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2025 at Bethlehem Lutheran Church with visitation one hour prior to the service
Memorials preferred to Bethlehem Lutheran Church or donor's choice
Florence was born November 28 1934to William and Laura (Sinell) Sassenberg on the family farm in Kelso Township
She was baptized and confirmed at Trinity Lutheran Church outside Gaylord and attended country school
where she graduated from Mankato High School in 1952
and BENCO Electric from which she retired after 39 years in 1999
Florence was a faithful member of Bethlehem Lutheran Church and active in their Care Ministry and other programs for many years
She was also a member of the local chapter of Epsilon Sigma Alpha service sorority
Terrace View's Women's Golf League and was a long-time volunteer at the Echo Food Shelf
she received the "Good People Jefferson Award"
spending time in Northern Minnesota with friends
Steve (Cassandra) Sassenberg and their children
Ellen Sassenberg (Vince Wagner) and their children
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He will long be remembered for his kindness
to William and Laura (Sinell) Sassenberg on the family farm in Kelso Township
He was baptized and confirmed at Trinity Lutheran Church outside of Gaylord and attended country school
he moved with his family to Mankato where he graduated from Mankato High School in 1951 and Mankato State College in 1955
He was a long-time employee of Blue Earth County
working first as an accountant in the Welfare Department
and then as Deputy Treasurer and Treasurer
watching his extensive collection of movies
and spending as much time as possible with his children and grandchildren
He was a faithful member of Christ the King Lutheran Church
Ellen (Vince) Sassenberg of Rochester; four grandchildren
and Madeleine Wagner; four step grandchildren
and Jessica (Wagner) Merchant; and sisters
Private family services will be held on January 9
2020 with burial at Glenwood Cemetery in Mankato
Memorial gifts may be directed to Christ the King Lutheran Church
Mankato Mortuary is assisting the family with arrangements
has been charged with felony theft of a car loaned to him for two days by a Jackson man
Kate Ready covers criminal justice and emergency news
Kate studied English Literature at UC Berkeley and is excited to bring her love for the mountains and storytelling to Jackson.
A man has been charged with felony theft after he disappeared with a car that a Jackson man had informally loaned to him for two days
A warrant has been issued for Abram Sassenberg’s arrest after he took possession of the car for over two weeks before abandoning it in Reno
was charged March 20 in Teton County Circuit Court with felony theft
which carries a possible imprisonment of 10 years
which could mean six months of prison time
Riley noticed Sassenberg sitting in the cold with a brown dog and was concerned for their welfare
Sassenberg told Riley he was having car trouble and was stranded in Jackson while the vehicle was being repaired
Riley offered Sassenberg the use of his blue 2019 Subaru at no cost
Riley told Sassenberg he could use it for two days
Riley had not received his car back and sent Sassenberg a message
Sassenberg told Riley he’d taken the car to Salt Lake City and would return it the next day
When Riley tried to contact Sassenberg the next day
Sassenberg contacted Riley from a new phone number and said he would return the car the next day
he texted Riley about wanting to buy the car
Riley told him he was going to report it stolen
you could NOT report it stolen based on that fact alone.”
with Riley reiterating that if the car was returned on Feb
leading Riley to report the $18,000 vehicle stolen on Feb
In trying to locate a picture of Sassenberg that he could provide to the police to aid in their search
Riley found that Sassenberg had been arrested in 2015 after a high speed chase in Placerville
The 2015 charges against Sassenberg included evading police
possession of ammunition and possession of methamphetamine
Russ Ruschill of the Jackson Police Department said Riley’s Subaru was located in Reno on Feb
18 after the car had been reported abandoned
Ruschill could not confirm whether the car had been returned to Riley yet
which applies to property worth $1,000 or less
was added after Riley’s partner advised police that her black leather skates
A warrant was filed for Sassenberg’s arrest March 10
Mike Crook of the Teton County Sheriff's Office said Sassenberg was arrested April 4 in Carson City
"Once he clears the local charges we will bring him back to Jackson," Crook wrote in an email
Eds: This article has been updated to reflect Sassenberg's recent arrest in Nevada and his timeline for returning to Jackson
Contact Kate Ready at 732-7076 or kready@jhnewsandguide.com
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Implementing technology-enhanced learning and teaching in schools causes major changes for both teachers and students
Research in other fields shows that individuals’ regulatory orientation (i.e.
promotion and prevention focus) predicts how people deal with such fundamental changes
Our research ties in with a school trial where classes were equipped with tablets
yielding a shift from predominantly analog to technology-enhanced learning and teaching
we investigated whether the regulatory orientation of teachers (N = 109) and students (N = 1,127) related to how they dealt with this change
teachers with a stronger promotion focus were more likely to perceive the changing teaching situation as a (positively connotated) challenge and to intend to use the tablets in class
students with a strong promotion focus when tablet-based teaching was introduced showed higher technology-related self-efficacy and higher motivation to use digital devices after a few months of using tablets in class
Prevention focus was unrelated to teachers’ and students’ attitudes
the concept of regulatory orientation helps explain how teachers and students respond to changes in school
whereby particularly promotion focus appears to be relevant for change processes due to digital transformation in education
regulatory orientation may explain how well teachers and students deal with this change in their classroom practices
We tested this assumption in the context of a governmental initiative in Germany
where teachers and students in secondary education were equipped with tablet computers on a one-to-one basis
we investigated whether teachers’ regulatory orientation prior to the introduction of tablet computers related to their intention to adopt technology-enhanced teaching practices (study 1)
we investigated whether students’ regulatory orientation prior to receiving the tablet computers related to how they perceived the tablet computers after having worked with them for some months (study 2)
which eventually led to federal and state-wide initiatives aimed at equipping schools with digital devices (e.g.
