This is a German research project involving the wooden construction undertaken by the architect and professor Max Otto Zitzelsberger in collaboration with students at the University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU) It stands on the grounds of an open-air museum in Bavaria The volume replaces a main residence of stone and brick that was destroyed by fire and complements the existing constructions of an old farm the pavilion evokes the shape of the original countryhouse but reinterprets the lost structure and its various additions with a contemporary language it uses timber extracted sustainably from the nearby forest was cut carefully on the site and dried for over a year there arent any match using your search terms The diaries document the first chapter of the lives of the children of Gerta and Sally (Samuel) Bruckmann from Nabburg in Bavaria The diaries were written and illustrated by Gerta for her children: Friedl (Siegfried) born in 1925 A page from the baby diary of Friedl Bruckmann from Nabburg Germany that his mother Gerta marked with the baby’s weight gain for the month of August Gerta and Sally (Samuel) Bruckmann and their three children Friedl Guenther and Waltraut were murdered in Poland during the Holocaust was sent to Eretz Israel with the “Youth Aliya” immigration program in 1934 and survived the Holocaust Yad Vashem Artifacts CollectionGift of Gila Bruckmann After an upsurge of antisemitism in their hometown the Bruckmann family went to live with Gerta’s sister in Leipzig and gave them to Christian friends of the family was sent to Eretz Israel with the “Youth Aliya” immigration program in 1934 Werner Bruckmann enlisted in the Jewish Brigade When the war ended he went to the home of his family’s friends who returned their property to him—the diaries Werner learned of his family’s hardships from the time of their deportation until contact with them was lost My dear son Friedl…This book has been left lying quiet for a long time for such a bad time has now befallen the Jewish people What a lot we have to go through; our lives have become so difficult How sunny were those days of your childhood my beloved Friedl!You are only in your third year in school and you have to suffer so much upheaval in these difficult times… the family was moved to the “Jewish House” in Leipzig and in 1942 they were deported to the village of Belzyce in Poland They continued to write to non-Jewish friends in Heidelberg Germany through a Christian intermediary living in Belzyce when all contact with the Bruckmanns was lost Gerta Bruckmann wrote to her good friends: Carpe diem… “Seize the day” – this saying is most fitting for our situation Seize the day that lies between the verdict and its actualization condemned to live our lives somewhere under abnormal conditions.. Our lives exist under the shadow of the coming evacuation; maybe it is good to think everyday that it could happen tomorrow...so we slowly get used to something inevitable unless a miracle occurs at the last moment…We will take with us into exile the comfort that we have been given a gift that not everyone has – a friendship that has proven itself in the most difficult times he does not know if the friendship will last in times of trouble But we have friends on whom we can rely in every situation And friendship carries with it an obligation: we will go into exile with our heads held high a letter was received from the Bruckmann family describing the conditions in Poland: We only have two blankets to cover the five of us and we are freezing We lost our three backpacks…you must keep sending us things as long as the post office accepts packages We could survive three days just from the profits of a dress...When it rains We need rubber boots for Waltraut… you would not recognize the little girl Sally and Gerta Bruckmann and their three children Friedl Guenther and Waltraut were murdered in Poland The Yad Vashem website had recently undergone a major upgrade The page you are looking for has apparently been moved We are therefore redirecting you to what we hope will be a useful landing page For any questions/clarifications/problems, please contact: webmaster@yadvashem.org.il Metrics details devastated Europe and the nearby regions between the 14th and 18th centuries AD Here we analyse human remains from ten European archaeological sites spanning this period and reconstruct 34 ancient Y Our data support an initial entry of the bacterium through eastern Europe the absence of genetic diversity during the Black Death and low within-outbreak diversity thereafter Analysis of post-Black Death genomes shows the diversification of a Y pestis lineage into multiple genetically distinct clades that may have given rise to more than one disease reservoir in we show the loss of a genomic region that includes virulence-related genes in strains associated with late stages of the pandemic The deletion was also identified in genomes connected with the first plague pandemic (541–750 AD) suggesting a comparable evolutionary trajectory of Y a possibility that should be further explored and thus provide a link between medieval and modern plague and the Great Plague of Marseille in France (L’Observance 1720–1722 AD) cluster on an