 2014 substorm Figure 2 obtained using continuous wavelet transform W(t f) (Morlet wavelet as mother wavelet) of magnetic field These figures show that the highest value of the intensity of magnetic field fluctuations is observed at the gyrofrequency of oxygen ion As mentioned above, to generalize the dependence of the dynamics of different types of ions, a statistical examination was carried out by employing the superimposed epoch method. The list of available measurements for ion fluxes is shown in Supplementary Appendix Table S3 The Bz magnetic field values and ion fluxes are normalized by their respective maximum values Normalized proton fluxes (left) and spectral index (right) in different energy channels relative to the beginning of dipolarization by the superposed epoch method The top right panels correspond to magnetic field changes (also applied to the superimposed epoch method) Normalized proton fluxes (left) and spectral index (right) in different energy channels relative to the beginning of dipolarization (zero point) by the superposed epoch method Normalized CNO fluxes (left) and spectral index (right) in different energy channels relative to the beginning of dipolarization (zero point) by the superposed epoch method These figures reveal that in the case of protons the flux shows little change to 75 keV and the spectral index was near constant for the low-energy range A significant increase in the ions flux is observed (the maximum is shifted by ∼ 1 min after the start of dipolarization) in the range of ∼ 92–374 keV while the shape of the normalized flux repeats the changes in the Bz component of the magnetic field calculated for this energy range decreases A decrease in γ was observed at the same time as an increase in the flux in this range This result indicates the energization of high-energy protons during dipolarizations It is also worth noting that after the onset of dipolarization the value of γ for the range 160–374 keV decreases to zero This indicates the so-called proton spectra “flattening” in this energy range Changes in He+ ion fluxes in the energy range ∼ 138–235 keV were very similar to changes in high-energy proton fluxes The monotonic growth of the helium flux at ∼ 138 keV 235 keV and 315 keV begins during dipolarization A decrease in the spectral index γ is observed up to 1 min from the zero point the acceleration of He+ lasted longer to the start of dipolarization than the acceleration of protons the largest changes are observed in the energy range of 414–638 keV The growth of fluxes is recorded in wider time scales A significant decrease in γ was observed in the range of energies ∼ 414–638 keV the reduction in the spectral index γ begins before the onset of dipolarization and lasts until approximately 4 min after the beginning In the range of energies (274—498 keV) γ has significant fluctuations after dipolarization Since the decrease in the spectral index (γ) indicates the acceleration of the ions it can be derived from the obtained results that the heavier ions experience stronger acceleration than the lighter ions (H+ and He+) during dipolarization The changes in fluxes obtained in the work are consistent with the results obtained in the work of Malykhin et al. (2019) The uniqueness of our research conducted is the comparison of changes in fluxes with changes in magnetic field intensity at gyrofrequencies of various types of ions both for the single event and for multiple events at −80…-75 s relative to the onset there is the transition of the lower quartile of I(O +) from smooth shape to more fluctuated This means that the wavelet intensity I(O +) for t > − 75 s exceeds the wavelet edge effect the increase in intensity of the magnetic field begins approximately 40 s before the onset This value exceeds the timescale of the edge effect The value of the intensity of magnetic field fluctuations at different gyrofrequencies for the events of 2001–2015 (epoch method) we have applied a set of techniques to Cluster-II magnetic field and particle measurements to estimate the energization time dependence for protons and heavier ions near the turbulent region of dipolarization (before the onset wave activity remains constant for approximately 1 minute Wave activity associated with O+ ions was observed at least 75–80 s before the dipolarization started During dipolarization CNO+ ions experience stronger acceleration than the lighter ions (H+ and He+) Flux increase in the region of the dipolarization front: monotonic growth the ions flux is observed (the maximum of flux is observed at 1–1,5 min after the start of dipolarization) in the range of ∼ 92–374 keV for proton; in the energy range ∼ 138–235 keV for He+ and in the energy range of 414–638 keV for CNO+ ions Recorded flux increase before arriving dipolarization front may result from the reflection of plasma sheet ions at the dipolarization front (Zhou et al., 2011) When analysing individual events, it was found that changes in electron fluxes inside the plasma sheet are determined by the Bz-component behaviour and indicate the adiabatic acceleration of electrons. This is consistent with results by Malykhin et al. (2018) For a correct