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The open, two-story foyer welcomes the visitor, leads directly to the auditorium behind it with about 800 seats and extensive stage equipment. The restaurant has been designed in such a way that, via a variable catering area, both the auditorium and the foyer can be served. The mainly unperforated, massive building form contains a multistory foyer, which is punctuated with generous glass façades, creating a dialogue between the interior and exterior.
© Brigida GonzálezThis presents an ambivalence between inside and out, intentionally erasing the threshold. At the same time, the lively structured, hand-laid surface lends the building a very human scale. he finely scaled wood interior of local oak with its warm color presents a deliberate haptic and visual contrast. This natural material shines with its multifaceted applications as veneer and solid wood in furniture and also as acoustic paneling.
© Brigida GonzálezThe large auditorium contains a large façade opening to the eastern outdoor terrace which can be used together with the auditorium for events
The nearly seamless dark terrazzo flooring appears generous and is visually continued up the wall with black MDF panels up to the top of the glazing
filigree wood interior is placed on top of this dark base
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PORTLAND, Ore. — Portland Thorns FC have signed experienced German international goalkeeper Nadine Angerer, it was announced today. She will be added to the roster pending league approval and receipt of her International Transfer Certificate (ITC). Per league and club policy, terms of the deal were not disclosed.
A capsule collection made to keep the spirit of Soccer City USA Alive. Available for a limited time online and in-stadium.
I’ve known the story of his death as long as I can remember
but I wanted to learn the story of his life
I learned about Arthur from the elder of his two surviving brothers—Herbert Kahn
the whole table would seem to brace itself for his palpable despair
I liked it better when Opa would sidle up and tell me stories
Opa died three months before I graduated from college. It was a shock to realize that I was now older than Arthur had ever been. That summer, I tracked down the New York Times article that announced the Dachau murders. Its headline parrots the Nazi lie: “Nazis Shoot Down Fleeing Prisoners.” I read Timothy W. Ryback’s book Hitler’s First Victims
a meticulous account not just of the killings themselves
but of the prosecutor who tried to indict the men responsible for them at tremendous personal risk
He hadn’t believed the official explanation
He couldn’t overlook the obvious—four victims
I wanted to know where the police found Arthur in Nuremberg—had he known he was doomed
searching for answers with a determination that bordered on compulsion
I struggled to explain what I hoped to find
Scholars invited me to tour their institutions
submitting files concerning Arthur’s fate to a translator so that I could read them
I took notes on the names of his torturers
I traveled to Germany—to the sites of Arthur’s life and death—four times
as if walking in his footsteps might tell me something about the person whose gruesome death had come to define his life
I needed to make present the person I had known as an absence
Not long after the Axis powers surrendered
the Allies turned their attention to the business of commemoration
liberators tacked up posters showing stacks of Jewish corpses
Concentration camps such as Majdanek and Auschwitz and Dachau were secured and preserved
The land would be evidence in imminent war-crime trials
God had confronted Cain; the Allies heard the blood-soaked ground too
The camps would become three-dimensional keepers of the historical record—geographical testimonies of the incontrovertible horror of the Holocaust
concentration camps throughout Europe were restored and opened to the public
So were several Nazi headquarters and the estate in bucolic Wannsee where Nazi officials had feasted and drank together
Germans still cast themselves as the war’s true victims
Some concentration camps fell into disrepair
the first memorial commemorating the Jewish genocide wasn’t built until 1960
The camps—like Buchenwald—that stood on East German land were better-maintained
The German Democratic Republic framed the war as a struggle between German fascists and Marxism
The extermination of the Jewish people was an afterthought
Read: The other history of the Holocaust
But memorialization soon became a fixation on both sides of the Atlantic
A record number of German citizens tuned in to watch the melodramatic but affecting miniseries Holocaust in 1979
Congress established the United States Holocaust Memorial Council
which set about planning the development of a Holocaust museum in Washington
as well as an annual national event to remember the devastation
One event begat two and then 10 and then thousands
a writer for The New York Times took stock of Holocaust-memorial projects
The 1988 index she consulted listed “19 museums
and five libraries.” We remembered with a kind of desperation
part of Generation “Never Forget.” I was a toddler when the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum opened its doors next to the National Mall
I read The Number on My Grandfather’s Arm in kindergarten
I learned that a friend had zero grandparents who were Holocaust survivors
“Never forget” was a promise we kept with ourselves and expected the world to keep
Normal children in normal households have parents and grandparents who attend their school recitals and clap when the curtain falls
The people I knew had parents and grandparents who attended our school recitals and
“Hitler didn’t win.” We were the real and durable survival—the triumph he’d wanted to wipe out
We knew whose grandfathers had been married before
had had first wives and first children murdered in the camps
I knew Arthur’s historical distinction: the first
I collected a few more details about him—his brilliance
Arthur Kahn as a teenager (Courtesy of Mattie Kahn)But of course
most of what I knew concerned that terrible week in April—the sequence of murder and heartbreak and burial
had paid to have his son’s coffin released from Dachau
We inherited these stories as we inherited our hair colors
The Nazis ruled that Arthur had been killed in an attempted escape
But I had been told—had I ever not known?—that Levi pried open the coffin
He saw that his son had been shot through the forehead
and their two surviving sons didn’t leave for America until August 1939
Arthur’s death was supposed to be a freak act of violence
I arrived in Berlin for the first time in October 2018
I had been invited to visit German and Norwegian prisons with a mixed group of elected officials
I wanted to get a feel for the area and learn what I could about the first concentration camps
prison staffers explained the strict laws that governed the treatment of incarcerated people
The German constitution—adopted in 1949 and written to safeguard democratic processes in the aftermath of the war—declares that “human dignity shall be inviolable.” In 1977
as a new generation began to grapple with the Holocaust
reversing an earlier legal principle holding that incarcerated people were not entitled to basic civic rights
The law established “resocialization”—as opposed to punishment or protection of the public—as the purpose of prison
These laws—a kind of “Never forget” infrastructure—informed not just the nation’s approach to restorative justice
but the architecture of its penitentiaries
Incarcerated people cooked their own meals in communal kitchens
We toured a courthouse that had been operational since 1906 to observe a sentencing
I was sitting in a German courthouse that had been operational since 1906
Researchers delivered lectures about the nation’s slide into fascism
We visited the Sachsenhausen concentration camp
I found a doorstop of a book documenting the rise of Nazi concentration camps
page 55.” The book details how SS guards took over for state police
After a nauseating description of the hours of torture that Arthur endured before his execution
the future mastermind of the Final Solution and the architect of the SS
held a press conference announcing the four Dachau murders
I retrieved files of photocopied letters that Opa had sent historians
He’d tracked down each mistaken mention of his brother in various histories of the Holocaust and organized his correspondence in order
In some cases scholars had confused the timing of Arthur’s death
Opa chafed in particular at the books and articles that reinforced the Nazi claim that Arthur had been a political radical
I found the letter that he sent in 1943 to the president of the Agudath Israel Youth Council
who’d had a part in helping him secure safe transport to America
both Opa and his brother had enlisted in the Army
he was still in basic training in Alabama.“I would not mind to be sent over to Europe,” he told the man in a new
“There is nothing I would rather do than fighting Hitlerism.”
he recounted his travails as an observant Jew
including his struggle to find kosher food on base
He wrote about how he tried to squeeze ritual in when he could
sometimes reciting the morning service while he marched
He studied Jewish texts when he should have been sleeping
where he had been arrested and later buried; Dachau
where he was killed; and Frankfurt and Munich
where I scheduled interviews and requested boxes of files from the state archives
I took the two photos I had of Arthur with me
The ID lists addresses for his two apartments near the Würzburg campus and the name of his father
But even the ID is tainted with catastrophe
Etched in faint pencil is a handwritten line that someone in the enrollment office must have added later
The largest decentralized memorial ever created—gargantuan in scale
but miniature in its individual components—is the work of the German artist Gunter Demnig
or “stumbling blocks”—square brass plaques that Demnig has been setting into the pavement since 1996
He has placed close to 100,000 in more than 2,000 cities and towns across Europe
The stones are installed in front of the last known residences of victims of the Holocaust
Each is engraved with someone’s name and a line or two that describes their fate
Read: Escaping Nazis: The story of a girl who lived
Demnig is 74. He books deliveries of the stones back-to-back, sometimes stopping in multiple cities in an afternoon. He has said in interviews that he was inspired to embark on the project after hearing a French rabbi quote a line from the Talmud: “True death is when someone is forgotten.”
