sometimes volunteers or they were simply forced to serve in the army
One thing is certain; war often destroyed their future or literally their lives
Children have often been pressed into conflicts throughout history
It was very common in some countries for children to fight in wars
The recruitment of child soldiers has long been associated with irregular forces and guerrillas however when a country is facing annihilation; everybody is obliged to fight
Here are some gut-wrenching images of kids at war- throughout the twentieth century
it is not something that is confined to history
there are still children fighting in all the conflicts that are ravaging parts of the world
At present children are taking an active part in wars in Syria
Damian is a history geek that’s working for War History Online for almost a decade
He can talk about the history and its chain of events for hours and is 100% legit fun at parties
geography and etymology of all things are no less exciting for him
and your comment section moderator all in one
Mythologies of all cultures are fascinating to him
Correction 09/09/22: A previous version of this article stated that Bernie Madoff's Ponzi scheme was $50 million
Few things about Ruja Ignatova's life are known for certain
and her career path jumps from failing company to failing company with little explanation
But the one thing that is entirely certain is that Ignatova is responsible for the biggest cryptocurrency fraud in history
It's estimated that through OneCoin, a fake cryptocurrency Ignatova invented and marketed, she scammed between $4.4 billion to nearly $20 billion out of millions of people worldwide over the course of three years (per Cointelegraph)
But OneCoin wasn't even Ignatova's first cryptocurrency scam — she'd already had a practice run
Ignatova has been known as the Cryptoqueen
Ignatova has been missing for over four and a half years
No one knows whether she's alive or dead or what she even might look like anymore
But as law enforcement agencies across two continents place her on their most-wanted lists and offer rewards for her capture
it's unclear if any information about Ignatova might surface
This is the untold story of the Cryptoqueen
After allegedly working at McKinsey & Company, a global management consulting firm (via The Washington Post)
reportedly bought the Waltenhofen Steelworks in Waltenhofen
Ignatova and her father secretly sold the company to someone who once again filed for bankruptcy four days later
It was also later revealed that not only were Ignatova and her father embezzling money from the company but they were also accused of taking apart the machinery to ship to Bulgaria for parts
Funancial writes that "the secret redecoration of the already bankrupt company in early 2012 caused particular indignation among employees." At least 160 people ended up losing their jobs (via Südkurier)
Ruja Ignatova left Germany after secretly selling the steelworks, and it's believed that she went to London and then possibly Dubai. But her fraudulent behavior in Germany caught up with her four years later when she and her father were convicted of delaying bankruptcy and fraud, writes BuzzFeed
Ignatova and her father both pled guilty to embezzlement, bank fraud, and fraudulent accounting practices. Ignatova was given a suspended jail sentence of 14 months by the district court of Augsburg, but it's unclear exactly what her father's sentence was. The BBC reports that she was also reportedly fined
but places the date of her sentencing in October 2016
many of the dates and timelines around Ignatova's story vary
she was spending several days a month in Hong Kong promoting BigCoin
emails show that she was already making plans for OneCoin
who would become OneCoin's co-founder along with Ignatova and her brother
they decided to create their own Ponzi scheme currency
Ignatova was claiming that OneCoin had over three million members worldwide
The BBC reports that British people spent over $30 million on OneCoin during the first half of 2016 alone
But DW reports that while digital currencies are typically backed by "any public
and decentralized blockchain-type technology," OneCoin lacked this and instead claimed to have a "private blockchain," which meant that the currency didn't have its value backed by anything
investors were encouraged to sell packages of OneCoin to friends and family
also known as a multi-level marketing strategy or a pyramid scheme
OneCoin also couldn't be used to buy anything or be transferred outside the closed system
But while none of this was really a secret, investors were still drawn to OneCoin. According to the BBC
investors told them this was due to "the fear that they would miss out on the next big thing
the stories of people striking gold with Bitcoin and thought OneCoin was a second chance."
she may be one of the largest bitcoin holders
"it is unclear if he will ever see his money."
Dubai is considered to be an "important financial route" for Ignatova (per BBC) because although the headquarters for OneCoin was in Bulgaria
the company was registered as an offshore company in Dubai
the Intergovernmental Collaborative Action Fund for Excellence
and Germany's Federal Financial Supervisory Authority issued cease and desist orders to OneCoin in 2017
Bjorn Bjercke, a blockchain expert, was also one of the first to speak out publicly about the fact that OneCoin didn't use a blockchain. And as a result of speaking out, he started receiving death threats and has stated (via BBC)
"If I knew what I would have to go through
I would have just turned my back and walked away."
Bitcoin.com writes that OneCoin's demise was soon being predicted
and despite promises to introduce public blockchain technology
New York District Attorney Cyrus Vance later stated (via OBC Transeuropa)
"OneCoin [was] nothing more than a classic pyramid scheme
and Ignatova continued to travel the world and sell OneCoin
Ruja Ignatova was meant to assuage everyone's concerns during a gathering of European OneCoin promoters in Lisbon
On the day of the Lisbon gathering, Ruja Ignatova, who was known for being on time, was nowhere to be found. Per BBC
the OneCoin head office in Sofia had no idea where she was
and rumors started to spread that Ignatova had been either killed or kidnapped by the banks
"who — they'd been told — had most to fear from the cryptocurrency revolution."
The BBC reports that estimates about how much money has been put into OneCoin are difficult to make because it has structured its companies and bank accounts to make their assets disappear
When investigating OneCoin's corporate workings
it was found that many of its companies and bank account details are British
British journalist Oliver Bullough notes to the BBC that "British companies are the companies of choice
and they look legitimate." But despite being posted on the Companies House website
many of the companies connected to OneCoin have no information about them
After Ruja Ignatova's disappearance, her brother Konstantin Ignatov took over operations of OneCoin. But even Ignatov couldn't keep the officials at bay. CoinMarketCap writes that in early 2018
the OneCoin headquarters were raided by the Bulgarian authorities at the request of German prosecutors
OneCoin and its website remained operational
By this point, warnings about OneCoin were relatively widespread. But the BBC reports that as "money started drying up in Europe
promoters turned more and more to countries [in Africa] like Uganda." Sebastian Greenwood was arrested in 2018
Ignatov was arrested in Los Angeles at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in March 2019
OneCoin's operations finally ceased in December 2019
Rewards of over $5,000 were also offered to anyone who might have information on her whereabouts
Europol is the EU's largest law enforcement agency, and according to Vice
they suspect Ignatova of "having prompted investors worldwide to invest in this worthless currency." They also describe Ignatova as "the driving force and intellectual inventor" behind OneCoin
Ignatova was also released from her Bulgarian citizenship while still retaining her German nationality
On June 30, 2022, Ignatova was also added to the FBI's ten most wanted fugitives list. CBS News reports that Ignatova is only the 11th woman in history to be added to the list
A $100,000 reward is also being offered for information leading to Ignatova's capture
she has more than enough money to continue hiding
especially since the authorities in the emirates unfroze her accounts in 2020
One theory regarding Ignatova's whereabouts states that she is hiding on a luxury yacht in the Mediterranean Sea. However, it's unknown even exactly where her yacht might be. As long as someone is at least 12 nautical miles from the coast, authorities cannot arrest you because no country has jurisdiction. CBS News also notes that she has connections in Bulgaria