description of turbulent regions of the order of proton gyroradius it is necessary to use the self-consistent Maxwell-Vlasov equations for fields and distribution functions of charged particles The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author LK proposed a scientific goal for our research conducted an interpretation of the obtained results superimposed epoch analysis of ion flux data EK made valuable suggestions about considering ion fluxes BP made a spectral (wavelet) study and superimposed epoch analysis of magnetic field data and made visualization (SC location RA and AB performed the analysis of ion flux data IB and VF proposed useful corrections to the article text All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version 97742 of the Volkswagen Foundation (VW-Stiftung) the Royal Society International Exchanges Scheme 2021 (IES⧵R1⧵211177) and BF/30-2021 The work of EK was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under number KR 4375/2-1 within SPP “Dynamic Earth” We acknowledge Cluster Science Archive (https://www.cosmos.esa.int/ web/csa) PI and teams of FGM and RAPID instruments for providing the data The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2023.1226200/full#supplementary-material Solar wind turbulence and the role of ion instabilities CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Bursty bulk flows in the inner central plasma sheet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Characterizing interstellar filaments with herschel in ic 5146 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The cluster magnetic field investigation: overview of in-flight performance and initial results CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Particle acceleration in the magnetotail and aurora CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The occurrence rate of magnetospheric-substorm onsets: random and periodic substorms CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The dissipation of solar wind turbulent fluctuations at electron scales CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Perpendicular ion heating by low-frequency alfvén-wave turbulence in the solar wind CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar and the alpha-to-proton temperature ratio in the solar wind CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Thin current sheets and associated electron heating in turbulent space plasma CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The impact of cold electrons and cold ions in magnetospheric physics CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Origin of low proton-to-electron temperature ratio in the earth’s plasma sheet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Heating and acceleration of charged particles during magnetic dipolarizations CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Acceleration of ions to suprathermal energies by turbulence in the plasmoid-like magnetic structures CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Distribution of plasma turbulence in our galaxy derived from radio scintillation maps CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Energetic electron acceleration in the downstream reconnection outflow region CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Energetic (>100 kev) o+ ions in the plasma sheet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar and dissipation in high-temperature plasmas CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Hot solar-wind helium: direct evidence for local heating by alfvén-cyclotron dissipation PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Evolution of ring current ion energy spectra during the storm recovery phase: implication for dominant ion loss processes CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Plasma jet braking: energy dissipation and nonadiabatic electrons PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Spatial variations in the suprathermal ion distributions during substorms in the plasma sheet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Variations in the plasma parameters of the earth’s magnetotail during substorm initiation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Characteristics of the turbulence processes in the magnetohydrodynamic environment CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Spectra of turbulence during the dipolarization of the magnetic field CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Processes in the current disruption region: from turbulence to dispersion relation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Turbulent processes in the earth’s magnetotail: spectral and statistical research CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Circulation of heavy ions and their dynamical effects in the magnetosphere: recent observations and models CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Spectral analysis for wide energy channels CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Multipoint observations of ions in the 30–160 kev energy range upstream of the earth’s bow shock CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Comparing and contrasting dispersionless