I saw the stone that had been laid for Arthur’s sister
she fell in love with one of Arthur’s best friends and married him
told me that he had realized that Arthur didn’t have a stone—nor did his nephew—and he recommended that
The house that Arthur grew up in is a few doors up the road from a tourist office that advertises popular activities
A woman was sitting behind the desk there when I walked in
To one side of her was a wall covered in pamphlets
The woman explained that students had researched the lives of Jewish families in Gemünden
She cried as she spread the brochure across the counter
I mentioned the Stolpersteine and wondered if she knew how to reach out to Demnig
She promised to introduce me to someone who could help
Sure enough I had an email waiting for me when I arrived back home
It was from the teacher who’d advised the students who produced the pamphlet
in emails translated from English to German and back
He would handle the coordination with Demnig’s office
I returned to Gemünden to see Demnig place Stolpersteine for Arthur and Nathan
Fourteen descendants of Martha and Levi were there to meet him
and Nathan Weinberg (Mattie Kahn)Jürgen Endres—the teacher—had insisted on picking us up from the train
He stood outside the station with his students
Most had lived in the area all their lives
Endres had planned an afternoon of performances and remarks for the occasion; he asked me to give a speech to close out the event
and I still knew most about Arthur’s final moments
I hadn’t found his diaries or letters he’d written
I decided to speak about how the past can shape-shift under manipulation—how historical truths can be overwritten with a careful editor
It’s not just a matter of remembering or forgetting
I settled on the truth: “I am so proud to be a German Jew.”
Fewer than 400,000 Holocaust survivors are still alive
Thousands have been interviewed as part of oral-history projects
Their photos and memories have been recorded
but I wonder whether we asked too much of the remembering
“Never forget” was supposed to be our guarantee—“Never again.”
More than 10 percent blame the Jews for their own extermination
Read: 75 years after Auschwitz, anti-Semitism is on the rise
The Auschwitz Memorial has 1.3 million followers on Twitter. Most of its posts are short descriptions of people who were deported to the camp. But it often has to break from its usual programming, compelled to weigh in on the latest statement from a politician comparing the demonization and annihilation of persecuted people to vaccine mandates.
In 2021, the American Jewish Committee released research about the state of anti-Semitism. One in four American Jews reported experiencing an anti-Semitic incident in the previous 12 months. In New York, anti-Semitic hate crimes went up almost 50 percent from 2020 to 2021.
A slogan can’t bring about redemption. In searching for Arthur’s life amid the wreckage of his death, “Never forget” started to feel inadequate. The work of historical excavation is not just to remember what happened. It’s to sit with the gaps that no amount of research or reading can ever fill in. There are questions I will never answer about Arthur. There are millions of Arthurs.
Memorialization has its limits. I have recovered all I can about Arthur Kahn. Across the Atlantic, in Germany, a dozen students and their teacher now remember too. It mattered to me more than I’d thought it would to see Demnig wedge the stones into the ground. Arthur was there once. And so were we.
Two weeks after I returned, I woke up to an email from Jürgen Endres. It had been hard coming back to New York. I felt the same as I had when I’d visited Arthur’s grave in Nuremberg in 2019. Bewildered. I hadn’t wanted to leave him. That’s how I feel writing this now. I don’t want to be finished.
The Stolpersteine installation had made the news, and one of the stories reached the chair of the historical museum in the town of Lohr am Main, 17 minutes from Gemünden.
“I consider it a small sensation,” Endres wrote, “that another photo of Arthur Kahn was sent to us.”
Dotter said that he and Arthur had been not just classmates, but friends. He wrote that Arthur was the “best student of the class, popular and respected for his quiet manner.” He was appalled to learn what had happened to him.
“Arthur Kahn thus became the first victim of the Dachau murderers as a former student of the Lohr [School],” Dotter continued. “I therefore believe that I can assume this sad event is also worth a silent commemoration.”
Arthur Kahn (far left) with his classmates at his high-school graduation (Stadtarchiv Lohr am Main)With the note, he enclosed the photo. I hadn’t known that Arthur had studied in Lohr. Now I had the third photo of him I’d ever seen. It’s the kind of document I had been so desperate to track down. It proved what I had hoped—that there had been an Arthur before. I tried not to dwell on what happened next in the timeline.
The photo was taken at Arthur’s graduation. Dotter had written that Arthur—the class’s lone Jew—was named valedictorian. He stands on one side of the group, with a hand on his hip. There is not a Jew in the world who wouldn’t assess the lineup, consider his classmates, and hazard a guess—who went Nazi?
All of the students are dressed in their finest. Arthur is wearing a suit and a pocket square. He smiles wide, almost blinking in the sun. There he is. The man I can almost remember.