in one-to-one programs) and the necessary infrastructure
introducing digital devices to the classroom marks an educational change
which means that teachers and students need to get used to new teaching and learning methods and explore how they can use digital devices effectively
The theory is concerned with selecting means (i.e.
strategies) that individuals apply consciously or unconsciously when striving towards desired end states
It connects motivation and how people approach a goal or demand at hand
The regulatory focus theory postulates two distinct regulatory orientations: promotion focus and prevention focus
Individuals with a promotion focus are concerned about advancement
and are sensitive to the presence and absence of positive outcomes (gain vs
students with a strong promotion focus would
individuals with a prevention focus are concerned with protection
They apply a defense strategy in goal striving; that is
and are sensitive to the presence and absence of negative outcomes (loss vs
students with a strong prevention focus would
anticipate the pain of receiving less than an A
as well as rules and avoiding errors play a crucial role in educational settings
we assume that regulatory focus theory contributes to understanding how students and teachers cope with changes in school as an educational setting and workplace
we tested the idea that regulatory focus theory can be applied in an educational context and contribute to understanding how teachers and students cope with switching to technology-enhanced teaching and learning
we investigated the role of regulatory orientation in dealing with a substantial change in classroom practices arising from the introduction of tablet computers
we hypothesized that a stronger promotion focus would relate to more positive attitudes
and a stronger prevention focus would be associated with less positive attitudes towards the introduction of technology in the classroom
teachers (study 1) and students (study 2) of school classes were examined that were part of a school trial in which students were equipped with tablet computers on a one-to-one basis
these variables tend to be very specific to each technology used
We see merit in taking a step away from such proximal variables and looking at more distal predictors
These might allow for a prediction of teachers’ readiness to adapt across a diverse range of technologies
which is more in line with the actual situation in schools
we examined teachers’ general approach toward change by examining their regulatory orientation
we aimed to investigate whether teachers’ regulatory orientation is linked to their willingness to change their classroom practices in response to introducing technology (RQ1)
we tested whether teachers’ regulatory orientation
assessed before their classes were equipped with tablet computers on a one-to-one basis
relates to their intention to actually use the to-be-introduced tablet computers in everyday teaching
Because individuals with a promotion focus are more open to change and like to try new things
we expected a positive relation between teachers’ promotion focus and their intention to use tablet computers in the classroom (hypothesis 1a)
Because individuals with a prevention focus prefer stability and are less willing to implement change
we expected a negative relation between teachers’ prevention focus and the intention to use tablet computers in the classroom (hypothesis 1b)
changing classroom practices can be construed as opportunity and challenge (focusing on potentials and opportunities that new classroom practices offer) or as responsibility and threat (focusing on pitfalls and uncertain situations resulting from lack of experience with the new classroom practices)
we investigated how teachers’ regulatory orientation relates to perceiving the demands of changing classroom practices as either challenging or threatening (i.e.
We assumed that the stronger teachers’ promotion focus is
the more likely they are to perceive changing classroom practices as a challenge (hypothesis 2a)
the stronger the teachers’ prevention focus is
the more likely they are to perceive changing classroom practices as a threat (hypothesis 2b)
Teachers and students’ participation was voluntary
When the school trial and research project were conducted
tablet computers or other digital devices were scarcely available in German classrooms
Some schools had devices that teachers could borrow to bring to the classroom for individual lessons
one-to-one equipment represented an opportunity to redesign everyday teaching fundamentally
This study was conducted as part of the research project tabletBW meets science
As the current study addressed how individuals cope with the change in classroom practices due to introducing technology
we only considered data from participating tablet classes
while data from control classes were not considered
Study 1 uses data from teachers who participated the first time at baseline measurement
before they started working with the tablet computers in class (i.e.
spring 2018 in cohort 1 and spring 2019 in cohort 2)
(aTeachers of these classes were excluded because the change we were interested in had already taken place in these schools; the exclusion did not change the pattern of results.)
All items of the teachers’ questionnaire scales relevant to this study are listed in Appendix A
Teachers’ intentions to use tablet computers in their teaching were measured with five self-developed items
For the question “How would you rate your intentions to use tablet computers in the classroom?” teachers were asked to rate five statements (Cronbach’s α = 0.68
“I will look for meaningful ways to use tablet computers in my classroom in the future.”) on a 4-point scale ranging from (1) not at all to (4) very much
Teachers were first presented with the following instruction: “Starting in the coming school semester
you will be expected to use tablet computers in your lessons
How much do you agree with the following statements regarding this situation?” which was followed by 14 statements to be rated on a 4-point scale ranging from (1) not at all to (4) very much
the extent to which teachers perceived this situation as a challenge (Cronbach’s α = 0.69
“I can use the high demands positively for my purposes.”) or a threat (Cronbach’s α = 0.88
“I am afraid of not being able to cope with this situation.”) was measured (four teachers did not provide data for the stress appraisal measure scale)
teachers were provided with the materials of the research project
They could decide for themselves when to work on the questionnaires and tests as long as they submitted their responses by a specified date
The comprehensive self-report questionnaires were completed online and comprised questions on teachers’ background (e.g.
attitudes and beliefs about teaching in general (e.g.
and experience with and attitudes towards computers and tablet computers (e.g.
computer and tablet computer use professionally and privately)
online and paper–pencil tests assessed teachers’ skills and knowledge (e.g.