independent lineage that is to date unidentified among modern Y Both lineages descended from the strain associated with the BD and likely represent plague’s legacy in or around Europe after 1353 pestis into Europe through the east during the initial wave of the pandemic and consistently demonstrate an absence of genetic diversity in the bacterium during the BD our genomic analysis of post-BD outbreaks from central and western Europe suggests the local diversification of an extinct Y pestis lineage between the late-14th and 18th centuries that may have resided in more than one disease reservoir Phylogenetic positioning of second pandemic strains. A maximum likelihood phylogeny was generated allowing for up to 3% missing data (97% partial deletion) and considering a total of 6,058 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The image shows a graphical representation of Branches 1–4 (see Supplementary Fig. 12 for a complete phylogeny) to emphasise the phylogenetic positioning of the new and previously published second pandemic strains (labels of new 14th- to 17th-century strains appear in bold) Dashed branches denote uncertainty in the private SNP calls of the respective genomes Sub-clades of published genomes are collapsed to enhance tree visibility Numbers (n) in brackets indicate the number of strains represented in each collapsed branch Node support was estimated using 1,000 bootstrap iterations Nodes that have bootstrap values of ≥95 are indicated by asterisks (*) Geographic abbreviations of modern strain isolation locations are as follows: China (CHN) Russia (RUS) and unspecified regions of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) pestis is limited by the short read aDNA data produced here with the exception of the TRP002 and OSL1 genomes since their private SNP calls are likely affected by environmental contamination and other representative genomes exist in our dataset from the BD time period (1346–1353 AD) Labels of genomes associated with the second and third plague pandemics appear in bold The mean substitution rate across the tree (including 2.MED KIM10) was calculated to 2.85E–8 substitutions per site per year Lengths of branches are scaled to represent sample ages and the depicted Branch 1 sequences are estimated to represent 731 years (95% HPD: 672–823) of Y The time scale is shown in years before the present (BP) where present denotes the most recently isolated modern Y The plots were constructed to a maximum coverage of 20-fold and the average coverage was calculated over 3,000-bp windows Genomes are shown in chronological order from oldest (innermost circle) to youngest (outermost circle) as follows: LAI009 London BD 8124/8291/11972 (BD representative) The outermost ring represents fluctuations in GC content (%) across CO92 where dark and light grey bars show deviations from the genomic mean (47.6%) by at least one standard deviation and further sampling from these regions has the potential to inform hypotheses on plague movement and evolution the possibility of maritime introductions of plague into London and Marseille during the second pandemic vastly expands the breadth of potential geographic source(s) for these strains the phylogenetic positioning of the BED and OBS genomes within the “post-BD lineage” and in relation to other second pandemic isolates suggests they arose within Europe or its vicinity since both lineages that show this deletion are likely extinct its functional characterisation will be of importance to evaluate potential effects on maintenance in mammalian and arthropod hosts will become increasingly important for better understanding the second plague pandemic Laboratory work was primarily performed in the dedicated aDNA facilities of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena Part of the sampling and DNA extractions were performed at aDNA facilities of the ArchaeoBioCenter of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and aDNA facilities of the University of Cambridge PCR products were not sequenced as all putatively positive samples were subsequently evaluated through whole-genome enrichment and next-generation sequencing All extraction and PCR blanks were free of amplification products 26 specimens from the Augustinian Friary in Cambridge (NMS) were sampled and DNA was extracted at the University of Cambridge Roots were sawed from teeth using a sterile dremel cutting wheel and a UV-irradiated toothbrush was then used to briefly brush the roots with 5% w/v NaOCl roots were soaked in 6% w/v bleach for 5 min and finally soaked in 70% ethanol for 2 min The roots were then transferred to a sterile paper towel and UV irradiated for 50 min on each side teeth were weighed and subsequently transferred in 5-ml or 15-ml tubes for DNA extraction DNA extraction was carried out as follows: 2 ml of EDTA (0.5 M pH 8.0) and 50 μl of Proteinase K (10 mg/ml) were used for every 100 mg of sample Extractions were then incubated at room temperature for 72 h Extracted DNA was concentrated using the Amicon Ultra-15 concentrators with a 30-kDa filter DNA was then purified using the MinElute PCR purification kit (Qiagen) according to manufacturer’s instruction column-bound DNA was incubated with 100 μl of Elution buffer for 10 min at 37 °C The following protocol was carried out in the ancient DNA facility of the University of Cambridge Indexing PCR reactions were set up as follows: 50 µl of DNA library 0.1 U/µl HGS Taq Diamond and 0.2 µM indexing primer with the following cycling conditions: 5 min at 94 °C followed by 18 cycles of 30 s each at 94 °C Amplified products were purified using the MinElute kit (Qiagen) and DNA was eluted in 35 μl EB The indexed libraries were then quantified using the Quant-iT™ PicoGreen® dsDNA kit (P7589 Invitrogen™ Life Technologies) on the Synergy™ HT Multi-Mode Microplate Reader with Gen5™ software Subsequent shotgun sequencing of these libraries was carried out on an Illumina NextSeq500 platform (using the High-Output kit 1 × 75 cycle chemistry) at the University of Cambridge Biochemistry DNA Sequencing Facility where the following genomes were used as templates for probe design: CO92 chromosome (NC_003143.1) Pestoides F chromosome (NC_009381.1) and Y pseudotuberculosis IP 32953 chromosome (NC_006155.1) DNA captures were carried out on 96-well plates Each sample was either captured in its individual well or pooled with maximum one more sample from the same site Capture enrichment was carried out for two rounds except for sample NMS002 that was captured for one round Blanks with non-overlapping index combinations were captured together raw pre-processed reads from partially-UDG-treated libraries were trimmed for 2-bp at both ends to remove sites that could be affected by aDNA damage and were re-filtered for length and re-mapped using stringent parameters would need to be re-adapted for non-UDG-treated data that are heavily affected by aDNA deamination The calculated correlation coefficient (R) and R2 values were 0.57 and 0.33 which permitted the proceeding with molecular dating analysis The coverage plots were arranged in chronological order as follows: LAI009 Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article Raw sequencing data of the deep-sequenced genomes are available on the European Nucleotide Archive under project accession number PRJEB29990 Other data supporting the findings of the study are available in this article and its Supplementary Information files or from the corresponding authors upon request 1346-1353: The Complete History (Boydell and Brewer Les Hommes et la peste en France et dans les pays européens et méditerranéens Natural history of plague: perspectives from more than a century of research Bubonic Plague in Early Modern 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Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.3997 (2013) 0: fast approximate Bayesian estimates of ancient DNA damage parameters R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing Yersinia pestis evolution on a small timescale: comparison of whole genome sequences from North America Draft genome sequences of Yersinia pestis isolates from natural foci of endemic plague in China BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features ggplot2: Elegant Graphics For Data Analysis (Springer International Publishing AG Circos: an information aesthetic for comparative genomics Download references Lankapalli and Stephen Clayton for computational analysis support Cäcilia Freund and Marta Burri for laboratory support We are grateful to Monica Green for critical comments on the manuscript We thank Hans Sell and Michelle O’Reilly for graphics support Fattahov for facilitating excavations of the Laishevo III archaeological site Ayrat Sitdikov for providing access to the Laishevo III skeletal assemblage and Elizaveta V Volkova for assisting with sampling of skeletal material we would like to thank Joke Somers for the anthropological analysis and sampling of the Stans individuals We thank Bettina Jungklaus for providing the samples from Brandenburg an der Havel Bernd Trautmann for morphological analyses Jochen Haberstroh and Mathias Hensch for providing archaeological information and the staff of the SAPM for support during sample collection for his initial involvement in this project in association with the Toulouse archaeological site (16 rue des Trente Six Ponts) The fieldwork at the New Churchyard was led by Alison Telfer and radiocarbon dating was carried out by 14CHRONO Centre Analysis of radiocarbon dates from New Churchyard was performed by Derek Hamilton of the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC) Radiocarbon dating for the Stans collection was performed at the LARA laboratory of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Bern Radiocarbon dating for all other material was performed in the Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH in Mannheim The Cambridge work is supported by the Wellcome Trust (Award no C.L.S.); the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project No 2014-2020.4.01.16-0030) (C.L.S.); and the Estonian Research Council personal research grant (PRG243) (C.L.S) were supported by the Max Planck Society and the ERC starting grant APGREID (to J.K.) These authors contributed equally: Maria A Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy Munich McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences Bavarian State Department of Monuments and Sites ArchaeoBioCenter and Department of Veterinary Sciences Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine as well as identified and provided access to appropriate archaeological material facilitated excavations and provided access to unpublished archaeological information wrote the paper with contribution from all co-authors The authors declare no competing interests Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Francois Balloux and Ludovic Orlando for their contribution to the peer review of this work Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12154-0 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Microbiology newsletter — what matters in microbiology research Plasteurope.com is a business information platform for the European plastics industry It is part of KI Kunststoff Information and PIE Plastics Information Europe one of the leading content providers for the European plastics industry We offer daily updated business news and reports polymer prices and other services for the international plastics industry News | Polymer Prices | Suppliers Guide | Jobs | Register | Advertising An outline of the hand of Friedl Bruckmann Germany drawn in his baby diary by his mother Gerta “There is much talk about keeping a journal Everyone believes there is a great deal that needs to be documented I sometimes want to take a pencil and do something with it record some of what lies in the depths of my heart a relentless force deep within my soul which lays beneath my consciousness.” Extract from a diary by a young female prisoner in a forced labor camp during WWII the Jews who experienced the Holocaust yearned to describe their experiences in writing many of those trapped in ghettos and camps recorded their feelings on scraps of paper often acquired at great personal risk As their world crumbled around them and they were hunted and murdered in their millions their personal writing and creative endeavors never ceased The act of writing also served as a form of escape a temporary release from the killings and the torture from the walls surrounding them and the crematoria whose smoke billowed relentlessly into the skies above It brought comfort and reassurance that they remained human and gave them the emotional strength to continue for yet another day On discovering a hiding place after being pursued for several long months one survivor testified: “Once again I was able to write and write I just hoped I didn’t run out of paper… the paper and pencil allowed me to disassociate myself their statements also served as a last will and testament directed at those living outside the danger Together with his friends and colleagues in the Warsaw ghetto the young historian Emanuel Ringelblum laid the foundation for organized documentation during WWII by establishing the Oneg Shabbat archives as well as literary works and daily journals the authors understood the importance of recording in great detail the events they witnessed thus enabling the world — and future generations — to learn about the horrors they experienced many survivors felt an immediate need to give testimony to tell about the pain and suffering they went through They began by giving detailed accounts to spontaneously organized local committees in refugee camps and before commissions of inquiry working to investigate the war crimes of the Nazis and their collaborators newsletters and newspapers published soon after liberation they told about life in the ghettos and the camps about the aid bestowed upon them by their Jewish comrades and non-Jewish rescuers about the nightmare death marches and the dreamlike moments of freedom the foundation was slowly laid for the archives that would document one of the greatest tragedies in recorded history more than 30 survivors’ diaries were printed audio and video testimonies have been recorded thanks to the initiative of several individuals and organizations devoted to perpetuating the memory of the Holocaust which has the largest collection of survivors’ testimonies; the CDJC; and the Shoah Visual History Foundation Each of these testimonies adds one more fragment of information about the Holocaust one more piece in a picture of unimaginable cruelty and mass murder The personal stories present the Jews as human beings restoring their identities as well as touching their audience and enabling them to sympathize with their terrible plight Although we cannot hope to “understand,” these accounts help illustrate the sights and offer us insights into their all-too-human responses Personal testimonies have now become an influential and relevant genre in Holocaust motivating generation after generation to partake in the act of remembering Holocaust victims Survivors who relate their personal testimony to young people and educators from around the world are partners in perpetuating that memory as well as the rich Jewish culture that was almost completely destroyed Those of us who listen to them and publish their stories are no less involved in preserving this chain of memory: “Bearing witness Sign In Subscribe Now Dialogue and debate are integral to a free society and we welcome and encourage you to share your views on the issues of the day. 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