Hitler's First Victims: The Quest For JusticeBy Timothy W
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Leo Walter Mayer will be missed by all those who considered him family
he was ever proud to show his Bavarian heritage
As a teenager he became a member of DâLustigen Isartaler Trachten Verein in Munich where schuhplattling became his passion
In the early 50âs he came to the States with his parents
settling in Chicago Illinois where he met his bride of 59 years Barbara at the DâLustigen Holzhacker Buam
It was at this time he also found time to provide service to the National Guard (3 years) and serve as an Army reservist (3 years)
Leo and Barbara raised three children; son Leo (currently of Munich)
daughters Barbara (of Littleton) and Maria (of Lakewood)
and moved to Colorado where the mountains reminded him of Bavaria's beauty and the skiing was just around the corner
play soccer and supported them in their musical endeavors
as well as taught them their heritage which included schuhplattling
He played and coached several soccer teams
volunteered as a parent chaperone for many of the Denver Youth Musicians camp trips as well as volunteering for numerous other organizations where help was needed
As the family changed so were the needs for more transportation so he went out and purchased a van; this was back when vans were rare
The van was used to haul everything from rocks
It was while he was on one of his many ski trips that he decided that the skis being transported inside the Van needed to be transported on the outside and with that he came up with a secure and safe
This idea and invention received Leo his first patent for a ski rack that adjusted to; what was at the time
Leo also dedicated nearly two decades of service to the Gauverband Nordamerika as a strong advocate of educating and preserving the Bavarian culture as a judge and officer
He campaigned vigorously to bring the younger generation closer to the dancing with the Gauverband by helping to establish a youth competition
Throughout his years with the Gauverband he was a Gaubeisitzer earning him the distinguished title of Ehrenbeisitzer
He was recognized and given an award by the Bavarian Government for his efforts and work to preserve the Bavarian culture and for his Gauverband service
Edelweiss Verein Denver in 1967 where he served as a Vorplattler
and President throughout the many years as a member
It was also at this time that he thought it was important to expose other children in the Verein to schuhplattling and began a children's (kinder) group so that none of them would be left out and to preserve and continue the heritage through dance and language
His favorite thing was teaching kids to dance
Always active in the German community Leo helped to establish the Edelweiss Preservation Foundation where he was President for 14 years
After 20+ years of service to Coors Brewing Company and multiple patents with Coors he retired and began a small business in his garage working with inventors and engineers who needed quality help
He never turned down a chance to help friends with projects as well as kept busy with his son-in-law projects (Victor and Michael)
Leo was one to always brainstorm and come up with new ideas and inventions; never did his mind stop
He also started hand honing knives with carved deer horn handles and handmade leather sheaths with fine silver work; all with beautiful designs for his family and fellow Trachtlers
Many of these knives are out there today with his personal stamp
Leo was such a proud grandfather (Opa) of his grandchildren (Aana and Kevin)
He rarely missed opportunities to participate with them whether it be skiing
to traveling with them to Germany or the mountains
He was never one to pass up an opportunity to watch a fine concert or a good game of baseball; he was always watching and supporting them in their many activities
spoke with careful consideration of facts â his purpose was always to improve upon whatever project in which he was involved
He loved his family with great passion and held friendships like gold
The heavens received a truly special and caring man
In lieu of flowers donations to National Jewish Health
Horan & McConaty - SW Denver/Lakewood3101 S. Wadsworth Blvd.Lakewood, CO 80227
Our Lady of Fatima Catholic Church1985 Miller StreetLakewood, CO 80215
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A inland freighter found itself pinned in a peculiar way on Germany’s Main river after the drunken ship captain allegedly ran the vessel into a bridge and then the river bank.
Local media reports that the 105-meter vessel Elsava became pinned crossways between a bridge and the edge of the river in Lohr am Main
Photos and video of the incident show the vessel’s bow protruding several meters up onto the riverbank.
Upon boarding the vessel police found that the Captain was smoking cigarettes and drinking
He later blew a .15 BAC in a breath test and was taken to the police department for booking
The ship remained pinned Friday but was expected to be pulled free later in the day
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May 2 (Reuters) – A ship carrying humanitarian aid and activists for Gaza was bombed by drones in international waters off Malta early on Friday
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth warned Iran on Wednesday that it will face consequences for supporting the Houthis
even as the United States has relaunched talks with Iran over its nuclear program
The US economy contracted at the start of the year for the first time since 2022 on a monumental pre-tariffs import surge and more moderate consumer spending
a first snapshot of the ripple effects from President Donald Trump’s trade policy
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Essential news coupled with the finest maritime content sourced from across the globe
Rotork’s electric and pneumatic actuators have been installed at two sites in Germany with 39 GT pneumatic piston actuators and 13 CK modular electric actuators to be used at two municipal water works which supply the town of Lohr am Main
At both sites water is extracted from six springs and two deep wells while the treatment takes place at seven waterworks
which have been installed on butterfly and gate valves ranging from 2-12 in
are being used to drive isolation valves on the water stream to allow filtering
Underground containers with capacity for 5,500 m³ store the treated water before it is distributed through a pipeline network which is around 180 km long
Rotork’s GT range of single and double-acting pneumatic piston actuators offer torques from 2.4 to 15,300 Nm and air pressure of 2 to 10 bar and is suitable for use in hazardous areas
The watertight CK range actuators are suitable for all valves in non-hazardous locations and can operate under the stress of high temperatures and strong vibrations by using separately mounted controls
Free access to this content is for qualifying individuals only
Corporate and institutional access requires an appropriate license or subscription
For more information contact institutions@markallengroup.com
New Thorns FC goalkeeper Nadine Angerer displayed nerves of steel during the 2013 UEFA Women’s European Championship final between Germany and Norway
stopping a penalty kick in each half to help lead the Germany Women’s National Team to its sixth straight European title with a 1-0 win
She also won the Best Goalkeeper award at the 2007 FIFA Women’s World Cup – not allowing a goal in a record-setting 540-minute span as Germany won its second World Cup title – so it’s safe to say that the phrase “impact player” is suitable in this context
Angerer’s got another award to put in the trophy case – the 2013 FIFA Ballon d’Or
presented this morning to the world’s best male and female players
A capsule collection made to keep the spirit of Soccer City USA Alive
Available for a limited time online and in-stadium
And for those who like to go club-hopping into the night
loud music and dancing all night long during religious holidays has been verboten
where the most popular clubs don't get going until after midnight
"I don't find it modern at all," said Matthias Jeromin
"It contradicts my idea of a secular state."
Germany has restricted dance celebrations on religious holidays since the Middle Ages
each of Germany's 16 states decide when and how to enforce the ban
which prohibits all manner of raucous behavior in public during state-recognized religious holidays
which is the focus of the Easter holiday in this country
In southern Germany's Catholic-dominated Bavaria
there's only a short dancing ban on Good Friday
Germany's Federal Constitutional Court ruled that making citizens hang up their dancing shoes on religious holidays violates their constitutional right to assemble
but many German states have yet to revise their bans
Germany's influential Protestant and Catholic churches defend the ban as part of a social contract
"Germany is a secular society in the sense that church and state are separate
but they have a cooperative relationship with one another," said Heike Krohn-Bräuer
a spokeswoman for the Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Oberlausitz
"There are people that don't accept that," she added
"But the societal consensus is that we have these quiet public holidays that society has to comply with."
In Berlin — known as the country's party as well as political capital — residents
nightclubs and police largely ignore the ban
a dancing ban is in effect throughout Good Friday until 4 a.m
Violating the ban carries a maximum fine of more than $1,000
They're protesting the ban by throwing two separate parties over the weekend — despite warnings from police
"They threatened us with fines if we go through with it ..
but we're going to do it anyway," said member Philipp Ziems
Ziems said he's got nothing against those who celebrate religious holidays
but "to dictate to people of other faiths or atheists what they can or cannot do on these days is absurd."
Asked if the city will enforce the ban and shut down the Spartacus party
said that if "we're tipped off that the law is being breached
The story began in 1795 when Georg Ludwig Rexroth launched the water-driven forge for iron production in the Spessart mountains in Germany
Rexroth founded what now is one of the oldest technology companies in the world
Bosch Rexroth AG's drive and control technologies are used by mechanical and plant engineering partners around the world
The company boasts approximately 31,000 employees
Bosch Rexroth has seized the opportunities offered by technological advances
turned them into innovations and adapted its business model to them,” said Rolf Najork
managing director of Robert Bosch GmbH with responsibility for the industrial technology division
The company was established during the French Revolution and at the start of the industrial revolution
The Rexroth family led the company through turbulent times and
moved the company headquarters to Lohr am Main in 1850
Rexroth achieved a breakthrough at Hannover Messe in 1954 when it presented the first products from its new line of business – hydraulics
this is followed by electric drives and control systems
mobile electronics as well as linear motion and assembly technology
Following the merger with Bosch Automationstechnik
it has been part of the Bosch Group since 2001
"We know from our 225-year company history how important sustainable growth is,” said Najork
"We develop all new solutions with a view to improving the energy efficiency of the machines and systems equipped with them and helping our customers to achieve economic success." Earlier this year
Bosch Rexroth achieved its goal of CO2 neutrality when manufacturing all its products.