The scales relevant to the current research (i.e.
stress appraisal measure) were all assessed in the online self-report questionnaire
we estimated the variances and covariances of the exogenous variables in the model to account for these variables when estimating missing values in the full information maximum likelihood procedures for missing data
these results supported the hypothesis regarding a positive relation of promotion focus with the intention to use tablet computers in the classroom (hypothesis 1a) but were not in line with the hypothesis regarding a negative relation of prevention focus (hypothesis 1b)
prevention focus was not significantly associated with the construal of change as a threat
significant gender differences emerged for the construal of change as a challenge or a threat
male teachers were more likely to construe the change to technology-enhanced teaching as a challenge and less likely to construe it as a threat
Study 1 shed light on how teachers dealt with changing teaching practices from switching to technology-enhanced teaching
the more willing teachers were to change their teaching and use tablet computers in their classroom teaching
we found evidence that teachers with a stronger promotion focus more likely construed the change to tablet-based teaching as a challenge
a strong prevention focus could be accompanied by a lower intention to use tablet computers because of the desire for stability on the one hand and a higher intention to use tablet computers because of the urge to fulfill obligations set by the school board on the other hand
one would still expect that teachers with a strong prevention focus would construe such a change as a threat
It is important to note that the introduction of technology not only changes for teachers but also affects students who are not yet familiar with learning with technology
How students dealt with these changes depending on their regulatory orientation was addressed in a longitudinal design in study 2
students’ attitudes toward technology and openness toward accepting this change in teaching may still affect their learning behavior
a person with a promotion focus will feel more positively and engage more strongly when writing an essay on a topic of one’s own choice than when writing dictation because the essay task allows one to make more use of the preferred strategy
a person with a prevention focus will feel more positively and engage more strongly with the dictation because it fits the preference to follow given rules
Such an environment is characterized by more degrees of freedom for students and less tight teacher-directed instructional practices
it can be assumed that students’ strength of engagement and motivation differs depending on the fit of technology-enhanced teaching and learning situation to students’ regulatory orientation
we aim to investigate whether students’ regulatory orientation relates to their motivational outcomes in the context of introducing technology in the classroom
we used longitudinal data from students from the school trial in which 7th-grade students were equipped with tablet computers on a one-to-one basis
we examined whether students’ regulatory orientation measured prior to handing out the tablet computers at the beginning of the school term is associated with motivational variables (i.e.
and motivation to use technology) assessed at the end of the school term
we expected students with a strong promotion focus to respond more positively to the experience of learning with tablet computers in the classroom than those with a high prevention focus for at least two reasons
they are expected to be more open to change; second
the situation better fits their regulatory orientation
after having worked with the tablet computers in class for some months
we expected students with a stronger promotion focus to perceive technology more positively (hypothesis 1a)
to have higher technology-related self-efficacy (hypothesis 2a)
and to be more motivated to use technology (hypothesis 3a)
we expected no or even negative effects on motivational outcomes for students with a stronger prevention focus due to their preference for well-known grounds and low fit to the situation
we expected students with a stronger prevention focus to perceive technology less positively (hypothesis 1b)
to have lower technology-related self-efficacy (hypothesis 2b)
and to be less motivated to use technology (hypothesis 3b)
Data stem from the same school trial as Study 1
Study 2 refers to data from students at the time when being equipped with tablet computers (t0
at the end of the first school semester of 7th grade
which was in spring 2018 and 2019 in cohort 1 and 2
respectively) and approximately four to five months later (t1
at the end of the second school semester of 7th grade
which was in summer 2018 and 2019 in cohort 1 and 2
(aStudents of these classes were excluded because the change we were interested in had already taken place in these schools; the exclusion did not change the pattern of results.)
All items of the students’ questionnaire scales relevant to this study are listed in Appendix B
and some items were adapted to better fit students’ lives in school (e.g.