injections at geosynchronous orbit during a substorm event CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Acceleration of protons and heavy ions to suprathermal energies during dipolarizations in the near-earth magnetotail CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Contrasting dynamics of electrons and protons in the near-earth plasma sheet during dipolarization CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Turbulent heating and acceleration of he++ ions by spectra of alfvén-cyclotron waves in the expanding solar wind: 1.5-d hybrid simulations CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Global imaging of o+ from image/hena CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Acceleration of ions of ionospheric origin in the plasma sheet during substorm activity Google Scholar Morley, S., Koller, J., Welling, D., Larsen, B., and Niehof, J. (2014). Spacepy: python-based tools for the space science community. Michgan, ASCL: Astrophysics Source Code Library. https://ascl.net/1401.002 Google Scholar Motion of the dipolarization front during a flow burst event observed by cluster CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Adiabatic acceleration of suprathermal electrons associated with dipolarization fronts CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Ion energization and transport associated with magnetic dipolarizations CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar In situ evidence of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Themis observations of an earthward-propagating dipolarization front CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Dipolarization fronts in the magnetotail plasma sheet CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Turbulent heating of jupiter’s middle magnetosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Recent advances in understanding substorm dynamics CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Magnetic reconnection in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Local kinetic effects in two-dimensional plasma turbulence PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Braking of high-speed flows in the near-earth tail CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Oxygen temperature anisotropy and solar wind heating above coronal holes out to 5Rʘ CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Current sheets and collisionless damping in kinetic plasma turbulence CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:apgtwa>2.0.co;2 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Kinetic-scale magnetic turbulence and finite larmor radius effects at mercury CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Turbulent magnetic field fluctuations in saturn’s magnetosphere CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar First results from the rapid imaging energetic particle spectrometer on board cluster CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Rcm-e simulation of ion acceleration during an idealized plasma sheet bubble injection CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Particle transport and energization associated with substorms CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Particle transport and acceleration in a time-varying electromagnetic field with a multi-scale structure CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar On the nature of precursor flows upstream of advancing dipolarization fronts CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Ballai I and Fedun V (2023) Turbulent dipolarization regions in the Earth’s magnetotail: ion fluxes and magnetic field changes Received: 20 May 2023; Accepted: 26 September 2023;Published: 13 October 2023 Copyright © 2023 Kozak, Kronberg, Petrenko, Blöcker, Akhmetshyn, Ballai and Fedun. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use *Correspondence: Liudmyla Kozak, Z3V0b3Zza2FAdWtyLm5ldA== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish The Linsenhoff/Rath family is looking for a dedicated and experienced groom to join the existing team at Gestüt Schafhof in Kronberg Gestut Schafhof is a private stud farm that breeds and trains dressage horses that compete in Germany and internationally We are looking for a person who is enthusiastic a team player and shares the joy of horses with us - You like to get involved and are responsible - You are interested in the area of sport horse care and horse breeding - You already have professional experience in these areas - Horse care and exercise of the sport horses (paddock - Horse care of our broodmares and pensioners - Supporting the team in horse feeding and stable care We look forward to receiving your detailed application Please send it in digital form only to Matthias Alexander Rath at:  Stalls for Rent at Durondeau Dressage in Peer, Belgium Exceptionally Well Located Equestrian Facility in Wellington, Florida Well-built Equestrian Estate With Multiple Business Opportunities in Sweden Stable Units for Rent at Lotje Schoots' Equestrian Center in Houten (NED) For Rent: Several Apartments and Stable Wing at High-End Equestrian Facility Stable Wing Available at Reiterhof Wensing on Dutch/German