Bosch Rexroth invested 348 million euros in research and development
the company celebrated the topping out of the second building for its Customer and Innovation Center in the German city of Ulm
The company says everything there revolves around the future – the company plans to develop new digital business ideas
system solutions and services and work with partners on specific customer projects
The new building will house a model factory for Industry 4.0 solutions
There will also be laboratory and workshop areas
seminar and training rooms and an exhibition room
The company is currently expanding in Africa and opened a new site in Egypt this year
but a successful history isn’t enough to take you to future success," said Najork
we’re moving into the future with confidence and we’ll shape the company’s third century through innovations."
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The Federal Environment Ministry of Germany has announced that it is funding a project that supports sustainable glass production in Bavaria with around €9.9 million
In order to make glass production sustainable and climate-friendly
the government body is supporting Gerresheimer AG at the Lohr am Main location with the application of a new process for the production of high-quality primary packaging made of glass for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry
This means that the annual CO2 emissions caused can be reduced by around 22,000 tons per year
the optimisation of the production process enables savings of 5,000 tons of raw material per year
The funds for this come from the environmental innovation programme of the BMUV
The manufacture of glass containers for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry requires compliance with high quality standards for the glass as well as offering a wide range of products
large amounts of energy and raw materials are usually used
With the planned project, as part of its ambitious global sustainability strategy
the company will invest in a melting tank that can be operated with a significantly higher proportion of electricity than conventional melting tanks
electricity is obtained from renewable energies
the company will equip its production process with an innovative control system
This holistic project for glass production provides important impulses for climate-friendly and sustainable glass production
It is a model for the entire glass industry
“The environmental innovation programme promotes the first-time
large-scale application of an innovative technology
The project must go beyond the state of the art and should have the character of a demonstration,” a source disclosed
The TimesThe mirror on the wall could not talk
The dwarfs were probably just grubby children
And while the stepmother was undoubtedly a bit of a battleaxe
it seems unlikely that she would have spiked an apple with narcotics
A museum in Bavaria has discovered the gravestone of an 18th-century German aristocrat who is claimed to have been the historical figure behind the fairytale of Snow White
the sister of the powerful Archbishop of Mainz
a medieval town in a densely forested region of central Germany known as the Spessart
Von Erthal lived in a castle in Lohr am MainALAMYThe family chronicle describes her as a “girl of unusual loveliness” who did
University of Notre Dame
Church Life Journal
A Journal of the McGrath Institute for Church Life
Humor is a nearly impossible topic to write about
and I am perhaps the worst person to even attempt it
I am a one-man communications team for a small university academic center
and my center’s particular mission does not involve regularly telling jokes
We also need to acknowledge the elephant in the room: there is nothing that kills a laugh faster than having to explain a joke
trying to unpack and re-present what was said in order to make the joke clearer to an uncomprehending audience
and that only leaves everyone in the room uncomfortable and looking for the exit
There are challenges to using humor in reporting
The first obvious fact is that not everyone agrees about what is funny
Comedy is when you fall into an open sewer and die.” Or perhaps you have heard that Jerry Lewis films are (or at least were) wildly popular in France
But when is the last time anyone laughed at them here in America
We also should recognize that humor or levity is not always appropriate
it might be considered in bad taste to insert a wry observation or attempt to add levity
doing so may be seen as disrespectful to the story itself
or even demeaning to the Church or host institution
This is where good editorial judgment comes in
Then there is the question of whether official communications channels of the Church ought to be using humor at all
If many different interpretations can be taken from a single sentence
Is it not better and safer to simply report the facts as they are and let others do the interpretation
It is hard to fault any editor or publisher who follows this path
Paul has something to say about humor that we should keep in mind
which are not fitting; but instead let there be thanksgiving” (5:4)
The concept of “levity which is not fitting” is a good warning about the limits of humor
a reminder to consider the situation and the audience
and a deeper call to reflect on why we use humor at all
why should we even be interested in plotting a path over that dangerous ground
The joy of the gospel fills the hearts and lives of all who encounter Jesus
Those who accept his offer of salvation are set free from sin
In this Exhortation I wish to encourage the Christian faithful to embark upon a new chapter of evangelization marked by this joy
while pointing out new paths for the Church’s journey in years to come (§1)
He builds upon this theme of joy in his 2016 post-synodal apostolic exhortation Amoris Laetitia
which begins: “The Joy of Love experienced by families is also the joy of the Church” (§1)
The Holy Father calls us to be evangelists who share the joy of the Gospel in a world that is increasingly divided
there has been division in the world since our first parents decided to enjoy the forbidden fruit
and it was to heal this division that Christ became incarnate
A story from the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Mark illustrates how Jesus worked across the lines of division:
Soon a woman whose daughter had an unclean spirit heard about him
and she begged him to drive the demon out of her daughter
For it is not right to take the food of the children and throw it to the dogs.” She replied and said to him
even the dogs under the table eat the children’s scraps.” Then he said to her
The demon has gone out of your daughter” (Mark 7:24–29)
How can we read this as a story of humor or joy? Jesus sounds a bit cruel after all, calling the woman a “dog” just because she was not Jewish. But in his book Discovering Humor in the Bible, theologian Howard R. Macy suggests that if we envision ourselves as wallflowers in the scene, and we focus on the faces of Jesus and the woman during their interaction, we might discover something different:
The text doesn’t give us facial expressions or vocal inflections; we bring those to it
Imagining Jesus smiling and even being a bit coy rather than being cranky makes a lot of sense
particularly when we remember Jesus’ response in so many other stories
“My colleague Ron also tells me that this passage is very important to missiologists
They see this as one of the ways Jesus was teaching the disciples the wide range of the gospel
posits that jokes “represent a release of the psychic energy we normally invest in maintaining certain socially essential inhibitions” (Eagleton
Freud’s interpretation helps explain perhaps why we laugh uproariously at funerals or other moments when it is considered inappropriate
points out that we relish the spectacle of others indulging in the preposterous antics we would secretly like to engage in ourselves” (Eagleton
This theory and form of humor lends itself well to longer fiction
unless you are writing for an audience that already shares a common set of cultural understandings or stock characters
as in the traditional British “Punch and Judy” shows or the Italian Commedia dell’Arte
The second theory is the “Superiority Theory.” This particular form of humor “springs from a gratifying sense of the frailty, obtuseness, or absurdity of one’s fellow beings” (Eagleton, 36). This is a very common form of humor in contemporary culture. It drives much of the feigned or sometimes very real outrage that often plagues our social media timelines. It is sarcasm taken to a high degree
where does this clown get the nerve?” The German word schadenfreude
defined as “taking joy at another’s misfortune,” is the quintessential example of the Superiority Theory
Much of meme culture on the internet is a form of Superiority Theory
In his book, Eagleton points out that the Superiority Theory can play an effective role in social reform when used well. “If men and women cannot be scolded into virtue,” he writes, “they might always be satirized into it” (Eagleton, 41). He cites Evelyn Waugh as a particularly effective modern writer employing this form
One could illustrate the Superiority Theory with the proverb
“There but for the Grace of God go I,” but this form of humor is a dangerous tool for practitioners of Catholic writing to employ
as it usually does not exhibit the virtue of charity
but rather cuts one’s opponent to the ground
Eagleton notes that the word “sarcasm” comes from an ancient Greek word meaning “to tear the flesh” (42)
the Superiority Theory of humor should provoke a response of compassion
inviting us to recognize that it is indeed by the grace of God that we are saved from misfortune
that grace of God impels us to bind the wounded
The final theory of humor is my particular favorite
the “Incongruity Theory.” An illustration:
At the end of one of his arms he has a ship’s wheel attached to his wrist
He walks up to the bar and says to the bartender
can ye pour me a shot of rum?” The bartender pours a shot of rum
do you know you have a ship’s wheel attached to the end of your arm?” The pirate responds
can you make me a Dirty Marrrrtini?” Now if you know anything about dirty martinis
you know that it contains a little bit of olive brine
so it’s appropriate that a pirate would order such a drink
did you know you have a paper towel on your head?” “Yarrr
This pair of jokes is how I like to explain the incongruity theory
The basic concept of the theory is that the setup portion of a joke works to get the listener on a particular track of logic
All of the setup is aimed at getting the listener to think in one direction
perhaps even to anticipate where the punchline is going
it is not on the logical track that the listener has been traveling
it comes in at a ninety-degree angle and T-bones the listener at full speed
there is the experience of cognitive dissonance
defined as “the mental discomfort (psychological stress) experienced by a person who simultaneously holds two or more contradictory beliefs
Laughter results when the listener has processed the new information (the punchline) and discovers how it also logically fits with the same joke setup
thus releasing the psychological stress of cognitive dissonance
that because merely listening to a joke is non-threatening (it was an artificial situation induced by the comedian)
the actual psychological stress is relatively low
Note that the moment of comprehension allows for a release of stress
which places this theory in relation to the “Release Theory” discussed earlier
And that moment of comprehension may take a bit of time as the listener’s brain unravels the logical conundrum
“She who laughs last finally got the joke.”