“Success sets me at ease.” from the original scale was changed to “If I receive a good grade
All items were measured on a 5-point scale from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree
The three scales were measured at both measurement points
these variables hereafter are referred to as perception
Trained research assistants conducted data collection in the classrooms at each measurement point
Given that consent was provided by the students and their legal guardians
the students completed the questionnaires online on their tablets
The self-report questionnaires comprised questions on how students worked with the tablet computers (e.g.
how they perceived their learning environment in classes with and without tablet computers (e.g.
paper–pencil instruments tested students’ abilities (e.g.
motivation to use technology) were all assessed in the online self-report questionnaire
Rather stable variables were only assessed at t0 (e.g.
whereas variables expected to vary over time were assessed at each measurement point (e.g.
data collection took 180 min and was divided into two sessions of 90 min each
Each following measurement point lasted 90 min
In line with expectations, the results (see Table 4) showed a positive association of students’ baseline promotion focus (t0) with their self-efficacy (hypothesis 2a) and motivation (hypothesis 3a) after working with tablet computers in school for some months (t1)
this relation was not observed for students’ perception of technology (hypothesis 1a)
students’ prevention focus at baseline neither showed a relation to their perception (hypothesis 1b)
or motivation (hypothesis 3b) after working with tablet computers in school for some months (t1)
the model showed significant differences for gender
After having worked with tablet computers in school for some months
male compared with female students perceived technology less positively
Study 2 shed light on how students dealt with changing teaching practices from switching to technology-enhanced teaching and learning
It supported our hypothesis that students’ promotion focus was associated with motivational consequences of introducing tablet computers into the classroom
In contrast and similar to the teachers’ results
students’ prevention focus did not play a role
the results can be considered as further evidence of the relevance of individuals’ promotion focus when introducing technology in classrooms and that prevention focus is of minor relevance
future research should investigate whether more favorable motivational conditions induced by promotion focus are then associated with high-quality technology use and higher learning achievement
Inconsistent with the other findings of teachers’ or students’ promotion focus
there was no relation between students’ baseline promotion focus and later perception of technology
gender effects also appeared in the opposite direction for perception compared to the gender effects of the other criterion variables
it remains to be investigated in further research whether student promotion focus is indeed unrelated to the perception of digital media or whether the inconsistent pattern of findings was caused
by difficulties in measuring students’ perception
The presented research aimed to investigate regulatory orientation as a possible determinant of successful change processes in schools
we examined teachers’ and students’ promotion and prevention focus as predictors of successfully dealing with the changes occurring from the introduction of technology into the classroom
we showed that promotion focus related to teachers’ intention to use tablets in the classroom and to students’ technology-related self-efficacy and motivation to use digital media; contrary to expectations
prevention focus did not relate to any outcome measures for both teachers and students
This can be considered further evidence for the generalizability of regulatory focus theory to various contexts
our results show that an individual’s promotion focus and the accompanying openness to new situations seem relevant for switching to technology-enhanced teaching
Prevention focus and the accompanying preference for stability do not seem pivotal in dealing with the introduction of technology in the classroom
our results highlight promotion focus as a powerful predictor in change contexts
while the role of prevention focus requires further investigation
This implies that it might be helpful to consider the regulatory orientation of individuals involved when changes are pending at schools
Future research could investigate whether changes succeed better when the corresponding instruction is tailored to fit the regulatory orientation of the individuals involved
individuals with a strong promotion focus are likely to prefer to be given the freedom to try out the new feature
individuals with a strong prevention focus may prefer a gradual approach and might need more time to become familiar with the new feature
Similar mechanisms could be envisioned in the interpersonal interaction of teachers and students
we assume that our findings are meaningful
findings from a German school trial suggest that regulatory focus theory can be applied to change processes in the educational context
promotion focus has been shown to be an influential determinant in dealing with change for both teachers and students
the fit of regulatory orientation to corresponding change measures or between involved stakeholders should be considered and merits further exploration
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request
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This research was carried out by the Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology at the University of Tübingen in cooperation with the Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien
The research was supported by the LEAD Graduate School & Research Network [GSC1028]
which was funded within the framework of the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments
Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL
KSc and KSa were responsible for the conceptualization of the study
This paper uses data from the long-term research project tabletBW meets science
connected to the tabletBW school trial initiated by the Ministry of Cultus
The authors declare no competing interests
The procedures followed the APA guidelines (e.g.
Institutional approval for the study design
study materials and the data protection procedure was received from the Ministry of Cultus
Informed consent to participate was obtained from all subjects and
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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UPDATE: July 3, 2020, 11:07 a.m. BST Germany is making upskirting a criminal offence following this campaign
Perpetrators found guilty face fines or up to two years in prison
Hanna Seidel was 13 years old when she was upskirted by a teacher from another school during a school trip
she was upskirted a second time at a festival
"I still remember the incident at 16 very well," says Seidel
"The perpetrator denied it first and then threatened me and called me a slut."
Bystanders intervened to keep the man away from Seidel
But when she tried to get help from the authorities
"The police didn't want to help me with the upskirting case back then — now I know why," she says
What Seidel has since learned is that upskirt photography isn't legally considered a sexual offence under German law
she and her fellow campaigner Ida Sassenberg are determined to change that
The term "upskirting" refers to the practice of secretly taking photos or videos under a person's clothes without consent in an effort to photograph a person's underwear and genitals. Per The Times
upskirting is only considered a crime in Germany if the perpetrator "intimately touches" the person they're photographing
or if the photos are taken at the subject's home or in a "specially protected" room
When Seidel looked for a petition that she could sign in Germany
she was shocked that she couldn't find one
After a neighbouring country has already acted in such an exemplary way
"Then I took matters into my own hands because I was sick of it and started the petition with Ida."
