Live Cast I’m so very sorry that I wasn’t there to give my final goodbye and prayers to him and a big hug to you I will carry very fond memories of both you and him!! Heafey-Hoffmann-Dworak-Cutler Mortuaries © 2024 All Rights Reserved Terms of Use and Privacy Policy This story discusses plot lines of A Thousand Blows Season 1 The subtle storytelling of Maja Meschede’s costume designs is hiding in plain sight if you’re able to look away from the simmering drama of A Thousand Blows a six-part series from Peaky Blinders scribe Steven Knight that follows Hezekiah Moscow (Malachi Kirby) and his brother Alec (Francis Lovehall) two Jamaicans immigrating to London during the late 1800s Hezekiah has dreams of being a lion tamer but is hoodwinked by a circus conman and with only a few pence in their pockets the brothers resort to bare-knuckle boxing to scrape by A chance encounter with the Forty Elephants a gang of thieving women corralled by the droll wit of Mary Carr (Erin Doherty) further spirals uncertainty in their lives As Hezekiah becomes successful at boxing, his wardrobe evolves with him. “When he first arrives, he’s wearing linen and cotton. And then he manages to dress himself with his first winnings in a nice suit,” says Meschede. “I wanted him to conform at first because I think there’s an insecurity when you’re a stranger, a foreigner. But then later on, he expresses himself with more confidence.” As the story reaches its climax in episode six, Hezekiah and Mary find themselves in a position to forever change their lives. Hezekiah is to fight boxing champion Buster Williams (Nathan Hubble), and the Forty Elephants use the crowded venue as their biggest score yet. Meschede dressed the characters to reflect their character arc, with Mary wearing a show-stopping red gown. “There’s an evolution for each character. Some women become stronger and some women not,” she says. “And I don’t want to give too much away, but whoever didn’t feel like that, I faded the colors.” For Hezekiah, he reverts to his Jamaican roots, dressing in attire he wore when first arriving in London. The subtle touch brings the character full circle. A Thousand Blows is streaming on Disney+ and Hulu, and Season 2 is already in the works. Keep up with The Credits for the latest in film, television, and streaming. To stay up to date with the The Credits, subscribe to our newsletter. Volume 12 - 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2018.00035 Biological intelligence processes information using impulses or spikes which makes those living creatures able to perceive and act in the real world exceptionally well and outperform state-of-the-art robots in almost every aspect of life emerging hardware technologies and software knowledge in the fields of neuroscience and computer science have made it possible to design biologically realistic robots controlled by spiking neural networks (SNNs) a comprehensive review on controlling robots based on SNNs is still missing we survey the developments of the past decade in the field of spiking neural networks for control tasks with particular focus on the fast emerging robotics-related applications We first highlight the primary impetuses of SNN-based robotics tasks in terms of speed We then classify those SNN-based robotic applications according to different learning rules and explicate those learning rules with their corresponding robotic applications We also briefly present some existing platforms that offer an interaction between SNNs and robotics simulations for exploration and exploitation we conclude our survey with a forecast of future challenges and some associated potential research topics in terms of controlling robots based on SNNs to acquire more autonomy and operate within the real world robots should be further investigated with the following capacities: (1) perceiving their environments via sensors that typically deliver high-dimensional data; (2) processing redundant or sparse information with low response latency and energy efficiency; (3) behaving under dynamic and changing conditions in which real-time responses are important and energy supply is limited and other problems solved by non-spiking neural networks but in fact showed even more superiorities a comprehensive review on controlling robots based on spiking neural networks is still missing we aim to survey the state-of-the-art SNN modeling and training methods for controlling a variety of robotics applications since the recent decade The overall motivation of this article is to ease the barrier for roboticists to understand the complicated biological knowledge of SNNs meanwhile enlighten readers with some general learning-based SNN approaches to different robot control tasks The contribution of this survey is three-fold we try to set forth SNNs' superiorities in terms of speed And we outline a general design framework for controlling SNN-based robotics tasks our survey aims to summarize the learning-based SNNs in robotics tasks We generally categorize the selected robotic implementations according to different learning rules this shows up in the source of learning signals which could be acquired from different ways rewards from environment or other external controllers we attempt to point out the open topics that need to be addressed for implementing SNNs in robotics tasks The rest of the article is organized as follows the theoretical background of SNNs will be briefly introduced which will include their biological foundations and the changing course of the artificial neural networks on a basis of learning rules Section 3 presents the primary motivation and research framework for SNN-based robot control Then we will discuss SNN implementations from the simple neuron unit to the topologies of more advanced systems (section 4) Various methods training SNNs for control tasks will be classified and explained with their corresponding robotic applications (section 5) as well as the existing platforms for exploring neurorobotics (section 6) Finally we will summarize future challenges and potential research topics in section 7 and conclude in section 8 The structure of a typical neuron of the human brain embedded in a salty extra-cellular fluid is shown in Figure 1A Incoming signals from multiple dendrites alter the voltage of the neuronal membrane the cell body or soma sends out an action potential—also called spike or pulse—itself This process of generating a short (1ms) and sudden increase in voltage is usually referred to as spiking or firing of a neuron it is followed by a short inactive period called the refractory period in which the neuron cannot send out other spikes regardless of any incoming signals Once the membrane potential threshold has been reached and the neuron fires the generated output spike is transmitted via the axon of a neuron These can grow quite long and branch out to a multitude of other nervous cells at the end the triggered vesicle will fuse with the membrane and release its stored neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft filled with the extra-cellular fluid neurotransmitter molecules have to reach a matching receptor at the postsynaptic side of the gap and bind with them this causes postsynaptic ion-channels to open or close The resulting ion flux initiates a cascade that traverses the dendritic tree down to the trigger zone of the soma changing the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell different neurotransmitters can have opposing effects on the excitability of postsynaptic neurons These effects that make postsynaptic cells either more or less likely to fire action potentials are called excitatory postsynaptic potential or inhibitory postsynaptic potential The dependence of postsynaptic potentials on different amounts and types of neurotransmitters released and the resulting number of ion-channels activated is often referred to as synaptic efficacy in short neurotransmitter molecules are released again from their receptors into the synaptic cleft and either reabsorbed into the presynaptic axon terminal or decomposed by enzymes in the extra-cellular fluid and capacities of synapses as signal pre-processors chances of vesicle deployment or regeneration and amount of receptors but always changing depending on the short and long-term history of its own and outside influences Neuro-hormones in the extra-cellular fluid can influence both the pre and postsynaptic terminals temporarily by enhancing vesicle regeneration or blocking neurotransmitters from activating ion-gate receptors All these effects that change the influence of incoming spikes on the postsynaptic membrane potential are usually referred to as synaptic plasticity and form the basis of most models of learning in neuro and computer-sciences second generation neurons do not model electrical pulses that have been described in their biological counterparts their analog information signals can actually be interpreted as an abstracted rate coding an averaging window mechanism can be used to code pulse frequencies into analog signals giving these models a more biologically plausible meaning we will briefly introduce the research impetuses of SNN-based robotics control from multiple aspects Core points and a major framework for generally organizing an SNN for robotic implementation are introduced as well As the third generation of the neural network model SNNs have attracted more and more attention and gradually become an interdisciplinary research field for neuroscience as well as robotics it is explained that how the exact modeling of time in spiking neural networks serves as an important basis for powerful computation based on neurobiological principles Number of publications whose abstract contains the terms “robot” and “spiking neural network” in the IEEE Explore and Elsevier Scopus database Number of publications whose title contains the terms “robot” and its main text contains the term “spiking neural network” in the Springer database Robots usually use their sensors and actuators to sense and interact with the environment the SNNs can be regarded as the brains to make decision which build up a bridge between perception and execution by taking encoded information from environment and outputting decoded motor commands for robots the architecture and mathematical model of an SNN should be determined including the neuron and synapse Neurons are known to be a major signaling unit of the nervous system and synapses can be seen as signal transmitters that communicate among neurons modeling of an SNN is of great importance to characterize its properties the SNN should be initialized and trained with specific parameters and learning rules Choosing an appropriate learning rule directly impact the performance of the networks the most common learning rule is the Hebbian rule which will be explained in the following section it should be validated in other scenarios and be optimized if necessary General design framework for learning-inspired SNN-based robot control At the very beginning of the construction of an SNN for robot control an appropriate SNN control model should be decided on The basic task is to determine the general topological structure of the SNN as well as the neuron models in each layer of the SNN One of the most widely used models is the so-called Leaky-Integrate-and-Fire (LIF) model (Stein, 1965) that can be easily explained by the principles of electronics. These models are based on the assumption that the timing of spikes, rather than the specific shape, carries neural information (Andrew, 2003) The sequences of firing times are called spike trains and can be described as … is the label of a spike and δ(·) is a Dirac function defined as Passing a simplified synapse model, the incoming spike train will trigger a synaptic electric current into the postsynaptic neuron. This input signal i(t) induced by a presynaptic spike train Sj(t) can, in a simple form, be described by the exponential function (Ponulak and Kasinski, 2011): τs denotes the synaptic time constant This synaptic transmission can be modeled by low-pass filter dynamics The postsynaptic current then charges the LIF neuron model increasing the membrane potential u according to where τm = RC is the time constant of the neuron membrane urest is the potential value after each reset i0(t) denotes an external current driving the neural state ij(t) is the input current from the jth synaptic input and wj represents the strength of the jth synapse Once the membrane potential u reaches a certain firing threshold ϑ the neuron fires a single spike and its membrane potential is set back to urest this spiking event is followed by a refractory period in which the neuron stays inactive and can't be charged again It is worth pointing out that biological studies highlight the presence of another operational unit cell assemblies (Braitenberg, 1978) in the brain, which are defined as a group of neurons with strong mutual excitatory connections and tend to be activated as a whole. A deeper review of spiking neuron models can be found in Andrew (2003) The term neural encoding refers to representing information from the physical world (such as direction of a moving stimulus) in the activity of a neuron (such as its firing rate) information decoding is a reverse process to interpret from neuron activity to electrical signal for actuators (such as muscle or motor) How the brain encodes information is to think of two spaces: the physical space and neural space The physical space can be the physical properties of objects Neural space consists of properties of a neuron information is represented with the timing when the spike occurs the underlying mechanism is still not so clear The aforementioned coding solutions is usually for one single neuron sometime a population of neurons is used as a whole to encode information This is strongly supported by the brain of living creature where functions are controlled by one area of neuron populations The goal of neural decoding is to characterize how the electrical activity of neurons elicit activity and responses in the brain. The most common used scheme for decoding is rate-based, where stronger neuron activity usually means higher motor speed or force. In Kaiser et al. (2016) a steering wheel model based on an agonist-antagonist muscle system was proposed according to the spike numbers of output neuron Once the neuron model is decided on, the synapse model should be carefully chosen to connect those neurons inside and among the layers of SNNs. By influencing the membrane potentials of each connected neuron, synaptic plasticity was first proposed as a mechanism for learning and memory on the basis of theoretical analysis (Hebb, 1949) the synaptic plasticity models used for practical implementations are typically very simple Based on an input-output relationship between neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity they are roughly classified into two types that differ in the type of their input variables Spike-based learning rules were developed in Gerstner et al. (1993), Ruf and Schmitt (1997), Senn et al. (1997), Kempter et al. (1999), and Roberts (1999). Experiments showed that the synaptic plasticity is influenced by the exact timing of individual spikes, in particular, by their order (Markram et al., 1997; Bi and Poo, 1998) If a presynaptic spike preceded a postsynaptic spike a potentiation of the synaptic strength could be observed while the reversed order caused a depression This phenomenon has been termed as Spike-Timing-Dependent-Plasticity (STDP) or anti-STDP for the exact opposite impact and explains the activity-dependent development of nervous systems neural inputs that are likely to have contributed to the neurons' excitation are strengthened while inputs that are less likely to have contributed are weakened STDP has demonstrated to be successfully implemented as the underlying neural learning mechanism in robots and other autonomous systems in both simulated and real environments In the past, different mathematical models of STDP have been proposed, e.g., by Gerstner and Kistler (2002) the weight update rule under STDP as a function of the time difference between pre and postsynaptic spikes was defined as with A+ and A− representing positive constants scaling the strength of potentiation and depression, respectively. τ+ and τ− are positive time constants defining the width of the positive and negative learning window. For deeper insights into the influence of the STDP mechanism, readers could refer to Song et al. (2000), Rubin et al. (2001), and Câteau and Fukai (2003) A comparison of rate-based and spike-based spiking neural networks used for MNIST classification is shown in Diehl and Cook (2015) The SNN network model resembles the synapse model in that it simulates synaptic interactions among neurons Typical examples of neural networks consisting of neurons of these types are classified into two general categories: semantic and episodic feature learning ability etc. and achieved good results in visual recognition task Taking the work from Meschede (2017) as an example, a two-layer feed-forward SNN was trained for a lane keeping vehicle. The control scheme is shown in Figure 4 the dynamic vision sensors (DVS) was used to detect the land markers by generating a sequence of events The input layer consisted of 8 × 4 Poisson neurons and connected to the two LIF output motor neurons with R-STDP synapses in an “all to all” fashion The learning phase was conducted by repeatedly training and switching the robot from the start positions in the inner and outer lanes In comparison with other three learning methods the R-STDP SNN exhibited the best accuracy and adaptability in different lane scenarios A R-STDP SNN is used to achieve lane-keeping task The sensor input is the event sequence from DVS and the two LIF output neurons are used to decode motor speed All these neurons are connected with R-STDP synapse in an “all to all” fashion In Rueckert et al. (2016), a recurrent SNN is proposed for solving planning tasks, which consists of two populations of neurons, namely, the state neuron population and the content neuron population. (see Figure 5) The state neuron population consists of K state neurons which control all the state of a freely moving target the agent spatial position is controlled by nine state neurons These state neurons are wired to each other and the content neuron populations by R-STDP synapse The context neurons produce spatiotemporal spike patterns that represent high-level goals and context information its average firing rate represents the target spatial position at different time step A final reward is only received if the agent passes through two obstacles They show that the optimal planning policy can be learned using the reward modulated update rule in a network where the state neurons follow winner-take-all (WTA) dynamics in each time step exactly one state neuron is active and encodes the current position of the agent Their results demonstrated a successful planner trajectory planning task using a recurrent SNN A recurrent layer of state neurons is used to control the state of the agent and receives signals from the content population which decides the target position according to different time step Changes in the strength of synaptic connections between neurons are thought to be the physiological basis of learning (Vasilaki et al., 2009) These changes can either be gated by neuromodulators that encode the presence of reward or inner co-activation among neurons and synapses In control tasks presented in this section the network is supposed to learn a function that maps some state input to a control or action output the network is able to perform simple tasks such as wall following the network input directly comes from the robot's sensors coming from electroencephalography (EEG) data binary behavior control to multi-dimensional continuous output values Initially, solving simulated control tasks was done by manually setting network weights, e.g., in Lewis et al. (2000) and Ambrosano et al. (2016). However, this approach is limited to solving simple behavioral tasks such as wall following (Wang et al., 2009) or lane following (Kaiser et al., 2016) it is usually only feasible for very small network architectures with few weights a variety of training methods for SNNs in control tasks has been researched and published Instead of focusing on criteria such as field of research biological plausibility or the specific task this section is meant to serve as a classification of published algorithms into the basic underlying training mechanisms from a robotics and machine learning perspective some implementations of SNN control are introduced that use some form of Hebbian-based learning publications are shown that try to bridge the gap between classical reinforcement learning and spiking neural networks some alternative methods on how to train and implement spiking neural networks are discussed One of the earliest theories in neuroscience explaining the adaption of synaptic efficacies in the brain during the learning process was introduced by Donald Hebb in his 1949 book The Organization of Behavior (Hebb, 1949) Often summarized by the phrase “Cells that fire together wire together,” his idea is usually expressed in mathematical terms as where wij refers to the change of synaptic weight between the presynaptic neuron i and the postsynaptic cell j; and v represents the activities of those neurons the two-wheel vehicle means a vehicle with two active wheels Learning rules based on STDP/Hebbian learning According to STDP, if a presynaptic spike preceded a postsynaptic spike, a potentiation of the synaptic strength could be observed [Long Term Potentiation (LTP)], while the reversed order caused a depression [Long Term Depression (LTD)]. Because of the absence of direct goals, correction functions or a knowledgeable supervisor, this kind of learning is usually categorized as unsupervised learning (Hinton and Sejnowski, 1999) Learning based on STDP rule has been successfully applied to many problems such as input clustering and spatial navigation and mental exploration of the environment Their controller allowed the robot to learn high-level sensor features depending on some low-level sensor inputs by continuously strengthening the association between the unconditioned stimuli (contact and target sensors) and conditioned stimuli (distance and vision sensors) But despite the extensive exploration of these topics the exact mechanisms of supervised learning in biological neurons remain unknown Accordingly, a simple way of training SNNs for robot control tasks is by providing an external training signal that adjusts the synapses in a supervised learning setting. As shown in Figure 6 when an external signal is induced into the network as a post-synaptic spike-train this will cause the network to mimic the training signal with satisfactory precision Even though this approach provides a simple straight-forward way for training networks Especially for control tasks involving high-dimensional network inputs Supervised Hebbian training of a synapse: The weight of the synapse between pre and post-synaptic neurons is adjusted by the timing of the pre-synaptic spike-train ssyn and external post-synaptic training signal strain Several models have been proposed on how this might work, either by using activity templates to be reproduced (Miall and Wolpert, 1996) or error signals to be minimized (Kawato and Gomi, 1992; Montgomery et al., 2002). In the nervous system, these teaching signals might be provided by sensory feedback or other supervisory neural structures (Carey et al., 2005) One of these models that is primarily suitable for single-layer networks is called supervised Hebbian learning (SHL) a teaching signal is used to train the postsynaptic neuron to fire at target times and to remain silent at other times where wij again is the synaptic efficacy between a presynaptic neuron i and a postsynaptic neuron j vi is the presynaptic neurons activity and tj represents the postsynaptic teaching signal Classical Conditioning with STDP synapse between Npre and Npost: An unconditioned stimulus (US) A or B causes the post-synaptic neuron Npost to fire The conditioned stimulus (CS) firing shortly before its associated US will adjust its weights so that Npost will fire even in the absence of US the synaptic weight is unchanged when the other the robot learned to adjust timing and gain of the motor response and successfully reproduced human biological systems acquire In order to successfully learn such behavioral tasks some unconditioned stimulus has to be given for every relevant conditioned stimulus that the robot should learn This also means that the robot will learn to associate stimuli that are delayed in time using classical conditioning for robot control basically means constructing an external controller that provides unconditioned stimuli for every relevant state input While classical conditioning is concerned with passively associating conditioned and unconditioned stimuli with each other operant conditioning (OC) consists of associating stimuli with responses and actively changing behaviors thereafter operant conditioning involves changing voluntary behaviors and is closely related to reinforcement learning and its agent-environment interaction cycle A behavior response is followed by either reinforcement or punishment Reinforcement following a behavior will cause the behavior to increase but if behavior is followed by punishment the behavior will decrease Instead of developing a formal mathematical model operant conditioning has been mainly researched in biological and psychological domains Despite advances in the understanding of operant conditioning it is still not clear how this type of learning is implemented on a neural level The RGB camera was used to capture the color information which represented the cue or the reward in the maze environment if an action was frequently followed by a reward the synaptic weight w changes with the reward signal R The eligibility trace of a synapse can be defined as spre/post means the time of a pre- or post-synaptic spikes τc is a time constant of the eligibility trace δ(·) is the Dirac delta function Reward-modulated STDP synapse between Npre and Npost: Depending on the post-synaptic output spike-train a reward r is defined that modulates the weight change of the synapse a variety of algorithms has been published using this basic learning architecture for training Even though they are all based on the same mechanism the rewards can be constructed in different ways the simulated fly learned to avoid getting close to an olfactory target emitting electric shocks the same behavior can be transferred to a secondary stimulus that is associated to the primary stimulus without emitting electric shocks itself 2. Control Error Minimization: As opposed to rewarding specific events, dopamine-modulated learning can also be used in an optimization task to minimize an objective function. This is usually achieved by strengthening or weakening the connections that lead to changes in the objective function based on their eligibility traces. Clawson et al. (2016) used this basic architecture to train an SNN to follow a trajectory The network consisted of lateral state variables as inputs a hidden layer and an output layer population decoding the lateral control output Learning is achieved offline by minimizing the error between decoded actual and desired output which is provided by an external linear controller virtual insect in a target reaching and obstacle avoidance task learning was implemented using if-then rules that relied on distance changes from target and obstacles it is conceptually identical to reward-modulated learning This can easily be seen by exchanging the if-rules with a reward of +1 or −1 5. Reinforcing Associations: Chou et al. (2015) introduced a tactile robot that uses a network architecture inspired by the insular cortex a dopamine-modulated synaptic plasticity rule was used to reinforce associations between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli a variety of approaches was presented for training SNNs based on Hebbian learning rules This was done either by providing a supervised training signal through an external controller or by using a reward-based learning rule with different ways of constructing the reward was shown to successfully train SNNs in simple tasks solely based on delayed rewards all of these approaches have been trained in tasks that don't require looking very far ahead as reinforcement learning theories usually do In classical reinforcement learning theory learning to look at multiple steps in advance in a Markov Decision Process (MDP) is one of the main concerns several algorithms have been published combining SNNs with classical reinforcement learning algorithms sensory data coming from distance and orientation sensors was gradually fused into state neurons representing distinct combinations of sensory inputs each individual state neuron was connected to 3 output motor neurons By fusing the sensory input into distinct state neurons and connecting them to action neurons a simplified TD learning rule could be used to set each synaptic weight in the last layer individually when the robot conducted a trial locomotion Performance of this controller was demonstrated in a wall-following task While these state representations work very well for relatively small state spaces since the TD method can only obtain the reward in several steps it is less stable and may converge to the wrong solution especially for high-dimensional state spaces these approaches can conceptually be seen as an SNN implementation of table-based Q-learning The network uses local plasticity rules to solve one-step as well as sequential decision making tasks which mimics the neural responses recorded in frontal cortices during the execution of such similar tasks Their model reproduced behavioral and neuro-physiological data on tasks ranging from simple binary choice to multi-step sequential decision making They took a two-step maze navigation task as an illustration the rat was rewarded with different values according to its actions The reward was modeled as an external stimuli The SNN learned a stable policy within 10 ms Except for the two aforementioned major methods, there are also other training methods for SNNs in robot control tasks as follows (see Table 2) In nature, evolution has produced a multitude of organisms in all kinds of shapes with survival strategies optimally aligned to environmental conditions. Based on these ideas, a class of algorithms has been developed for finding problem solutions by mimicking elementary natural processes called evolutionary algorithms (Michalewicz, 1996) evolutionary processes can be understood as some form of gradient-descent optimization a typical problem using these algorithms is getting stuck in local minima evolving SNNs have been shown to work well in mostly static environments Due to the training principle of trial and error there are usually difficulties in dynamically changing environments localization and road boarder input signals the network controlled speed regulation and turn direction and evolved its weights using a genetic algorithm Alnajjar and Murase (2006) formulated a synaptic learning rule that enforced connections between neurons depending on their activities the robot gradually organized the network and the obstacle avoidance behavior was formed With this self-organization algorithm that resembles other Hebbian-based learning methods they were able to learn obstacle avoidance and simple navigation behavior Those simulators greatly facilitate the research process that involving mechanical design Although adequate tools exist to simulate either spiking neural networks (Brette et al., 2007; Bekolay et al., 2014), or robots and their environments (Staranowicz and Mariottini, 2011; Harris and Conrad, 2011), tools that offer researchers joint interaction, including a realistic brain model, robot, and sensory-rich environment, are in need. Some existing platforms are listed in Table 3 Taxonomy of platforms for robotics control based on SNN which provides functionalities such as robot modeling Recently, the first release of the HBP Neurorobotics Platform (NRP) (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2016; Falotico et al., 2017) was presented which was developed within the EU Flagship Human Brain Project it provides scientists with an integrated toolchain to connect pre-defined and customized brain models to detailed simulations of robot bodies and environments in in-silico experiments which are essential to construct neurorobotics experiments from scratch It can be seen that the NRP provides a complete framework for the coupled simulation of robots and brain models The Brain Simulator simulates the brain by bio-inspired learning algorithms such as a spiking neural network to control the robot in a silico neurorobotics experiment The World Simulator simulates the robots and their interacting environment The Brain Interface and Body Integrator (BIBI) builds a communication channel between brain models and robot models The Closed Loop Engine (CLE) is responsible for the control logic of experiments as well as for the data communication between different components The Backend receives requests from the frontend for the neurorobotics experiment and distributes them to the corresponding component The Frontend is a web-based user interface for neurorobotics experiments Users are able to design a new experiment or edit existing template experiments the state-of-the-art of SNN-based control for various robots has been surveyed in terms of learning methods Although an increasing amount of work has been done to explore the theoretical foundations and practical implementations of SNNs for robotics control many related topics need to be investigated Despite the extensive exploration of the functions and structure of the brain the exact mechanisms of learning in biological neurons remain unknown Some of those related to robotics applications are listed as: (1) How is diverse information coded in many neural activities other than the rates and timing of spikes and retrieved in such an efficient and precise manner since it involves the concept of “previous steps,” thus requiring some form of memory As long as we can constantly address these unsolved mysteries of the brain the robots of the future definitely can achieve more advanced intelligence The nature of this situation is that training these kind of networks is notoriously difficult especially when it comes to deep-network architectures Since error backpropagation mechanisms commonly used in ANNs cannot be directly transferred to SNNs due to non-differentiabilities at spike times there has been a void of practical learning methods Moreover, training should strengthen the combination with the burgeoning technologies of reinforcement learning, for instance, extending SNN into deep architecture or generating continuous action space (Lillicrap et al., 2015) combining the R-STDP with a reward-prediction model could lead to an algorithm that is actually capable of solving sequential decision tasks such as MDPs as well SNNs computation can highly benefit from parallel computing substantially more so than conventional ANNs Unlike a traditional neuron in rate coding a spiking neuron does not need to receive weight values from each presynaptic neuron at each compution step Since at each time step only a few neurons are active in an SNN the classic bottleneck of message passing is removed computing the updated state of membrane potential is more complex than computing a weighted sum Therefore communication time and computation cost are much more well-balanced in SNN parallel implementation as compared to conventional ANNs An ongoing solution is the Neurorobotics Platform which offers adequate tools to model virtual robots and complex neural network models for both neuroscientists and roboticists By mimicking the underlying mechanisms of the brain much more realistically spiking neural networks have showed great potential for achieving advanced robotic intelligence in terms of speed we seek to offer readers a comprehensive review of the literature about solving robotic control tasks based on SNNs as well as the related modeling and training approaches and meanwhile offer inspiration to researchers we retrospect the biological evidences of SNNs and their major impetuses for being adopted for the area of robotics at the beginning we present the mainstream modeling approaches for designing SNNs in terms of neuron The learning solutions of SNNs are generally classified into two types based on Hebbian rule and reinforcement learning illustrated and expounded with exhaustive robotic-related examples and summary tables some popular interfaces or platforms for simulating SNNs for robotics are preliminarily investigated the biggest challenge for control tasks based on SNNs is a lack of a universal training method as back-propagation is to the conventional ANNs more knowledge and interactions from the fields of neuroscience and robotics are needed to explore this area in the future and AK brought up the core concept and architecture of this manuscript The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Research and Innovation Programme Horizon 2020 (H2020/2014-2020) under grant agreement No Meanwhile it was also supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM) in the framework of the Open Access Publishing Program The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest Philipp Neumann for his valuable suggestions for improving this paper The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings Google Scholar Allaire, J., Eddelbuettel, D., Golding, N., and Tang, Y. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Zhenshan Bing, YmluZ0Bpbi50dW0uZGU= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish You do not have access to www.researchgate.net The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site This work, Operation Titan Fall: Nebraska Guard trains in emergency response exercise, by SFC Herschel Talley and SSgt Jamie Syniy, identified by DVIDS, must comply with the restrictions shown on https://www.dvidshub.net/about/copyright Pat is cherished and loved by his family: wife Nick and daughter-in-law Cassandra; grandson Cole; sisters: Lynda Henningsen (Rich Hansen) Mary Mosher (Scott); brothers: Joe Meschede Tim Meschede (Lucy); sisters-in-law and brothers-in-law: Pam Garofolo (Ron) and Kathy Gassman (Pete); many loving nieces Pat’s eye for detail and his ability to access the gifts and talents of others was apparent This led him to many leadership positions throughout his life He has always helped others to develop their talents in the work world and on the field of sports We will bask in the afterglow of Pat’s life Thursday evening and Friday morning The family will receive friends on Thursday I will always remember the times as neighbors we spent together whether playing basketball in the backyard or going to Okoboji Courage to face the days ahead and Loving Memories to forever hold in your heart Our thoughts are with you during this difficult time Our hearts are heavy with sadness for your loss May your Faith and Trust guide you and give you strength and comfort in this new journey in life Meschede family: I am so sorry to read that Pat has passed I have fond memories of him back in the 70’s My thoughts and prayers are with you as you grieve Dear friend and family My hearts breaks for you From playing kick ball in the backyard to playing games on our back porch My thoughts and prayers to the Meschede family Nick and Cole – you are in our prayers May you find comfort in the love of family and friends as well as the memories you hold dear Just remember you all will be in our thoughts and prayers May the Lord lift you and your boys up at this time and always Remembering all those childhood fun times from the old neighborhood Emmy and Tony for her portrayals of Elizabeth I and II The story of Catherine the Great — formerly known as Catherine II — is one of scandal As Russia’s longest-ruling female leader from 1762 to 1796 she came to power after overthrowing her husband She’s credited with revitalising the country and turning it into one of the great powers of Europe — the period under her rule is known as the ‘Golden Age of Russia’ “There was a lot written in history that she was a sex addict and she had so many lovers, but she actually didn’t,” Meschede tells Vogue. “We wanted to portray her as a strong woman; a very intelligent woman.” historical accuracy was of supreme importance for Meschede who read a number of biographies on Catherine II that’s not to say a few modern tricks weren’t employed for ease “We tried to make everything as light as possible,” says Meschede ‘This helps me to walk straight and I feel like I’m Catherine.’ We had a few tricks [to make things a little easier] — the bottom corset had a little zip so Helen could actually do it herself The series spans Catherine’s later life and her blossoming romance with military leader Grigory Potemkin, played by Jason Clarke (Pet Sematary, Everest). At the start, Meschede relied on a softer colour palette, augmented with pearls and gold to show Catherine’s more feminine side. As the story moves on, the empress’s clothing becomes darker to reflect her deteriorating mental health “We worked a lot with the colour to portray that while she was successful as an empress there was also a lot of sadness [in her life],” explains Meschede there were the other principal actors to think about: lady-in-waiting Countess Bruce played by Gina McKee (Bodyguard Notting Hill) plus an array of armies (Catherine’s imperial guard While principal actors all had bespoke costumes created Meschede and her team borrowed some costumes from Italy for the crowds of extras The Metamorphoses ball in the first episode a true-to-life historical event started by Peter III’s aunt and predecessor where guests were expected to dress as the opposite sex Meschede made a sumptuous gentleman’s outfit for Mirren and dozens of gowns and corsets for the male actors “Historically, [the courtiers] took it really seriously,” she says. “Men didn’t just borrow their wife’s clothes, which would have been very ill-fitting. They had them made especially [for the ball] and wore wigs and makeup it’s very interesting to experience wearing a corset They all had the same reaction: ‘Poor women how could they wear these their whole lives?’” For both Meschede and Mirren, it was important to represent a historic figure like Catherine as complex and human. “Catherine the Great was one of the most powerful women ever,” concludes Meschede. “She was leading one of the most successful armies We wanted to bring that soft side across.” Hal Shinnie/HBOHal Shinnie/HBOHal Shinnie/HBOHal Shinnie/HBOHal Shinnie/HBORobert Vigalsky/HBORobert Vigalsky/HBOHal Shinnie/HBOHal Shinnie/HBOAlso read:The Crown season 3 on Netflix: Get to know the 9 new faces starring in the new season This book traces the evolution of Bollywood costumes with a 100 illustrations The British royal family actually get The Crown spoilers before each season is aired The material on this site may not be reproduced except with the prior written permission of Condé Nast theaters this weekend three years after the first film grossed nearly $100 million at the domestic box office based on the popular British series that ran for six seasons on ITV overseas and on PBS in the States A New Era once again follows the Crawley family though they’re split in two this time with half of the family traveling to the South of France to a villa that the Countess Dowager (Maggie Smith) unexpectedly inherits as the other half hosts a crew of Hollywood outsiders (including Hugh Dancy and Laura Haddock) looking to shoot a movie on Downton’s hallowed grounds While the cast and their characters have always been terrific and have long been acknowledged as such, Downton Abbey continues to boast excellent below-the-line values that often go overlooked, as noted in my review of the film last month That includes the wonderful outfits in A New Era which come courtesy of costume designers Maja Meschede and Anna Robbins Meschede was in charge of the costumes for the “Old Hollywood” characters mentioned above who has been with Downton since its fifth season was in charge of dressing up the Crawley family and their servants including those who venture beyond their traditional comfort zone to the sunnier South of France Below the Line spoke to both Meschede and Robbins about the impressive work they did on A New Era whose large ensemble cast allowed the two talented costumers to show off a wide range of design elements Below the Line: How do you approach working on a film that comes with a legacy behind it Anna Robbins: It’s very interesting when there’s such heritage with the brand The characters are well-known and well-liked You have to try to remind yourself to do the same work So I did the same steps — the franchise has moved on a couple of years so the fashion had changed [Screenwriter] Julian Fellowes had [written] such a great script with complex new characters and it permitted us to do a very nuanced look I’m lucky to have a shorthand with the characters and know them I can spot a vintage piece from a mile away that fits their body But the research and all that is the same you do as in any process My general goal has always been to set the bar higher and higher Downton has always done that and all of our departments have always worked hard to create something that is greater than the sum of its parts and [they] pay even more attention to the detail because the costumes would be seen on a bigger scale It was always about challenging ourselves to do what we had done previously Maja Meschede: My focus was on these three new characters and all the agents that come in with them — Hugh It was really important for me that they fit in and her costumes were over the top compared to the Downton cast And her jewelry was purposefully never matching the color of the clothes she was wearing because while she may be a Hollywood star She’s a diva and somehow doesn’t come out really nice I wanted her to stand out and take the center of attention because of these things: “Here I am running the show.” That’s why we used cold colors for her to distance herself emotionally from everyone there not knowing how her future will be with the movies having sound talk us through what the Crawleys were wearing in France Costumes inhabit space and have to fit in that space When I read the script and realized that the story moves between Downton and the Riviera and this lovely intertwining of the storylines We were looking at beautiful Neapolitan colors and sordid hues in the daywear in France the gentlemen are in these wonderful silky suits which were a good counterpart to the women’s colorful suits It’s always about pairings and creating ensembles but France was a lovely lightening of the clothing We had double-breasted suiting so we could dispense with waistcoats We also had it in our tuxedos and linen suits for the gents BTL: Give us the details of how you created one character on the way to France played by Hugh Bonneville] in ‘separates,’ which felt like we were moving ahead with him for when he is actually traveling to France He has moved from felt to straw in terms of his hat He’s the quintessential English gentleman abroad give us the details of Dominic West’s character He hangs out with Charlie Chaplin and Cary Grant So I spoke to Dominic and we wondered what Cary may have looked like pinstriped suit — it conveys someone who is really making an effort to call attention to himself we wanted to show that he had just stepped out of Hollywood and right into Downton We wanted him to stand out so his color palettes were greens and white so what changes in fashion have we seen by that point disappeared for a little period in 1927-1928 and they come back in and things start being belted I used the opportunity being in 1928 to really look at what was going to come in the future — being able to tease out the really striking changes that are afoot fashion-wise We have Lady Edith in trousers in the Riviera it just felt like that right moment to put her [in those] We put Lady Mary in pajamas — beautiful originals by the way — and we had never had that before and she would always want to be cutting-edge You can get really beautiful pieces of clothing that are still intact as [they’re] made from very delicate silks Sometimes we used leftover garments and reconstructed the costumes But we did find a lot of original fabrics from 1928 which was not easy to do with [the] lockdown and it’s remarkable how much and how quickly fashion changed back then But Downton has been here for 11 years and being a part of this family was lovely BTL: What are the contrasts between the film stars and the Downton world Robbins: Maja and I wanted to make sure we were bringing in new strata of civilians from the world and separates instead of three-piece suits but it was really about creating a big personality for these people BTL: How many costumes did you do for this film But we constructed 300 garments or outfits from scratch without counting what we bought or used straightaway The scale of Downton is huge — about 25 main cast without counting all the other ones we got from vintage stores BTL: What was the collaboration process like Meschede: Anna and I worked really closely together We were together every day for several months It’s very important that the color palette of each character fits in some way with the others bringing my own different view into the Downton family Focus Features will release Downton Abbey: A New Era in U.S Copyright © 2023 Below The Line Some parts of this site work best with JavaScript enabled Best Dressed at Met Gala 2025 - Top 32 Red Carpet Looks Revealed! Rihanna Pregnant, Expecting Baby No. 3 With A$AP Rocky! Every Celeb at Met Gala 2025 - See All Red Carpet Photos & Full Guest List (Updating Live All Night) The cast of the “USS Callister” episode of Black Mirror are all together for the FYC Event held at Netflix FYSee at Raleigh Studios on Wednesday (June 6) in Los Angeles Writer Charlie Brooker, Annabel Jones, Cristin Milioti, Jimmi Simpson and costume designer Maja Meschede were all in attendance at the event PHOTOS: Check out the latest pics of Charlie Brooker The episode was the first episode of the fourth season of Black Mirror, and follows Robert Daly (Jesse Plemons) a reclusive but gifted programmer and co-founder of a popular massive multiplayer online game who is bitter over the lack of recognition of his position from his coworkers He takes out his frustrations by simulating a Star Trek-like space adventure within the game using his co-workers’ DNA to create sentient digital clones of them Dean Lisa Lynch today presented the 2013 Teaching Award of the Heller School for Social Policy and Management to Carole Carlson an adjunct lecturer who teaches courses on social entrepreneurship and strategic management and also supervises the Team Consulting Project Workshop a joint course of Heller and the Hornstein Jewish Professional Leadership Program Carlson has worked on economic development initiatives with a wide range of clients and nonprofit organizations such as the City of New York Kellogg Foundation and the Initiative for a Competitive Inner City She also coaches mid-career professionals in the Harvard Business School’s Executive Education programs Student nominations for the award emphasized Carlson’s high expectations for her students and her ability to create a “great environment for discussion,” in which she “dynamically and expertly” engages all students providing frameworks that sharpen their analytical skills Nominators noted that each week they look forward eagerly to her 4 ½-hour class senior lecturer and research director of the Institute on Assets and Social Policy  With expertise on homelessness and housing Meschede lectures widely and has authored Institute Reports on these topics  Her current research addresses the financial security of U.S She teaches a course on working with national data sets to inform policy analysis and recommendations Student nominators praised Meschede for her attention to their research interests and support in developing the skills needed to pursue them she makes “Heller an encouraging yet rigorous place to learn,” one wrote the new Heller Staff Service Award recognizes extraordinary work by non-academic staff to “organize an effective environment for learning and research and foster excellence in these areas.” Nominations come from the entire Heller community This year’s recipient is Norma DeMattos program administrator for both the MPP and the MBA programs Described by students as the MBA “mom,” “the glue that holds the MBA together,” and someone who “has all the answers,” DeMattos not only handles countless administrative responsibilities permitting faculty to focus on their teaching and students on their studies makes “each student feel warmly welcomed,”  her nominators wrote Categories: General Volume 7 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1041316 This article is part of the Research TopicGood Teaching is a Myth!?View all 6 articles A correction has been applied to this article in: Corrigendum: Measuring adaptive teaching in classroom discourse: Effects on student learning in elementary science education Adaptive teaching is considered fundamental to teaching quality and student learning It describes teachers’ practices of adjusting their instruction to students’ diverse needs and levels of understanding Adaptive teaching on a micro level has also been labeled as contingent support and has been shown to be effective in one-to-one and small-group settings the interplay of teachers’ diagnostic strategies and instructional prompts aiming at tailored support are emphasized Our study adds to this research by presenting a reliable measurement approach to adaptive classroom discourse in elementary science which includes a global index and the single indices of diagnostic strategies we investigate whether N = 17 teachers’ adaptive classroom discourse predicts N = 341 elementary school students’ conceptual understanding of “floating and sinking” on two posttests adaptive classroom discourse was shown to be effective for long-term student learning in the final posttest while no significant effects were found for the intermediate posttest the single index of diagnostic strategies in classroom discourse contributed to long-term conceptual restructuring teachers rarely acted adaptively which points to the relevance of teacher professional development there is a lack of respective measurement tools we present a coding scheme for measuring adaptive teaching in classroom discourse we investigate effects of adaptive teaching in classroom discourse on elementary school students’ conceptual understanding in the science domain of “floating and sinking,” disentangling the relative contribution of the facets of teacher diagnosis and instructional support to learning outcomes Intended adaptive teaching refers to the planning component where teachers acknowledge student differences in designing instructional environments that fit individual needs and learning prerequisites Implemented adaptive teaching refers to adaptive instructional episodes in which these planned activities are actually taken up by students resulting in an alignment of intention and in situ implementation support is contingent if a teacher increases control when facing a student’s failure on a task and decreases control when whitnessing a student’s success at a given task the authors’ conceptualization of “use” implies actively engaging students in the learning process for example by challenging their thinking or by contrasting ideas similar to the scaffolding function of problematizing it stresses a student’s active knowledge construction more than one iteration of the cycle of eliciting and using may be needed in order to reach an intended level of student understanding Their analyses indicate a valid measurement approach and revealed contingent interactional patterns in five preservice teachers’ activities in small group work the authors did not measure the effect of contingent support on learning outcomes They found differential patterns of teacher reactions to students’ utterances Previous research suggests that the implementation of adaptive teaching on a micro level of instruction affects student learning these findings in the traditions of scaffolding and contingent support are mainly based on one-to-one tutorial settings or small group work and they are limited to small samples the distinct contribution of facets of adaptive teaching in classroom discourse to student learning outcomes have not been investigated empirically The present study adds to prior research by investigating the effects of adaptive teaching in classroom discourse on elementary school students’ science learning We aim at developing a reliable measurement approach to analyze adaptive classroom discourse and at disentangling the relative contribution of diagnosis to student learning outcomes in the domain of “floating and sinking.” We address the following research questions: May a reliable instrument to adaptive classroom discourse be devised on the basis of existing approaches Does teachers’ adaptive classroom discourse predict elementary school students’ conceptual understanding of “floating and sinking” on two posttests What is the contribution of the indices of diagnostic strategies and student understanding in classroom discourse to students’ conceptual understanding in the posttest measures Based on the theoretical background outlined above we hypothesize that teachers’ adaptive classroom discourse predicts student learning We expect a separate contribution of the three indices of adaptive discourse to student conceptual understanding as they have been empirically related to student learning in prior research The data base consists of N = 17 transcribed science lessons from 17 teachers with their respective students the third lesson of unit 1 of a curriculum on “floating and sinking” was videotaped using a standardized procedure The average class size was 20.1 students (SD = 3.44) The mean age of the participating teachers was 39.5 years (SD = 9.3) The mean age of the 341 third-grade students was 8.3 years (SD = 0.6); 49% of the students were female All students came from public primary schools in Germany The sample is taken from a larger sample of N = 54 teachers who took part in an extensive professionalization study on the effectiveness of three teaching approaches (scaffolding, formative assessment, peer tutoring) and an intervened control group (parental counseling) for teacher and student development in elementary science (see Decristan et al., 2015a,b for a detailed description of the intervention and results on student outcomes) the teachers implemented a curriculum with two units on the science topic of “floating and sinking” within 4 months an intermediate posttest after unit 1 and a final posttest after unit 2 we employed all teachers with consent to be videotaped of the control group and the professionalization group of scaffolding (total N = 17) the professionalization started with a workshop on the subject matter of “floating and sinking” addressing the scientific concepts of density and buoyancy (4.5 h) the group of scaffolding participated in three consecutive workshops with a focus on instructional strategies such as eliciting and supporting scientific argumentation and task differentiation in the context of the curriculum on “floating and sinking” (3 × 4.5 h) The control group instead participated in three workshops on parental counseling a topic that is not related to the science curriculum we combined the two groups in order to maximize variance with regard to teachers’ discursive patterns of science talk within the given curricular unit The focus of classroom discourse is on the joint construction of knowledge allowing students to share initial hypotheses and their conclusions based on observed outcomes The focus and lesson goal of the videotaped lesson 3 is on the concept of density to describe different solid objects’ floating and sinking in water students first saw a demonstration experiment by the teacher in which two objects of differing densities floated or sunk an extended period of classroom talk in which the students used their previously stated hypotheses and arguments to explain the objects’ behavior in water took place The students also worked on tasks determining the weight of standard cubes of different material and finally positioning them from light to heavy standard cubes the teacher asked the students to come up with ideas to visualize these objects’ densities classroom talk on the students’ ideas on visualizations and their usefulness to represent different densities took place the students worked on tasks applying the concept of density with different objects to predict their floating and sinking in water students’ answers were scored according to three levels of conceptual understanding as naïve conceptions (0) The free-response items were double-coded (κ = 0.87) Pre- and posttests were separately scaled using a Partial Credit Model Weighted likelihood estimates were used to estimate student ability parameters As the pretest’s reliability was not sufficient it was not considered in the subsequent statistical analyses; instead the student control measures were employed as predictors on the student level The intra-class correlations of PT1 and PT2 (ICCPT1 = 0.008; ICCPT2 = 0.013) indicated that a substantial amount of variance was located at the classroom level with a total of 20 items (Cronbach’s α = 0.72) the coding of units of analysis was done by one rater and was then communicatively validated with a second rater For the purpose of the analyses presented here the two raters’ final judgment of units of analysis was used We coded the frequency of diagnostic strategies within a unit of analysis ranging from “0 = no occurrence” to “3 = full occurrence.” Diagnostic strategies were teacher prompts and questions targeting explication of student understanding, procedural explanations or rephrasing student answers. Following van de Pol et al. (2011) this code also includes a teacher’s checking of his or her diagnosis the teacher verifies if she understood the student correctly or elicits more information on student understanding According to van de Pol et al. (2011), a greater variation in instructional strategies enables a teacher to adapt support to students’ individual learning needs. This may hold especially true for classroom discourse where multiple zones of proximal development have to be considered (Hogan and Pressley, 1997). Moreover, following the step “using information” of the ESRU-model (Ruiz-Primo and Furtak, 2007) the teacher should recognize the student’s previous response when offering support we differentiated whether the teacher’s support is related to students’ responses (level 1 = no relation to student response; level 2–5 = relation to student response) and the degree to which teachers used a variation of instructional strategies This variation ranges from simple strategies of support with mainly high degree of support (i.e. modeling) and multiple extended strategies which combine strategies offering higher support and strategies promoting students’ active knowledge construction (i.e. First, a content-specific correct answer to a teacher task was defined (see Hermkes et al., 2018) Student answers were then related to this intended answer The frequency of correct student responses with respect to the defined answer was coded for each unit of analysis ranging from “0 = no occurrence” to “2 = full occurrence.” If content-based student participation did not occur In order to determine the degree of adaptive teaching in classroom discourse, we used a combination of the three indices, defining specific coding rules (van de Pol et al., 2012; Hermkes et al., 2018) from “1 = low adaptive” to “3 = highly adaptive.” Units of analysis were assigned a code of low adaptive (level 1) when diagnostic strategies occurred at least occasionally (level 1) as these form the basis for tailoring support instructional support was related to students’ responses (levels 2–5) as this is an indicator of the actual use of diagnostic information student understanding occurred at least occasionally (levels 1–2) as support should only be regarded as contingent if it at least partly relates to correct understanding If one of these conditions was not fulfilled the level of “0 = non adaptive” was assigned The more diagnostic strategies a teacher used the higher was the rating of adaptive classroom discourse given that instructional support was related to students’ responses student understanding occurred at least occasionally and diagnostic strategies occurred frequently adaptive classroom discourse was coded as intermediate (level 2) With full occurrence of diagnostic strategies highly adaptive classroom discourse was assigned (level 3) With regard to research question 1, Table 2 displays the descriptives for the different measures of adaptive classroom discourse It shows that for the total of N = 119 units in the sample of N = 17 teachers there was a high degree of variance both for the global index and the three indices of diagnostic strategies As indicated by the mean and the corresponding standard deviation in the majority of units the level of adaptive classroom discourse (global index) was rather low The same holds for the index of diagnostic strategies and the index of instructional support the relative frequencies reveal that the full range of levels was used in each of the three single codes of diagnostic strategies (level 0: 66%; level 1: 16%; level 2: 5%; level 3: 0.8%; missing: 11.8%) instructional support (level 0: 22.7%; level 1: 14.3%; level 2: 19.3%; level 3: 24.4%; level 4: 5.0%; level 5: 2.5%; missing: 11.8%) and student understanding (level 0: 5%; level 1: 65.5%; level 2: 5.9%; missing: 23.5%) To investigate our research question 2, we computed two multilevel regression models to predict student performance on PT1 (Models 1a and 2a) and on PT2 (Models 1b and 2b). Table 3 displays the correlations of dependent variables. Table 4 displays the outcomes of multilevel regressions we introduced student measures (science competence we additionally introduced the measure of adaptive classroom discourse (global index) at level 2 to test the predictive power of coded adaptive classroom discourse beyond student control variables we introduced student measures at level 1 to predict performance on PT2; in model 2b we additionally introduced the measure of adaptive classroom discourse (global index) All measures at the individual level were significantly related to student performance on the two posttests (Models 1a and 1b) The global index of adaptive classroom discourse was shown to be a statistically significant predictor on PT2 (Model 2b) after controlling for individual pretest performance on level 1 the global index does not significantly contribute to the prediction of student performance while the variables on level 1 remain significant As may be seen in Table 5 the three indices of adaptive classroom discourse differentially predict students’ posttest performance the three indices do not contribute significantly to an explanation of student outcomes the regression weights of the respective regression models are statistically significant There is a significant effect of the index of diagnostic strategies on student performance even when controlling for individual measures contributing to an explanation of between-classroom variation the indices of instructional support and student understanding significantly contribute to the prediction of student performance in PT2 teacher moves of contingent support are described as an interplay between their use of (formative) diagnostics and appropriate instructional strategies we constructed an instrument for adaptive classroom discourse and applied it to a sample of elementary school teachers’ classroom teaching we investigated the effects of adaptive classroom discourse on students’ conceptual understanding in the domain of “floating and sinking” in two posttests employing a global index and single indices for the dimensions of diagnostic strategies and student understanding in respective units of analysis the nature of teachers’ classroom discourse adapting instructional moves to individual students’ conceptions presented in class unsuccessful tutoring situations were those in which tutors failed to offer support responsive to students’ level of understanding which the authors attribute to a lack of tutors’ use of diagnostics teachers’ tendencies to provide rather high support in a quick reaction to student utterances in classroom discourse may explain our findings of low levels of sophisticated instructional support their cognitive activation showed high variability future research should clarify the stability of teachers’ adaptive classroom discourse across lessons we found a conceivably high influence of adaptive teaching on student outcomes on an individual level beyond the relevant individual student prerequisites of cognitive ability there might have been additional variables affecting student learning in the long run future research should include variables on the classroom level such as the use of constructive teacher feedback and on the individual level such as student motivational states in order to get a comprehensive picture of instructional influences on student learning while our sample size is rather large in relation to other studies analyzing micro-level scaffolding including the skewed distribution of our indices only meet the requirements for multilevel regressions cross-level interactions of indices of adaptive classroom discourse with individual student prerequisites may be analyzed to shed light on adaptive classroom discourse with regard to variables on a student level The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Goethe University Frankfurt 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Ilonca Hardy, aGFyZHlAZW0udW5pLWZyYW5rZnVydC5kZQ== †These authors have contributed equally to this work strength and status of Russia's longest reigning female ruler "What's most valuable is the historical context," says costume designer Maja Meschede about her research and inspiration-gathering process After overthrowing her husband from his brief six-month rule (and following his still-mysterious death) she expanded the kingdom to become one of the most powerful in the Western World supported the arts and enjoyed a liberated and empowered — especially for the time — personal life which sometimes crossed over into politics For the full picture, the costume designer actually went a couple generations back in time to study 17th-century czar Peter the Great Meschede devoured multiple biographies of the long-ruling empress and made a private appointment to analyze Catherine's preserved gowns and military regalia at The State Hermitage Museum in St Catherine the Great (Helen Mirren). Photo: Hal Shinnie/Courtesy of HBO "It was really important to me to get to the essence of Catherine the Great and how she dressed," she says adding: "I designed the costumes to portray Catherine as a woman: very powerful and very intellectual Meschede custom-designed all the gowns authentic to the period, with "one corset, a big petticoat, a big pannier [side hoops] underneath and then a big over-robe." She spent three weeks sourcing 18th-century fabrics in Italy: Florence The ornate ensembles were produced over a period of six months in Vilnius where the four-episode limited series filmed Catherine's color palette involved "lots of Russian colors," mainly refined blues and resplendent gold The spectacular gown above took two weeks to build and approximately 15 women to hand-embroider the complex patterns based off of 18th-century portraits Meschede used the lavish gowns to illustrate another fun fact she learned about ultra-privileged Russian wardrobes "Catherine and all the aristocrats who lived at her court had their own clothing factories in a different castle So they had clothes made-to-measure for different occasions to show off their wealth and status within society," she explains "It was really important to embroider very detailed and very heavily because the more embroidery there was — and the more brocade and diamonds — the wealthier the person was." Under her reign, Catherine's and her ladies' gowns were also very specifically Russian. She's essentially credited with establishing and dictating the Russian imperial style of dress which endured to the end of the empire. The silhouettes and accoutrements took inspiration from the Russian people and also sartorially emphasized Catherine's national pride and legitimacy she was actually born in Prussia to German royalty (and she did lead that successful coup d'état to claim the throne.) French and English gowns involved more feminine and floral motifs evoke a more "strict and solid" aesthetic — also conveying Catherine's power and legacy Meschede reimagined period and royal ensembles for Catherine but she remained authentic when designing the Empress's military regalia housed at The Hermitage. "She was a military lady She was the leader of one of the biggest armies ever," says Meschede. Catherine would color-coordinate her military riding suit according to the uniforms of the regiment In greeting the prestigious Preobrazhensky Guard — also the main military backers in her coup — she wears green Of course, we can't discuss the longest ruling Empress of Imperial Russia without talking about her many diamond-encrusted crowns and brilliant gemstone necklaces, bracelets, earrings and rings. Plus, "she got so many presents from her lovers," says Meschede, who researched official portraits to recreate royal baubles with glimmering Swarovski crystals and gemstones "We also made some pieces from the 17th century because they look extremely Russian: a lot of little pearls and colors and anything you could find in the rivers of Russia."  "They have the most beautiful 18th-century collections," she says gleefully "I felt like a magpie in there." For a historical epic set in 18th-century Russia chronicling very rich royals living in very cold climates, copious amounts of fur had to be incorporated into the costumes. But wait! Meschede estimates that 80% of the trims, muffs and ushankas (the oversize caps) are indeed painted and reworked faux. The remainder is real, but sourced secondhand from flea markets and thrift shops to be recycled into the costumes "I'm personally vegan," says Meschede "I am very much against animal cruelty." "They painted Russian women: peasants maids working at the court and ladies-in-waiting," explains Meschede Catherine's biographies also revealed her penchant for wearing banyans: 18th-century European dressing gowns which were influenced by the Japanese kimono. "She basically got up made some tea — she was very self-sufficient — wore a lovely banyan and would write to Voltaire and French philosophers It was really important to bring across the private Catherine."  filming those scenes also provided a relief from the binding period-authentic foundation garments it's not a corset day!'" laughs Meschede. "She's amazing." Catherine (center) and Grigory Orlov (Richard Roxburgh Mirren, and the supporting female cast members, weren't the only ones suffering through the bindings. The premiere episode features one of Catherine the Great's famed "Transvestite Balls," an extravagant party tradition established by her mother-in-law Empress Elizabeth.  "They took it very seriously," says Meschede who enjoyed depicting the commitment the aristocrats put into their gala outfits which would have been custom-made for the occasions in their aforementioned ateliers. The women would don traditional men's suiting — from tricorne hats to breeches also offered a loophole for ladies to circumvent the patriarchal and restrictive dress codes "[The actors] were swearing and cursing when I was in their dressing rooms lacing them up in their corsets," says Meschede 'Catherine the Great' premieres on Monday Top photo: Hal Shinnie/Courtesy of HBO Never miss the latest fashion industry news. Sign up for the Fashionista daily newsletter. plus newcomer Meryl Streep and her "detective" trench "We have never invested so much in the company as in the previous year." This message was sent to staff of foundry expert M Managing Director Wolfgang Krappe at the company meeting in Velmede.The expansion of the foundry 3 including the melting plant at the Meschede-Wehrstapel site represents the largest single investment in the 186-year history of the iron foundry "This was one of the biggest challenges we ever had to manage" In addition to the extensive planning an eight-week production stoppage caused by the construction measures had to be compensated by massive inventory build-up in the previous months His thanks go to all those who have contributed to the success and to the families of the employees who had a lot of understanding during this phase.But not only in the foundry in Wehrstapel was invested in state of the art technical equipment but also in the machine shop at Bestwig works where the raw parts casted in Wehrstapel are finished ready for assembly.Wolfgang Krappe presented the current order situation to the staff on the basis of the customer structure Busch is a supplier to practically all major manufacturers of the commercial vehicle industry with the largest share of sales being achieved with the parent company BPW Bergische Achsen from Wiehl.At present the success of the company is closely linked to the constructive interaction between the works council and the management This fact was also taken up by the chairman of the works council He especially thanked Wolfgang Krappe for his 18-year career as managing director at M Wolfgang Krappe will retire on 1st March 2017 and leave the company a foundry engineer and operator with almost 30 years of professional experience in iron casting Since 1st October the 52-year-old Andreas Güll has started his activity as managing director of the company He took the opportunity to introduce himself to all employees at the Annual General Meeting for the first time who worked for a well-known competitor before clearly confessed towards the staff to continue the successful investment strategy within the company and to unite the plants in Bestwig and Wehrstapel even closer I would like to receive the bi-weekly Foundry-Planet newsletter with all latest news Plus the special newsletters – all can be cancelled anytime and at no cost Meschede – “Mesh-der”, phonetically – had already picked up the prized wicket of Kevin Pietersen on day one but arrived at the crease before tea with 121 runs required to prevent his side batting again What followed was a stunning unbeaten 101 from 130 balls as he and Dean Cosker added 119 for the ninth wicket with two runs still required and Meschede on 95 saw the hosts nine down and the pressure on No11 Andy Carter A tucked single allowed his senior partner to take control heaving a 16th four to pass the 414 required before a top-edged pull over midwicket saw him taste three figures “I was a top-order batsman growing up and this is as low as I have batted It would be great to go up the order,” said the 23-year-old South African who is on a season-long loan from Somerset “I would have been devastated if the shot had gone to hand My heart was racing and it was a massive relief.” “Craig is too good to be batting at nine,” added the Surrey all-rounder Zafar Ansari who himself had earlier lit up the day with a 70-metre direct hit run out to remove Chris Cooke for 20 “He looked relaxed at the crease and timed the ball beautifully.” with Ansari’s stunner from the boundary one of three wickets before lunch bowling Graham Wagg for 31 and trapping David Lloyd lbw sweeping on four before Tom Curran had Mark Wallace caught behind for a pugnacious 51 who steered his side to 319 for eight at tea signing off the session with his fourth four before a correct and composed assault after the interval Cosker provided the perfect support until he fell lbw to Jason Roy’s first ball of the match for 19 from 110 balls Carter did his job before holing out to Ansari with Glamorgan 419 all out at stumps “I owe Dean a beer,” added Meschede after stumps “He was a life-saver out there and saved the game in my opinion.” Surrey will resume with 144 runs in the bank with an early thrash – perhaps through Pietersen – the order of the day He has received more raucous receptions but given heavy morning rain and a game going nowhere But even Tendulkar did not last for long as India's embarrassments at Taunton continued a 19-year-old all-rounder who had never taken a first-class wicket in his life before Duncan Fletcher would not have prepared a dossier on Meschede Before this match he had only bowled 24 balls for Somerset's first XI with a red ball. Tendulkar attempted to drive Meschede's 28th first-class delivery and feathered a catch to Jos Buttler behind the stumps. The crowd at the County Ground were aghast. A few miles down the road at King's College, where the old Somerset stalwart Dennis Breakwell coaches there would have been celebrations as well A couple of years ago Buttler and South African-born Meschede were playing for their school team has previously raised more eyebrows as a hard-hitting middle-order batsman called his autobiography The Hand That Bowled Bradman Meschede's book may be some time away – I hope – but the title could already be decided At least Tendulkar had looked as if his mind was on the job his mere presence had been enough to satisfy most onlookers who recognise that he may not pass this way again Tendulkar had not been to the middle since the IPL's conclusion in May the second from the ever-optimistic Peter Trego In the case of Trego this was a source of some local relief Just imagine how often the doughty Trego in his dotage might have been tempted to regale the tale of Tendulkar's dismissal in the pubs around Weston-super-Mare Then there were a couple of regal Tendulkar cover drives off the front foot and that trademark punch off the back foot which sends the ball across the turf with surprising power The bars were empty and Andrew Strauss at first slip looked on contemplatively The long wait for the rain to stop and for Tendulkar to arrive had been worthwhile And then Meschede struck – yet another indignity for the Indian team This dire performance from the tourists will probably not make that much difference come Thursday but they have been abysmal with bat and ball When play began Somerset added another 96 runs from 21 overs for the loss of Arul Suppiah for a career best 156 compiled his second successive half-century for Somerset The one he scored at Trent Bridge last week was in far more taxing conditions There was also time for a James Hildreth cameo He popped a leg-break from Amit Mishra into the stands with a flick of the wrists The Indian bowling did not look any more threatening than on Friday However of this attack only Zaheer Khan is certain to play at Lord's He will be joined by Ishant Sharma and Harbhajan Singh and one other seamer: Munaf Patel but who swings the ball in almost any conditions It was not so surprising that India should struggle with the ball on this surface It was staggering that they should be reduced to 90 for six against a makeshift Somerset attack who disposed of the reserve keeper Wriddiham Saha (not such a story for him to tell there) it was Charl Willoughby For the First Test VVS Laxman and MS Dhoni will be back to strengthen the lineup They cannot possibly play like this at Lord's This is the archive of The Observer up until 21/04/2025 The Observer is now owned and operated by Tortoise Media Germany – After a former student’s deadly attack on a German high school last week teens are talking about what could have prevented the massacre Seventeen-year-old Tim Kretschmer gunned down a dozen people – nine students and three teachers – in his former school in the small town of Winnenden in Southern Germany on March 11 and killed three more during his flight before taking his own life The rampage sparked a public debate in German government media and in communities about increased school security further gun controls and other precautions Some German students interviewed said they didn’t see a need for more security “I still feel safe going to school,” says Felix Karger who attends the Benediktiner Gymnasium in Meschede Karger said he didn’t think it likely that his school would be the site of a similar massacre “Metal detectors and security guards would be nonsense – students wouldn’t feel comfortable in school anymore,” said Anne König another student at the Gymnasium der Benediktiner “They would feel controlled and I think that this might be understood as a threat and therefore provoke problematic students into toying with the idea of running amok.” Schools should be places where students feel comfortable and secure Even a law forbidding the possession of guns would “just make having a gun more interesting and might actually lead to students going on a rampage.” the possibility of school violence remains Karger admitted to “thinking about what I would do if something like that happened here.” “But Winnenden made me question the adolescent generation and how something like this is possible But one thing is certain – there is hardly anything you can do to prevent people from running amok.” “There will always be massacres like Winnenden no matter how they change the law or what they do,” he said attends the public Gymnasium in Meschede and concedes that maybe more security could have prevented the shooting schools don’t have as much security as in the U.S and maybe that made it easier,” Stolpe said But Stolpe said schools shouldn’t be under constant surveillance through video cameras or the like there should be “more school psychologists to deal with the outsiders and actually take their problems seriously.” It is clear that the teachers themselves cannot do very much more in terms of dealing with possible perpetrators “It would be hard for teachers to recognize problematic cases and take care of them because they lack both the time and the right qualifications,” said König “They have so many students throughout the day and can’t look inside their heads is talk about what happened in Winnenden in class Köster was disappointed that none of her teachers raised the topic “We should be talking about it because no school can claim that something like that would not happen to them,” said Köster Teachers should talk about how we can react when people run amok.” talked about the rampage in class and was happy to have done so “We discussed the shooting and it helped me to sort my thoughts and deal with what happened,” Stolpe said talking about alternatives to violence is not the teachers’ obligation but a discussion that should be had at home “that many parents obviously don’t do that.” Another heavily discussed topic is the use of violent computer games Köster is in favor of forbidding them because “playing violent computer games is very widely spread thinks that the computer games actually help adolescents to reduce their aggression rather than to build it up “Of course those games can lead to a lost sense of reality but I don’t think that they alone trigger a rampage,” Stolpe said Stolpe and Köster are aware of the problems and were shocked by the Winnenden shooting none of them is actually scared of going to school “I don’t really think about it much because thinking about it doesn’t help,” said König “Theoretically such a rampage could happen here but there is nothing I can really do to stop it That would be the only way to be completely safe.” “It’s on the back of my mind all the time but I suppress the thoughts,” Stolpe said as if something like that wouldn’t happen here But Stolpe admitted she has thought about who at her school might actually be capable of violence “I have only really heard of something like that happening in Germany twice – once seven years ago in Erfurt and now in Winnenden I don’t think anyone here could actually do something like that I don’t really think about the possibility of a rampage here at all,” Köster said Stolpe and Köster said the only thing they can do is to be more attentive “It’s hard for the school officials to figure out who truly is a threat and who is just bluffing,” said Stolpe “There are outsiders everywhere and people who are bullied by others – whom do we take seriously and whom do we not?” “paying more attention to outsiders and putting a stop to bullying might prevent something like this from happening again.” Katie Grosser is a Senior Reporter for Youth Journalism International “This incredibly important, worthwhile organization should be supported by everyone who cares about quality, ethical journalism.” — Nat Hentoff, First Amendment expert, in 2016 Consider making a recurring monthly donation Youth Journalism International / 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Click here to view a map of our impact You can find Youth Journalism International on Facebook Copyright © 2025 Youth Journalism International | Crafted by Cornershop SAM DALLING: The former Somerset and Glamorgan man retired earlier this summer due to an arm injury but has no regrets over having to call time on his career aged 28 “I don’t really understand myself what exactly is going on” admits Craig Meschede a young athlete should have been reaching his prime the most mundane day-to-day tasks were physically beyond him unbearable pain with little to no explanation When do you stare in in the face and say “enough is enough” Any professional cricketer is defined by what they do in the middle They deal in a currency of runs and wickets Small wonder many push their bodies to the limits But in doing so they throw their long-term health into jeopardy And in the grand scheme of things the potential short-term gains aren’t worth it – or rarely anyway On-field achievement shouldn’t – no mustn’t - come at the cost of something more fundamental “I can’t sacrifice my health for success,” he told The Cricketer “My strength in my right arm was nothing - it got pretty severe and I was quite worried about it to be honest It has caused a lot of pain and muscle wastage “I turn my neck to the side and the pain shoots down my right arm the former Glamorgan star decided it was time to hang up the boots Quite the opposite in fact; it was gut-wrenching and then it’s wrestled from your grasp well Injury has forced the South African-born allrounder from the sport “Cricket’s been my life for the last ten years and it’s been everything I’ve known,” he added “I always consider myself mentally sound but I definitely struggled the last two weeks prior to releasing my retirement I was trying to stay and think positive but I really struggled to be honest for two to three weeks before announcing I moved over from SA to pursue my cricketing dreams and for it to be taken away – of course “But now I’m feeling in a much stronger place If you do you’re going to compromise your future Meschede has been on these shores for more than a decade now He landed in the UK as a baby-faced teenager having spent his formative years in his native South Africa It was April 2008 when he rocked up at Kings College Taunton – an establishment that boasts England stars Jos Buttler and Tom Banton amongst its alumni - and it wasn’t long before he was on Somerset’s radar Thrown in at the deep end with a fixture on virtually his first day a debut half-century was a more than decent return particularly as he’d gone months without striking a ball in anger having a metal plate and eight screws into his left arm Nash’s son also attended the school and that led to Meschede being invited to the club on trial and it was on that day the all-rounder first crossed paths with Jason Kerr Kerr was academy director at that point and his guiding hand has been invaluable to a young man thousands of miles from his family “Jason and Darren Veness were massive influences on me – they looked after me," he explained “When I first started out he and Darren Venness guided me through the whole time I didn’t have my family so they were my support system “Whether I was going through an emotional period An injury has sadly brought Craig Meschede's career to an untimely end “When I found out I was being offered a contract Jason sat me down and was telling me off for bringing someone into the gym who wasn’t a Somerset player “And then he just said: 'on the plus side of things you’re getting a contract' I thought I was in serious trouble but then I forgot about that after he said they were going to offer me a contract.” Meschede’s early opportunities at Taunton largely came in white-ball cricket Part of the side came out on the wrong side of CB40 final to Surrey at Lords in 2011 he helped himself to an impressive 22 wickets in the competition two years later The 40-over competition had only been introduced in 2010 following the success of T20 cricket with the format abolished after just four seasons Not surprising given bore no resemblance to international cricket but Meschede is perhaps one of a handful who loved the way the game was set up – citing the reduced time in the field as a bonus “2012 and 2013 were really good - I was consistently playing in white-ball cricket when YB40 was the one-day comp I loved that format as it was more entertaining than 50 overs It was fast-paced – like a t20 competition right the way through Trust me it doesn’t sound that bad and then you are in the field and you think crikey it’s a long time For me 40-over cricket seemed a lot more entertaining.” Hearing Meschede speak of his time in the Westcountry one thing is obvious; he’d happily of spent his entire career at the club You get the impression he’d have then seen out his days at Taunton leaned against the Marcus Trescothick Pavilion The problem was Somerset’s top-order was formidable Meschede was a hostage to circumstance and so when a switch to Glamorgan – a club he’d turned down a few years previously - was muted such was his success he ended up making the deal permanent although even then he had to fight to be in the top-order “Predominantly I was a batter throughout my whole career Bowling was something I did but never really worked on it ever I batted number nine – I thought you’ve got to be joking “I bowled really well and got 30 odd not out The next game it was the same again and I was like what’s going on here I remember chatting to Jacques Rudolph and saying I’ve got to bat higher “But I scored my maiden hundred at nine with Dean Cosker at the other end providing the brick wall “I had a lovely year and really enjoyed the dressing room I ended up signing a three-year deal with after some negotiations with Somerset.” In what turned out to be his final competitive T20 outings Meschede realised his dream of playing international cricket – albeit in somewhat unusual circumstances Despite being born and bred in South Africa his family ancestry meant he was eligible to appear for Germany And when the call came to represent the associate nation in last year’s T20 World Cup Regional Finals Having attended a batting camp in the country Meschede travelled to Guernsey alongside fellow county pros Ollie Rayner and Dieter Klein the unusual tournament set up an earlier defeat at the hands of Italy proved fatal Meschede was named man of the series after several blistering displays and believes his adopted nation could be a force to be reckoned with in the future “Listen – T20 international stats I think it’s a 42 average – I’ll take that,” he says laughing They just see that stat there; take that any day There’s some amazing stuff about German and European cricket but there are lots of refugees from Afghanistan There are some really talented players but the biggest issue is a lot of them don’t have residency or a German passport so they aren’t qualified to play If they could raise some money or some funds I promise you they will be a force to be reckoned with.” For unrivalled coverage of the county season, subscribe to The Cricketer and receive four issues for £15 Welcome to www.thecricketer.com - the online home of the world’s oldest cricket magazine opinion and cricket goodness from every corner of our beautiful sport Syn-Pro by SISIS Cricket Groundcare Machinery Glamorgan 126-1 (Ingram 70no) beatLeicestershire 123 (Meschede 3-17) by nine wicketsSecond Quarter-Final After a splendid bowling effort led by a three wicket haul from Craig Meschede bowled out Leicestershire for 123 runs a blistering 70 run unbeaten knock from Colin Ingram helped Glamorgan complete the chase in 13.4 overs with nine wickets in hand to book a berth in the semi-final of the Natwest T20 Blast 2017 Cameron Delport (10) and Luke Ronchi (28) provided a quick start of 20 runs in the first two overs as the visitors looked in a dominant position of 56 for two in the powerplay Meschede (3-17) turned the game on its head with the wickets of Colin Ackermann (7) and Mark Cosgrove (13) in his first two overs and at the halfway mark only Ned Eckersley (25) showed some fight as Leicestershire were derailed after they lost six wickets in a span of 37 runs and were bowled out for 123 Meschede picked three wickets while Marchant de Lange (2-23) and Graham Wagg (2-12) contributed with two apiece Aneurin Donald (4) was dismissed in the first over from Clint McKay (1-17) but that's the only success Leicestershire managed as Ingram (70 not out) and skipper Jacques Rudolph (46 not out) added an unbeaten 121 run stand off just 76 deliveries to complete the chase in 13.4 overs Ingram was awarded the player of the match as Glamorgan making it to the finals day which has been operating in South Africa (SA) for a decade is broadening its wealth management services range And it has appointed senior relationship managers Michael Meschede and Wynand Viljoen to help with its goal Head of private banking Nicolas Syz said the bank hopes to build a more tailored and relationship-driven experience for SA clients who want bespoke wealth management and offshore investing opportunities Von: Claudia Metten Dieser Inhalt"+t(a)+"kann aufgrund Ihrer Datenschutz-Einstellungen nicht geladen werden