You can read this article in 2 minutesAgnieszka Kulikowska - Wielgus The A4 motorway in the south of North Rhine-Westphalia will be completely closed on Friday evening Signs marking detours for long-distance traffic are already in place by the roadside Photo credits @ Autobahn Gmbh (illustrative purposes only) To ensure that the old and dilapidated motorway viaduct on the A4 a support girdle has been built on the L136 which has been closed since March for this reason “The construction must be completely free of vibrations and shocks and this requires the complete closure of the A4 motorway,” explains German motorway operator Autobahn GmbH Detours have already been set for long-distance traffic 22 July at 05:00 – the A4 between Bergisch Gladbach – Bensberg Junction and Overath-Untereschbach Junction will be completely closed in both directions drivers in local traffic heading towards Opel will have to exit the motorway at the Bensberg junction A diversion for those travelling towards Cologne will start at the Untereschbach interchange Drivers travelling towards Cologne/western North Rhine-Westphalia are already being directed to a diversion at the Bielstein junction as well as the B507 (Jabachstrasse) and B56 (Zeithstrasse) to the A3-AS Lohmar motorway Before the Heumar junction (A3/A4) and before the Cologne-Ost junction (A3) messages displayed on screens above the motorway indicate that the A4 motorway is completely closed Drivers heading towards Olpe/Oberbergischer Kreis are being diverted via the A3 motorway towards Frankfurt to the Rösrath interchange and then onto the L288 (Sülztalstraße) and the B484 to the A4 Agnieszka Kulikowska - Wielgus Journalist Trans.info | 6.05.2025 Pölös Zsófia Journalist Trans.info | 5.05.2025 Fragrance on the Fly: Why Pocket Perfumes Are Perfect for Airplane TravelSponsored Article 6.05.2025 Metrics details Speech contains temporal structure that the brain must analyze to enable linguistic processing To investigate the neural basis of this analysis stimuli constructed by shuffling segments of a natural sound approximately preserving its properties on short timescales while disrupting them on longer scales We generated quilts from foreign speech to eliminate language cues and manipulated the extent of natural acoustic structure by varying the segment length Using functional magnetic resonance imaging we identified bilateral regions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) whose responses varied with segment length This effect was absent in primary auditory cortex and did not occur for quilts made from other natural sounds or acoustically matched synthetic sounds suggesting tuning to speech-specific spectrotemporal structure the STS response increased with segment length up to ∼500 ms Our results identify a locus of speech analysis in human auditory cortex that is distinct from lexical Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe The cortical organization of speech processing Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing Human temporal lobe activation by speech and non-speech sounds Multiple stages of auditory speech perception reflected in event-related fMRI Human auditory cortex is sensitive to the perceived clarity of speech auditory search and verbal comprehension to cortical activity during speech processing Bilateral speech comprehension reflects differential sensitivity to spectral and temporal features Spectral and temporal processing in human auditory cortex Hemispheric asymmetry for spectral and temporal processing in the human antero-lateral auditory belt cortex Hierarchical and asymmetric temporal sensitivity in human auditory cortices Encoding of spectral correlation over time in auditory cortex Sensitivity to temporal modulation rate and spectral bandwidth in the human auditory system: fMRI evidence A multi-tier framework for understanding spoken language in Listening to Speech: An Auditory Perspective (eds Texture synthesis by non-parametric sampling A sequence of object-processing stages revealed by fMRI in the human occipital lobe Topographic mapping of a hierarchy of temporal receptive windows using a narrated story Cortical representation of the constituent structure of sentences Decoding temporal structure in music and speech relies on shared brain resources but elicits different fine-scale spatial patterns Representation of the temporal envelope of sounds in the human brain Short-term sound temporal envelope characteristics determine multisecond time patterns of activity in human auditory cortex as shown by fMRI Sound texture perception via statistics of the auditory periphery: evidence from sound synthesis Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues Hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension New method for fMRI investigations of language: defining ROIs functionally in individual subjects Discovering structure in the space of fMRI selectivity profiles Brain-based decoding of human voice and speech Phonetic feature encoding in human superior temporal gyrus The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception Speech-specific auditory processing: where is it On the spatial organization of sound processing in the human temporal lobe: a meta-analysis On the role of theta-driven syllabic parsing in decoding speech: intelligibility of speech with a manipulated modulation spectrum Cortical pitch regions in humans respond primarily to resolved harmonics and are located in specific tonotopic regions of anterior auditory cortex Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex The functional organization of the left STS: a large scale meta-analysis of PET and fMRI studies of healthy adults The hemispheric lateralization of speech processing depends on what “speech” is: a hierarchical perspective Sensory-motor transformations for speech occur bilaterally An application of univariate and multivariate approaches in FMRI to quantifying the hemispheric lateralization of acoustic and linguistic processes Temporal low-order statistics of natural sounds in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems fMRI reveals brain regions mediating slow prosodic modulations in spoken sentences Hierarchical organization of speech perception in human auditory cortex The neural architecture of the language comprehension network: converging evidence from lesion and connectivity analyses A cortical network for semantics: (de)constructing the N400 Where are the human speech and voice regions and do other animals have anything like them Estimating sample size in functional MRI (fMRI) neuroimaging studies: Statistical power analyses Pitch-synchronous waveform processing techniques for text-to-speech synthesis using diphones Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: a general linear approach Probabilistic mapping and volume measurement of human primary auditory cortex Quantifying variability in the planum temporale: a probability map Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox (abstract) Download references Doelling for assistance with data collection Lewis for extensive help with visualization of the results using FreeSurfer Fedorenko for assistance with the parcellation algorithm Ellis for implementing the PSOLA algorithm for segment concatenation the volunteers who kindly allowed us to record their speech Simon for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript This work was supported by US National Institutes of Health grant 2R01DC05660 to D.P. a GRAMMY Foundation Research Grant to J.M.Z. Tobias Overath and Josh H McDermott: These authors contributed equally to this work Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript designed the quilting algorithm and generated the stimuli The authors declare no competing financial interests The results are shown at a statistical significance threshold of p < 0.001 (uncorrected for multiple comparisons) Frequency power spectra for speech (solid) and modulation control sounds (dashed) quilted with 30 ms (red) and 960 ms (blue) segment durations Replicability across scanning sessions for 12 participants who were scanned between two and four times The graphs plot the BOLD response normalized by the response to the 960 ms functional localizer condition in each participant’s individual fROI for the right and left hemispheric individual fROIs (red and blue respectively) in the individual scanning sessions (dashed dotted) that included the original speech quilts (i.e The solid line plots the average across scanning sessions Note that the majority of participants exhibits a plateau at around 480 ms segment duration a) A permutation test revealed that only the top-ranked cluster (out of nine) was statistically significant (red line segment) b) Profile of the top-ranked discovered cluster for the eight experimental conditions (L30 which is why the response profile is negative for the conditions yielding a low response c) Rendering of this cluster on coronal cross-sections of our participants' average structural images (y = -38 thresholded at a voxel by functional system assignment probability of r ≥ 0.7 Supplementary Figures 1–4 and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 (PDF 3438 kb) Download citation Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science After 6 years of driving innovations into the cinema market together with D-BOX Markus Overath will support the industry with one of the leading ticketing and software manufacturers he will exclusively take over the position of Director for Sales Marketing and Strategy within the COMPESO Group “As the industry has to enable innovations faster than usual these days I’m proud to lead a group of innovative people The holistic approach of multiple digital sales channels and many new products will bring back the confidence of our cinema goers Like never before our customers will be willing to explore new ways of creative Many of our latest products will speed up in the new reality as everyone wants to get back to socializing together we should take the huge opportunity to invite new customers to enjoy life and movies We will invest more than ever together with any industry partner market companion and cinema chains to reverse the interruption to a perfect rise for the coming years We will invest in creative developers and unusual technologies to get better and faster forward flexibility and more entertaining aspects will be our main drive for the years to come Everyone loves movies – so let’s show them the united force of the cinema Celluloid Junkie is the leading online resource dedicated to the global film and cinema business Join a growing community of film and cinema industry professionals from around the world who rely on CJ to provide the latest news and research on the motion picture industry Mathematician Lillian Pierce has moved with her family into Blackwell residence hall Lillian Pierce remembers watching her mother balance her checkbook and realizing that the numbers juxtaposed on the page were “My mother explained that the numbers told her what to write down next It was remarkable to me that those symbols could talk to each other -- that they had specific relationships and that it was possible to learn what those relationships were in order to play this game called long division.” a 34-year-old mathematician at Duke University works at the intersection of number theory -- a branch of mathematics that studies the properties of ordinary whole numbers like 1 trying to solve a problem in her field is like piecing together an exquisite machine “What I like about math is that you can carve out a problem that exists on its own in a perfect crystalline framework where it’s extremely clear what the rules are,” she says “For me it’s like opening a door and walking into another world.” Pierce didn’t set out to become a mathematician she was mainly home-schooled until the age of 16 painted with watercolors and published illustrations in a children’s magazine called Stone Soup Pierce started playing the violin at four years old and was playing professionally by the time she was 11.  but for a long time I was a violinist first and foremost I didn’t know that being a mathematician was even a career choice until later,” she says She credits a university professor who would eventually become her Ph.D with getting her hooked on math as an undergraduate Notorious for long hours of study on little sleep she spent as many as 30 hours a week on a single math course “You’re not going to learn if you don’t do the work,” she says Pierce says she still applies many of the same mental skills she learned as a musician to math “The focus and absorption and mental imagery it takes to memorize a piece of music and visualize how it works -- I inhabit the same mental space when I do math When she graduated from Princeton in 2002 she was the valedictorian of her class she spent two years studying math in Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar before returning to Princeton to pursue a Ph.D in preparation for meeting Queen Elizabeth II in Buckingham Palace she received this piece of advice: “Whatever you do But Pierce couldn’t hold herself back when after introducing herself to the queen as a pure mathematician “Not many girls have the head for pure maths.” “In that moment I forgot everything I’d been told about decorum," Pierce says "A friend who was standing next to me told me later what I said girls and women are told that they can’t do math Her latest contribution to number theory is joint work with Oxford mathematician Roger Heath-Brown that represents the first progress on a problem related to class numbers that researchers have pondered since the early 1800s While Pierce’s current research lies in pure mathematics she is intensely interested in the intersection of math and other fields In college she worked as an intern for the National Security Agency applying her math skills to classified research in cryptology -- the science of writing and cracking codes She aims to develop a Duke course on cryptology and ethical questions related to rights and privacy in the digital age She is also in the process of developing a new course on math, music and the brain that she hopes to co-teach in the fall of 2015 with her husband Tobias Overath a neuroscientist in the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences who studies how the brain processes sound Pierce and Overath are among 13 faculty members participating in the Faculty-in-Residence program They live on East Campus in Blackwell residence hall with their two children Copy and paste the URL below to share this page Duke Today is produced jointly by University Communications and Marketing and the Office of Communication Services (OCS) Articles are produced by staff and faculty across the university and health system to comprise a one-stop-shop for news from around Duke Geoffrey Mock of University Communications is the editor of the 'News' edition Leanora Minai of OCS is the editor of the 'Working@Duke' edition Pele the former Brazilian national soccer team leader known by his nickname "O Rei" (The King) The soccer legend had a special feeling of friendship toward Japan When a farewell match was held for Japanese soccer hero Kunishige Kamamoto in 1984 Though seven years had already passed since his own retirement he willingly agreed on "friendship participation" in the match.  helped make the visit to Japan by Brazil's revered sporting icon a reality he recalled that Pele "had a strong attachment to Japan." Pele was "pleased that the popularity of soccer The send-off match for Kamamoto was sponsored by his team's parent company, Yanmar Diesel (now Yanmar Holdings) at the old National Stadium in Tokyo. Then known as Yanmar Diesel in the Japan Soccer League, now the J.League squad is known as Cerezo Osaka.  Another special guest invited for the retirement match was Wolfgang Overath the former West German national team player and World Cup champion.   A joint news conference was arranged for Pele and Overath upon their arrivals in Japan leaving Pele to appear alone before reporters He spent the next three hours answering their questions and showing no displeasure.  who was involved in making arrangements for the news conference "If I wanted him to hold a three hour press conference in Brazil it would cost an enormous amount of money," the official said Flocks of children flocked to the hotel where Pele stayed in Tokyo "He had the children line up in the hotel lobby and worked his way down the line signing his autograph one at a time," Kagawa recalled."Pele loved Japan and Japan loved Pele He cared about his Japanese fans," said Kagawa "The global star was kind enough to treat Japanese kids with sincerity."  Pele and Overath hoisted Kamamoto onto their shoulders showing his respect for the top Japanese striker recalled Kagawa.The longtime journalist went on treated the developing sphere of Japanese soccer with sincerity," he said.  "The soccer world of Japan owes Pele a great debt (Read the obituary in Japanese at this link.) You must be logged in to post a comment. ' + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.webview_notification_text + ' " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_title + " " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_text + " Among several controversies surrounding the field of Auditory Processing Disorder (APD), one of the central unresolved topics is the putative neural origin of APD. More specifically, it is debated whether basic sensory auditory neural processes are affected in individuals with APD. The objective of the current study was to understand whether or not basic sensory auditory neural processes at the level of the brainstem are affected in those with APD. Overall, we found no significant differences between those with and without APD on the ABR waves peak latency (wave I: effect size = −0.0365, C.I. = 0.0384; wave III: effect size = −0.0540, C.I. = 0.1417; wave V: effect size = −0.0577, C.I. = 0.1589) and peak amplitude measures (wave I: effect size = 0.0327, C.I. = 0.0473; wave III: effect size = 0.1415, C.I. = 0.1648; wave V: effect size = 0.1281, C.I. = 0.1346). These findings suggest that the click-evoked ABR does not seem to be implicated in those with APD. Volume 2 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fauot.2024.1369716 Introduction: Among several controversies surrounding the field of Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) one of the central unresolved topics is the putative neural origin of APD it is debated whether basic sensory auditory neural processes are affected in individuals with APD The objective of the current study was to understand whether or not basic sensory auditory neural processes at the level of the brainstem are affected in those with APD Methods: We approached this question by conducting a meta-analysis of studies that compared the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) to brief non-speech sounds in individuals with vs The ultimate criterion for a study to be included in this meta-analysis was the presence of both APD and non-APD groups on whom ABR waves I and V were collected in response to clicks a list of inclusion and exclusion criteria were employed during our search using Google Scholar and PubMed databases (accessed between March 2021 and July 2023) we found no significant differences between those with and without APD on the ABR waves peak latency (wave I: effect size = −0.0365 = 0.0384; wave III: effect size = −0.0540 = 0.1417; wave V: effect size = −0.0577 = 0.1589) and peak amplitude measures (wave I: effect size = 0.0327 Conclusion: These findings suggest that the click-evoked ABR does not seem to be implicated in those with APD Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) has been a controversial topic in the field of Audiology for decades. Among the several controversies surrounding APD [sometimes also referred to as “Central Auditory Processing Disorder” or “(Central) Auditory Processing Disorder”], one of the key issues is the putative neural origins of APD (Moore, 2018; Vermiglio, 2018) Here we investigated whether or not APD is associated with deficits in basic sensory auditory processing at the level of the auditory brainstem by conducting a meta-analysis of the existing literature we examined whether studies that measured the click-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) a key index of basic sensory auditory neural processing at the brainstem revealed differences between individuals with vs Given the assumed specificity of APD to the auditory domain (and its neural origins in the auditory system) a thorough investigation of such putative neural origins in the auditory system is warranted the current meta-analysis focused on the findings from studies that included participants over an age range of 5–24 years Given the usefulness of the click-evoked ABR in detecting auditory deficits and V amplitudes and latencies of the click-evoked ABR for detecting deficits in auditory processing is warranted If the meta-analysis revealed an overall difference between APD vs non-APD groups with respect to their ABR metrics (latencies and/or amplitudes of waves I this would indicate that the click-evoked ABR peak amplitude and latency are sensitive measures for detecting APD if the meta-analysis revealed no difference between APD vs non-APD groups with respect to the ABR metrics this would indicate that the click-evoked ABR peak amplitude and latency are not sensitive for detecting APD For the identification of relevant studies our inclusion criterion was that studies needed to compare APD vs non-APD groups with respect to the amplitude and latency measures of the traditional click-evoked ABR (i.e. The following keywords were used to search for the relevant literature in Google Scholar and PubMed: Auditory Processing Disorder Auditory Processing Disorder electrophysiological testing Auditory Processing Disorder Auditory Evoked potentials Auditory Processing Disorder objective testing and Auditory Processing Disorder physiological testing The search used Boolean OR and no wild card characters were used to truncate or combine search terms we identified those studies that were pertinent to Auditory Processing testing studies that focused on the developmental maturation of auditory processing studies that were based on screening and diagnostic test development for APD studies that investigated neuroimaging data (e.g. studies that were based on evoked potentials other than ABR (e.g. and studies that were solely based on auditory training for APD The included studies were coded and summarized by the first and the second authors with respect to their APD diagnostic criteria, ABR parameters, and overall findings (see Table 1) Summary of studies included in the current meta-analysis review along with their characteristics Participants in the included studies were in the age range of 5–24 years Data for the APD and non-APD groups were extracted from the text, tables, and/or graphs (using a pencil and a ruler; Beeson and Robey, 2006) in the published studies The effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated via the following formula where x̄Ctrl and x̄APD denote the mean of the data for non-APD and APD groups respectively; SD is the standard deviation which was calculated using the following formula where n1 refers to the number of ears and SDCtrl denotes the standard deviation for the non-APD group while n2 refers to the number of ears and SDAPD denotes the standard deviation for the APD group This formula was used specifically to control for the unequal number of ears in the APD vs PRISMA chart depicting the stages of study inclusion/exclusion Seven of the eight studies reported ABR latencies, while six studies reported ABR amplitudes as well. With respect to ABR latency, seven studies reported wave V latency, and six studies reported wave I and wave III latencies. With respect to ABR amplitude, six studies reported wave V, five studies reported wave I, and four studies reported Wave III amplitudes (Table 2) Distribution of the included studies across the amplitude and latency measures of ABR waves I Forest plots depicting the Cohen's d (x-axis) latency difference between the APD and non-APD groups for ABR waves I (A) The width of the solid squares reflects the weight contributed by the respective study toward the overall effect size with extending horizontal lines denoting 95% confidence intervals Forest plots depicting the Cohen's d (x-axis) peak amplitude difference between the APD and non-APD groups for ABR waves I (A) For wave I latency, one study (i.e., Ankmnal-Veeranna et al., 2019) revealed a significantly longer ABR wave I latency in the APD group than the non-APD group. For wave III and V latencies, two studies (i.e., Jirsa, 2001; Ankmnal-Veeranna et al., 2019) revealed significantly longer ABR wave III and V latencies in the APD group than in the non-APD group For wave I amplitude, one study (i.e., Hurley, 2004) revealed a significantly smaller APD wave I amplitude in the APD group than in the non-APD group. For wave III and wave V amplitudes, three studies (i.e., Gopal and Pierel, 1999; Gopal et al., 2002; Hurley, 2004) revealed significantly smaller APD wave III and wave V amplitudes in the APD group than in the non-APD group Finally, we examined the average effects across studies. Overall, while there were trends toward longer latencies and smaller amplitudes in the APD group, we found no dissimilarity between the APD and non-APD groups with respect to the latency (Figure 4A) and amplitude (Figure 4B) measures for ABR waves I Diamond plots depicting the pooled effect size differences between the APD and non-APD groups for latency (A) and amplitude (B) for ABR waves I These findings could be explained by a variety of factors Future studies should therefore routinely report these additional metrics to enable a more comprehensive understanding of the putative brainstem contributions toward APD the current null result (no significant difference in the ABR measures between individuals with and without APD) does not preclude the possibility that there exist basic auditory processing differences between non-APD and APD individuals were reported to have listening difficulties but were classified as APD vs non-APD based on their performance on behavioral tests and were found to not significantly differ on the ABR measures The lack of significant ABR differences between individuals with vs without APD can be interpreted in (at least) two ways One possibility is that APD is indeed not associated with basic sensory auditory processing deficits differences in basic auditory processes between individuals with and without APD do indeed exist but the standard simple ABR measures alone are not sensitive enough to capture them deficits in the auditory brainstem at the level of the superior olivary colliculi can be detected by evaluating binaural listening given the paucity of studies investigating binaural ABRs in APD [e.g. at the moment it is difficult to understand the effects of APD on binaural ABRs One of the chief limitations of the current study is the heterogeneity across the selected studies the included studies differed from each other in terms of intensity levels Another key limitation of the current study could be the relatively smaller sample of the included studies (i.e. We believe that this is mainly due to the paucity of studies that have been conducted in this direction comparing the APD and non-APD groups across the click-ABR measures Although we tried to include as many studies as possible in the current meta-analysis the current meta-analysis could not perform statistical analysis pertaining to selection bias The current meta-analysis provides a starting point toward understanding the basic sensory auditory processing in individuals with APD We found no significant difference between those with and without APD on click-evoked ABR waves I there is a need for future studies to revisit this research question and strengthen the volume of research to achieve a more comprehensive and conclusive understanding In addition to expanding the range of click-evoked ABR metrics (peak amplitude and latency future studies should also consider investigating other neural aspects of basic auditory processing (e.g. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors Writing – review & editing The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fauot.2024.1369716/full#supplementary-material Auditory processing disorders: relationship to cognitive processes and underlying auditory neural integrity American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (2005a). 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Maggu, YWtzaGF5Lm1hZ2d1QHVjb25uLmVkdQ== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish rising star of the year Niclas Füllkrug / German national ice hockey team as surprise of the year / First inclusion award / SPORT BILD award honors 60-year Bundesliga legends Wolfgang Overath It was an evening of great stars and strong emotions: for the 21st time outstanding achievements in sport were honored at the SPORT BILD Awards on Monday in the Fischauktionshalle in Hamburg in front of around 600 guests from sport have awarded prizes in a total of eight categories The sports gala was moderated by TV presenter Andrea Kaiser and Matthias Brügelmann The first prize of the evening went to Niclas Füllkrug As “promoter of the year” he was THE German bright spot at the World Cup in Qatar and as a promoted player he was top scorer in the Bundesliga right away this year’s SPORT BILD Award also included a prize for successful inclusion in sports a mixed team for hockey players from Hamburg with and without disabilities A commitment with great success: the German team won gold at the Special Olympics in Berlin in June Hamburg’s interior and sports senator Andy Grote emphasized “the incredible joie de vivre” that the hockey conveys with their game For initiator and patron Greta Blunck (former coach of the women’s national hockey team) the SPORT BILD award is the “most beautiful prize I’ve ever received in sport” humor and professional competence characterize the new TV dream couple Esther Sedlaczek and Bastian Schweinsteiger who received the TV award for their moderation performance Even when the German team lost the World Cup they asked the right questions openly and courageously The surprise of the year for SPORT BILD was the German national ice hockey team the team sensationally made it to the final and won silver Germany’s first World Cup medal in 70 years There was a big stage at the SPORT BILD award for 60-year Bundesliga legends which had its first day of play on August 24 who became the first German champion in the history of the Bundesliga with 1 FC Köln and scored the first goal for Cologne in the Bundesliga showed in his video message that he is still active in sports at the age of 79 he was the only winner who was unable to accept the award in person the father of Borussia Dortmund’s success world footballer and leader of Borussia Mönchengladbach and FC Bayern the only German to have been named European Footballer of the Year twice who became champions three times each as a player and coach record goalscorer in the Bundesliga with 41 goals in one season who also celebrated his 35th birthday at the SPORT BILD award with a spontaneous serenade by the audience could celebrate All of the award winners agreed that they were accepting the award on behalf of many other great footballers in Bundesliga history After being promoted to the 1st Bundesliga in 2019 the Berliners surprisingly qualified for the Champions League for the first time The German champions SC Magdeburg defeated the big favorites FC Barcelona in the semifinals and won the Champions League in handball by beating Kielce in the final Sébastien Haller won the fight of his life for his life The Dortmund striker beat testicular cancer was back on the pitch 188 days after his diagnosis and scored nine goals by the end of the season For this personal victory and his comeback he received the special prize from the editor-in-chief The highlight of the SPORT BILD Award 2023 was the Star of the Year award for Ilkay Gündogan He was by far the most successful German footballer of the past season and won the treble as the new captain with Manchester City The winners of the SPORT BILD Award 2023 at a glance It’s funny because they’re butlers for the Kochs Kazuo Ishiguro won the Nobel Prize in Literature today. That’s a great excuse to read or reread his novels, or, if you’re lazy and internet-addicted like me, an even better excuse to read the best blog of the millennium—Jim Windolf’s imagining of Mike Francesa appraising Ishiguro’s career in 2015 If you have even a passing familiarity with Francesa or Ishiguro or even sports talk radio and books in general The connection between Francesa and Ishiguro goes beyond Windolf’s comic genius The narrator and main character of Ishiguro’s 1989 The Remains of the Day—played by Anthony Hopkins in the 1993 movie adaptation—thinks exactly like the baboons who populate the semipermeable membrane between sports radio and television and conservative punditry Much like the constellation of personalities that make up the sports and right-wing media Stevens thinks that he’s defending lost honor and rowing against the shitty tide of history Conservative publications like Breitbart and the Federalist tend to be funded by mega-rich industrialists or secret Nazis Stevens believes that his masters are benevolent and that helping them fulfill their mission—through his butlering—is the most honorable thing in the world Tomi Lahren and friends are barely removed from being literal butlers for the Kochs and Mercers; the only difference is that Ishiguro imbues Stevens with more pathos than they’ve ever shown At least four times in The Remains of the Day an English butler in 1956 sounds exactly like a conservative pundit would in 2017 Neighbours had good organization skills; he did mastermind a number of large occasions with conspicuous style But at no stage did he ever approach the status of a great butler I could have told you this at the height of his reputation just as I could have predicted his downfall…” Much of the narrator’s interior monologue is concerned what what makes a butler “great” and who the truly great butlers are, the classic and insufferable framing of many sports debates This particular passage is the raw id of Skip Bayless: proclaiming that the beloved superstar is a fraud specifically dismissing someone successful as simply flashy and making sure to point out that he had called it all along.The passage: “It is sometimes said that butlers only truly exist in England Other countries…have only manservants Continentals are unable to be butlers because they are as a breed incapable of the emotional restraint which only the English race are capable of as you will no doubt agree—are as a rule unable to control themselves in moments of strong emotion and are thus unable to maintain a professional demeanour other than in the least challenging of situations.” The hacky scientific racism could be any buildup to a major fight, but the obsession with Maintaining Emotional Control is all Mike Cernovich.The passage: but Stevens gets mad at the housekeeper for calling his father “William” instead of “Mr Stevens” even though she technically ranks above him on the household staff Frenchmen…and to think we have to be seen by the world to be arm in arm with them One wishes for a good bath at the mere reminder…Last time I was in Berlin came up and said: ‘Why do you do this to us Don’t you see we can’t go on like this?’ I was jolly well tempted to tell him it’s those wretched Frenchmen But I suppose one can’t do things like that This is the exact form—“I’m not saying it, wink, wink, and it sure would be gross if I did!”—that Donald Trump uses all the time, most famously when he used it to call Ted Cruz a pussy The chicken spot is also expanding into Mueller Popular Austin casual Mexican restaurant Fresa’s Chicken al Carbon is opening its third new location this year It’ll be found in the Westlake neighborhood at 3600 North Capital of Texas Highway The Westlake menu is similar the other two Fresa’s locations in downtown and Bouldin Creek two with chickens either in achiote and citrus or Yucatan spiced; and then the chimichurri skirt steak which are filled with variations of those meats or other vegetables which means drinks like margaritas (regular There are also nonalcoholic drinks like aguas frescas and Arnold Palmers made with lemon aguas frescas There’s also a to-go window for takeout orders Fresa’s is also planning on opening a fourth location out in Mueller in September 2024 Fresa’s restaurant neighbors in the 3600 North Capital of Texas Highway plaza include Jack Allen’s Kitchen. Fresa’s Westlake hours are from 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. Monday through Friday, and then from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. The takeout window hours are from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. daily. Update, September 29, 11:00 a.m.: This article, originally published on July 27, has been updated with Fresa’s Westlake opening date and that it is opening a Mueller location. Oops. Something went wrong. Please enter a valid email and try again. Volume 15 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.665767 This article is part of the Research TopicExamining the neurodynamics of emotional experiences with naturalistic paradigmsView all 6 articles humans experience a wide range of emotions in response to changes in musical features While many studies have investigated how isolated elements of tonal and rhythmic properties are processed in the human brain it remains unclear whether these findings with such controlled stimuli are generalizable to complex stimuli in the real world we present an analytical framework of a linearized encoding analysis based on a set of music information retrieval features to investigate the rapid cortical encoding of tonal and rhythmic hierarchies in natural music We applied this framework to a public domain EEG dataset (OpenMIIR) to deconvolve overlapping EEG responses to various musical features in continuous music the proposed framework investigated the EEG encoding of the following features: tonal stability This analysis revealed a differential spatiotemporal neural encoding of beat and meter but not of tonal stability and key clarity The results demonstrate that this framework can uncover associations of ongoing brain activity with relevant musical features which could be further extended to other relevant measures such as time-resolved emotional responses in future studies designs that take advantage of the multiple complex features of natural music stimuli are needed to confirm the results of these experiments the aim of our study was to set up a continuous music framework that is not only able to detect encoding of beat and meter but also able to distinguish between the two they chose the power slope of the audio signal as a predictor which is considered a basic acoustic measure that underlies more complex features such as beat and meter Building on the groundwork of these previous multivariate music analyses, we used the mTRF to analyze high-level tonal and rhythmic features of natural, continuous music stimuli extracted with the Music Information Retrieval (MIR) MATLAB toolbox (Lartillot and Toiviainen, 2007) The proposed framework aims to better understand how we process everyday music In an attempt to model Krumhansl’s hierarchical organization of musical features, we also expanded on the features provided in the MIR toolbox to further enhance ecological validity. For example, key clarity, which measures how tonally similar a given frame of music is to a given key signature, has been used in several studies (Alluri et al., 2012; Sturm et al., 2015; Burunat et al., 2016) yet may not provide an accurate measurement of a musical event’s tonality within the context of the entire musical excerpt This motivated us to develop a novel feature called tonal stability which contextualizes a particular musical event with respect to the tonal history thus far Tonal stability quantifies the tonal hierarchy of a piece of music by taking the angular similarity between the key strength of a certain frame and the averaged key strength up until that frame This allows us to determine how stable a musical event (or a frame) is within a given tonal hierarchy it calculates how related the chord implied in an individual frame is to the overarching key which is derived from a cumulative moving average By continuously measuring local changes in tonal key centers with respect to the whole musical excerpt we approximated the ongoing perception of tonal stability no prior study has developed such an analytical framework for combining MIR toolbox features with the mTRF to investigate how tonal and rhythmic features are encoded in the EEG signal during the listening of natural music We considered a variety of features for the construction of our analytical models The foundational feature in all models was the temporal envelope of the auditory stimulus which contains low-level acoustic features such as amplitude variations we used key clarity and tonal stability as our two additional features we looked at the onset of every beat and their relative strengths within the given meter A whole-spectrum envelope was calculated as the absolute value of the Hilbert transform of the musical signal The envelope was down-sampled to the EEG’s sampling rate after anti-aliasing high-pass filtering This feature describing whole-spectrum acoustic energy served as a baseline for other models adding tonal and rhythmic features Our novel tonal stability feature was designed to contextualize the key strength with respect to the overall key strength of a given musical piece It is computed with an angular similarity between the key strength vector of a single frame and a cumulative average of key strength vectors up until the adjacent previous frame as: where s(t) is tonal stability of the t-th frame is an angle between the two key strength vectors v(t) is a key strength vector of the t-th frame and v¯⁢(j)=∑i=1jv⁢(i)/j is a cumulative moving average of key strength vectors from the first to the j-th frame The angular similarity is bounded between 0 and 1 inclusively (1 when two vectors are parallel the tonal stability is also bounded between 0 and 1: 0 when key strength vectors are in opposite directions (i.e. implied keys are most distant on the cycle of fifths; in other words (A) Key strength of the C-major profile (red) and F#-major profile (blue) are computed for all 24 target keys (i.e. The profiles were used as ideal chromagrams that yield a maximal key clarity of one (B) For geometrical intuition of tonal stability the key strength vectors of 12 major keys are projected on the 2-dimensional plane of the first two principal components which together explained 65% of the total variance (C) Tonal stability of the C-major profile with respect to all 24 reference keys (i.e. the angular similarity between key strength vectors) and sorted in descending order Note that key clarity of the C-major profile is always one while its tonal stability varies depending on the reference key (i.e. tonal stability was expected to be encoded within these latencies As low-level rhythmic feature, we used beats (Grahn and McAuley, 2009; Stober, 2017). Beats were extracted using the dynamic beat tracker in the Librosa library2 and included in the shared public data We modeled beats using a unit impulse function (i.e. As high-level rhythmic feature, we used meter, which was based on beats. We weighted the strength of each beat in a musical excerpt, according to a beat accent system that is most prevalent in Western classical music, by separating beats into three tiers: strong, middle, and weak (Grahn and Rowe, 2009; Vuust and Witek, 2014) A separate unit impulse function was created for each of the three levels Note that the tiers correspond to the strength of a beat not the position (or phase) within a measure 4/4 meter signature: beat 1=strong; beat 2=weak; beat 3=middle; and beat 4=weak 3/4 meter signature: beat 1=strong; beat 2=weak; and beat 3=weak One participant was excluded from the dataset due to coughing and movement-related artifacts The average age of the participants was 23 Participants filled out a questionnaire asking about their musical playing and listening background Seven out of the nine participants were musicians which was defined as having engaged in a regular daily practice of a musical instrument (including voice) for one or more years The average number of years of daily musical practice was 5.4 years The average number of formal years of musical training was 4.9 years participants were asked to name and rate how familiar they were with the 12 stimuli of the experiment they were asked to tap/clap along to the beat which was then given a score by the researcher based on accuracy Seven participants were given 100% on their ability to tap along to the beat All participants were familiar with 80% or more of the musical stimuli There were 12 different, highly familiar musical excerpts that ranged between 6.9 and 13.9 s, with an average duration of 10.5 s each. Exactly half of the songs had a 3/4 time signature, and the other songs had a 4/4 time signature. Table 1 lists the popular songs that the stimuli were taken from. The tonal features of these stimuli are shown in Figure 2 The two features were not significantly correlated in any of the stimuli (minimum uncorrected-p = 0.08) Envelopes outside the analysis window are shown in dashed lines We analyzed the “Perception” condition which was the first out of four experimental conditions The rest of the conditions involved musical imagery tasks All 12 stimuli were played in a randomized order once per block This resulted in a total of 60 trials for each condition (i.e. a stimulus was preceded by two measures of cue beats Trials were epoched using pop_epoch between 100 ms after music onset (i.e. after beat cues) and 100 ms before music offset with a window length of 200 ms for tonal feature extraction The EEG signal was then down-sampled to 128 Hz (pop_resample) and normalized by Z-scoring each trial The linearized encoding analysis was carried out using the mTRF MATLAB Toolbox6 (v2.1) created by Crosse et al. (2016) we fit a set of lagged stimulus features to response timeseries to estimate time-varying causal impacts of features to the response timeseries: where y(t) and x(t) are a response and a feature at a time point t and b(d) is a weight that represents the impact of a feature at a delay d a transfer function or a kernel of a linear filter) is called a TRF ridge) to estimate TRFs where multicollinearity exists among multiple features The encoding analysis is performed at each channel at a time (i.e. multiple independent variables and a univariate dependent variable) The validity of the estimated TRFs is often tested via cross-validation (i.e. convolving test features with a kernel estimated from a training set to predict test responses) the FIR model can be expressed in a matrix form: where y ∈ ℝT × 1 is an EEG response vector from a given channel over T time points X ∈ ℝT × PD is a feature matrix of which columns are P features lagged over D time points (i.e. β ∈ ℝ1 × PD is a vector of unknown weights and ε ∈ ℝT × 1 is a vector of Gaussian noise with unknown serial correlation Note that a feature set could consist of multiple sub-features (e.g. 16-channel cochleogram and 3-channel meter) The vector β is concatenated weights over D delays for P features we column-wise normalized y and X by taking Z-scores per trial A ridge solution of Eq. 2 is given (Hoerl and Kennard, 1970) as: where I ∈ ℝPD × PD is an identity matrix and λ0 is a regularization parameter that penalizes (i.e. the ridge estimates are dependent on the selection of regularization The lambda was optimized on training data (i.e. a lambda that yields the maximal prediction accuracy for each channel) and the validity of this model was tested on testing data (i.e. predicting EEG response based on given features) through the leave-one-out cross-validation scheme using mTRFcrossval The prediction accuracy was measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient we used 79 delays from −150 ms to 450 ms and 21 loglinearly spaced lambda values from 2−10 to 210 We discarded time points where the kernel exceeded trial boundaries (i.e. valid boundary condition) to avoid zero-padding artifacts (e.g. We created multiple models with varying terms and compared prediction accuracies to infer the significance of encoding of a specific feature in the responses where Xi and βi are a Toeplitz matrix and a weight vector for the i-th feature Equation 4 served as a baseline model and Eq 6 are tonal models while covarying rhythmic features Note that the comparisons were made to infer the effect of the addition of each feature despite their multicollinearity if there is no uniquely explained variance by the last term the full model (with the last term) cannot yield greater prediction accuracy than the reduced model (without the last term) clusters were defined at an arbitrary threshold of the alpha-level of 0.05 and the cluster-wise p-values are thresholded at the alpha-level of 0.05 to control the FWER to 0.05 To estimate the variation of the point estimate of a prediction accuracy difference, we bootstrapped cluster-mean prediction accuracies for 10,000 times to compute 95% confidence intervals. For the visualization of results, modified versions of topoplot in EEGLAB and cat_plot_boxplot in CAT128 are used To demonstrate the false positive control and the sensitivity of the current procedure, we randomized the phases of envelopes (Menon and Levitin, 2005; Abrams et al., 2013; Farbood et al., 2015; Kaneshiro et al., 2020) to create control features with disrupted temporal structure If the prediction is not due to the encoding of temporal information phase-randomized envelope) would be expected to explain the EEG data as well as the original envelope the phases of envelopes were randomized via fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT for each stimulus the randomized envelope was identical throughout repeated representations over trials and model evaluation processes were repeated 50 times across all participants the prediction accuracies averaged across phase-randomizations were compared with the prediction accuracies with the actual envelopes using the cluster-based Monte Carlo permutation test with the same alpha-levels as in the main analysis which predicted trial-onset responses in phase-randomized models When a weaker null model without the trial-onset was compared (i.e. the testing revealed increased prediction accuracy in 56 electrodes (cluster-p = 0.0001) presumably reflecting the widespread auditory activity via volume conduction (figure not shown) (A,B) Mean prediction accuracies averaged across subjects are shown in topoplots for a null model (Erand phase-randomized envelope) and a faithful model (Eobs (C) t-statistics comparing differences in prediction accuracies are shown Channels included in significant clusters (cluster-p < 0.05) are marked in white (D) Prediction accuracies averaged within the cluster with the smallest p-value are plotted for each participant (E) Temporal response functions averaged within the cluster are shown Shades mark one standard error of the mean across participants With respect to the low-level rhythmic feature, the analysis revealed significant encoding of beat (Eq. 5-1 vs. Eq. 4; Figure 4) in a cluster of 20 central channels [cluster-mean rreduced = 0.0314; rfull = 0.0341; rfull – rreduced = 0.0027 0.0042); ΣT = 52.4; cluster-p = 0.0234] Similarly to the envelope tracking results a significant increase of prediction accuracy indicates a unique contribution of beat in addition to envelope (A,B) Mean prediction accuracies of a reduced model (E (D) Prediction accuracies averaged within the cluster with the smallest p-value are plotted for each subject (E,F) Temporal response functions of features averaged across electrodes within the cluster are shown TRFs are Z-scored across lags for different regularizations across electrodes/participants With respect to the high-level rhythmic feature, the analysis revealed significant encoding of meter (Eq. 5-2 vs. Eq. 5-1; Figure 5) in a cluster of 16 frontal and central channels [cluster-mean rreduced = 0.0337; rfull = 0.0398; rfull – rreduced = 0.0062 0.0099); ΣT = 34.6; cluster-p = 0.0137] a significant increase of prediction accuracy indicates a unique contribution of meter in addition to envelope and beat The TRFs for meter showed different patterns by accents (A,B) Mean prediction accuracies of a reduced model (E + B Envelope + Beat) and a full model (E + B + M (E,F) Temporal response functions of features averaged within the cluster are shown (G) Temporal response functions of the meter features (strong beat 4/4/: strong-weak-middle-weak) averaged within the cluster are shown We did not find a significant increase of prediction accuracy for either key clarity or tonal stability calculated on each beat or measure (Eq. 6-1 vs. Eq. 5-2, minimum cluster-p = 0.1211; Eq. 6-2 vs. Eq. 5-2, minimum cluster-p = 0.0762; Supplementary Figures 2–5) We showed cortical encoding of beats and meter during the listening of every day, continuous musical examples. This was observed most strongly over frontal and central EEG channels, which have long been implicated as markers of auditory processing activity (Näätänen and Picton, 1987; Zouridakis et al., 1998; Stropahl et al., 2018) key clarity and tonal stability were not conclusively represented in the cortical signal in our models The use of continuous music and EEG in the proposed framework lends itself particularly well to determining these various mechanisms of beat perception The distinct topologies observed between the beats and meter features are especially intriguing given the relatively short duration of each stimulus (10.5 s on average) key clarity showed scattered encoding patterns across all brain regions with weaker magnitudes of correlations although such an association with evoked EEG responses (or the absence thereof) has not been previously reported One possibility for the current negative finding with respect to tonal features is that the musical stimuli in the current dataset might not have been optimal for our interest in the tonal analysis given their tonal simplicity (see section “Limitations” for further discussion) especially ones that have increased dramatic shifts in tonality with more participants The dataset also did not contain simultaneous behavioral ratings of the music which resulted in us being unable to analyze our data alongside measures such as emotion One limitation in our analysis is that we used a single regularization parameter for all features, as currently implemented in the mTRF Toolbox. However, it has been shown that using independent regularization for each feature set (“banded ridge”) can improve the prediction and interpretability of joint modeling in fMRI encoding analysis (Nunez-Elizalde et al., 2019) it is expected that a systematic investigation on the merits of banded ridge regression in mTRF analysis on M/EEG data would benefit the community we hope that this framework can serve two broad purposes The first is for it to enhance the ecological validity of future music experiments The second is for it to be used as a tool that can be paired with other metrics of interest Emotion is perhaps the most fitting application of this framework given the special ability of music to make us experience intense feelings Combining the current analytic framework with behavioral measures like emotion will be especially useful because it could shed light on what factors interact with our anticipation of tonality and rhythm during music listening when combined with continuous behavioral measures this might 1 day be used to elucidate how changes in certain musical features make us happy or sad which could deepen our knowledge of how music can be used therapeutically or clinically some current limitations of the tonal stability measure provide future researchers with opportunities for innovation it would be useful to create a tonal stability measure that can account for multiple (shifting) tonal centers within a single piece of music we presented an analytical framework to investigate tonal and rhythmic hierarchy encoded in neural signals while listening to homophonic music Though the model did not demonstrate the presence of the proposed tonal stability measure it did successfully capture cortical encoding of rhythmic hierarchy the framework was able to differentiate the spatial encoding of low/high-level features as represented by the separate encoding of beat and meter The current framework is applicable to any form of music by directly feeding audio signals into the linearizing model it has the possibility of including other time-resolved measures to appropriately address the complexity and multivariate nature of music and other affective naturalistic stimuli This will bring us to a more complete understanding of how tonality and rhythm are processed over time and why the anticipation and perception of these features can induce a variety of emotional responses within us The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Board at the University of Western Ontario The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study S-GK formulated models and wrote code for analysis and visualization All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This work was supported by Duke University startup funds to TO We thank Sebastian Stober for sharing the OpenMIIR dataset We also thank Michael Broderick for technical discussion on the mTRF analysis The editor and reviewers helped us in improving the earlier version of the manuscript The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2021.665767/full#supplementary-material Inter-subject synchronization of brain responses during natural music 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brain responses to naturalistic music stimuli Rhythmic complexity and predictive coding: a novel approach to modeling rhythm and meter perception in music Complete functional characterization of sensory neurons by system identification doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113024 When the brain plays music: auditory-motor interactions in music perception and production Effects of global and local contexts on chord processing: an ERP study doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.016 Multiple bilaterally asymmetric cortical sources account for the auditory N1m component Google Scholar Wan J and Overath T (2021) An Analytical Framework of Tonal and Rhythmic Hierarchy in Natural Music Using the Multivariate Temporal Response Function Copyright © 2021 Leahy, Kim, Wan and Overath. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Seung-Goo Kim, c29sbGVvQGdtYWlsLmNvbQ==; Tobias Overath, dC5vdmVyYXRoQGR1a2UuZWR1 †These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship Gerd Müller . Photo: Bundesliga The football loving folk must be saddened by the passing of German goal-scoring legend Of all the Müllers who graced the jersey of Die Deutsche Mannschaft as Gerd was hailed in his country and elsewhere remains the authentic one in the popular imagination – no disrespect to Thomas whose goals propelled Germany and Bayern to World Cup and European club glory I first heard of Gerd Müller’s scoring exploits in the late sixties By then he had been part of a Bayern team which dislodged 1860 Munich as the number one team in the Bavarian city and who had lifted its first European trophy defeating Glasgow Rangers in extra time in the 1967 European Cup Winners Cup final in Nuremberg Müller was still not a household name outside Germany then He was top scorer in the 1970 World Cup when West Germany finished third behind Brazil and Italy after an Overath goal decided the Third Place consolation contest against Uruguay By then Der Bomber had been consecrated as one of the deadliest goal predators around he demonstrated having a sixth sense when it came to perfect positioning for the ball in the penalty area – the authentic ‘fox in the box’ to use the outworn English cliché He could leap and head with precision and swing his boot in mid-air to change the direction of a cross into the opponent’s net He was technically gifted with low centre of gravity and possessed tremendous speed over very short distances His five other Bayern Munich colleagues provided the backbone to what was the most spectacular West German team of all time: the 1972 European Championship winning team Enhanced by the Borussia Moenchengladbach contingent foremost among whom being a rejuvenated Gunther Netzer who replaced the injured Wolfgang Overath at the heart of the midfield West Germany became the national team version of the all-conquering Dutch club side Helmut Schoen had discovered the right formula for national team success with Paul Breitner eventually to be converted by Miljan Miljanic at Real Madrid to midfield maestro foraging from the left side of defence in what was then the role of an overlapping full back a typical modern wing back in today’s jargon ‘Kaiser’ Franz Beckenbauer complemented the midfield from defence by switching to attack with his customary aplomb – without breaking sweat- spraying precise passes with his outstep Netzer was the hub of the team flanked by the tireless Herbert Wimmer all these providing the ammunition for Gerd Müller to score freely alongside the classy Jupp Heynckes 1972 saw a ‘cock a hoop’ West Germany demolish all before them as they won their first of three (the last in what I would call post ‘anchluss’ Germany) European Championships The turning point was their 3-1 triumph against England at Wembley where the home team was said to have been ‘Netzered’ in a book by broadcasters Brian Moore and Martin Tyler thus piling on further misery on England two years on from his winning extra time goal against the same opponents in Leon A World Cup on home soil was soon to follow as Gerd Müller continued to take all kinds of defences by storm including that of the much fancied and arguably stronger Dutch team (Cruyff and all) in the 1974 World Cup final Muller settled the match after Germany clawed their way back from behind This was a more pragmatic West Germany side than the one that won the 1972 euros was dropped and Wolfgang Overath of FC Koln was restored to the central midfield berth Players such as Rainer Bonhof and Bernd Holzenbein came in to bolster the side one from Borussia Moenchengladbach and the other from Eintracht Frankfurt Der Bomber however was relied upon to pull the team’s chestnuts out of the fire Those World Cup finals occurred against a larger background (before and after) having its fair share of turbulence Security was at its highest as West Germany was still reeling from the terrorist attacks on Israeli athletes in Munich two years earlier There were other world events surrounding this period: the fall-out from the OPEC embargo vis a vis states that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur war the sudden resignation of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in light of intelligence services outing one of his closest aides as an undercover STASI (East German secret police) agent and the presence in the finals of Chile (West Germany’s s first opponents in the tournament) on the back of a World Cup qualifying second leg ‘ walk-over ‘ as the Soviet Union refused to play in a stadium associated with the Pinochet-regime’s bloody purge Harry Kissenger’s presence at these games served to provide some connection with a number of these episodes Müller’s goals and those of others might have provided some welcome relief from them Müller led Bayern to the first of a hat-trick of back to back European Champions Cup wins deadly counterattacking spearheaded by Muller and some dose of good fortune (a last gasp equaliser by George Shwarzenbeck in the 1974 final against Atletico controversial refereeing decisions against Leeds United in the 1975 final and the crossbar against St Etienne in the third final) in winning the European Champions Cup (or European Cup as it was popularly called then) was a far cry from their attempts at European success after the 1967 European Cup Winners Cup triumph 1973 saw them being given their comeuppance by the all-conquering Ajax at the quarter final stage It all happened in the first leg in Amsterdam as Ajax put on a masterclass typical of the best club side in the world at the time They romped to a 4-0 unassailable first leg lead Bayern won the return leg at Munich’s Olimpiastadion by a solitary goal difference with Der Bomber Müller finding the Dutch net It must have been the presage for what was to occur a year later in the same stadium when West Germany availed themselves of home advantage in the final to defeat a refreshing Dutch national side which had lit up the competition His decisive strike in a 2-1 win marked Gerd Müller’s crowning moment though he would score decisive goals for Bayern in Bundesliga and European Champions cup matches He would later disappear into oblivion after a spell in that elephant’s soccer graveyard that was the North American soccer league Alcoholism took over his life and he was thrown a lifeline as Bayern restructured under the direction of his former team mates and took him on as a member of the coaching staff His demise on 14 August was not totally unexpected Interviewed by the press a few months back to have stated that he was veering across ‘ this bank and shoal of time’ if I am allowed to quote Shakespeare rather than a German literary giant He was said to be moving towards the “al di la” the Italian newspaper reported his wife as saying This is a sad ending to one whose name is forever written down in the annals of a German footballing history which is rich in achievements at national and club level Gerd Muller contributed immensely to this history When professional musicians play an instrument read music or imagine themselves performing their brain is activated in a distinctive way Koh has been playing violin since she was three years old she suffered a concussion in 2013 which for some time left her unable to use her instrument for more than 20 minutes at a time Koh has now regained all her musical abilities but this accident triggered a real fascination for neurosciences and led to her collaboration with the Duke Institute for Brain Science and with Overath and Lindroth Koh came to give a concert at Duke's University which was also the opportunity for the researchers to conduct a series of experiments on her brain she also made time to go organized an fMRI scan during which Koh's brain activity was measured while she completed three tasks she was asked to imagine playing a series of classical works that she knew by heart She was then invited to read the partitions of both pieces Analysis of her brain's activity indicate that a unique activation pattern for each of the different tasks but common traits were also observed by the researchers For example the brain area responsible for planning movement lit up on all three occasions even though Koh didn't move suggesting an increased sensitivity to music for professionals They display a unique and particularly intense cognitive response during which their whole body is prepared to respond to music "The musician's brain is exquisitely sensitive to all aspects of music reading or imagining playing music," Overath comments "You engage a whole range of areas of your brain – it's quite literally a whole body experience These results will now be presented to Duke University Students during a class taught by Overath and Lindroth called "Music and the brain" which looks at the interconnections between neurosciences and musical performance The Statesman reports that chefs Rene Ortiz and Laura Sawicki have partnered with the owners of Fresa's Chicken al Carbon to bring twin restaurants to East Austin in 2014 new restaurant Launderette will be a "neighborhood cafe and grocery" focused on food not defined by "exotic pairings and gastronomical acrobatics." According to The Statesman: Fresa's owners Margaret Vera and Tracy Overath have parted ways with McGuire Moorman Hospitality and are taking full control of Fresa's Ortiz will serve as the executive chef across all projects Ortiz first connected with Vera because their children "go to the same school." The full press release is below Looking to access paid articles across multiple policy topics Interested in policy insights for EU professional organisations German consumers spent considerably more money on fair trade products last year, with only British customers spending more in the EU, ahead of the introduction of a pioneer fair trade label on sustainable clothes in the Federal Republic. EURACTIV Germany reports Consumers in Germany attach increasingly more value to fair trade products Sales in the fair trade market grew 26% in 2014 compared to the previous year This is the “strongest absolute growth” since the existence of the fair trade label managing director of the TransFair association Overath described the German fair trade market as the most “dynamic worldwide” The political consciousness among German consumers has grown considerably over the past few years In light of catastrophes and deficiencies around the world an increasing number of people want to make a positive contribution The four most important product categories are still coffee with 18% growth Bananas also “made a real jump” with an added 62% and an 8% market share in the German banana market 7,590 tonnes of fair trade cocoa were sold in 2014 a sixfold increase compared to the previous year Germany’s per capita expenditure for fair trade products is currently around €10 “In the United Kingdom and Switzerland consumers spend three to four times as much on fair trade goods,” Overath pointed out he said he sees fair trade products as being on the upswing in Germany are increasingly choosing to back fair trade products occasionally out of fear that soon people in the global south will no longer be willing to work in the fields for starvation wages the younger generation will migrate to the cities as long as nothing changes regarding the income situation on the plantations,” Overath said Work in progress: fair trade label for clothing Transfair hopes to jumpstart a fair trade label for textiles But so far it is unclear whether the plan will only cover cotton clothing or also include synthetic textiles The goal of the new label is to maintain compliance with minimum social standards along the entire supply chain the traditional fair trade label is the most well-known and most trusted At the end of last year, TransFair joined Development Minister Gerd Müller’s Textile Alliance it hoped to advise various stakeholders – fashion companies and NGOs – on standard-setting In the long-term, Müller plans to introduce another sustainability label dubbed the “green button”. But the Textile Alliance is critical of the plan because not a single notable fashion company has joined yet we still support the Alliance because it keeps the discussion on social standards in the fashion industry running and tries to raise the baseline level,” said Michael Fuchs But consumers will have to dig deeper into their pockets to purchase items with the planned fair trade tag Retailers must have the courage to ask their customers for more money,” said Transfair’s managing director Overath To provide a long-term guarantee of living wages in manufacturing countries unions must also be assembled and strengthened The fair trade label is applied to all products for which smallholders and plantation workers received appropriate prices and work under fair working conditions there should be local investment in education and development projects as well as environmental production an estimated 42,000 stores offer products with the label The TransFair association was founded in 1992 The organisation itself does not handle goods but bestows the fair trade label upon fairly traded products and promotes awareness on sustainable consumption Former Sway and La Condesa executive chef Rene Ortiz and executive pastry chef Laura Sawicki are partnering with Fresa’s Chicken al Carbon owners Margaret Vera and Tracy Overath to form a new restaurant group that will open neighborhood grocery and cafe Launderette in summer 2014 offering “real food … not defined by exotic pairings and gastronomical acrobatics.” Ortiz says the menu will change as they see fit and he will cook what he calls “one-two-three food,” meaning a protein plus accouterment plus sauce “It’s an all-day café geared to who we are as people,” Ortiz said “We just want to be able to cook and have fun … We’re not going to be cooking with lasers.” Ortiz’s friend and culinary kindred spirit Sawicki will offer ice creams by the scoop at Launderette along with items such as pie crusts and cookie dough from the grocery Ortiz is coy on the location but says it will be in East Austin and will “complement the neighborhood.” The building will also feature a Chinese take-out operation called Angry Bear Ortiz talks about the Bear with a sense of whimsy and mystery saying the concept started out as an art project Ortiz said Angry Bear will have a Szechuan bent and be “crazy and full of fluorescent lighting.” Don’t expect any “orange sticky sauces” or high-fructose corn syrup “I love chilies and love fermentation,” Ortiz said Vera and Overath recently became managing partners of Fresa’s Ortiz and Sawicki will oversee the culinary operations at Fresa’s which is actively looking to open more locations “It allows me to stay in touch with my heritage smoothie and natural food purveyors JuiceLand will open their sixth location on Sunday at 2601 E It will be the popular juice bar’s first location in East Austin fittingly moving into the location that once housed Good Flow Juice factory The new location will offer the same drinks and food as the other locations and for us to be able to serve fresh juice to the community out of that space seems very serendipitous,” JuiceLand owner Matt Shook said having lived on Holly Street for several years I have always had a certain affection with the East Cesar Chavez neighborhood and serving that eclectic community feels like a homecoming of sorts for me personally.” JuiceLand’s aguas frescas will also serve as cocktail mixes JuiceLand will sell two flavors of their aguas frescas — cucumber-kale-lime and Fun Punch (pineapple ginger and lemon) — as House Party cocktail mix They will sell gallon containers filled 3/4-full for $15 “Add your favorite premium vodka or tequila to the gallon and you have the perfect recipe,” Shook said JuiceLand on Cesar Chavez will serve as a juice bar as well as the commissary kitchen for all JuiceLand locations the new location will offer two stamps for every drink purchased during the month of December location at 5400 Burnet Road is closed for a major remodeling The new space will feature outdoor seating and a playscape for the kiddos Owner Drew Gressett says they are remodeling to bring the restaurant more in line with their overall concept similar to their Westlake location and new Georgetown location (201 San Gabriel Village Blvd.) Strange Land Brewery is in the process of building out their brewery in the vacant building on Hat Creek’s Westlake site (5902 Bee Caves Road) all Hat Creek locations will serve Strange Land draft beer North Loop restaurant Foreign & Domestic holds its second annual Indie Chefs Week on Jan Chef-owner Ned Elliott will turn his kitchen over to 30 accomplished chefs from across the country and some of Austin’s best cooking and baking talent Each of the first four nights features an eight-course dinner with beer and wine pairings The first night will feature Austin chefs exclusively including Todd Duplechan (chef-owner of Lenoir) Noble Sandwiches chef-owner John Bates and Congress pastry chef Erica Waksmunski but the Foreign & Domestic owner will limit his duties to host and manager of the event It’s not about Foreign & Domestic,” Elliott said. his travels and word-of-mouth to cultivate relationships with chefs from around the country and develop the talent he invites each year “We wanted to be able to start a dialogue with a lot of like-minded chefs,” Elliott said “There’s a lot of talent out there that is underserved There hasn’t been a big enough light put on them Thursday and Friday will serve as a showcase for a roster of visiting talent that includes Ryan Lachaine (executive sous chef at Underbelly in Houston) Craig Thornton (chef-owner of Wolvesden in Los Angeles) Kat Liebman-Lesueur (chef-owner of Cocotte in Portland Giorgio Rapicavoli (chef-owner of Eating House in Miami) and Carlos Salgado (chef-owner of Taco Maria in Costa Mesa The cost for each of the first four nights is $175 for a seat at a table and $200 for a seat at the bar which gives you a close-up look into Foreign & Domestic’s open kitchen more than 20 chefs will contribute to a 20-course meal with pairings More information and tickets at IndieChefsWeek.com Log in for full access to stabroeknews.com Only one active session is allowed per subscriber (Reuters) – Franz Beckenbauer was a great German who became his country’s best ambassador around the world Germany’s President Frank-Walter Steinmeier said yesterday at a commemoration at Bayern Munich’s Allianz Arena stadium Steinmeier and Chancellor Olaf Scholz led the long list of attendees that also included a who’s who of German football as well as tens of thousands of spectators in the stadium who died at the age of 78 earlier this month helped modernise soccer and came to personify Germany’s post-war sporting success captaining his country to the 1974 World Cup title on home soil “I don’t know if angels up in the sky do any sport but in the past few days they may have heard this voice with the Bavarian accent saying ‘go out and play football’,” Steinmeier said in his speech “He was known around the world and Franz Beckenbauer was admired With wreaths laid out in the centre of the pitch around a large picture of Beckenbauer friends and fans bade an emotional farewell Beckenbauer also won the World Cup as Germany coach in 1990 and was one of only three people to achieve the feat as both player and coach as he was nicknamed for his imperious playing style and command of the game was for decades synonymous with Germany’s success on the pitch He amassed every major honour in his glittering playing career and continued his extraordinary record of success after switching to the manager’s bench Beckenbauer won 103 caps and captained West Germany to World Cup success in 1974 two years after lifting the European title At club level he steered Bayern Munich to three successive European Cup victories from 1974 to 1976 and won the World Club Cup the European Cup Winners’ Cup and eight domestic trophies — four league titles and four cup triumphs A FREE roundup of top news from Guyana you might otherwise miss The list of elite Bundesliga midfielders could go on and on making a top 20 compilation a daunting task Read on for analysis of which players qualify as the top 20 midfielders in Bundesliga history Criteria considered include goals scored and titles won with club and country with special importance given to goals that were of critical importance to title success And it's for his technique alone that the 115-times capped Venezuela international makes the cut for this list EuroFootball/Getty ImagesOne third of Stuttgart's "magic triangle" along with Fredi Bobic and Giovane Elber, attacking midfielder Krasimir Balakov is also among the best Bulgarians to play in the Bundesliga. The fourth-most-capped player in his country's history, Balakov made 92 appearances for Bulgaria. Balakov was named to the 1994 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team for his part in Bulgaria's fourth-place finish at the tournament. And impressively, he played at Stuttgart until the age of 37. Stu Forster/Getty ImagesGermany has produced many world-class talents over the last decade, but one common complaint is that a true, natural leader has been missed. In these discussions, Stefan Effenberg is almost always referenced as the perfect example of an aggressive leader. He may have earned a staggering 109 yellow cards during his Bundesliga career, but his presence and strength of both body and mind were unrivaled. Due to an incident in which he made a rude gesture to fans in 1994, Effenberg's international career was cut short. But at Bayern he won three consecutive Bundesliga titles, the DFB-Pokal and the Champions League. Bayern and Hamburg during 12 seasons in Germany Although his Leverkusen lost the 2002 Champions League final and he was not part of the Brazil side that won the World Cup that summer the Ipiranga native bounced back and was a huge asset especially to Bayern where he won the domestic double four times Ze Roberto was such an impressive footballer it's debatable as to what his best trait was he was highly adaptable: Over the course of his career he played well as a left-winger in defensive midfield and even at left-back he played at a high level well into his 30s Christian Augustin/Getty ImagesAlthough he may have been eligible for a list of best Bundesliga defenders Olaf Thon makes the grade among midfielders mostly between Lothar Matthaeus' stints at the club but 13 of his 19 professional seasons were spent at Schalke Thon won the Bundesliga three times; he also was a fringe player in West Germany's 1990 World Cup-winning squad But perhaps the crowning achievement of his career was leading Schalke's "Eurofighters" to victory over heavily favored Inter in the 1996-'97 UEFA Cup final .css-wt4rob{width:100%;aspect-ratio:16/9;border:none;}Standing at just over 5'5" Thomas Haessler was rather short for a holding midfielder he was a phenomenal player who enjoyed a successful career in Germany and Italy Haessler was German Footballer of the Year in 1989 and 1992, and in the latter year he finished third in Ballon d'Or voting And although he never won any titles at club level he won the World Cup in 1990 and the 1996 European Championship Juergen Grabowski is a legend at Eintracht Frankfurt where he made 441 Bundesliga appearances between 1965 and 1980 The attacking midfielder spent his entire career with die Adler and scored 109 goals Grabowski was a very adaptable player and could feature on either wing He won the UEFA Cup in 1980 and was a part of the Germany squads that won the 1972 European Championship and the 1974 World Cup Alex Livesey/Getty ImagesArjen Robben may still be only 29 years old but he makes this list due to his performances since the spring his spirit seemed broken and the Dutchman was relegated to the Bayern bench But he made the difference in the Champions League last season and was instrumental in the final in which he assisted the opener and scored the late winner Robben has won domestic titles in the Netherlands An exceptionally rare talent with outstanding technical and physical abilities it's a shame he spent so many of his early years struggling with injuries A five-time Bundesliga champion and winner of the World Cup Herbert Wimmer is one of Germany's most decorated footballers most notably scoring in the Euro 1972 final against the USSR but his almost superhuman endurance and the fact that he played with Guenter Netzer caused him to be used in a deeper role where he could provide more defensive cover and especially Gladbach in the club's best era Paul Gilham/Getty ImagesIf there were an award for most unfortunate footballer in history One of a select few elite players to be born in East Germany the Goerlitz native came up short in the Champions League final with Leverkusen and Chelsea was suspended as Germany lost the 2002 World Cup final and lost the Euro 2008 final with his national team And when he was set to captain the best Mannschaft team of his career at the 2010 World Cup he suffered an injury in the final day of the club season that saw him miss the tournament Ballack was a truly phenomenal player and one of the most talented midfielders the Bundesliga has ever seen A three-time German Footballer of the Year and member of the FIFA 100 he won three domestic doubles with Bayern and won five trophies during his stay at Chelsea from 2006 to 2010 Michael Steele/Getty ImagesGerman football's most notorious coach is also one of the best midfielders in league history He played over 300 games for Hamburg and will always be remembered at the club for his winner that stunned Juventus in the 1981 European Cup final Although his role in the tournament was limited it should be noted that Magath also was crowned a European champion with West Germany in 1980 as die Mannschaft beat Belgium 2-1 in the final Laurence Griffiths/Getty ImagesFranck Ribery's position in this list may be somewhat controversial given that he is arguably still at his peak and there remains much to be seen from the 30-year-old Ribery is a veritable assist machine and has as of late developed more of an eye for goal He remains the undisputed heartbeat of Bayern's attack despite competition from several other world-class players Ribery finally won the Champions League earlier this year as his brilliance helped set up both goals in a 2-1 win against Dortmund he is the out-and-out favorite to win the Ballon d'Or Alex Grimm/Getty ImagesHe may have not yet won any international titles with Germany but Bastian Schweinsteiger has one of the most impressive trophy cabinets of any player in his country's history the Kolbermoor native has won the domestic double six times the most recent of which came as part of a treble as Bayern Munich won the 2012-13 Champions League Perhaps most impressive (and simultaneously disappointing) is that the Schweinsteiger we see now is not all he could have been Ever since late 2011 he has been plagued by injuries; an ankle knock sustained a few months later has become a chronic problem that has forced him to play through the pain barrier ever since Stuart Franklin/Getty ImagesOne of the first German-Turks to make his mark in the Bundesliga Mehmet Scholl is one of the league's best-ever midfielders His international career was limited to a modest 36 caps but the Karlsruhe native was a Champions League winner and also claimed the UEFA Cup eight Bundesliga and five DFB-Pokal titles during his 15 seasons at Bayern Munich Scholl scored in both legs of the 1996 UEFA Cup final and perhaps would have made more of an impression on the international stage if not for a blight of injuries that forced him to retire from the Germany team in 2002 Stuart Franklin/Getty ImagesAndreas Moeller is one of the few legends of modern German football not to have played for Bayern Munich the DFB-Pokal and Champions League with Dortmund the UEFA Cup with Juventus and two more DFB-Pokal titles with Schalke Moeller won the 1990 World Cup and Euro 1996 Although he was suspended in the final of the latter it was his penalty kick that decided the shootout against England in the semifinal Denis Doyle/Getty ImagesConsidering his quality it's a real surprise that Bernd Schuster only made 21 appearances for West Germany between 1979 and 1984 He was part of the Mannschaft side that won the 1980 European Championship and was awarded the Silver Ball trophy for his efforts (DFB) led to his early international retirement Schuster was nonetheless a phenomenal midfielder with supreme organization and distributive qualities in deep areas He was the best midfielder in Spain for over a decade winning La Liga three times and the Copa del Rey six times during stints with Barcelona 1981 and 1985) during this spell he made the shortlist for the Ballon d'Or Laurence Griffiths/Getty ImagesKevin Keegan may be a somewhat controversial inclusion on this list given that he only spent three years in the Bundesliga but his spell at Hamburg from 1977 to 1980 was an outstanding run Keegan was in his prime and won the Ballon d'Or in 1978 and 1979 his HSV side reached the European Cup final The fact that Keegan so quickly adapted to the Bundesliga speaks volumes of his quality Few English players have been successful abroad but the Armthorpe native flourished in Germany Long before Mesut Ozil there was Guenter Netzer a player who in so many ways bucked the trend of German midfielders Although the cornerstone of the famous Gladbach team of the early 1970s Netzer rarely started for West Germany due to his poor work rate which Germany won while playing beautiful football and also won the 1974 World Cup on home soil Netzer was twice voted German Footballer of the Year even when Franz Beckenbauer and Gerd Mueller were in their prime don't miss the embedded video in which he seemingly effortlessly puts five out of six balls through targets in the famous Torwand (goal wall) on ZDF's Aktuelle Sportstudio Born less than 20 miles from Koeln in Siegburg Wolfgang Overath was made to represent die Geissboecke The midfielder made 409 Bundesliga appearances for the club from 1962 until the year he retired bigger German clubs (namely Bayern and Gladbach) during his career and Overath won the German league just once: in 1963-64 he appeared for West Germany in three World Cups third in 1970 and claiming the title in 1974 With a technical skill set that suited all areas of the game Matthaeus was a natural leader and one of his country's most decorated internationals He won a record 150 caps for Germany and lifted Euro 1980 and the 1990 World Cup; even at 39 he represented his country A legend of the game if there ever was one Matthaeus is certainly the best midfielder ever to play in the Bundesliga Follow Clark Whitney on Twitter Germany dominates the marketplace for environmentally sensitive ethically sourced food products that have come to be known as fair trade farming “I think there’s no right in the world that forever half of the world has to live and to work under conditions we would not accept in our countries,” said Dieter Overath For 25 years he’s been the organization’s CEO Fairtrade’s biggest success in Germany has been a deal with discount supermarkets such as Lidl and Aldi which account for 50 percent of groceries purchased in the country Overath wants Fairtrade’s push for ethical standards in farming to become a global battle cry for more equitable production chain In Germany that means Fairtrade Towns which began in 2009 and now include 500 towns The crux of the campaign calls on Germans to pledge to “think globally act locally” and commit to support fair-trade standards But even in activist Germany it has been difficult to make the fair trade concept ubiquitous despite the public’s keen awareness of the issues surrounding social and environmentally friendly production and trade is that fair trade proponents have yet to deliver on promises of substantial change for low-income producers on small farms in Africa “This research was unable to find any evidence that Fairtrade has made a positive difference to the wages and working conditions of those employed in the production of the commodities produced for Fairtrade-certified export in the areas where the research has been conducted,” said the report which was funded by the British government’s Department for International Development The report examined the economic impact of fair trade production in African countries with large populations of low-income workers the data suggest that those employed in areas where there are Fairtrade producer organisations are significantly worse paid than those employed for wages in the production of the same commodities in areas without any Fairtrade certified institutions … ” the report concluded this research suggests that Fairtrade organisations need to pay far more attention to the conditions of those extremely poor rural people – especially women and girls – employed in the production of commodities labeled and sold to ‘ethical consumers,’ who expect their purchases to improve the lives of the poor,” the report said who defended their research methods and cited surveys of earlier research on Fairtrade that similarly showed no significant impact on working conditions In Germany the promise of fair trade has translated into rising sales for Fairtrade certified goods Overath said that partnerships with discount supermarkets are highly successful As discount stores account for nearly 50 percent of food sales nationwide with 92 percent of all people living in Germany going to a discount store once a week these partnerships have proven themselves as vital to Fairtrade’s expansion into the German market Fairtrade Germany relies on a wholly-owned subsidiary which Fairtrade describes as independently governed is tasked with making sure producers receive a fair share of money paid to the cooperative as long as they meet Fairtrade’s standards cooperatives and licensees — lives in producer countries Overath explained that cooperatives are supposed to decide collectively how to spend the Fairtrade premium “Our control is only to make sure there is a common decision and that the projects decided upon are actually put into action,” said Overath They can even decide to have a football field.” But that promise is also the challenge: While they’re aware of the Fairtrade promise of ethical practices German consumers have also heard stories that disturb them a shopper named Anna said it’s important to support small farmers in developing countries and protect them from land-grabbers And that’s why she was less confident in Fairtrade’s ability to deliver on its promises “I have heard inspections are often announced beforehand so everything is quickly cleaned and the kids who potentially work in the fields are sent home Germans aren’t the only Europeans consumers who are enthusiastic supporters of Fairtrade products The country’s consumers spent $405 million on Fairtrade products in 2012 Fairtrade International is known as Max Havelaar the movement became popular in France because of a large push from civil society and the media “The average French person knows it’s a label and they know it’s good The most work we have to do [from a campaign perspective] is to explain the motivation behind it which is that producers are better paid,” she said when three other non-profit groups decided that French consumers needed ethical and sustainable alternatives for products grown abroad The movement is celebrated each year in the popular 15 Days for Fairtrade which showcases products labeled ethical and sustainable concerts and movie screenings across the country to raise awareness about the movement Sarrazin-Biteye says she has seen its benefits in action The French spent $405 million on Fairtrade products in 2012 making it the second largest market for the label in Europe “Fairtrade is essential for consumers because they know who produced their products,” she explained It gives them a real space to sell their products and the objective is that they can have the means to live the life they want and guide the trading process.” French enthusiasm for the Fairtrade brand was on display at the event in Paris Passersby tried coffee and chocolate sourced from producers around the world and participated in activities designed to educate the public about the organization’s mission Elsa Bonnet said purchasing fair-trade products is a good way for Europeans to remember who makes their favorite items “I feel like I’m making a responsible gesture that will do something good for this world I feel like a responsible citizen and I think of the people who are behind this label and I am happy to buy something that will help them,” she said “I feel better but poorer sometimes because it’s not always easy to buy [fair trade] because the products are a lot more expensive and it can be complicated sometimes,” she said The country’s most popular Fairtrade event is an annual fifteen day event that promotes the label such as at this Fairtrade village in Paris American consumers are also becoming more ethically minded when grocery shopping according to recent data released by Fairtrade USA and the Natural Marketing Institute with a reported sixty-seven percent of consumers recognizing the Fair Trade Certified seal there was a 75 percent increase in newly released consumer packaged goods with the Fair Trade label Two of Fair Trade USA’s most popular retailers have openly shared their commitment to product origin and sustainable sourcing Starbucks itself has pledged to buying 100 percent ethically sourced Fair Trade coffee Fair Trade USA has existed as its own independent label following a break from the global organization Fairtrade International Fair Trade USA declined to comment on problems emanating from some Fairtrade International farms in Africa The US organization has said it split away to pursue more consistent applications of fair trade principals to a greater farm population beyond selected cooperatives “Beginning in coffee, we are adapting Fair Trade standards for both workers on large farms and independent small holders.” The organization said in a statement published on its website Fair Trade USA can reach over 4 million farm workers who are currently excluded from the system.” As a third-party certifier for more than 1,000 U.S companies Fair Trade USA and its partnering certification bodies audit and certify supply chains ensuring product compliance with Fairtrade International standards covering fair prices along with sustainable farming practices to limit chemicals and protect the environment Fair Trade USA has historically focused on improving pay and working conditions in developing countries with the fewest legal protections but has recently expanded programs to the Global North Because Fair Trade USA broadened certification eligibility to more estates plantations and small-scale farms that are not organized into a co-op their overall outreach differs from Fairtrade International which restricts eligibility and focuses on particular crops and sectors This series was produced in collaboration with Journalists for Transparency with support from Transparency International and website in this browser for the next time I comment Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website These cookies do not store any personal information Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website SomaliaFitah has been a refugee for ten years but has only been in Brazil for a few months After leaving his home country in 2007 due to the civil war Paying $4,000 USD to smugglers in Johannesburg he managed to enter Brazil posing as a South African refugee He wanted to travel on to the United States but the “travel package” offered by his smugglers only gave him two options CongoUpstairs in one of the big bedrooms of the Scalabrinian Mission Afonso explained how he came from Kinshasa in 2015 by boat escaping from the violent conflicts raging in his own country He hired the service of smugglers and came on a cargo ship with a number of others He paid for part of the trip by working on the ship a non-profit providing support to refugees and migrants we met “K” (who asked not to reveal his full name) who had left Sierra Leone three months ago His grandfather was a chief priest of a secret society for whom it is a tradition to initiate the oldest son of the family when the former elder dies A Christian and a graduate in Information Technology “K” refused to take part in the ritual and says he was then targeted He fled to stay with family in the interior of the country but was kidnapped and held captive in the forest One night he managed to escape to the city and met a woman from a Christian organization which provided airplane tickets so he could leave immediately for Brazil Guinea-BissauJorge is a trained engineer who came to Brazil two years ago who is now selling counterfeit and smuggled clothes in a local market His Brazilian girlfriend is now pregnant and he is waiting for a work permit in order to get a job as mason He said that when Federal Police went to his home address to confirm he was living there - an essential step in the process of issuing a work visa to a migrant - his house mates thought they wanted to arrest him and denied he lived there It delayed his chance of getting a permit that would allow him a legal and better-remunerated job The lack of trust in Brazilian law enforcement is a huge issue among refugees and migrants many say that they rarely provide help or support but instead only make their lives more difficult SenegalIn República Square in the downtown Centro neighbourhood African migrants sell clothes - some of them counterfeit designer wear, came to Brazil in 2010 with the hope that World Cup would make Brazil a prosperous country and offer him a new life He says migrants should be respected for having the courage to leave everything behind and restart from nothing Discrimination and lack of jobs are an issue for Abu so he says his plan now is to save money and go to Europe as soon as possible he had money to stay in a hotel for seven days he met people who got him a job as a street vendor for contraband and traditional Senegalese clothes sewn in Brazil with African fabrics Every time the police come and seize the goods he sells it can take up to five months to recover the money lost SenegalMembers of the Senegalese community gather in República Square every week for a party On the night we visit around 50 people were dancing and chanting traditional Senegalese songs Later they take a seat and discuss issues important to the community has a talent for sewing fake Nike and Adidas logos to clothing in an improvised atelier nearby Although he is a professional tailor and prefers to dedicate his time to his own original work he says financial pressures meant he was forced to join the market of counterfeit designer-label clothing On Rua Guaianazes there is a run-down mosque on the second floor of an old and degraded building which is frequented by many African migrants the smell of marijuana and cheap crack is inebriating Crowds gather on the streets in front of the packed bars while different people ask us if we want cheap marihuana We enter one bar that has literally no chairs or tables: there is a poster of Cameroon’s most famous footballer Samuel Eto’o on the wall and a big snooker table in the centre while all around customers gamble The bar tender tells us it is a Nigerian bar but that it is frequented by Africans of all nationalities Rua Guaianazes is considered to be the heart of Cracolandia a territory controlled by organized crime for more than a decade and now reportedly home to some African-led drug trafficking gangs Santa Efigenia neighbourhood Santa Efigenia is an area of around ten street blocks in the heart of the Centro area where locals says you “won't find anything original product or any product that entered the country legally” There are dozens of galleries with local merchants and crowds shouting and grabbing to sell counterfeit and contraband electronics late in the night a homeless old man was setting a campfire out of trash to heat himself on the corner the people passing by aggressively yelling at him due to the black smoke his improvised urban survival mechanism was generating Angola“H” is an Angolan woman now living in a house rented from the Baptist church The area outside the house is a “boca de fumo” - an open drug dealing spot managed by armed guards “H’s” house is annexed to the church building itself She arrived a year ago with two of her children She says that after the family of the Angolan president took over the market of smuggled goods in her country her small import business started to crumble Her husband and two more daughters are still there although often he comes home complaining about racism at school “H” does not want him to play with the neighbourhood children she is afraid he will be drawn to narco-trafficking if he gets in with the wrong crowd but only under “a different political situation.” the owner of the bustling restaurant Lalingé – which means “The Princess” in her language – has been in Brazil for seven years She opened the restaurant a year ago so that the African community in the Centro neighbourhood has a place to gather and eat food from their continent It’s the kind of place people arrive at any time of the night or day Canindé neighbourhoodThe Scalabrinian Mission in the neighborhood of Canindé provides philanthropic aid to migrants says they have helped people from Africa (Angola France) and Latin America and the Caribbean (Colombia They only receive a small amount of financial support from local government but work to help migrants find a job so they can live independently Souza says many of those who arrive at the house are ill: some are seriously injured others sick from the journey or the conditions they were living in before arriving in Sao Paulo she says she has seen  human trafficking and slavery victims and people who have lost their families en route was trying to find a job with the support of the Mission Clement Kamano, 24, Guinea-ConakryKamano was studying Social Sciences at Université Général Lansana Conté when he took part in the protests of September 28th, 2009, which ended up in a massacre with more than 150 people killed he was repeatedly harassed because of his involvement in social movements and who enjoys talking about the sociologist-philosophers Emile Durkheim and Max Weber He is currently applying to join a federal university in Sao Paulo What’s “cereza” in Arabic?In a bright classroom in the centre of Quito a group of students sit around a whiteboard “Yo veo la televisión con mis amigos en la tarde,” they repeat after the teacher “I watch television with my friends in the afternoon.” “Yo tomo el bus par ir al trabajo,” “I take the bus to go to work.” Around the table are two Syrians who fled the war one Cameroonian who says he wanted to escape the Anglo-French conflict in his homeland an Egyptian and a Sri Lankan who wanted to go anywhere where he could make enough money to help his family Migrants who arrive in Ecuador from Africa Asia and the Middle East face a steep learning curve: it might be relatively easy to enter the country thanks to Ecuador’s liberal open-border policy but finding work here and learning Spanish can be difficult Today their teacher is translating between Arabic “Souk” replies another member of the group while a fellow student does a quick translation into Pashtu Experts say some of those who come through language centres like these are planning on continuing their journey north dashes between a barbeque out on the street and the kitchen in the small Nigerian restaurant where she is working the night shift as a television showing an African football league plays in the background as she fans the tilapia grilling on the coals she decided she still wanted to leave Cameroon where she complains of a lack of jobs and opportunities for the country’s English-speaking minority she bought a ticket heading west for Ecuador where she heard she could enter with her invitation to study at a language school and now works here and sings in the choir at a church up the hill she also wants to travel north to the US or Canada “If you go without papers and through the jungle spent 31 years training new recruits and fighting terrorist groups in his country Among the documents he smuggled out with him is a photograph of him with Robert Gates paperwork from a training programme at the National Defence University in Washington DC and training certificate from the George C Marshall centre in Europe His career had been high-profile and illustrious but while that brought recognition from the Americans and their allies it also brought him the unwelcome attention of the Taliban and other extremist groups he says terrorists were calling him saying he needed to end his work with the police someone tried to throw acid on his child at school – that was when he decided to leave Today the family are renting a spacious flat in central Quito with a big beige sofa and swept wood floors A big TV is mounted on the wall behind him and one of his children brings in sweet tea and fruits His wife and six of his children are with him awaiting a decision from the migration authorities on their asylum case For the sake of his children – who all speak English – Asadullah wants to go to the US but it’s a process: it will take a lot of time,” he says I only came here because the bad people wanted to kill us I’m just here so I’m safe.” He considered going to Europe but considered the route there more dangerous “Many Afghan people wanted to go to Europe The ArtistMughni Sief’s paintings once made him a well-known artist in his native Syria: he taught fine art in a top university and was invited to Lebanon to show his work It Was Tough” touches on the horrors so many Syrians have seen as they try to flee to safety “This painting is about Syrians crossing the sea to go to Europe from Turkey I put this fish head and cut the head off to show the culture of ISIS This here is the boat people,” he explains in his spartan apartment in Ecuador’s capital and there are so many people dying in the sea.” From the windows of his bedroom-come-studio washing hanging in the sunshine on a neighbours balcony Behind him the bed sheets – which came with the house – are adorned with images of teddy bears and the phrase “happy day.” rolling suitcase in which he brought his wood carving tools and charcoals from Syria: everything from his old life that he dared bring without alerting attention that he was leaving the country In a small backpack he bought a Frederick Nietshce paperback and a book he bought in Syria: “Learn Spanish in 5 days” Frustrated by restrictions he faced as a Syrian in Lebanon he started to research other places where he might make a new start He read that Ecuador was “one of the few countries that don't ask for a visa from Syrians and in El Dorado in Colombia but at Quito I came in no problem The only question was: why are you coming to Ecuador I said nothing about asking for asylum so they just gave me a tourist visa.” “Before the war I was focused just on humans and I began focusing on the miserable life that we live in Syria,” he says as he arranges three paintings on the bed is a woman who can’ face something in her life TrickedAlthough many of the migrants that make their way to Ecuador are able to travel more independently than those making the journey across the Mediterranean examples abound of exploitation of some who arrive here He’s  a 24-year-old from Sri Lanka who first tried his luck in Malaysia but was cheated by a travel fixer who took his money while promising him a work visa that never materialized When he was arrested for working without the proper documents a friend had to come and pay the police to get him out after religious violence broke out in his hometown he says he paid someone he knows to help sort out his travel the agent arranged for him to be picked up by an unknown woman who charged each of them again to take them to a hostel He is now renting a room from a man he met at the mosque I decided to come here thinking maybe things will be good But I did one week working in a restaurant They are good people here but I have no opportunities here You don't have permission to access the page you requested What is this page?The website you are visiting is protected.For security reasons this page cannot be displayed Lupin fans, assemble: France’s most-wanted gentleman thief Assane Diop is back on our screens in Part 3 on Netflix After the Part 2 finale ended with Omar Sy’s character on the run and separated from his ex Claire (Ludivine Sagnier) and their son Raoul (Etan Simon) Part 3 sees the thief return to Paris and set his sights once more on the priceless Black Pearl plenty of familiar faces are back for round three Fans can also expect a number of brand new faces in the fresh instalment From Assane’s friends and family to his foes read on for everything you need to know about the cast and characters in Lupin a Parisian gentleman thief who draws inspiration from the Arsène Lupin books and their fictional thefts The actor is best known internationally for roles in X-Men: Days of Future Past and Jurassic World (as Barry He also played Driss in the film Untouchable and Hot Rod in Transformer: The Last Knight He was abducted by the Pelligrini family at the end of part one Assane's close friend from his school days He played Louis XVI in The Days That Made History A detective who uses his knowledge of the Arsene Lupin books to hunt Assane He's torn between doing his job and admiring Assane's handiwork Where have I seen Soufiane Guerrab before? He's starred in the likes of Moloch, School Life, Spiral, Call My Agent! (as Sami) and César Wagner Assane's ex-girlfriend and the mother of his child Where have I seen Ludivine Sagnier before? She played Esther Aubry in the Jude Law series The Young Pope, and reprised the role in The New Pope Other projects have included 8 Women (\"8 Femmes\") Young Claire is played by Ludmilla Makowski (Les Siffleurs) A detective who is desperate to bring down Assane Assane's late father and an employee of the Pelligrini family He was falsely accused of theft when Assane was a child He played Jean Ahitey in the TV series Cacao and also starred in Eye of the Storm and Mongeville Check out more of our Drama coverage or visit our TV Guide and Streaming Guide to find out what's on Try Radio Times magazine today and get 10 issues for only £10, PLUS a £10 John Lewis and Partners voucher delivered to your home – subscribe now. For more from the biggest stars in TV, listen to The Radio Times Podcast. Lupin cast: Meet the characters in the Netflix seriesSay hello to the new and returning faces Fans can also expect a number of brand new faces in the fresh instalment Keep up to date with all the dramas - from period to crime to comedy By entering your details you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Emmanuel Guimier/NetflixWho is Assane Diop a Parisian gentleman thief who draws inspiration from the Arsène Lupin books and their fictional thefts Antoine Gouy and Omar Sy as Assane Diop in Lupin Emmanuel Guimier/LupinWho is Benjamin Ferel Assane's close friend from his school days Emmanuel Guimier/NetflixWho is Youssef Guedira He's torn between doing his job and admiring Assane's handiwork Where have I seen Soufiane Guerrab before? He's starred in the likes of Moloch, School Life, Spiral, Call My Agent! (as Sami) and César Wagner Assane's ex-girlfriend and the mother of his child Where have I seen Ludivine Sagnier before? She played Esther Aubry in the Jude Law series The Young Pope, and reprised the role in The New Pope Other projects have included 8 Women ("8 Femmes") Assane's late father and an employee of the Pelligrini family Check out more of our Drama coverage or visit our TV Guide and Streaming Guide to find out what's on Try Radio Times magazine today and get 10 issues for only £10, PLUS a £10 John Lewis and Partners voucher delivered to your home – subscribe now. For more from the biggest stars in TV, listen to The Radio Times Podcast Abby RobinsonDrama EditorAbby Robinson is the Drama Editor for Radio Times She previously worked at Digital Spy as a TV writer She possesses a postgraduate diploma and a degree in English Studies you are agreeing to site title privacy policy This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Subscribe to RT!Subscribe to Radio Times magazine and get £10 issues for £10! Could your home unlock your dreams?Releasing equity from your home could help give you the retirement you've been dreaming of? Holiday brochuresNeed inspiration of where to go next Request a free brochure and start your journey West Germany also made a confident start in the second round They began their Group B campaign by seeing off Yugoslavia with goals in either half from Paul Breitner and Gerd Muller a Grzegorz Lato header gave Poland victory over Sweden in a very tight contest The Swedes now had no choice but to go for broke against Germany in Düsseldorf Sweden’s giant centre-forward Ralf Edstrom stunned Sepp Maier after 24 minutes with a volleyed rocket from outside the box That forced the Germans to abandon their compact approach and seek an equaliser But the resilient Ronnie Hellstrom pulled off a series of extraordinary saves two-handed block from Muller at point-blank range This situation was deemed serious enough for Franz Beckenbauer and Rainer Bonhof to venture out of defence in a bid to create more attacking options But that meant reduced numbers at the back The result was three goals in three minutes Germany midfielder Wolfgang Overath pounced on a poor clearance he scuffed his shot and the ball rolled in under the surprised Hellstrom The blunder threw the Swedish defenders temporarily out of kilter The 60 seconds or so of disarray proved enough for them to concede a second Muller chested down a pass for the power-kicking Reiner Bonhof who blasted a volley from the edge of the penalty area Hellstrom palmed it but the ball went in off the post Roland Sandberg controlled and drilled it into the far corner past Sepp Maier’s left hand But Germany regained the lead through Grabowski Left unmarked just outside the six-yard box he slammed his shot past Hellstrom as he rushed across to cover A quarter of an hour left and Germany 3-2 up conceding once more after Muller was tripped in the box Uli Hoeness stroked the spot kick past Hellstrom to wrap up the 4-2 victory With West Germany level on points but ahead of Poland on goal difference their clash in Frankfurt was a virtual semi-final A major rainstorm hit the city that afternoon and the downpour continued throughout the game the heavy surface at the Waldstadion favouring the sturdier Germans Parts of the field were virtually unplayable and neither team could make any headway beat a defender and went dramatically to ground Replays suggested he’d flung himself as Poland’s Zmuda stuck out a right leg Hoeness hit a tame spot kick just a couple feet to Tomaszewski’s right and the big man easily got down to smother it Germany got the only goal in the 75th minute Beckenbauer’s chipped pass found Hölzenbein at inside-left and he played it on for Bonhof let it roll to his right foot and fired low past the diving Tomaszewski though not without luck and controversy in their 1-0 win over Brazil Valdomiro made a perfect knock-down for Rivelino with Tomaszewski stranded in the centre of the goal But the ball fell to the left-footed maestro’s right and he turned it wide of the post from point blank range It was still goalless after 71 minutes when substitute Mirandinha broke from just inside Brazil’s half with a clear run on goal then hooked his right arm and pulled away with all his might he went down a couple strides from the six-yard box The yellow card shown to Kasperczak by the Italian referee seemed ridiculous at best—under today’s rules which clinched both the victory for his team and the Golden Boot award for him But the football world was already focused on the final would clash the following day to determine the new World Cup champions Little did the fans know that they would be treated to one of the most dramatic starts to a World Cup Final and one of the most talked about “Three people have silenced the Maracanã,” Uruguay’s right-winger Alcides Ghiggia boasts to a BBC interviewer Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Some absolute superstars have played for Germany but only the best can make our all-time XI Germany are one of the most feared national teams in the world three European Championships and one Confederations Cup they have also finished runners-up at three European Championships four times at the World Cup and picked up the bronze medal at four more World Cups Some of the all-time greats have featured for the Mannschaft so it's not easy to make an ultimate Germany dream team