border Real Estate: Well-Appointed Country House with Extensive Equestrian Facility in the U.K. Crom Comedy Festival lineup also featured Mike Carrozza BY Julianna RomanykPublished May 6, 2017 Be the first to get our biggest stories delivered to your inbox. Eric Kronberg strives to demystify and harmonize urban design architecture and development into better places for all Known as a “zoning whisperer,” he is a principal at Kronberg Urbanists + Architects in Atlanta - and he is quite familiar with Chattanooga Eric will be the speaker at the next CIVIQ presented by Chattanooga Design Studio - starting at 5:30 PM at the downtown Chattanooga Public Library The past few weeks on “Scenic Roots,” we’ve shared parts of our conversation with Eric here is our full conversation with him - along with Eric Myers Two single-family lots (each about a third of an acre) were filled in with 16 courtyard units in Atlanta creating a model for attainable workforce housing Finley Street Cottages (FStC) consists of two historic houses and guest houses grouped around a private courtyard—and no off-street parking the project is a creative response to the city’s housing crunch “Finley Cottages is an example of the kind of housing innovation the private market is advancing to help make housing more affordable in Atlanta,” reports Joshua Humphries Director of Housing and Community Development for the City of Atlanta FStC brings together diverse races and ages Assistant Director of the city’s Office of Housing and Community Development Housing Innovation Lab and you have a courtyard in the middle and the greenspace and it is a part of the neighborhood feel,” he says “you really do start to see the type of community that can emerge.” This “micro-community” is a model for the built environment and social life “as a relational solution in our society for living … in proximity to your neighbors,” explains Justin Bleeker The design of FStC pays attention to details that allow community to take root The shared public space with amenities is one example the porches offer a transition between public and private spaces to facilitate a connection to the public street and the private green FStC combines a wider variety of housing types than is typical in a cottage court new three-story duplexes are side-by-side with the historic single-story houses without looking out of scale The cottages offer generous outdoor space That shows what is possible without off-street parking A heavy rail transit station is within walking distance and the cottages leverage abundant on-street parking in the neighborhood The development promotes transportation alternatives—particularly robust on-site bicycle and e-bike infrastructure gentle development is completely compatible with the surrounding one- and two-family homes,” notes the design team “FStC demonstrates that attainable rental housing possibilities are achievable through incremental zoning reform,” the team explains it was made possible via modifications to Atlanta’s zoning to allow accessory dwelling units (ADUs) Reduced parking requirements were also critical to maximizing housing opportunities in this existing two-family zoning district The savings achieved by providing no off-street parking will be passed on to the residents These savings are a key piece of the affordability puzzle because even when rents are set through Inclusionary Zoning parking mandates on workforce housing make the total cost of living unaffordable.” but the firm views FStC as a pilot that will facilitate similar small-scale developments “We’ve streamlined the zoning approach and are providing stock architectural plans specifically calibrated to our zoning to greatly simplify and expedite this delivery process of attainable housing,” the design team explains The Finley Street Cottages are an example of how to build transformative infill in historic neighborhoods This approach could be implemented in a wide range of cities repeatable solution that addresses the housing affordability crisis growing neighborhood in the Northside of Chicago a community garden tells an important historical narrative while providing a multi-use gathering space Casa de Luz is a case study that teaches the value of thinking differently about health Although the project covers less than an acre it has an outsized impact on the City of Austin Brookline High School is unusual—not a single building but a campus spread across several sites grouped around a historic park Donate to the Congress for the New Urbanism today and you’ll be taking a stand for walkable neighborhoods Eric Kronberg is known as a “zoning whisperer.” He is a principal at Kronberg Urbanists + Architects in Atlanta - where he strives to demystify and harmonize urban design Here’s the rest of our conversation with him - and Eric Myers For more about Eric Kronberg at this month’s CIVIQ by Chattanooga Design Studio, visit chattanoogastudio.com/civiq Her funeral service will be held at the graveside on Saturday daughter of the late Nathan Kronberg and Mary Friedman Kronberg.  