But why include the details about the olive brine in the dirty martini
That is easy: because I wanted to get you off of the logical train track that you were already riding from the first joke
Both jokes employ exactly the same setup and payoff—a groan-inducing pun
I doubled the return from the same setup structure
while at the same time anticipating that you
we are back to the idea of humor being a form of respect for the intelligence of one’s audience
This brief digression into humor theory has illustrated that to do humor well requires that the writer have enough familiarity with her intended audience to anticipate what they share in common so that they can employ their intelligence as an aid to building a connection
Humor is a two-way form of communication that can bridge the gaps in a normally one-way medium
where so many conversations begin via a single post
The third payoff of humor is that it helps to personalize the writer and publication
Readers and listeners want to know the writer behind the column
This is why fan communities build up around TV shows
why people go to author’s readings at bookstores
and why things like live podcast recordings are a real thing
A personal connection is an invaluable form of communion—as the COVID years made painfully clear
the fourth payoff of using humor: it helps establish a common culture among writers
Catholics already share many common symbols and experiences in the sacraments
and even the hierarchical structure of the Church
Humor can help highlight those things that help us identify one another beyond the doors of the Church
to connect our daily lives with our faith lives
An example of this common culture: comedian John Mulaney talks about being raised Catholic
But I went on Christmas Eve with my parents
because you know how you lie to your parents
And then I got schooled because they introduced a bunch of new [stuff]
I was going through Mass and I was batting
“And with your spirit.” And I was the one pre-Y2K [guy] going
They changed it to “And with your spirit.” Because that’s what needed revamping in the Catholic Church
That was the squeaky wheel that needed the grease
This common Catholic culture is something that we can celebrate and share and invite people to join because it reinforces our experience as members of the Body of Christ
And we can even joke about it (within the bounds that St
Imagine Jesus walking with his disciples along the dusty roads of Galilee
as Jude the less eagerly squirms his way to the front of the pack:
I forgot.” [slinks to the back of the crowd]
Now some practical process advice for employing humor
things that can help both writers and editors
then sharpen everything to point in that direction
your reader will not be in position to receive the payoff—they will have gotten bogged down in the details
so read your piece out loud to someone to see what lands and what does not
Humor often relies on strategic holes so that the reader is forced to take leaps
you should work for concision and edit ruthlessly
Get it down on paper or keyboard as fast as you can
Walk away from the piece for several weeks if you have the ability
and you will have fresh eyes when you return
As the saying goes: “Comedy is tragedy happening to someone else.” So be that person for your readers
Do not be afraid to be vulnerable or humble
A brief word about those times when humor or levity is not appropriate
As mentioned earlier when discussing the challenges of humor
sometimes it might be considered in bad taste or even demeaning to employ levity or humor in a piece
to shoehorn a joke into a story about a parish closing
This is a case where “caution is preferable to rash bravery,” in the words of Shakespeare’s Falstaff in Henry IV
When faced with a preponderance of heavier topics, one option is to look at the overall story balance in a given issue, and pepper in a column or freelance piece with a lighter tone to provide a sort of palate cleanser or antacid, as it may be. Not every piece needs a punchline or has to read like the script to an Adam Sandler film. As Gaudium et Spes teaches
it is not just “the joys and the hopes,” but also “the griefs and the anxieties of the people of this age
especially those who are poor or in any way afflicted” that are “the joys and hopes
the griefs and anxieties of the followers of Christ” (§1)
A few types of writing and presentation are particularly suited to humor:
Lists are awesome because they do not require backstory or character or setting—only internal cohesion
it carries a certain momentum and can help generate further items
they are clickbait-city: the headlines are easy
familiar tone that gives freedom to write colloquially
An open letter can make leaps of logic that otherwise would have to be spelled out in a more formal piece
My favorite kind of open letters are those in which a lighthearted topic is made out to be much more important than it is
like Gilda Radner’s “Emily Litella” sketches on early seasons of Saturday Night Live
where she would encourage people to conserve our “natural race horses,” only to lose all interest when it was pointed out to her that it was our “natural resources” that were endangered
Miscommunications are the bread and butter of sitcoms
and they can be employed in your writing as well
a list of “What the youth minister said versus what the teenagers heard.”
There are also some specifically Catholic forms of writing that are ripe for application in a different context or even gentle parody
for years there has been a bit making the rounds about questionable bulletin announcements that include items like:
“Barbara remains in the hospital and requests your prayers
She is also having trouble sleeping and requests tapes of Father Nelson’s homilies.”
“The parish office will be closed on Easter Monday
“Please remember in prayer the many who are sick of our parish.”