The fact that upskirting isn't considered a criminal offence in Germany means that cases are going unreported. As The Times reports
there was an instance of a Bavarian mayor who "had taken 99 pictures and 27 films of women’s crotches on an escalator in Munich" but was only found to have committed a "petty misdemeanour rather than a crime."
Since launching their petition on Change.org
Seidel and Sassenberg have gained more than 86,000 signatures
They've also gained political support from the likes of Guido Wolf
minister of justice in the Baden-Württemberg region
after they met to discuss the campaign with him at the end of July
The proposed upskirting bill will now be put to the Bundesrat — German parliament's upper house —with support from three states
Exactly how long the bill will take to pass — if it does — is hard to determine
German parliament is in its summer recess until September
Seidel and Sassenberg want to keep the campaign a non-partisan issue
"We consider ourselves as representatives of upskirting victims
or every other German citizen who objects against upskirting," says Sassenberg
they don't wish to work with just one particular political party
"I am glad that I no longer feel helpless," Seidel tells me
"But can actively do something that helps others."
Sassenberg says they've been in contact with other upskirting survivors who have shared their experiences with them
"Our message to victims of upskirting is very clear," says Sassenberg: "You are not alone
We'll keep on fighting until there is a law that protects you from upskirting."
The Love Fix explores why dating feels so hard right now
why we experience difficult emotions in the realm of love
and how we can change our dating culture for the better
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Reaching net-zero targets requires massive increases in wind energy production
but efforts to build wind farms can meet stern local opposition
we examine whether opposition to wind farms is associated with a world view that conspiracies are common (‘conspiracy mentality’)
In eight pre-registered studies (collective N = 4,170)
we found moderate-to-large relationships between various indices of conspiracy beliefs and wind farm opposition
the relationship between wind farm opposition and conspiracy beliefs was many times greater than its relationship with age
even among those high in conspiracy mentality
information provision was less effective when it was presented as a debate (that is
including negative arguments) and among participants who endorsed specific conspiracy theories about wind farms
the data suggest preventive measures are more realistic than informational interventions to curb the potentially negative impact of conspiracy beliefs
The scale of escalation suggests a fundamental transformation in people’s exposure to—and relationship with—wind farms in the future
These pockets of resistance might be early red flags for what other nations may soon experience once wind farms become a more visible and salient part of people’s lived experiences
Just as nations will need to massively ramp up investment in wind farms to meet renewable energy targets
so too does the scientific community need to ramp up its ability to anticipate (and defuse) factors that lead to wind farm resistance
Knowing the powerful role of conspiracy mentality and specific conspiracy beliefs in understanding attitudes towards other large-scale social initiatives
it seems overdue to examine its role in people’s attitudes towards wind farms
we report research in which we examine the relationship between several indicators of conspiracy beliefs and opposition to wind farms
we test experimentally the effects of different types of information provision on participants’ attitudes
We find that conspiracy mentality explains a large portion of people’s resistance to vote in favour of a potential wind farm in their community
Believing in a specific conspiracy theory around the construction of the wind farm does so to an even larger degree
Informing people about the benefits of the wind farm has a considerable positive effect on their intentions to vote for the wind farms
particularly among those with a strong conspiracy mentality
These effects are smaller when people are also provided with counterarguments or when they believe in a specific conspiracy theory about the wind farm
our research suggests that conspiracy beliefs play a major role in understanding resistance to wind farms and sheds light on how to counteract this opposition
policy around wind energy is a major topic in Germany
one that is discussed both at the grassroots level and in official political debates
Understanding the psychology of wind farm resistance in an early adopter such as Germany will provide important clues to what might occur in other countries seeking rapid decarbonization
None of the items used in this measure referred to wind farms or energy policies
Standardized regression coefficients β (centre) with error bars indicating the 95% CI for each predictor from a multiple linear regression with willingness to vote in favour of constructing wind turbines close to one’s hometown as criterion (N = 2,113)
Source data
Willingness to vote in favour of constructing the wind turbines as a function of conspiracy mentality (7-point rating scale from 1 ‘do not agree at all' to 7 = ‘fully agree’ with higher scores indicating stronger conspiracy mentality) and communication (only pro versus balanced versus no communication) from an aggregated analysis across all studies (nonly pro = 1,578
shaded areas the ± 1 standard error margin
The solid vertical line represents the sample mean of conspiracy mentality; the dotted vertical lines mark one standard deviation below and above the mean
Source data
our data provide stable evidence that communication in favour of building wind turbines increases likelihood of voting for it—especially among those with strong conspiracy mentality
these studies demonstrate that stakeholders who want to convince the local population of wind turbines’ merits might have a harder time when facing other stakeholders with competing interests
Distribution of specific conspiracy beliefs (7-point rating scale from 1 ‘do not agree at all’ to 7 ‘fully agree’ with higher scores indicating stronger specific conspiracy beliefs)(a) and correlation between specific conspiracy beliefs and willingness to vote in favour of the wind turbines (b) (N = 2,115)
The line represents estimates of voting intention; the shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval
Source data
Providing arguments in favour of building the wind turbines still enhanced support among those strongly endorsing specific conspiracy beliefs
but only about half of the extent to which it did for those with a strong conspiracy mentality
in the studies for which positive information was balanced with negative information
there was no reliable improvement in voting intentions among those with strong specific conspiracy beliefs
Although there was no evidence that information provision caused backfire effects among those high in conspiracy beliefs
it is sobering that the positive effects of supportive evidence could be neutralized by counterarguments
A rapid increase in the number of wind farms is needed to reduce carbon emissions worldwide and to slow climate change
The current research revealed a factor that could be a major barrier to achieving this goal: conspiracy beliefs
We showed that the stronger people’s conspiracy mentality
the less likely they were to vote for the construction of wind turbines close to their community in a potential referendum
It is revealing to examine the relative strength in predictive value of conspiracy mentality compared with other variables (percentage of variance explained in voting intentions can be calculated by squaring the correlations)
Conspiracy mentality explained five times more variance compared with political orientation and around 20 times more variance than age
education and state in the nationally quota-balanced sample
over a quarter of this sample scored high on endorsement of specific conspiracy theories about the wind farm construction
When considering participants’ beliefs in these specific conspiracy theories
explaining at least 25 times more variance in voting intentions compared with the other variables
These findings suggest that a predisposition to believe conspiracy theories is a barrier to wind farm acceptance and even more so when this general predisposition crystallizes into believing specific conspiracy theories about the authorities’ motives
our studies are not designed to test this causal claim
Longitudinal studies may be useful going forward in terms of shoring up the case for a causal relationship between conspiracy beliefs and wind farm resistance
some of the reported studies examined effects of information provision under more realistic conditions
when people had access to both arguments in favour of and against building the wind turbines
These results gave less reason for optimism
balanced communication was still somewhat effective among those with a strong conspiracy mentality
it remained ineffective among those who strongly believed in a specific conspiracy theory around the referendum
One way of reaching these people might be prevention rather than intervention
Such strategies could be applied in the domain of wind farm acceptance as well
the current research focused on a single country in which wind energy already plays a major role
But given their pledge to reach net-zero emissions
other countries will probably be in a similar position of increasing wind energy in the future
Investigating the role of conspiracy mentality in shaping citizens’ support for wind farms in a country on the forefront of implementing this technology provides valuable insights for other countries on steep decarbonization trajectories
All studies were conducted online with German adults who were recruited via participant platforms (Clickworker: Studies 1
Study 8 was run by a recruiting agency (Respondi) to collect a nationally quota-balanced sample (in terms of age
Payment of participants differed between studies due to different survey lengths but was generally above the statutory minimum wage in the country (except Study 8 for which the recruiting agency determined the payment)
we included participants in our analyses if they fulfilled the following criteria: were at least 18 years old
spoke German fluently (because study materials were largely text based)
did not fail the attention check items included in the survey
were not psychology students (because they are familiar with psychological study procedures and might be suspicious about our hypotheses) and were not identified as statistical outliers in the main analysis (based on studentized deleted residuals
we did not apply the language and psychology criteria (as pre-registered) to not compromise the representativeness of the sample
we did not analyse the data of 75 participants in Study 8 who were additionally recruited due to a sampling error of the recruiting agency
On the basis of these criteria N = 301 participants from the original samples were excluded (Study 1: n = 10; Study 2: n = 24; Study 3: n = 36; Study 4: n = 34; Study 5: n = 28; Study 6: n = 22; Study 7: n = 4; Study 8: n = 143)
The applied exclusions did not change the results in a way that would lead to different conclusions than the ones we presented in the main text
The experiments were implemented via the Qualtrics survey software
The procedure and measures were nearly identical across all studies
Slight differences across studies were due to the specific research questions addressed in each study
After giving informed consent at the outset of the studies
participants were asked to imagine that there were plans to build five wind turbines close to their communities and that there was a referendum to decide on these plans
Participants were aware that the referendum and the wind farms were fictitious
Studies 4 and 5 contained an additional experimental condition in which participants received an equal number of arguments opposed to building the wind turbines in alternation with the pro arguments
These counterarguments were said to be raised by a local initiative opposing the wind turbines
but here they were presented by the same source (that is
the municipality bringing up both sides but eventually refuting the counterarguments)
We refer to these latter two conditions as balanced conditions
Both measures were not substantially affected by the preceding experimental manipulation (conspiracy mentality: effect size eta-squared (η²) = 0.002; specific conspiracy beliefs: η² = 0.01)
we were successful in our aim to not activate conspiracy theories with our manipulation
gender and education was then retrieved before debriefing participants about the purpose of the study
To be able to include gender as a covariate in these analyses
we removed the two participants who reported their gender as ‘other’
It also allows for presenting all the data we collected in an efficient and transparent manner (that is
we report all studies that we conducted to test the research questions)
The reason for conducting several smaller studies partly lies in the fact that the first results were counter to our theory-driven expectations (pre-registrations)
which led us to replicate them in subsequent studies and to test several plausible moderators (as outlined in the main text)
The final study served to confirm these results with a large and nationally quota-balanced sample
All studies were conducted in line with the ethical guidelines for psychological research of the American Psychological Association and the German Research Foundation and received ethical approval by the institutional ethics board of the Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien (Tübingen
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article
The code used to analyse the datasets is publicly available via PsychArchives (https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.8252)
Examining the social acceptance of wind energy: practical guidelines for onshore wind project development in France
The link between health complaints and wind turbines: support for the nocebo expectations hypothesis
The pattern of complaints about Australian wind farms does not match the establishment and distribution of turbines: support for the psychogenic
Cultural cognition of the risks and benefits of nanotechnology
The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks
The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance of science
Speaking (un-)truth to power: conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude
The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: a 24-nation investigation
Relationships among conspiratorial beliefs
conservatism and climate scepticism across nations
Tearing apart the ‘evil’ twins: a general conspiracy mentality is not the same as specific conspiracy beliefs
Wind turbines and health: a critical review of the scientific literature
Health effects and wind turbines: a review of the literature
Trump claims that wind farms cause cancer for very Trumpian reasons
Societal acceptance of wind farms: analysis of four common themes across Australian case studies
Effects of competence- and integrity-based trust on public acceptability of renewable energy projects in China and the Netherlands
Wind power implementation: the nature of public attitudes: equity and fairness instead of ‘backyard motives’
Powerful pharma and its marginalized alternatives
Effects of individual differences in conspiracy mentality on attitudes toward medical approaches
Belief in conspiracy theories and non-normative behavior
‘I know things they don’t know!’ The role of need for uniqueness in belief in conspiracy theories
Renewable energy. BMWK https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/renewable-energy.html (2022)
Wind energy counter-conducts in Germany: understanding a new wave of socio-environmental grassroots protest
Decomposing public support for energy policy: what drives acceptance of and intentions to protest against renewable energy expansion in Germany
Can Germany show us how to leave coal behind
Conspiracy mentality and political orientation across 26 countries
framing and the social acceptance of offshore wind farms: an experimental study in England
Using power as a negative cue: how conspiracy mentality affects epistemic trust in sources of historical knowledge
Communication and Persuasion: Psychological Studies of Opinion Change (Yale Univ
An integrative framework for understanding two-sided persuasion
Examining the effectiveness of climate change frames in the face of a climate change denial counter-frame
Barriers and facilitators of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19: role of prosociality
Belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories reduces social distancing over time
Conspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemic
Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology
Pro-vaccination subjective norms moderate the relationship between conspiracy mentality and vaccination intentions
Peer influence on household energy behaviours
Boomerang effects in science communication: how motivated reasoning and identity cues amplify opinion polarization about climate mitigation policies
When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions
in Together Apart: The Psychology of COVID-19 (eds Jetten
in Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories (eds Butter
Countering misinformation and fake news through inoculation and prebunking
The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction
Addressing COVID-19 vaccination conspiracy theories and vaccination intentions
Prevention is better than cure: addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories
Integrative data analysis: the simultaneous analysis of multiple data sets
Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions (Sage
Winter, K., Hornsey, M. J., Pummerer, L. & Sassenberg, K. Dataset for: Anticipating and defusing the role of conspiracy beliefs in shaping opposition to wind farms. PsychArchives https://doi.org/10.23668/psycharchives.8253 (2022)
Download references
This research was funded by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG
conceptualized the study with feedback from L.P
All authors provided critical revision and approved the final version of the article
Stephen Lewandowsky and Joseph Uscinski for their contribution to the peer review of this work
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
Spreadsheet containing the source data of Fig
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01164-w
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OFFICERS stand next to an El Dorado County Sheriff’s Office vehicle as they watch the search of a vehicle that led EDSO
Placerville Police and the California Highway Patrol on a chase Sunday afternoon
A wanted felon was arrested after a chase through Camino and Placerville the morning of April 26
A patrolling K9 unit deputy spotted Abram Sassenberg
Sassenberg was on Post-Release Community Supervision
a suspended driver’s license and an active felony warrant for his arrest
He refused to yield when deputies attempted to perform a traffic stop
Sassenberg led deputies on a car chase through Camino
Deputies successfully used two sets of spike strips
ending on Placerville Drive in Placerville
which is illegal for a probationer to possess; meth; and a meth pipe
Sassenberg was booked into the county jail on charges of felony evading a peace officer with disregard for safety of persons or property
felon in possession of ammunition and violation of probation
He was also charged with misdemeanor possession of methamphetamine and narcotics paraphernalia
Dan Johnson confirmed a female passenger was detained “but released to another entity.”
Sassenberg remains in custody with bail listed as $74,500
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A rendering of the proposed Carvana tower in Short Pump
A 6½-story car vending machine structure will not tower over Short Pump anytime soon
National used-car retailer Carvana has withdrawn its request to build a 71-foot glass-and-steel tower that it calls the world’s first-ever “car vending machine” on land beside Tom Leonard’s Farmers Market along Interstate 64
A required rezoning and provisional use permit were to be considered at last night’s meeting of the Henrico County Planning Commission
Carvana said it was withdrawing the requests due to an inability to secure a deal for the property
The upstart company’s tower would have been within a mile of incumbent used-car giant CarMax’s original location on West Broad Street
on the opposite side of the I-64 interchange
In the letter to county planning director Joe Emerson
senior director of real estate and development for Carvana
said: “We are disappointed that we couldn’t make the real estate deal work on this site in Short Pump.”
the enthusiasm we continue to see from customers in the Greater Richmond area for a whole new way to buy a car has us excitedly looking for another site that will work for everyone involved.”
Sassenberg said the deal was stymied by disagreement among members of a property owners association for Tom Leonard Drive
consists of owners of about 10 properties along Tom Leonard Drive
including the Candlewood Suites Hotel adjacent to the site and the Pier 1 retail center closer to Broad Street
Owners of those properties had emailed the county expressing concerns with the proposed project
which would have built an 8,200-square-foot “auto fulfillment center” for the national retailer
which offers shop-at-home car buying without needing to visit a dealership
Customers could elect to pick up their purchases at the center instead of having them delivered
Sassenberg said agreement from neighboring property owners couldn’t be reached by Tom Leonard
who formed the association and owns the property through an entity called G3 Investments LLC
which purchased the 6.2-acre farmers market property in 2002 for $1.5 million
The Carvana facility would have been built on a 1.3-acre portion of that property
“There were members of the association that felt that it was being rushed
which would be part of their association obligations and rights,” Sassenberg said
“We need to find a site that we can move on quicker
Leonard couldn’t come back with the vote.”
The land was under contract to be purchased contingent on the requested zoning and permit approvals
The deal was being brokered by Cushman & Wakefield | Thalhimer
which leases a building nearby on West Broad Street as its corporate headquarters
Thalhimer CEO Lee Warfield said his firm became involved through a relationship between Carvana and another Cushman & Wakefield affiliate that had worked with the company in another state
He said the property was identified as a potential site and they approached Leonard with an offer to buy the parcel
Leonard said he wasn’t looking to sell off part of his property but welcomed the offer because it would help him afford a planned expansion to his market
so it was a perfect idea to take the money from the sale of the property over there and just put it into the expansion of the business,” Leonard said
“I think there are some people who are concerned about a car dealership going in there
They were still working on changing their minds,” he said
“The covenants there don’t allow a car dealership on that piece of property
Leonard said Thalhimer was among those who had concerns with the project
which he said he found odd considering it was brokering the deal
I don’t know how a person can get a realtor to get a big commission on a piece of commercial property and sell it and then turn around and complain that they’re building it.”
Warfield said his firm never took a position on the project because it doesn’t own any property in the area
He noted that Thalhimer leases its building
from an entity called 11100 West Broad Street LC
which purchased the former S&K Famous Brands building in 2009 in a multi-parcel sale that totaled $5.8 million
including Henrico County: we have no dog in that fight and certainly welcome anybody’s right to apply for rezoning,” Warfield said
“I think people mistakenly assume that Thalhimer owns that property
which is way over on the other side of that area but still in that same block
We clearly and openly took no position in that matter at all,” he said
The registered agent for the LC that owns the Thalhimer property is Mark Slusher
senior vice president of Thalhimer Realty Partners – Thalhimer’s real estate investment and development arm
Slusher stressed that he does not represent Thalhimer as the managing member of that entity
which Warfield described as consisting of “a lot” of individuals
Slusher said he had no comment on the Carvana deal
The deal was being brokered by Thalhimer broker Connie Nielsen, who said she was sorry to see the deal fall through
“They wanted to be in Short Pump like a lot of retailers and had just identified that site,” she said
adding that she’s still representing Carvana in its local search
Carvana was also represented locally by Andy Condlin
a real estate attorney with Roth Doner Jackson Gibbons Condlin
While Cushman & Wakefield | Thalhimer represented Carvana in its negotiations, the company has also represented CarMax in many of its real estate deals, such as its recent lease in the Lady Byrd Hat building downtown for an innovation research center
Asked if Thalhimer’s relationship with CarMax created any loyalty issue with Carvana
A spokesperson for CarMax said the company did not have any information to share for this story
Leonard said he formed the property owners association in part to help maintain and oversee Tom Leonard Drive
which he said has become more trafficked as the area has developed
He noted that Thalhimer is not a member of the association but has been a good neighbor and pitched in on improvements to the road’s entrance off Broad Street
specifically – has attended association meetings
though he stressed that the company is not a voting member
“Thalhimer doesn’t have anything to do with the Brookriver Association
They’re not even on the road,” Leonard said
and they’ve helped us with the entrance of Tom Leonard Drive
so we’re delighted to have them come to our meetings
“All our concerns on Tom Leonard Drive are done in a way that
long after this Carvana thing goes whichever way it goes
Sassenberg said Carvana continues to search for new sites up and down the eastern seaboard. He said the Richmond market remains a priority for the company, which entered the market in June and maintains a distribution space at an undisclosed location in Petersburg
“We have a lot of satisfied customers there
so we’re amped to get back into that market with a site,” Sassenberg said
We’ve just got to find land that we can close on.”
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Yeah I’m still not sold on this ‘concept’
It just seems like a gimmick to me; like a 6 story vending machine of cars
I don’t know that a lit tower of cars really lends its self to the current layout of Short Pump but then again Short Pump is a mess to me anyway
The layout and congestion to me shows little planning along the Broad Street corridor
Maybe the 6 story tower of cars would be a more interesting concept if it was a high-end
exotic full car dealership with Lamborghini’s and Porsche’s
Short Pump needed something like this to “class up” the area
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