She was a graduate of the University of South Carolina (USC) with a BA degree (Magna Cum Laude) and a member of Phi Beta Kappa; a graduate of USC with a degree of Master of Music former lecturer in music at the University of South Carolina-Aiken She is a former president of the Aiken Music Teachers Association Elizabeth enjoyed classical music and opera and traveled internationally later in life to Austria She was a regular attendee of the Spoleto Festival USA for over 40 years Blanton of North Charleston and Mark E.  Blanton of Seattle WA; sisters-in-law and her husband Melvin Seyle of North Charleston; brother-in-law She is also survived by her beloved cat Sheba and her granddogs Niko and Mozart Elizabeth was preceded in death by her father and mother-in-law Edward P Memorial donations may be made in Elizabeth's memory to the University of South Carolina School of Music or to the charity of your choice Enter your phone number above to have directions sent via text May 19, 2023 | 12 comments 2023 Dona Lynne Kronberg ended her brave and tenacious fight against cancer Dona was surrounded by her immediate family as she peacefully passed away 1942 to Theodore and Rachel (McClintock) Luedtke Dona was the eighth of ten beautiful Luedtke daughters Dona was a stalwart fighter and she continued battling until the bitter end graduating 7th in her 1960 Sparta High School class She was also a marching band majorette and a champion baton twirler Although mainly a ‘stay-at-home’ Mom in her formative married years raising and caring for three active children Dona later found a rewarding career in the Onalaska school system rising to Head Cook and Supervisor at the Onalaska High School Anyone that knew her is aware that she took an enormous amount of pride in her appearance She enjoyed many hobbies including bowling Dona also enjoyed an occasional Happy Hour Dona relished the opportunity to follow and attend her children’s and grandchildren’s activities grandchildren and great grandchildren were the light of her life She was extremely close with her sisters and cherished every moment she had with them She loved holidays and always made them special Dona is survived by her husband Dennis; children Annette (Marsha) Alice and Collette as well as sisters Marge Witt Cher (Ron) Hemker and brothers-in-law Bob (Penny) Kronberg and Richard (Peggy) Wright A Celebration Of Life will be held at 11:30 a.m memorials to the Lymphoma/Leukemia Society or St Jude’s Children’s Hospital Cancer Research Center are preferred Dona’s Family would like to recognize and thank the Professional Staff and diligent personnel at Gundersen Health Systems To view the funeral with Zoom click here I know her from seeing her at her sister Shirley’s I struggled to come up with the words to describe what she meant to me I brushed aside all of the usual superlatives because she was and she gave me my first nickname (if you know I just heard of your loss and am so very sorry I remember the first time I met you and Dona at Gunderson health 20 some years ago and how truly amazing people you are Many laughs at Dr nails check out area in Onalaska (hence your nic name the snapper) I was blessed to have known you and Dona she will be missed but her memories and warmth will live in would have love to meet her but I see her in you Annette my deepest sympathies to all of her beautiful family Her sweetness and ready smile made my days brighter I was welcomed by her familiar beautiful smile Wrapping the family in the tightest hug of sympathy and prayer Our deepest sympathy and love to all of you of rural Rio passed away peacefully March 28 2023 after a battle with cancer.  He had a rich life that brought happiness to many 1945 to Leonard and Olga (Quam) Kronberg.   He was a graduate of Columbus High School.  He married Karen Pulsfus October 7  They formed a lifetime partnership on their dairy farm and raised three sons Bob thoroughly enjoyed spending time with his family and friends.  He enjoyed snowmobiling Bob is survived by his wife Karen; sons Todd (Becky) of Milton and Ivy; sister JoAnn (Gene) Benisch; brothers-in-law John Porter and Larry (Jayne) Pulsfus.  He was preceded in death by his parents at Spring Prairie Lutheran Church in Keyeser with Rev Rich Bursh officiating.  Interment will follow at Hampden Cemetery.  Visitation will be held from 9 A.M   Memorials can be made to Spring Prairie Lutheran Church or UW Children’s Hospital.  Special thanks to UW Hospital staff and Columbia County Health Care Center for their care and kindness The Spanish Equestrian Federation has announced the group of riders selected to compete at the 2024 CDI's in Jardy (FRA) and Kronberg (GER) For the elite Spanish Grand Prix riders this will be the final showdown before Olympic team selection as this year Spain did not get invited to the CDIO Rotterdam or Aachen Team trainer Francis Verbeek and the technical staff of the RFHE made the selection of a seemingly A and B team for these two events and they will announce the Spanish Olympic team after them Selected for Jardy (14 - 16 June 2024) are: The final pick for the team seemingly will come from the group riding in Kronberg A top group of three riders was clearly defined at the Nationals but the reserve spot is still up for grabs Photo © Lily Forado Plans are moving forward to transform a vacant corner of a South Atlanta crossroads into unique mixed-use node geared toward boosting the local community Dubbed “Brownsville Pointe,” the project would reclaim an empty arrow-shaped lot where McDonough Boulevard meets Jonesboro Road about three miles south of downtown and a few blocks from the BeltLine’s Southside Trail corridor specializes in creating equitable housing and commercial projects and has worked in South Atlanta for decades FCS also created small businesses Carver Market and Community Grounds Café across the street from the proposed development site As designed by Kronberg Urbanists + Architects the 105 McDonough Boulevard project would see a flatiron-shaped commercial building at the corner with two taller residential structures behind it along with street upgrades such as bicycle racks and additional parking Kevin Lynch of Keller Knapp Commercial Real Estate Advisors says demolition and site work are scheduled to kick off for Brownsville Pointe soon Lynch and colleague Bobbie Spiller are tasked with leasing the 2,765-square-foot street retail portion of the corner building where selling points include 11 and 12-foot ceilings “This is an exciting project,” Lynch tells Urbanize Atlanta “The timing factors that every intown developer deals with are at play for us and given the nature of this site as a gateway to South Atlanta from the BeltLine we’re working together [with FCS] to make sure we get this right.” and only the former convenience store portion remains standing FCS floated plans for converting that building into a sit-down restaurant that didn’t come to fruition The general concept could look familiar to Atlanta development hounds Have a closer look at what’s planned in South Atlanta in the gallery above Twitter / Facebook/and now: Instagram   • South of downtown, affordable housing venture declared finished (Urbanize Atlanta)  Thanks for visiting The use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here (WBFF) — A Baltimore County teacher says Loch Raven High School is at a breaking point following a string of recent violent brawls caught on camera Project Baltimore spoke with Steven Kronberg who was injured in one of the recent incidents “There are students who walk around school “Are there teachers that are scared?” Asked Project Baltimore’s Chris Papst Kronberg has taught high school social studies ALSO READ | Physical fight between adults, teens disrupts operations at Loch Raven High School “I never thought when I became a teacher that it was possible for me to be in such an environment,” said Kronberg he’s spent at Loch Raven High School in Baltimore County where he says student violence is out of control “Something has to be done,” explained Kronberg a massive brawl broke out in the classroom next to Kronberg’s “It's a natural instinct to help kids that are being harmed,” said Kronberg and Kronberg was right in the middle of it “I'm trying to get kids to separate from one another,” said Kronberg “I remember being on the floor looking up and the fight was still going on,” Kronberg told Project Baltimore was the third major fight last week at Loch Raven High School Project Baltimore obtained video of all three incidents One of the fights occurred in the school’s main office the school’s assistant principal is seen slamming into the front desk and falling to the ground Kronberg said a third fight took place in a hallway with two girls violently attacking each other “The students who come to school to get an education they're the biggest victims here because they're not getting it,” Kronberg told Project Baltimore “And the students that are taking away that right from them there has to be another placement where they can get their right to an education but without disrupting everybody else.” Loch Raven’s suspensions and expulsions have steadily increased the school had just 39 suspensions and expulsions “It's incredibly disruptive,” said Kronberg Some students at Loch Raven High School are struggling The results show that 5% or fewer students scored proficient 95 percent or more of the students at Loch Raven who took the test were not proficient in math Kronberg told Project Baltimore there is a solution to this problem He says violent students have to be removed from the school and enrolled in alternative education such as virtual learning or home schooling will likely be suspended for a few days and come right back to school “I'm going to take some time off and try to take care of myself,” said Kronberg He tells Project Baltimore that if he has a choice he never wants to go back there issued a statement to parents concerning the violence at the school It is dangerous and extremely disruptive to the school operations We will take swift disciplinary action and refer students to law enforcement.” How can neighborhoods in Chattanooga add more attainable housing you have to start with a toolkit - as Eric Kronberg will tell you Known as a “zoning whisperer,’ Eric is a principal at Kronberg Urbanists + Architects in Atlanta - where he strives to demystify and harmonize urban design Here’s the first part of our conversation with him - and Eric Myers