The shortest verse in the Bible tells us that “Jesus wept” (John 11:35)
But I have a sneaking suspicion that he laughed a bit as well
Let us look for opportunities to bring joy and humor to our world
to reflect the hope that we have been given in Christ Jesus
EDITORIAL NOTE: This essay was originally presented as a live workshop for journalists
and Catholic communications professionals at the 2022 Catholic Media Conference in Portland
Featured Image: Life-size figures for the Good Friday procession in Lohr am Main in Bavaria, Germany, photo taken by Maulaff; Source: Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0
Posted in News
Ken Hallenius is the communications specialist for the de Nicola Center for Ethics and Culture. In addition to his work at Notre Dame, he co-hosts Living Stones
a nationally-syndicated weekly radio conversation about the Catholic faith produced by Mater Dei Radio in Portland
Read more by Ken Hallenius
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.st1{fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;fill:#2a2a2a}By The Associated Press | MassLiveAround the world
Christians are coming together in observance of Good Friday
which they believe was the day Jesus was crucified
Thirteen life-sized figures representing the Passion of Christ are carried through the town during the traditional Good Friday procession in Lohr am Main
Asia's largest Roman Catholic nation commemorated the occasion by re-enacting the crucifixion
Devotees have themselves nailed to wooden crosses
rituals that church leaders do not condone but that draw huge crowds
some penitents participate in the practice year after year
Devotees undergo the re-enactment in the belief that extreme pain is a way to atone for their sins
attain miracle cures for illnesses or give thanks to God
Christians marked the day with prayers and processions
with thousands of pilgrims crowding along the Via Dolorosa
or "Way of Suffering," carrying wooden crosses
They end at the ancient Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
Tradition says the church was built on the site where Jesus was crucified
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Gallery: Way of the Cross reenacted in Springfield
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Human against machine: The two go head-to-head in table soccer
the player competes with artificial intelligence to score goals — and the robot improves with every lesson
The camera detects the position of the white table soccer ball and this data is collected and analyzed
Is the game now in the hands of the soccer God
there’s a table soccer game where the little men rotate all on their own
defensive strategies – it all happens without any human influence
At the other end of the table are two human players and they are playing a match against an invisible hand
Behind the self-rotating plastic men are clever engineering skills
The eleven players are not guided by human hands but by four motors and a high-performance computer
They basically give the plastic figures legs to run on
At the side of the table is an excited Hans Michael Krause
the developer of the table soccer computer – or better put
Hans Michael Krause talks with the players about the reactions of the AI during the last training sessions
Tracking: The colored bars on the screen show how and where the AI table soccer machine moves its players on the field
Non-stop Training Camp: Every hour
the system produces 90 GB of image data — training the AI via a cloud-based system
/ A continual learning process “There’s never been anything like it in table soccer,” says Krause who leads market and product management at Bosch Rexroth in the PLC and Internet of Things sectors
“Some table soccer games are already automated
but they function by means of a classical program.” The disadvantage of such equipment is that it doesn’t learn anything new
Krause’s squad of plastic men have great potential and improve with every game
The technology is based on artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
Bosch Rexroth has got support from TNG Technology Consulting in setting it up
Bosch Rexroth’s InnovationLab in Lohr am Main
Germany has been transformed into a training camp
The process functions as follows: a camera films the playing area from above and transmits the images to a computer that saves them in a cloud
Moves that lead to goals are evaluated as “right”
It’s just like real life where teams practice moves and players hone their shooting skills
Strategy Meeting: With the help of his assistant coach
Hans Michael Krause determines the next training steps for the AI table soccer team
a lot of table soccer is played in the InnovationLab because the machine needs practice
the better it is for the AI as it is able to study the opponent’s moves and optimize its algorithms by means of its observations
The big advantage of artificial intelligence will soon come into play
Whilst even top soccer players need a rest
the computer can keep putting in extra training sessions
and with the help of simulations it can also absolve virtual sessions
The team always cheers after an exciting match
Because whoever wins — man or machine — it’s always a success for "Team Bosch"
the more probable Krause and his team will close in on their goal: “The know-how we gain from this project is something we want to use in industry,” he says
A machine could learn to control itself to avoid downtime
Or request maintenance whenever there are problems it cannot solve itself
he starts delivering an euphoric locker room team talk: “It really does have everything it takes to beat the world’s top players
It’ll learn all about winning.” The coach is optimistic: “All it needs to do is play lots of games.” And Krause will let it play
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Hans Michael Krause Director Market and Product Management PLC and IoT Systems
They learn by observing and being rewarded
If the AI table soccer scores then it’s rewarded by the algorithm
Hans Michael Krause has been responsible for Bosch Rexroth’s PLC automation and IoT Solution business in the Automation & Electrification Solutions division
After graduating with a diploma degree in Electrical Engineering and a master’s degree in Industrial Management
he started his professional career in Argentina working as an automation engineer
In spite of concerted efforts to improve its image in recent decades
hydraulics is still seen as a dinosaur by many users
it is not the first choice among young recruits
Graduates tend to be drawn to start-up environments with their digital business ideas and
the unicorn symbolizes innovation and creativity—ideas with a wow factor that make a lot of money
Regardless of how the outside world perceives hydraulics
the global economic importance of hydraulics is undisputed
with sales amounting to many tens of billions of dollars
the economic importance of fluid power technology still contrasts sharply with the way it is perceived by users
How can hydraulics technology transition its image to the new world
The answer is simple; the dinosaur must adapt by integrating new technologies
especially electronic control and electromechanical power transmission
this means retaining hydraulics’ strengths and combining them with the opportunities and benefits found in the technical “IT consumer world.” Users will then perceive “hidden” hydraulics as a compact
hydraulics must maintain its position against electromechanical drives
The technological shift is already highly advanced in many sectors
easier connectivity and simpler IT connections have long been integral to the DNA of electromechanical solutions
But how can we ensure the future viability of industrial hydraulics over the next decade
and what must we do to make it more competitive
Industrial hydraulics is not immune to the developments taking place in a constantly changing market environment
hip new technology topics are not the sole factors shaping the scene in the years ahead
Several familiar trends will continue to be essential to future growth
invariably the environment and the scarcity of resources play an important role
They require more energy-efficient drive systems
energy-related regulations apply on a component level (e.g.
many standards and codes are in place for machines—efficiency labels for mass-produced machines
The importance of energy efficiency is growing beyond just industrialized nations
Energy is still far too cheap in many regions of the world
approaches will only emerge from supply and price pressures
Given its specific advantages (high power density
hydraulics is predestined for powerful machines
This applies especially to pressure supply stations where energy-saving drive solutions are particularly beneficial
The ever-present issue of energy efficiency has sparked a steady rise in the use of speed-controlled drive systems
Highly efficient servo motors are increasingly replacing standard asynchronous motors
Technically scalable solutions are already available on the market
Sytronix variable-speed pump drive of a trend in hydraulics that combines a variable-speed electrical drive with a variable-speed electric motor and hydraulic pump into an integrated drive unit
Industrial hydraulic systems are used under a wide variety of environmental conditions
Governing bodies impose specific regional regulations on sustainable production
As an indispensable pressure transmission medium and lubricant
hydraulic fluid plays a special role in terms of environmental impact and the functional safety of systems
Although rapidly biodegradable oils have been available for more than 60 years
mineral-based oils are still used most frequently
continuous improvement is not only pertinent to hydraulic fluids: Seals must also be further developed as regards their compatibility with hydraulic fluids
Lower oil volumes are another way of reducing the environmental risk
These can be achieved through an intelligent tank design with active degassing or smaller
Reducing the oil volumes used and improving environmental compatibility remain ongoing issues
Environmental regulations are expected to become more stringent in the future
and hydraulics manufacturers will probably form alliances in order to further improve environmental compatibility
Safety issues will remain a priority in the future
design guidelines) are also to be expected in other regions
Industrial users are increasingly expecting the same level of convenience they are accustomed to from the consumer world—configurators
products themselves will have anything from simple digital interfaces (e.g.
IO-Link) to real-time-capable multi-Ethernet connections
A new 5G communications standard will result in more private industrial networks being used in an industrial setting from 2023
sensor-actuator cycle times of less than 1 msec can be achieved
typical controller requirements in plastics processing machines can be met
Sensors and 5G communication integrated into a product will provide information for status monitoring and even data use for preventive maintenance
a large number of data-based business models are to be expected
Electrohydraulic components will benefit from the technological influences of the automation and IT world
hydraulic component providers are preparing to work with other relevant providers on Artificial Intelligence and cloud-based solutions
More cross-technology partnerships will be needed
Individual manufacturers will no longer have all the necessary skills under one roof
Current mindsets about partnerships will also change
future partners will be the previous ones while some previous partners may become competitors
Conventional mechanical engineering and plant construction will only benefit from the much shorter innovation cycles in the IT world if the necessary structural change as regards digitalization
and communication takes place and employees are equipped with the necessary qualifications
It has been apparent for some time now that the number of potential employees with specialist hydraulic knowledge is declining
This applies to both the commercial and the engineering sector
As far as professional basic and further training are concerned
hydraulics specialists are mainly recruited from related professions
such as agricultural or construction machine fitters
no specific training leads to a qualification as a fluid mechatronics specialist
Universities do not offer dedicated hydraulics courses
and hydraulics is barely a basic module in engineering courses
The situation at universities is unsatisfactory
the curriculum is restricted almost exclusively to standard hydraulics rather than electrohydraulics
Reaching the Golden Unicorn requires modern
the transfer of technologies and the creation of a new “fluid mechatronics specialist” qualification in both academic and commercial fields
This is one of the key joint tasks facing education policymakers
and the national/international fluid technology associations
two different career profiles in the field of hydraulics will be needed
One will be a component-oriented specialist with mechanical engineering skills who develops and optimizes products
The other will be a systems-oriented fluid mechatronics specialist who has a knowledge of control technology and is well versed in the toolboxes for hydraulic and electro-mechanical drives
it is unlikely that the current educational situation will change much in the near future
improved education leading to in-depth knowledge will be essential
This is because if knowledge is lacking in control technology
electrohydraulic system solutions will not succeed
Machine manufacturers already are outsourcing engineering work to suppliers and are increasingly procuring complete subsystems as “functional modules.” Large end-users are increasingly enlisting specialist firms to carry out maintenance work
be made as easy as possible for users and hydraulics should continue to offer young people an attractive future-oriented career
There is surely no standard preferred technology for all applications
each type of drive carries its own set of strengths and weaknesses that can only be assessed according to their suitability to specific applications
To make reliable statements regarding future viability (over a 10-year observation period)
an investigation was carried out to determine whether the most important applications in 10 of the main sectors for industrial hydraulics could be substituted
Overview of important industries and applications for industrial hydraulics
The following drive types were considered for the aforementioned main applications:
Drive types in hydraulic and electromechanical drive technology
The overall assessment of the most suitable drive types for the future was based on an investigation of the following four main categories
with a total of 13 criteria for each application:
it is evident that electromechanical systems for linear movements max out at around 500 kN or more
electromechanical systems hold great potential to replace hydraulics in many applications
Although slight improvements in power and speed could be achieved by further developing materials
Any further increase in power and torque through mechanical transmissions will then be limited by the masses to be accelerated
This comparison of linear motion technologies shows that hydraulic continue to outpace electromechanical actuators in both speed and force
Hydraulic drives already transmit forces that are more than 100 times greater than in the past
As far as the physical performance limits of electromechanical systems as distinct from hydraulic systems are concerned
Evolutionary further developments are thus to be expected in both areas
Hydraulic systems in metal cutting machines and rotor drives will likely face even stiffer competition
too—through energy savings with valve control systems and more user-friendly products and systems
As far as linear applications are concerned
hydraulics will maintain and even improve its position through further innovative developments in compact axes
Once such development is autonomous electrohydraulic axes
These axes are virtually maintenance-free and commissioned the same as with electromechanical drives
The specifics relating to hydraulics are already included in software libraries
even complex travel profiles—such as those for forming
and other large-force applications—can be parametrized very easily
Machine manufacturers and system integrators can also achieve safety levels up to SIL 3 as part of the specification process
This autonomous servohydraulic actuator is an all-in-one unit that can be commissioned using the same techniques as with electromechanical actuators
and fields of application make very different demands on industrial hydraulics
The development areas which have emerged in recent decades essentially concentrate on the following:
Although these issues will still play a role in the future
they will no longer be sufficient on their own
Industrial trends such as 3D metal printing offer new technical opportunities for hydraulics
for example in optimized core design (sand printing procedure) to improve flow properties or in the production of servo valves
left as an example of how 3D printing can make components more compact
One segment of industrial hydraulics is characterized by special environmental conditions and often by continuous processes
It includes industries such as marine and offshore
steel construction for hydraulic engineering
where systems are installed either outdoor or similar environments
When it comes to production systems involving continual processes
the focus is on OEE (overall equipment effectiveness)
whereby productivity improvements are achieved by optimizing processes
High-performance diagnostic systems based on machine learning—such as Rexroth’s Online Diagnostics Network (ODiN)—which can already reliably predict when components will fail
Current diagnostic systems based on machine learning—such as Rexroth’s Online Diagnostics Network (ODiN)—can reliably predict when components will fail
compliance with environmental protection classes (explosion protection
and the use of biodegradable fluids are required
In light of the environment described here
further environmental regulations are likely to be imposed in the future
An effective method of avoiding risk from fluid spills is to reduce the volume of oil used in a system
The basis for progress is tank design that allows natural passive degassing
Using an active degassing module that includes sensors to monitor the proportion of air released in the fluid can lead to further reduction in oil volume
the oil volume can be reduced by as much as 70%
Other positive effects include a 50% smaller installation space and significantly reduced oil costs
In addition to the further development of the technology and fluids to help improve environmental compatibility
these industries will undergo a transformation process prompted by digitalization
The other market segment is influenced by developments and trends from the factory of the future
and similar machines installed in modern factories
The factory of the future must be described before we can identify the requirements imposed on industrial hydraulics
The main aim will be to increase productivity and efficiency through transparency
The factory of the future will be highly agile
High flexibility and adaptability are key objectives
while transparency will help to avoid unplanned
and the ceiling will remain in place—everything else will be mobile
Assembly lines will have a modular design and machines will be restructured to create new lines for new purposes
They will communicate wirelessly with each other via 5G and will be supplied with power by an inductive charging system in the floor
High flexibility and adaptability are key objectives of the factory of the future
everything will be connected—from field level to cloud-based IT systems
Automation and drive solutions will only fit into this environment with open-standard communication
with features and classes stored in the device data and controlled or managed by the firmware
Industrial hydraulics must adapt to this world by adopting open standards such as multi-Ethernet and IO-Link
These data then need to be implemented in all future product generations because value stream mapping in the factories of the future will be digitalized
Digital business models will continue to be based on prepared operating data from all actuators
and machines that make up both new and existing infrastructure
Pressure valve with IO-Link/ Bluetooth (left) and high-response valve with multi-Ethernet interface for positional
and force control as well as closed-loop control (right)
One these is the CytroBox from Bosch Rexroth
our latest generation of hydraulic power units
The CytroBox is a decentralized unit that is both mobile and flexible
It has a plug-and-run concept and decentralized intelligence
offering machine manufacturers a ready-made drive controller with numerous built-in functions
Key safety functions and drive controls are included and
can be easily integrated and configured to suit a specific application
Integrated and wired sensors provide information on the filter
The collected sensor data are bundled via IO-Link and preprocessed by the drive controller to network with modern machine designs
Similar machines and their modules will be wireless
will exchange information and instructions via open interfaces
With its multi-Ethernet interface and open core engineering
the unit is IoT-ready using Bosch Rexroth’s CytroConnect
All information on the unit–from component and operating status or scheduled maintenance work to predictive maintenance analyses from Rexroth’s Online Diagnostics Network (ODiN)—is conveniently available
other additional packages for the maintenance function
and predictive maintenance are available as an add-on services
The CytroBox is an all-in-one hydraulic power unit containing a variable-speed pump drive
Conventional hydraulics will change significantly over the next 10 years
and software will increasingly be incorporated into steel and cast iron
This will be strongly influenced by IT and automation trends
Users will experience industrial hydraulics as a ready-made functional module with the same level of user-friendliness they are accustomed to in the IT consumer world
Although it is currently perceived as a dinosaur by many
industrial hydraulics will gradually evolve into an attractive unicorn—the industrial hydraulics of tomorrow
New developments in electrical automation and IT technology will make it easier to integrate industrial hydraulics and will make it more competitive
Areas that offer industrial hydraulics potential for development include compact axes
Developments from the new IT-based world of automation will complement previous key areas in hydraulics
etc.) will inevitably conquer the world of industry
Dr. Steffen Haack is head of the Industrial Hydraulics Business Unit, Bosch Rexroth AG, Lohr am Main, Germany. Click here for details on Bosch Rexroth’s vision of the future of industrial hydraulics
Demian Hauptmann came to Umeå University as an Erasmus exchange student
but later returned to study for his Master’s degree
He will also get his doctoral education at Umeå University
”It was a chain of incidences that led me here” he says
In Germany he was studying to become a teacher in geography and chemistry
and when that ended Demian Hauptmann realized he had more time on his hands
take more courses in Germany or maybe go somewhere else
Through the Erasmus programme he saw the possibility to do something different and have a new experience
During the year in Umeå he also re-evaluated his study plans
”I’m still convinced I would be a good teacher
I have had good experiences when I have been out in classes
but I didn’t feel I had the connection to chemistry I would need to teach it
With geography I could always say why I think it’s an important subject
but with chemistry I didn’t have the same feeling.”
Demian went back to Germany and finished his Bachelor’s degree
but while searching for universities in Germany to study for his Master’s
he realized that the teaching courses he had taken wouldn’t qualify him
The chemistry lab at the researchstation in Abisko has a stunning view of Torne träsk
”I would have been admitted conditionally and have had to take a lot of extra basic courses the first year
why not apply for the Master’s programme in Umeå
because there I knew I could count all my courses.”
Back in Umeå he also took the opportunity to return to the research station in Abisko
where he had taken courses during his Erasmus year
In Abisko he also did his Master’s thesis work
In the project Demian studied what resources
such as light and nutrients control stream biofilm growth throughout the year
bacteria and fungi that colonize the stream bottom and form the base of the food web
Streams in Abisko has been Demian Hauptmann’s study subject
both as a Master’s student and now as a field assistant
When I got there in March there were few people
you get to know people at the station and how to use the facilities
Because there was chemistry involved in the project I was always in the lab where you have two windows facing Torne träsk
I listened to music while I worked and could look out to that wonderful view.”
Being in Abisko also meant great opportunities to go out skiing or hiking with others
Demian Hauptmann also describes studying in Sweden as more student friendly compared to Germany
”In Germany you would have 5-8 different courses that run through the term and exams in the end
It’s super stressful and you still don’t learn a lot
you just learn for this one occasion” he says
You take one course at a time and lectures have more of a seminar structure because there are fewer people.”
Demian also appreciated that the study environment is less formal than in Germany
where he would have to use titles and last names when talking to or writing emails to his teachers
”Here you don’t have that distance between teacher and student and they encourage you to think more and tell your thoughts.”
Following his Master’s degree Demian Hauptmann has stayed on as a field assistant
scraping the bottom for insect larvae to identify and analyse in the lab
In the autumn of 2019 he will begin his doctoral studies
In his PhD project he will study green house gas emissions from streams in boreal forests
Demian Hauptmann taking samples in a stream in Abisko
Following his Master’s degree he got a job as a field assistant and will later continue as a doctoral student
”The context is land use and the research is done in collaboration with a forestry company and SLU” he says
”We want to see how tree harvesting affects in-stream processes and subsequently greenhouse gas emissions
the study will be conducted one year before the harvest and continued for two more years to see what kind of influence the land use has on the stream draining the harvested area.”
What would you say to someone thinking about doing their Master’s in Umeå
Why should they come here?”If they have a basic interest in nature and being outdoors
especially when thinking about the possibility to go to Abisko
There are always people going out bird watching or hiking” he says
there are lots of good teachers and researchers
Germany.Education: Bachelor’s degree from University of Würzburg
and Master’s degree in Geoecology from Umeå University.Lives: in a shared apartment at Nydalahöjd
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prayers and re-enactments to commemorate the death of Jesus Christ
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walk in processions and perform in plays to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ
A Philippine Christian devotee reacts while nailed to a cross during a reenactment of the Crucifixion of Christ north of Manila.Noel Celis/AFP / Getty Images
Pilgrims attend the annual Good Friday "Stations of the Cross" procession at the Champs de Mars near the Eiffel Tower in Paris.Charles Platiau/Reuters
Pope Francis lies down in prayer during the Good Friday Passion of Christ Mass inside St
at the Vatican.Gregorio Borgia/The Associated Press
Christian pilgrims pray inside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalems Old City
Christian pilgrims mark the anniversary every year by walking from the Garden of Gethsemane on the Mount of Olives to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the middle of the Old City
an ancient shrine which Orthodox and Catholic Christians believe was built on the original site of the crucifixion and burial of Jesus.Thomas Coex/AFP / Getty Images
Christian faithful take part in a re-enactment of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ on Good Friday in South Sudan's capital Juba.Reuters
The Wintershall Players perform 'The Passion of Jesus' in front of crowds on Good Friday in Trafalgar Square in London
A Greek Orthodox worshipper kisses a wooden crucifix at Pendeli monastery north of Athens.Louisa Gouliamaki/AFP / Getty Images
Penitents from the 'Jesus Yacente' brotherhood prepare to take part in a procession in Zamora
Spain.Pablo Blazquez Dominguez/Getty Images
Germany.Karl-Josef Hildenbrand/The Associated Press
Lebanese Christians take part in a reenactment of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ in the village of Qraiyeh.Mahmoud Zayyat/AFP / Getty Images
Horacio Villalobos / Contributor / Getty Images
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A museum in Germany has announced it in possession of the tombstone which had been placed over the grave of Maria Sophia von Erthal
who it is thought had been the inspiration for the story of Snow White
This story had been written by the Grimm brothers in 1812
and the Diocesan Museum of Bamberg will now be exhibiting it for the first time
The tombstone had been lost after the church where Maria Sophia had been buried was demolished
The tombstone was discovered in a house in Bamberg
Von Erthal was born in 1729 in Lohr am Main
Her mother had died when Maria Sophia was just two years old
but von Erthal did not enjoy good relations with her step-nother
who had other children and did not like Maria Sophia
This information is also to be found in the story of Snow White
who had lived with her step-mother who also did not get on well with her
Von Erthal’s father owned a mirror factory in the village where this industry was very active
This could have led to he inspiration of the mirror in Snow white’s story
in which the wicked witch seeks to find the identity of the most beautiful woman
and also to the glass coffin in which Snow White had been laid to rest
does not have the same ending as that of Snow White
and also for its dwarfs who worked in the mines
all of which is part of the Walt Disney film about seven dwarfs who work in the mines
The story of Snow White became popular in 1937
when Walt Disney released the first cartoon of the story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs