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Become a part of our Community! >> Visit Now Porto – Lisbon – Barcelona – Alcaniz – Zaragoza – MadridAugust 2–17 Join us on a 16-day journey through the beautiful landscapes and historic cities of Portugal and Spain culminating in the spectacular August 12 solar eclipse where you’ll cruise the Douro River and explore the vineyards of the Douro Valley visiting iconic sites like Belém Tower and Sintra’s scenic coastline arrive in Barcelona to admire Gaudí’s masterpieces including La Sagrada Familia and Park Güell Travel along Spain’s picturesque coast to the Roman city of Tarragona before arriving in Alcaniz a medieval town where you’ll experience the spectacular August 12 total solar eclipse With 1 minute and 25 seconds of totality around sunset this carefully chosen viewing location offers unobstructed views of this celestial phenomenon as well as some of the best statistical chances of ideal weather conditions Expert guidance will ensure a memorable viewing experience visit Zaragoza’s historic Aljafería Palace and Basílica de Nuestra Señora del Pilar This tour offers an unforgettable blend of astronomy For pricing, full itinerary, and more details, click here updates and special offers via email from Astronomy.com Astronomy leads the astronomy hobby as the most popular magazine of its kind in the world Count me in Why Sign In? Subscribers can access their digital magazine issues, and registered users can participate in our Community forums and galleries. A state-of-the-art venue, the MotorLand Aragon road racing circuit was opened in 2009, to continue the rich local heritage of racing which had seen years of exciting street races in nearby Alcañiz, a town that hosted racing events between 1963 and 2003. Funeral service for Renè Alcaniz, 84, of Nacogdoches, will be held at 3:00 PM on Tuesday, April 23, 2019 at Laird Funeral Home with Bro. Tim Brewer officiating. Interment will follow at Sunset Memorial Park. Mr. Alcaniz passed away on Thursday, April 18, 2019 in Nacogdoches. He was born on March 8, 1935 in Marseille, France. Visitation will be held prior to the funeral from 2:00 to 3:00 PM at Laird Funeral Home. Rene is survived by his wife, Juanita Alcaniz; son, Michael Alcaniz of Nacogdoches; daughter, Donna Franklin and husband, David of Douglass; grandchildren, Marie Hobson and husband, Jeremy of San Antonio, Carlyle Teel and wife, Lacy of Henderson, Michael Alcaniz III of Nacogdoches, Colton Alcaniz and Gage Alcaniz of Jacksonville; great-grandchildren, Christian Hobson, Destiny Hobson, and Zoie Teel, Mia Teel, and Briley Teel. He is preceded in death by his parents, Michael and Jane Alcaniz and son, Kenneth Alcaniz. Serving as pallbearers will be Carlyle Teel, Michael Alcaniz, Colton Alcaniz, Gage Alcaniz, Christian Hobson, and Jeremy Hobson. Volume 13 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2023.1129627 This article is part of the Research TopicPatient-derived Tumor Models for Drug DevelopmentView all 14 articles aggressiveness and infiltrative growth drastically limit success of current standard of care drugs and efficacy of various new therapeutic approaches There is a need for new therapies and models reflecting the complex biology of these tumors to analyze the molecular mechanisms of tumor formation and resistance as well as to identify new therapeutic targets We established and screened a panel of 26 patient-derived subcutaneous (s.c.) xenograft (PDX) GBM models on immunodeficient mice of which 15 were also established as orthotopic models selected for their different modes of action Best treatment responses were observed for standard of care temozolomide Matching orthotopic models frequently show reduced sensitivity as the blood-brain barrier limits crossing of the drugs to the GBM Molecular characterization of 23 PDX identified all of them as IDH-wt (R132) with frequent mutations in EGFR Their expression profiles resemble proposed molecular GBM subtypes mesenchymal with pronounced clustering for gene sets related to angiogenesis and MAPK signaling Subsequent gene set enrichment analysis identified hallmark gene sets of hypoxia and mTORC1 signaling as enriched in temozolomide resistant PDX In models sensitive for mTOR inhibitor everolimus hypoxia-related gene sets reactive oxygen species pathway and angiogenesis were enriched Our results highlight how our platform of s.c it is a valuable tool in identification of molecular signatures correlating with monitored responses Available matching orthotopic PDX models can be used to assess the impact of the tumor microenvironment and blood-brain barrier on efficacy Our GBM PDX panel therefore represents a valuable platform for screening regarding molecular markers and pharmacologically active drugs as well as optimizing delivery of active drugs to the tumor Tumor tissue was collected directly during surgery Patients included in the study gave written informed consent and specimen collection was approved by the local Institutional Review Board of Charité University Medicine the Ethics Committee of the University of Rostock Germany (A 2009/34) and the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Graz Animal studies were performed in accordance with the German Animal Welfare Act and approved by local authorities (Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales Germany) under the permission H0308/18 for the PDX generation and proliferation in vivo and A0010/19 for in vivo therapy experiments patient tumor specimens were cut into 3-4 mm sized fragments and transplanted s.c on anesthetized NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice (Charles River Laboratories and body weight and tumor size were measured twice per week When tumors successfully engrafted and reached a size of about 1 cm³ cut into 3×3×3 mm sized fragments and transplanted s.c on female NMRI Foxn1nu mice for the consecutive in vivo passage Mice were housed under standard conditions in IVC caging systems with 22°C +/- 1°C in vivo passage (passage numbers between 4 and 9) was used to prepare a single cell suspension via mechanical break up (gentleMACS Dissociator Anesthetized mice were fixed in a stereotactic frame the skin on the scull was opened and 2 µl cell suspension of 1×105 tumor cells was injected intracerebral (i.cer.) into the cortex of the right hemisphere and the skin was closed using Histoacryl ® tissue adhesive (B.Braun The following day mice received meloxicam subcutaneously 3×3×3 mm tumor fragments (passage numbers between 2 and 6) were transplanted subcutaneously onto female Rj : NMRI-Foxn1nu/nu nude mice (Janvier Labs Animals were randomized and treated at palpable tumor size (0.08 to 0.2 cm³) with the respective drugs: bevacizumab (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally Germany) and temozolomide (90 mg/kg orally Drug efficacy was determined by measurement of tumor volumes (TV) TV measurement was performed with a digital caliper and volumes were calculated using the formula: Studies were terminated for ethical reasons when first animals reached a TV > 1.5 cm³ in %) of mean volumes of tumors in treatment (T) versus control groups (C) as well as relative tumor volumes (RTV) in treatment groups were used: A T/C value > 50% was defined as no response > 10% as moderate response and T/C ≤ 10% a strong response We furthermore considered a RTV value > 1.7 as progression and RTV ≤ 0.3% as partial remission For sensitivity testing of orthotopic GBM PDX models and animals randomly distributed into control and treatment groups Treatment was started 6 to 7 days after tumor cell inoculation Once first animals showed health impairments the study was terminated and maximum tumor area in coronal plane measured microscopically and used to evaluate therapeutic responses For statistical analyses of tumor size differences between control and treatment groups at study end one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test were performed For histopathological analysis, 5 µm sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor samples were deparaffinized in ROTICLEAR® (Carl Roth GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) and rehydrated using ethanol and distilled water. Sections were then stained according to a standard hematoxylin-eosin protocol (24) For immunohistochemistry (IHC) antigen retrieval was done in hot citrate buffer for 15 min followed by cooling for 40 min and washing with PBS slides were blocked with 5% goat serum in PBS for 1 h at room temperature (RT) and subsequently incubated with primary antibody (5 µg/ml rabbit anti-MGMT Sections were then washed twice in TBST buffer (20 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.5 0.1% Tween-20) and incubated with the SuperVison 2 Single Species HRP-polymer rabbit kit (DCS GmbH Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin solution slides were first blocked with 3% hydrogenperoxide for 30 min washed twice with PBS and then with 5% normal goat serum in PBS for 30 min sections were incubated with primary antibody (6.5 µg/ml rabbit anti-Ki-67 in PBS Sections were then washed twice in TBST buffer and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (#111035003 followed by detection of secondary antibody using chromogen substrate buffer DAB+ (#K3468 then with distilled water and counterstained with hematoxylin solution All Images were acquired using the Axioskop 40 and AxioVision V3.5 (Zeiss tumor tissue samples was performed for 23 established GBM PDX models Next-generation sequencing and processing of the raw data was performed by ATLAS Biolabs GmbH (Berlin About 50-100 mg snap frozen PDX tumor tissue was dissolved in 1.5 ml of TRIzol™ (ThermoFisher Scientific USA) using a gentle MACS dissociator and M tubes (Miltenyi Biotec The integrity of the isolated total RNA was analyzed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 and the RNA 6000 Nano Kit (Agilent The Illumina TrueSeq Stranded mRNA Library Prep Kit was used for preparation of RNAseq libraries followed by 100 bp PE-sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 device with a depth of 80–100 million reads (40–50 Mio cluster) (Illumina Read quality was validated with FastQC v0.11.8 (25). Human (reference: ensembl hg38) and mouse (reference: ensembl mm10) reads were split with Xenome v1.0.1 (26). STAR aligner v2.6.1a (27), QualiMap v2.2.1 (28) and eXpress v1.5.1 (29) were used to map the human-specific reads and quantify transcript expression Copy Number Variations (CNV) were predicted from gene expression mutational data using RNAseqCNV (34) and CaSpER (35) A total of 131 tumor tissues from patients diagnosed with GBM were used for PDX generation. Of these, 39 models (30%) engrafted and were consecutively passaged subcutaneously for a minimum of three times and were then considered stable, established s.c. PDX. Median age of patients at resection is 63, and 15 of the characterized GBM PDX were from male patients (58%) (Table 1) reflecting the clinical situation of GBM grade IV 26 GBM PDX models have been subject to chemosensitivity testing 23 of which subject to molecular characterization by RNA sequencing 4 recurrences of GBM and 3 GBMs with unknown treatment history of which 4 have been subject to sensitivity testing Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients that provided tumor tissue of subcutaneously established and chemosensitivity-tested PDX models reflecting the heterogeneity of our GBM PDX panel Figure 1 Histological and biological characteristics of GBM PDX (A) Analysis of three representative patient tissue samples and respective s.c PDX tissue from in vivo passage #2 revealed comparable histology (HE) MGMT expression (red staining) and expression of proliferation marker Ki-67 (brown staining) (B) Comparable growth over several consecutive s.c passages of PDX models Glio11368 and Glio12464 (C) Heterogeneous tumor doubling times in our panel of established PDX models (D) Comparison of nodular and infiltrative growth in two different orthotopic (intracerebral i.cer.) PDX models (cresyl violet staining tumor tissue stained purple) (0.9-fold magnification) (E) Analysis of PDX Glio12464 revealed comparable histology and Ki-67 expression over several consecutive s.c passages and parallel orthotopic inoculation Examination of Ki-67 expression (proliferation marker) in PDX tumor tissue via IHC Positive areas in the sections are stained brown a PDX established from a recurrent GBM previously treated with temozolomide Figure 2 Chemosensitivity of established glioma PDX (A) Examples of drug testings of three s.c illustrating model-specific growth characteristics and treatment responses to different drugs Significant differences to control (PBS) at study end: * p < 0.05 (B) Treatment response evaluation as mean tumor volume of treated tumors divided by mean tumor volume of tumors in the corresponding control group (T/C optimal in %) revealed PDX individual sensitivity profiles RTV as response criteria is indicated as progression stable disease or regression in respective groups (C) T/C values at study end of orthotopic PDX models Glio10535 Glio12032 and Glio13066 revealed reduced sensitivities when compared to matching s.c The maximum tumor area in coronal plane was used as measure for i.cer RTV could not be calculated for orthotopic PDX as tumor sizes were only measured once at study end The BBB and the tumor microenvironment within the brain parenchyma significantly contribute to tumor biology and eventually treatment outcome in GBM. We therefore compared efficacy of bevacizumab, everolimus, irinotecan and temozolomide in 4 orthotopic GBM PDX (Figure 2C) To evaluate treatment responses between s.c and orthotopic PDX we used T/C at study end [%] models was slightly better in all models showing moderate to strong responses (T/C 1% - 13%) our diverging results point to the importance of orthotopic GBM PDX models to evaluate drug efficacy in a clinically relevant setting Figure 3 Mutation status of selected genes and their expression in GBM PDX models a selection of genes frequently mutated in GBM was analyzed for mutations in our panel of GBM PDX with comparably high EGFR expression in most PDX bearing EGFR mutations Members of cluster I are enriched for mesenchymal signature genes while members of cluster II are enriched for signature genes of the classical phenotype The remaining 16 models formed a third cluster defined by comparably high enrichment of genes related to the proposed proneural subtype but with enrichment in more than one molecular subtype in individual models Red (positive Z-score): higher expression of gene set than in the average of all models To gain further insight into the tumor biology and cancer-related pathways of tumor progression in our PDX models, we compared their transcriptomes according to gene sets of cancer hallmarks (Figure 4C) also clustered in gene sets like epithelial mesenchymal transition inflammation-related signatures like response to interferon alpha/gamma and TNF signaling The two adjacent clusters of three models each showed comparably low enrichment scores in the mentioned hallmarks but high scores in hallmarks G2M checkpoints The remaining PDX models showed individual expression profiles regarding the analyzed hallmarks with three of the four PDX resembling the classical subtype grouping together models of the mesenchymal subtype were again separate from the remaining models and characterized by overall high enrichment scores The two PDX resembling the classical subtype the most pronounced (Glio10888 and Glio11368) were localized in a cluster of four models with comparably low enrichment scores while remaining models showed individual expression profiles Figure 5 Selected gene set enrichment analysis plots of s.c PDX tumor tissue based on results in chemosensitivity testing (A) Enriched hallmark gene sets (p < 0.1 and FDR < 25%) in temozolomide resistant PDX and (B) PDX responding to mTOR inhibitor everolimus indicate possible implications of mTOR signaling and hypoxia for the monitored phenotypes In our screenings we did not observe a tumor growth inhibition in any of the PDX While this reflects the mentioned limited efficacy of these monotherapies it remains unclear whether higher doses could achieve better results our screening results reflect some of the response patterns seen in patients and strongly indicate that intratumoral heterogeneity and clonal complexity is maintained contributing to the monitored highly tumor individual sensitivity profiles With subsequent gene set enrichment analyses we tried to identify molecular marker profiles to identify patients that might benefit from personalized therapies The available transcriptome sequencing data allowed us to analyze the PDX models mutation and gene expression status. We were able to confirm IDH-wt (R132) status in all models, with only one model bearing a mutation in IDH1, albeit not in codon R132. We furthermore found mutations frequently identified in patients’ GBM like in the genes EGFR, TP53, FAT1, as well as PTEN and MTOR (33) These contrasting roles of mTOR signaling highlight the need for molecular markers to select GBM patients where hypoxia and mTOR signaling are true drivers of progression and temozolomide resistance In our screening only 1 of 5 temozolomide resistant models was sensitive towards mTOR inhibition bevacizumab would be beneficial in these GBM PDX needs further testing In conclusion, the enrichment of hypoxia and mTORC1 signaling in temozolomide resistant models, as well as enrichment of hypoxia-related gene sets in models susceptible for mTOR inhibitor everolimus indicate a role of mTOR signaling in progression under hypoxic conditions in s.c. GBM PDX (70) Whether combination with mTOR inhibitors can overcome temozolomide resistance in s.c and matching orthotopic PDX needs further investigation This includes analyzing expression profiles of orthotopic models to help understand biology and resistance formation in comparison to s.c yet unknown vulnerabilities for novel therapies Our results highlight both the possible applications as well as limitations of the two model types while not fully representing the GBM’s tumor microenvironment are suitable for larger screenings of new drugs or treatment regimens in a clinical study-like setup Subcutaneous PDX panels can identify predictive markers and mechanisms of intrinsic or treatment-induced drug resistance Orthotopic GBM PDX - in a possible second step - enable analysis of the impact of the tumor microenvironment and the BBB on drug efficacy their contribution to resistance formation and whether drugs can reach therapeutically relevant concentrations within the tumor This can be of particular interest in the development of new formulations or drug delivery systems that aim to increase BBB-crossing of available drugs in repurposing efforts and new drug candidates identified in previous screenings All underlying RNA sequencing data have been deposited at the European Genome-phenome Archive (EGA) Further information about EGA can be found on https://ega-archive.org The animal studies were reviewed and approved by Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales CS and SK were responsible for patient tumor tissue collection and inclusion for the project JA and AO supervised the experimental studies All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version We would like to thank our EPO team (Britta Büttner Katharina Scholl and Laura Cristina Nicolae) for the excellent technical assistance MD and LW are employees of EPO Berlin-Buch GmbH The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2023.1129627/full#supplementary-material Erratum: The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system The 2016 world health organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: A summary Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma Females have the survival advantage in glioblastoma Predictive MGMT status in a homogeneous cohort of IDH wildtype glioblastoma patients MGMT promoter methylation is a strong prognostic biomarker for benefit from dose-intensified temozolomide rechallenge in progressive glioblastoma: The DIRECTOR trial 7. 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molecular signatures Received: 22 December 2022; Accepted: 14 March 2023;Published: 11 April 2023 Copyright © 2023 Alcaniz, Winkler, Dahlmann, Becker, Orthmann, Haybaeck, Krassnig, Skofler, Kratzsch, Kuhn, Jödicke, Linnebacher, Fichtner, Walther and Hoffmann. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Joshua Alcaniz, am9zaHVhLmFsY2FuaXpAZXBvLWJlcmxpbi5jb20= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish After over a year of transforming the former Mount Olive Baptist Church from the ground up into a chic, boutique lodging house Lily Hall celebrated its ribbon cutting Wednesday on 415 Alcaniz St Nashville-based Stalhman Hospitality and Lily Hall Executive Host Kari Randle greeted a curious community with property tours, complimentary champagne and a charcuterie grazing board curated by executive chef Darian Hernandez As a sea of iPhones cameras snapped pictures of the now completed parlor, guest rooms, restaurant Brother Fox speakeasy Sister Hen and an outdoor courtyard — guests were eager to capture every last detail A deep dive into Lily Hall's missionLily Hall anticipates completion by fall, bringing lodging, Spanish restaurant, speakeasy Brother Fox head chef wins ChoppedChopped champion: Pensacola chef wins top prize on Food Network Valentine's Day special Lily Hall offer guests 15 boutique suites to choose from prohibition-era speakeasy among several other unique hangout areas From the secret speakeasy entrance outside to the signature smell that carries up to the second floor here are six details that make the space so spectacular they will find a scavenger hunt-like path of framed letters that “may or may not” have been written between historic figures such as Harper Lee writing to opera singer Maria Callas advising her to bring a straw hat on her trip to Pensacola and to order drinks from Lily Hall's speakeasy that bring the “good kind of trouble.” After guests are finished reading the letters designed to spark their creativity they are encouraged to sit down in the parlor and type up a story of their own Visitors are suggested to start by detailing where they traveled from who they are with and the last song they sang aloud to The typed-up memories are then for the guest to take or for Lily Hall to keep where Randle would like to one day preserve them all in a book for future guests to enjoy Every inch of Lily Hall smells like bergamot and gingerWhen Lily Hall founders dreamed up ways to give guests a distinct sense of place one detail they settled on was having a scent custom made just for Lily Hall From the burning candles to the hand soaps in the guest rooms the overarching notes of fresh citrus that seem to find their way wafting through the corridors and up the elevator are no coincidence It was custom made for Lily Hall by The Golden Slipper in Nashville When the soothing smell makes it way under your nose you will know you have made it to your destination Lily Hall’s Sister Hen is a stark contrast to the rest of the property which dresses itself in natural sunlight as the walls soak up color from the specially selected wallpaper from Pensacola’s Malmberg studio guests must search for a glowing red light around the corner of the building The guest must then pick up the phone and call for a bartender to finding a space inside that will fit their party and invite them in there may even be a secret password required that creates even more intrigue the carefully curated ambiance should be dark and romantic You may have to look twice when your bartender rubs an ice cube down on a brass board before dropping it in your glass melting a special pattern into the cube without using heat The thermal conductivity of the brass melts the frozen surface The stamps are meant to fuse the ice with distinct shapes and symbols Some designs being a honeycomb for the Bees’ Knees drink contribute to making time spent at the wooden cocktail cove its own distinctly memorable moment The parlor books were all hand-picked at Open Books nonprofitThough the color-coordinated reads spanning across the property appear to be ordered straight out of a home design catalogue they were all hand-selected at Pensacola’s Opens Books and The Prison Book Project The nonprofit is a volunteer-run bookstore that supports the Prison Book Project that sends about 10,000 books to indigent inmates in Florida prisons each year Randle said Lily Hall was able to provide a substantial donation to the project The wide variety of books scattered throughout Lily Hall give guests the time and space to find a topic they are curious about The books were not the only things in Lily Hall that were thrifted as much of the glassware and unique furniture items scattered throughout the property are one of a kind and sourced out of antique stores Every room has a hand-tested record playerWhether you prefer Al Green or Billy Joel each lodging house guest room comes equipped with a record player and a variety of music to set your mood for the stay Randle said one of her favorite parts of putting the finishing touches on the facility was dancing around room to room to make sure every record player was operating smoothly Lily Hall’s collection of music was curated by Grimey’s New & Preloved Music in Nashville to help select vinyl that “captures Lily Hall’s identity through its music,” according to a statement by Lily Hall “Stocked in every room is something that we hope makes you feel something Something to start your stay right and guide you on your journey with us,” the statement continues Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01530 Marketing scholars and practitioners are showing increasing interest in Extended Reality (XR) technologies (XRs) as very promising technological tools for producing satisfactory consumer experiences that mirror those experienced in physical stores most of the studies published to date lack a certain measure of methodological rigor in their characterization of XR technologies and in the assessment techniques used to characterize the consumer experience which limits the generalization of the results We argue that it is necessary to define a rigorous methodological framework for the use of XRs in marketing This article reviews the literature on XRs in marketing and provides a conceptual framework to organize this disparate body of work This new e-commerce channel is of particular interest for the digital native generation. According to recent studies, marketing campaigns using AR have an average dwell time of 75 s (traditional radio and TV ads have dwell times of just 2.5 s), and 71% of shoppers would shop at a retailer more often if they were offered AR (Hackl and Wolfe, 2017) It is worth emphasizing that there is a growing number of XR related publications and increasing interest in XR among marketing scholars; this will undoubtedly have positive benefits for the field This article attempts to clarify how XRs are being used in marketing we take a broad perspective of the scientific papers published on the application of XRs in marketing this work has had an important impact on the study of XRs in marketing this growing body of work highlight the need for a systematic approach we found that the field is significantly fragmented in terms of the technologies used and their applications This tendency can be a motivating factor for the development of a useful framework for classifying the use of XRs in marketing In the second part of the present study we develop arguments to define the concept of virtual experience in research in marketing (VEM); we then develop and describe a framework for the use of VEMs for research in marketing that highlights the relevant crucial information that VEM studies must provide Through analyzing previous works related to the v-commerce concept (for a recent review, see Bonetti et al., 2018) it has been possible both to understand how VEM has evolved and to revisit the concept in the light of the recent technical advances in XR technologies; this leads us to propose a new definition of VEM These two types of experience are limited to an interaction with a virtual replica of the product outside of its traditional sale context they do not feature other fundamental aspects of user interaction in physical stores The experiences also neglected testing or trying on the products The first use of head-mounted display (HMD) interfaces was in 1995 to undertake supermarket redesigns with reduced costs (within Second Life) The virtual experiences offered by online virtual worlds offer low graphical realism low immersive visual interfaces and unnatural interaction metaphors based on keyboards given the immersive capabilities offered now by XRs the conclusions drawn from these studies have weak current validity Virtual reality has also been used as a tool by test laboratories to obtain metrics to predict consumer behavior in physical stores (Burke, 1996, 2002; Campo et al., 1999; Vrechopoulos et al., 2004, 2009; Breen, 2009; Bigné et al., 2016) Also during the 2000s, AR applications began to use fishtank interfaces in in-store contexts as virtual try-on tools (Koontz and Gibson, 2002; Barlow et al., 2004; Zhu and Owen, 2008) we have witnessed an increase in the number of studies using VR interfaces but most of them still rely on displays with medium- or low-immersion levels such as fishtank or large stereo-screen systems Pantano and Servidio (2012) used a low immersive stereoscopic powerwall setup (a large screen with stereoscopic vision to investigate consumer reactions to XR technologies. Papagiannidis et al. (2013) used a virtual two-floor fashion clothing store which participants explored through a desktop computer The participants browsed in the virtual world and undertook assigned tasks using a keyboard or joystick Some studies proposed a 3D web-based virtual supermarket to study consumer reactions to marketing strategies, such as price and product labeling (Waterlander et al., 2015), emotional responses to retail environments (Massara et al., 2010) and responses to empty shelf space (Van Herpen et al., 2009) All these studies used low-immersive desktop visual interfaces with mouse-based interactions Van Herpen et al. (2016) compared a choice task using VR to a shopping trip in a brick-and-mortar supermarket (with a similar choice task) and a choice task using photographs of products The virtual supermarket was displayed on a PC and three 42″ LCD screens which resulted in a 180-degree field-of-view and participants navigated through the scenario using keyboard and mouse A recent study using an immersive VR interface investigated how customers perceived, and if they would purchase, misshapen fruit and vegetables (Verhulst et al., 2017) The participants visualized a virtual supermarket through an immersive HMD and interacted via an Xbox One controller pad The authors provided a detailed technical description of both the software contents of the virtual environment and the hardware used as visualization and interaction interfaces Bigné et al. (2018) compared subjects’ eye gaze patterns during the viewing of a 360-degree video and a 3D display. A more recent exploratory study compared, using a quantitative methodology, the effect of interactivity on emotion during a 360-degree video ad with the effect during a traditional ad (Castellanos et al., 2018) where the viewer has a free and omnidirectional viewpoint cause more arousal and positive emotions than the same ad presented in a traditional format these last studies are among the few that use high-immersive visual interfaces based on HMDs for research into marketing the last being the only one to use a natural motion tracking-based navigation metaphor Recently, some studies have started to investigate how consumers react to MR interfaces, such as Microsoft HoloLens (Kalantari and Rauschnabel, 2018) Table 1 provides a comparative timeline of developments in VEM location and disciplinary origins of the research Comparative timeline of developments in VEM and improves feedback from the buyer to the retailer to help him/her produce a very pleasant and enjoyable shopping experience and develop a close buyer–retailer relationship thus facilitating good two-way communication The use of XR as a new computer-mediated indirect experience has led to the concept of virtual commerce, or v-commerce (Nguyen et al., 2016) the online shopping experience has developed from traditional drag and drop into a cart on 2D websites to a real-time and interact with virtual versions of physical products and sellers Some authors define this emerging buyer experience as a virtual experience (Li et al., 2003). Although the term had been schematically used previously (Klein, 1998), Li et al. (2003) characterized a virtual experience as “a vivid, involving, active, and affective psychological state that consumers encounter when interacting with 3D products in a computer-mediated environment.” Daugherty et al. (2008) suggested that “A virtual experience is a simulation of a real or physical experience which occurs within a computer-mediated environment and has been constructed to be located between direct (i.e. traditional advertising) experience along the spectrum of consumer learning.” the interaction between buyer and seller are likely to increase The main difference between a virtual experience, and an indirect experience derived from traditional advertising, is that the former provides a richer experience. This difference has its origin in a set of interface characteristics known as affordances. The affordances of human experience in marketing are the interaction expected between consumers and products (Norman, 1998) It is clear that the affordances offered by virtual experiences (virtual affordances) can exceed the affordances the consumer is likely to find in physical environments (physical affordances) one of the most exciting possibilities of the virtual experience is the fabrication of entirely new situations and the development of contexts that will never be experienced by most people in real life By using XRs we can develop new consumer-product and consumer-context interactions that are not possible in the real world XRs are not subject to the same space-time restrictions that humans are in the real world virtual affordances not only match physical affordances Virtual affordances provide richer communication channels between the consumer and the product than traditional advertising and much the same interaction with a product as direct experience consumers may learn better in a virtual experience than in a direct experience In any virtual indirect experience, the content can be presented to the user in accordance with the “Reality–Virtuality” continuum established by Milgram and Kishino (1994). Inspired by this framework, we propose a new classification for direct and indirect experiences in marketing, shown in Figure 1 the possibility of emulating the eye–hand coordination that occurs in the real-life interaction of the consumer with the product By using different types of 3D tracking devices the user can interact with the product as in real life XR allows both allocentric and egocentric (first person) product views exhibiting products such as cars and real-estate users can only interact with the products allocentrically we argue that indirect experiences in marketing mediated by non-immersive technologies (e.g. and 2D websites) cannot be considered VEMs We have only just started to explore the benefits to the customer that might be brought by the technical potential of current XRs to generate VEMs Their findings suggested that VR directly impacts on the users’ sensory elements and therefore enhances the customer experience The literature analyzed in Section “Previous Works on Virtual Experience in Marketing” shows the significant advances in the use of XRs in marketing We are beginning to realize the enormous potential that XRs have to enhance our understanding of consumer behavior defining models that analyze the influence that each of the increasingly numerous and complex variables that surround consumers has on their behavior XR is a tool whose technological capabilities can be of great help to marketing researchers the capability has been adopted and used by only a few pioneering researchers who are working to understand how XRs can contribute to marketing research XRs can become commonplace tools in marketing research it will be necessary to conduct rigorous studies to clarify how XRs might adequately simulate the complex reality that today surrounds the consumer and to analyze the influence that the factors that make up this reality have on his A global analysis of the above-cited works leads us to the following conclusions it is worth emphasizing the growing number of related publications and the increasing interest in XRs among marketing scholars which will undoubtedly have positive benefits for the field the field is significantly fragmented both in terms of the technologies used and in their applications it is noteworthy that most of the works do not provide enough technical details of the XRs technologies being used very few provide an adequate description of the 3D user interfaces used which is crucial for the reproduction of any XR study VEM facilitates fine-grained recording of implicit human behavior measures integrated with self-reported descriptions of the experience to build a more comprehensive and complete model of human responses to achieve such a high degree of multisensory stimulation synchronized with human behavior analysis techniques laboratory experimental tasks enable the monitoring of the potentially influential variables that affect subjects’ responses the subject is confronted with controlled stimuli that do not include various variables that are present in real-life situations the ecological validity of these methodologies is quite limited it is not easy to study human responses in real-life situations because of the experimenter’s inability to control the stimuli involved in the experience The use of VEM for marketing research includes two main processes the multisensory stimulation of the subject using XRs and the measurement of the subject’s behaviors in our proposed classification we include two main blocks: VEM characterization: That must include the relevant information that characterizes any immersive experience thus allowing VEM experiments to be replicated and compared VEM assessment: That must include not only relevant information about the techniques used to analyze subjects’ behaviors but also metrics related to the quality of the user experience we provide a detailed analysis of the sub-components included in each main group in our proposed research framework The technical specifications block should contain a detailed description of each component that characterizes any virtual experience (Alcañiz et al., 2003) • XR technology: The XR technology used following the classification outlined in Figure 2 together with a description of the software used and the contents of the virtual environments • Interface devices: The hardware and software components that present information to the users and allows them to interact with the virtual environment • Interaction techniques component: The interaction techniques method used to accomplish a given task using the output and input interfaces There are many possible choices within each of the three groups of components. Each component has been shown to have a strong influence on the mental processes that give rise to the subjective reality perceived by the user (IJsselsteijn et al., 2001; Clemente et al., 2014; Lorenz et al., 2015; Higuera-Trujillo et al., 2017) It is worth emphasizing that people interacting in the physical world unconsciously handle a series of cues and affordances that are so varied and complex that it is difficult to reproduce them in virtual-reality simulations it is highly recommended that researchers pay attention to the input devices and interaction techniques that generate 3D user interfaces adapted to 3D virtual content which is the method followed in the majority of related works does not provide an adequate solution to the problem It is necessary to generate 3D user interfaces that not only interact with virtual contents but also overcome barriers found in the physical world and to analyze the effect that these interfaces have on the consumer experience as to device components and interaction techniques the majority of works use low immersive screen-based visualization interfaces coupled with primary input interfaces the most immersive technologies to emphasize the clear distinction between traditional indirect experiences and virtual indirect experiences The use of XRs with limited virtual affordances significantly compromises experimental conclusions no VEM work addresses the influence of stimulating other sensory channels It is beyond the scope of this paper to provide guidelines on how to characterize a virtual experience; for detail on this, see, for example, LaViola et al. (2017) we argue that any experimental description of a VEM should describe the basic 3D user interface characteristics It is important in any VEM-related scientific activity to provide detailed information on the options chosen from each of the three groups of components that we propose characterize VEMs In the VEM related scientific literature we note a lack of description of the components chosen and it is challenging to reproduce the experience to undertake future A review of the literature on virtual retail reveals that related works can be categorized into three groups The final goal is either to use XR as a new communication channel for existing products (Brody and Gottsman, 1999), or as a means to analyze the consumer’s reactions to mock-ups of future products that do not yet exist (Jaeger and Porcherot, 2017; Rieuf et al., 2017; Van Kerrebroeck et al., 2017) Extended Reality technologies are used to test new store design concepts before construction (Wu et al., 2013; Van Herpen et al., 2016) and to test new product displays and retail layouts (Meißner et al., 2017) In any experiment in which VEM is used for marketing research the scientific success of XRs depends on them providing a convincing sense of reality in which participants tend to respond realistically to situations and events portrayed within a virtual replica of a real-life situation and give a “response-as-if-real” (RAIR) it is highly recommended that RAIR quality experience be assessed The following measures have proven to be crucial for assessing its effectiveness we also state that VEM assessments should include a CS measure of the virtual experience As for sense of presence, both objective and subjective measures have been proposed to measure CS. The most commonly used measures of CS are the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (Kennedy et al., 2003) and the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (Keshavarz and Hecht, 2011). For a more detailed description of assessment methods for presence and CS and their relationships, see Mazloumi Gavgani et al. (2018) Virtual experience in marketing assessments should include measures to evaluate its final goal to generate consumer behaviors that are as close as possible to reality VEMs must include a set of metrics to evaluate consumer behavior Although a detailed analysis of all the types of measurement used to characterize consumer behavior is beyond the scope of this paper we include a list of the metrics most used to date Traditionally, in marketing research, the assessment methods most widely used and validated are self-report questionnaires, interviews, and projective measures (Bearden and Netemeyer, 1999) The most used scales can be grouped under the following two categories: • Value for the customer: Customer satisfaction To date, most of the theoretical constructs used in consumer behavior are based on explicit measures, such as self-report questionnaires, interviews, and projective measures. The reliability and validity of these techniques can be negatively affected by effects such as social desirability (Grimm, 2010), data interpretation and subject knowledge (Chan, 2009) thus helping marketing scholars develop more complete and integrated theories of consumer behavior In recent times, several techniques for the implicit measurement of consumer behavior have been proposed, based on psychophysiological signals, brain activity measures and/or behavioral measures. For a recent review of the various techniques see, for example, Chark (2018). In Table 2 we summarize the main biometric signals that are being used the metrics derived from each signal and the psychological constructs related to the metrics Most used techniques for implicit measures of consumer behavior The methodology normally used to relate the measurements of biometric signals to consumer behavior metrics is to apply signal processing techniques, followed by computational methods to automatically classify the different consumer behavior metrics. Regarding classification methods, we are witnessing an increased use of machine learning (Mars, 2018) and deep learning techniques (Yu and Deng, 2011; LeCun et al., 2015) VEM has not been proposed as an experimentation tool to analyze the influence of the different components of products and sellers on the consumer’s behavior We suggest that VEM can be used to better understand and model essential elements of consumer behavior We propose that VEM is a very promising tool to examine various behavioral patterns in dynamic that will enhance our knowledge of new models of buyer–product and buyer–seller relationships VEMs would not contain virtual replicas of existing products or simulations of future products and stores they would be used to accurately analyze the influence of general aspects of the product and its contexts on consumer behavior Some recent studies by marketing scholars consider this issue and have proposed a framework for research in digital marketing where VR and AR are identified as critical digital technologies that will lead to new marketing opportunities The capacity of XR to generate new virtual realities will allow the development of controlled laboratory situations in which to study the factors that affect the acceptability of new products and retail spaces and the influence that the different elements that surround consumers have on their decisions and having been shown to be efficient in many other fields the ongoing release of consumer-targeted XR hardware platforms signals an opportune moment to develop the next generation of VEMs for widespread dissemination Multidisciplinary teams synergizing different scientific disciplines require a period of adaptation so that they can understand their respective needs and capacities have to understand the needs of marketing researchers and their analytical and measurement tools marketing researchers need to understand the capabilities and limitations of XR technologies we analyze the state of the art of the use of XRs in marketing we conclude that the research field is quite fragmented to the fact that it is a multidisciplinary field combining several research areas we argue that it is necessary to define a rigorous and standardized methodological framework This work makes the first proposal for a framework which allows the classification of research activities in the field The vast majority of papers published to date about VEMs have been produced by marketing researchers who propose the use of XRs to improve our knowledge about consumer behavior it is understandable that these works lack a certain methodological rigor regarding the proposed use of XRs Published scientific papers that propose the use of XRs include at least a technical description of the interfaces and interaction techniques of XRs This is essential to ensure the replicability of the experiments and to make future enhancements to the experiments These works also include measures to evaluate the quality of the virtual experience This is a fundamental aspect for any work that proposes the use of XRs there is a lack of detail in the description of both the technical characterization of the proposed XRs and the quality of the virtual experience the lack of clarity in the published works regarding their objectives led us to propose that all VEM studies should be classified based on their key aims we propose to include a detailed description of implicit measures in the proposed framework almost all works use metrics based on explicit responses as measures of consumer behavior Given the growing interest by marketing researchers in implicit measures it will be necessary to make a distinction between explicit and implicit metrics used in future studies The purpose of the proposed methodology is to provide a classification framework that allows the characterization of any VEM study and to provide the minimum information for each of the proposed four groups All authors made substantial contributions 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Mariano Alcañiz, bWFsY2FuaXpAaTNiLnVwdi5lcw==; Enrique Bigné, ZW5yaXF1ZS5iaWduZUB1di5lcw== Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights An award-winning reporter writing about stargazing and the night sky.Follow AuthorApr 13 when a 183-190-mile-wide moon shadow moves across remote Siberia About 15 million people live within the path—about a third of last Monday—but this will be a special eclipse for the countries it crosses it's the first total solar eclipse since 1954 with the south of the country destined to again fall under the moon's umbral shadow on August 2 The path of totality sweeps near Iceland and over Spain on August 12 Things to consider for this eclipse include clouds—as always (tip: stay away from the coasts for the best chance of clear skies)—and the height of the eclipsed sun which will never be higher than 26 degrees the eclipse will occur close to sunset when the sun is between 10 degrees and 2 degrees above the horizon a clear view to the southwest will be required That rules out Spain's east coast—ironically Here’s where to see the 2026 total solar eclipse: 1 minute 46 seconds totality, 55% chance of cloud The coasts of Greenland and Iceland and the north coast of Spain are predicted to be cloudy but cruise ships in Scoresby Sun—west of Ittoqqortoormiit—may well have a clear view This lighthouse is close to the center of Iceland's capital city making it a popular place for aurora viewing (which you may see if you stay up very late on the nights either side of the eclipse) This cute lighthouse has lots of space for viewing and a great view out to sea The "black church" has starred in so many photos of the northern lights It's a little risky to be on the northern coast of Spain but this town of 270,000 will nevertheless be ready for totality this medieval old town on the northwest coast is known for its Roman lighthouse The Castilla-La Mancha and Castilla y León areas will be busy precisely because they are predicted to have clear skies This city in Castile and León will be a base for many eclipse-chasers It has a beautiful cathedral and is a step on the Pilgrim's Way of Saint James Parterre of beautiful flowers at the end of summer in the square of the Elizabethan Gothic church of .. One of the most likely cities to have clear skies Valladolid is famed for its medieval religious sites and the Royal Palace It's also home to the Christopher Columbus Museum This beautiful city is home to a spectacular Roman aqueduct with more than 160 arches It's close to the southern edge of the path but only an hour's drive from Madrid Sigüenza is a city in the Serranía de Guadalajara comarca this city is home to the iconic Sigüenza Castle canyons and other spectacular limestone formations Almost bang on the centerline for a long totality Almazan on the banks of the river Duero has remains of a wall two entrance gates and several churches from the 12th century It's important to stay away from Spain's east coast which has all the hotels but none of the views of this low eclipse where the chance of clear skies is also very good it will be possible to see a "sunset totality"—a golden corona as the eclipsed sun sinks into the ocean—though sightlines will make it tricky Ibiza's west coast will make an excellent place for this eclipse for nature lovers and party-goers The Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition broke ground Friday on its $30 million Center for Human Healthspan, Resilience and Performance building in downtown Pensacola The expansion of IHMC's campus will add a four-story 44,000-square-foot facility on South Alcaniz Street The footprint of building will be in what is now a vacant lot on East Garden Street The research center already occupies both a two-story and a three-story building the next city block over on South Alcaniz and East Romana streets but this expansion would extend to another block creating a more campus-like feel that also includes a parking lot an outdoor field for clinical trials and outdoor greenery space "Certainly the addition of complex will bolster the regional economy with new jobs and raise and increase federal and industrial sponsored research in our region," IHMC’s founder and CEO Ken Ford said at Friday's groundbreaking and it will be a reputational jewel for our community and region.” Building plans:IHMC $20 million campus expansion takes another step forward, could be complete by early 2024 What's next?IHMC expanding research into human health and performance The design of the building is similar to IHMC's Levin Center on East Romana Street The expansion of IHMC will allow the research institute to expand its efforts into human health and performance along with the research into artificial intelligence and robotics that it has conducted since its founding in 1990 Resilience and Performance complex will be a leading-edge lab and office building that will create a research hub studying not just how people can live longer IHMC won a $6 million Triumph Gulf Coast grant in 2021 to kickstart its research into human health and performance. Triumph nearly doubled that grant to $12 million in 2022 to build on the program's early success. The research institution has already had about a dozen employees working on the subject since earlier this year. The new building will allow the institute to triple the size of that team over the next five years. "This exciting new research complex in the heart of historic downtown Pensacola will enable continuous interactions and frequent collisions of people and ideals across many academic disciplines," Ford said. "IHMC is fundamentally a habitat for innovation." carried out multiple high-water rescues after raging flash floods swept through the city The region was hit by a series of storms in a short period on during the afternoon and evening of 06 July 2023 The State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) reported the town of Alcañiz in Teruel Province recorded 46 mm of rain in a few hours the weather station at Valdespartera in the city recorded 54 mm during the storm The government of Aragón said numerous roads were cut and homes were flooded in areas of Teruel and Zaragoza Provinces Residents of a flooded house in Alcañiz were evacuated and relocated to a hostel Heavy hail destroyed fruit crops in Bajo Aragón Videos shared on Social Media showed raging flood waters sweeping through central parts of the city of Zaragoza in particular along the Z-30 road in the Parque Venecia neighbourhood Firefighters had to rescue around a dozen people who were trapped on the roof of their vehicles or clinging to trees Six of those rescued were taken to hospital for assessments or minor injuries A school building was severely damaged and several other roads in the city were flooded Rail and tram transport in the area were also negatively impacted Roads and homes were also flooded in Cuarte de Huerva and Cadrete outside the city The roof of a building was destroyed by heavy rain in El Burgo de Ebro — Meteosojuela La Rioja (@meteosojuela) July 6, 2023 — El Metido (@Metidochalchuap) July 6, 2023 #Zaragoza #Lluvias #Granizo pic.twitter.com/vRJL76yX92 — Birabolas 🦋 on air (@AirBirabolas) July 6, 2023 Estas son algunas de las impactantes imágenes que nos dejó la potente tormenta que descargo ayer en Zaragoza y en algunas localidades situadas al sur de la ciudad 😱 pic.twitter.com/MAo9iBDlor — Meteo Aragón (@meteo_aragon) July 7, 2023 Breaking News Spain Richard Davies is the founder of floodlist.com and reports on flooding news South Africa – Homes Destroyed, Lives Lost After Floods in KwaZulu-Natal Province USA – State of Emergency After Deadly Floods in New York Cookies | Privacy | Contacts © Copyright 2025 FloodList If you remember Alcaniz Kitchen & Tap at 200 S. Alcaniz St., you likely remember Amber Halverson the chef behind the restaurant's abundance of vegan options and succulent fried cauliflower wings Although the restaurant's temporary closure became permanent due to revenue loss by the pandemic, she is back as the head chef for The 5 Barrel brewery at 121 S Palafox. She plans to carry over the same inclusive atmosphere she worked hard to cultivate along with a slathering of old and new recipes as she takes on her latest role as head chef I would remember your order," Halverson said of the community cultivated at Alcaniz. "It felt like I was starting to make an impact." While she found herself heartbroken when Alcaniz closed The 5 Barrel food truck became an opportunity to get her back on her feet and have fun with cooking again "It's opening that door back up for me to show what I can do," Halverson said When The 5 Barrel brewery in the heart of downtown Pensacola began picking up steam the owners realized that the more food options they offered the longer people would be able to stay and spend time at the brewery, according to Halverson Ed Lordman takes new role at The Pointe: Pensacola executive chef Ed Lordman is bringing 'Beachside Brawl' momentum to The Pointe The space was always designed for community a life-size chess board and a video game projector spanning across the wall but it was missing that extra piece: a chef to lead the food program Owners started searching for the right fit to curate a menu fit for the fun-loving space and to occupy the then-vacant food truck parked out back When they realized Halverson was on the market Halverson has curated an inaugural 5 Barrel menu that now spans handheld snack and Sunday brunch options with plenty more additions on the way including a much-anticipated line of vegan items (think smoked jackfruit.) The menu items are even infused with some of the brewery's six core brews which Halverson had earned a reputation for at Alcaniz are brined in 5 Barrel beer before being slow-smoked providing just the right the crunch when your teeth sink into the outer layer before being met with a soft and smoky inside. Texan B's BBQ relocates to Pace: Texan B's BBQ food truck setting up stationary location on Woodbine Road in Pace like her signature "Brewben" sandwich loaded onto grilled rye and topped with Swiss cheese The food items not only lean into the brewery's beer selection plays into the brewery's location in the historic red-light district and the background of co-founder Jason Mosley who is known for coming from a family of local bootleggers The Smash stars a black garlic-smashed patty on a grilled bun with 15 Ton Stout ( a house-made 6,3% ABV nitro stout named affectionately after the brewery’s HVAC unit) caramelized onions provolone cheese and a cracked pepper truffle aioli Another inebriation innovation on the menu includes a homemade smoked beer cheese which is multi-purposed on The 5 Barrel food truck used in items like the grits included in the house breakfast on Sunday brunch the crackling house-made pork skins and also the loaded house-seasoned tots Halverson said although it's a different venue than what she is used to she still plans to incorporate her homestyle cooking into the gastropub setting "This is the kind of stuff that I would have at a family cook-out," Halverson said guests must go inside 5 Barrel instead of going straight to the truck's order window out back. she plans to continue curating a similar atmosphere that she did at Alcaniz "I am very interested in creating a place where everyone is welcome," Halverson said The 5 Barrel Brewery kitchen is open from 4 to 9 p.m. Tuesday through Thursday, 4 to 10 p.m. Friday and Saturday and 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Sunday. More updates can be found on The 5 Barrel Facebook page influencers and regular citizens posted scenes online from the country’s largest antigovernment protests in decades until the government restricted access to a number of social media platforms According to the internet monitoring firm NetBlocks, Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, and WhatsApp were disrupted. There are reports that access returned by midweek where we take a second look at a big tech story director of the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Center at the University of Maryland The following is an edited transcript of our conversation Isabella Alcañiz: The Cuban Government has a lot of control over internet access in Cuba for many different reasons one of which is that the internet is quite recent on the island I think the internet and social media helped organize the protests social media can be key to early development of social movement Kimberly Adams: This kind of tactic echoes what we saw a lot during the Arab Spring over in the Middle East is that a signal that they’ve learned something from those experiences Alcañiz: I think this is a common tool of leaders who are either outright authoritarian or are very heavy handed But we’ve also seen that recently in democratic India where Prime Minister [Narendra] Modi has used the shutdown of either sites on the internet or full access to the internet against numerous protests including the very recent protests of farmers against the government Isabella AlcañizErnesto CalvoAdams: Besides creating this outage for Cuban residents from communicating with their family members and Cuban Americans have a lot of political power What have you learned about the way that Cubans use the internet to connect with family members abroad Because the shutdown has made it hard for relatives to speak with their family members And we should remember that it’s not just political protests that is happening in Cuba so the Cuban government has seen a rise in cases of infection and sick[ness] and deaths as well So you can imagine that you have relatives across the world concerned for the health of their family members and friends the economic fallout because of the pandemic is being felt hard and I would say this is one of the reasons why we see these protests right now This is also a matter of concern for family members that live abroad because they want to know how the families are surviving right now Adams: How important is regular access to the internet to the everyday lives of Cubans Alcañiz: So while the extraordinary growth of Cubans accessing the internet in just a few years tells you that the internet is an important part of their lives It’s a new good and a new service that Cubans appreciate a lot the use of the internet has become essential But you still have a large percentage of the population that does not either have direct access to the internet or does not need to access the internet not to say that there’s not great cost [to turning the internet off] and a particular communication cost for the protesters for their political goals just to be in touch with family during a very When I was speaking with Isabella Alcañiz she also gave me some background on the history of the internet in Cuba: Alcañiz: Cuba started its access to the internet about the same time that most of Latin American countries did, so in the mid-1990s. But whereas it progressed very quickly in other parts of the region, it slowed to a crawl in Cuba. In 2016, so before the current president was elected, Google signed an agreement with the Cuban government and that kind of triggered a growth of the internet and especially disaggregating the different ways in which Cubans can access the internet through Wi-Fi cards that were very expensive and this is really the most important piece Here in the U.S., we talked last week about the Department of Defense creating a new contract for its cloud computing needs. The old project used the acronym JEDI (for Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure), and we asked you for your ideas for a new acronym. One listener suggested Local Organizational Knowledge Integration, or LOKI, after the Marvel character and god of mischief. Dean in Pittsburgh went in a different direction all together: “My suggestion for the new name for their cloud computing is hootenanny. Why? Because it has nothing to do with anything. It’s just a random silly word. Hootenanny. Don’t ask me how to spell it,” he said. Let us know your ideas for this or any other thing that’s on your mind. Call or text ‪(802) 877-TECH. Sign up for the Marketplace newsletter to get the day’s biggest business stories, our economic analysis, and explainers to help you live smarter, straight to your inbox every weekday evening. Volume 4 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2023.1067932 This article is part of the Research TopicBeyond Touch: Free Hand Interaction in Virtual EnvironmentsView all 7 articles There is increasing interest in studies analyzing the influence of technologies that integrate virtual and real-world components on consumer behavior These technologies include augmented reality Mixed reality is a user environment in which physical reality and digital content are combined in a way that enables interaction with and among real-world and virtual objects In spite of previous works related with MR and retails spaces little is known about how consumers respond to MR features and which elements of the MR-based experience we have explored the relative advantage of mixed reality in retail shopping practices over a traditional-based purchase Implicit reactions of shoppers when interacting with products with and without MR glasses were compared The results reveal that participants wearing MR glasses exhibited different patterns of interaction (i.e. frequency and interaction with product duration) that differed from those indicated by participants who did not wear the MR technology our results show that the use of MR smart glasses has an impact on decision times that relates to a utilitarian purchase type Based on participants’ explicit answers to questionnaires the reported findings further show that the perceived hedonic and utilitarian values of the purchase experience were higher when MR was used which also affected future purchase intentions and perceived emotional state as reported by consumers’ experience and satisfaction in the context of retail Digital devices should be used while handling MR to have a fully immersive experience Microsoft’s HoloLens is a trendy example of these devices Users can react to digital objects by their actions through these translucent MR devices and gestures They can interact with both the physical and virtual environments simultaneously Instead of relying only on remote control devices These interactions and realistic renderings make the experience of MR more convincing as if it were real life Although the current literature shows different advantages of MR more research is required to better understand how consumers’ implicit behavior and perception towards this technology contributes to designing and predicting better shopping experiences This paper makes several important contributions our study provides novel insights into consumer implicit behavior and acceptance of MR wearable technology based on product interaction patterns at the point of sale this research compares the positive effects of MR product information delivery on purchasing behavior (i.e. product choice) relative to a shopping experience without MR technology providing novel evidence supporting the usefulness of MR-smart glasses in-store the results of this study have strong practical implications since they are intended to guide retailers aiming to integrate MR-smart glasses into their commercial services thus improving the consumer shopping experience and levels of satisfaction the paper also provides specific theoretical and managerial contributions for improving the quality of retail practices based on the use of this technology and future research it is unknown whether the increased interactivity (e.g. handling or looking at physical products) provided by hands-free AR technology affects the overall shopping experience or its role in the actual purchase behavior Several measurement scales have been developed and broadly used in consumer research, showing their validity in predicting technology adoption and behavioral intentions. The PU construct contributes most to predicting behavioral outcomes (McFarland and Hamilton, 2006) researchers agree that TAM itself does not produce consistent results making it critical to identify additional constructs to increase the predictive power of detailed TAM-based assessments MR wearables support technological integration with the physical world, enabling fast, real-time access to information. Microsoft HoloLens and Google Glass are two examples of this type of wearable technology, referred to as MR or AR smart glasses, which soon might significantly influence shopping practices and commerce in general (Kalantari and Rauschnabel, 2018; Flavián et al., 2019; Hoffmann and Mai, 2022) the consumer can access the hands-free guidance of digitized information while directly interacting with physical products This capability allows vendors to offer personalized content thus demonstrating the significant potential of this type of MR wearable device in retail services current MR-wearable technology research mainly focuses on the adoption or general use of MR wearables there is a knowledge gap in how consumers interact with products while wearing MR technology during the shopping process and how specific behavioral interaction patterns may (or may not) lead to satisfaction research on the possible transfer of such positive effects due to using MR technology becomes relevant It is thus important to understand the nature of consumer interaction with products through MR technology (e.g. the time spent interacting with products) to anticipate its successful application Cluster-based study designs can be very insightful for understanding how the augmented interaction features provided by MR wearables compared to purchases without AR technology support lead to different purchasing behavior outcomes is of great interest in determining the potential value of this technology as a future selling channel future behavioral intentions and perceived affective hedonic and utilitarian values will be measured MR technology using wearable glasses is expected to mediate the interactivity pattern with products resulting in various levels of positive evaluations of the shopping experience that may differ from the comparable experience without MR The total product interaction time in terms of visualization duration of the MR window will increase with the use of MR smart glasses Using MR glasses will increase the frequency and product interaction time during in-store purchases compared with a non-MR purchase experience Because the experience of shopping with MR glasses will lead to greater product awareness consumers’ decision times on the chosen product will be extended compared to a shopping experience without MR technology.Additionally the net result of a shopping experience using MR glasses technology will be an improvement in the perceived value of the purchase experience therefore changing future purchase behavior intentions The use of MR glasses will provide shoppers with a good experience measured by usability The emotional response linked to the experience of MR shopping will increase relative to a non-MR shopping experience MR glasses will positively impact purchase intentions and satisfaction in retailing A sample of 50 participants balanced in gender and age (range age between 30 and 35) took part in this study The average age of the participants was 32.84 (SD = 1.59) Half of the participants were randomly assigned to the HoloLens-MR experience condition and half were assigned to a control condition (non-MR shopping experience) All selected participants reported being regular consumers of the tested products The tested products consisted of 12 bottles of red wine varieties, as shown in Figure 1 The price was shown on the shelf below the product based on how it is typically exhibited in supermarkets an interface with additional information about the wine (e.g. pairing and grape variety) was displayed in an augmented form in the glasses Visual interface used in the study showing what the user can see (top and center image) when wearing HoloLens v2 glasses (bottom image) One might ask why wine was chosen as the test product for this study and why there were no other categories. Wine is characterized by having high information content that often does not entirely come printed on the bottle’s label. At the same time, consumer knowledge regarding wine is often poor, which sometimes ends up in the product failing to meet consumer expectations (Robertson et al., 2018) choosing this type of product in the study was optimal for testing the usefulness of MR technology in the purchase process in physical stores where wine-related information is more limited than in online shopping A study was designed to investigate the overall effectiveness of MR glasses technology in purchasing products in an exploratory way and to assess whether wearable MR-based technology influences consumer behavior and opinions about the shopping experience compared to traditional shopping Non-MR Group) was adopted to test the research hypotheses of this study Participants assigned to the MR group condition engaged in a retail purchase experience wearing smart glasses which allowed them to look at and amplify the information associated with each tested product participants assigned to the control condition group carried out the same purchase experience without wearing MR technology participants of both groups received instructions to perform the purchase in a free exploratory mode and make a product choice with the following specifications: “Please choose a pairing wine for a dinner you have been invited to and most of the guests are regular wine consumers.” To optimize the visualization of augmented product information, various user interface (UI) designs were built following the principles and recommendations found in the literature (Endsley et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2019) each displaying different combinations of text-like visuals (extended product information) a usability test was carried out with a total of 12 users who evaluated the design on a scale from 1 to 10: The clarity of the design in terms of ease of reading and understanding The precision of the design to coincide the augmented panels with the physical elements The effectiveness and comfort of the design for hand gesture interactions Cutting-edge wearable HoloLensv2 glasses (Microsoft, 2020) were used to facilitate the seamless interaction with MR holograms This device allows users to embed such MR holograms in their physical environment MR technology participants were encouraged to freely interact with the products by directly displaying the MR windows linked to each item physically presented on the shelves body movements and hand gestures were also tracked using a high-definition camera while participants of both groups physically interacted with the products Metrics related to product interactions mediated by MR technology were collected from the smart glasses participants (see Table 1) Of great interest was characterizing consumers’ interaction patterns with products as a function of the duration and frequency of the MR window display Metrics of interest collected during the purchase experience with smart glasses Measurements of hand/body movements were tracked and registered for participants in both groups. Of particular interest was characterizing consumer interactions with products in terms of duration and frequency to objectively quantify the relative impact of MR technology. All collected and analyzed metrics and their definitions are listed in Table 2 General HBT metrics of interest are collected during the purchase experience The experiment was recorded using a video camera anchored to the ceiling, model AXIS 214PTZ. The video was recorded at 1280 × 800 (30 fps). They were analyzed using the software Boris (Black Lives Matter, 2021; Friard and Gamba, 2016) A set of marks were included in the video to mark the following frames: 1) task starts These marks were exported in a file per subject a script in Python 3.0 was developed to process the files and create the HBT metrics To identify the impact of MR technology on the product shopping experience HBT and HoloLens metrics related to the mean duration and frequency of interaction with products and total decision time were compared across groups Individual t-tests for two independent samples (i.e. Mann–Whitney) were conducted to assess the significance of each contrast of interest In the case of significant detected differences the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for two independent variables was performed to determine the MR technology interaction and main effects on product interaction Participants’ responses to questionnaires were statistically analyzed to validate the mediating effect of MR technology in perceived shopping value constructs Mean scores were calculated for each self-reported measure to obtain the index score for the assessed shopping value factors t-test comparisons for two independent samples were conducted accordingly to validate between-group differences This section describes the results of General HBT and MR-smart glasses measurements in terms of 1) time spent interacting with products either through MR holograms or physically holding products with hands 2) frequency of interactions and 3) the decision time of the chosen product Between-group significant differences found in both groups across each of these metrics are also reported The mean time spent interacting with products for each group condition is shown in Figure 2 participants wearing smart glasses dedicated 26 s (Std = 6.49) to visualizing the information displayed by the MR window hologram which differs from the time spent by the control group physically interacting with products (M = 5.95 s This difference was found to be statistically significant according to the Mann–Whitney test for two independent samples The subsequent two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed a significant interaction effect between product interaction duration and MR technology (F = 21.165; df = 1; η2 = 0.310; p = 0.0001) Between-group comparisons of mean time spent interacting with products When comparing the frequency of interaction with products across groups, the results confirm that the participants belonging to the group wearing MR technology interacted quantitatively more times with the set of 12 products (Mean % = 0.73; Std = 8.09) than participants assigned to the control group (Mean % = 0.46; Std = 10.14). This proportion of interactions was 27.5% higher in the smart glasses group (see Table 3) According to the Mann–Whitney test this ratio of interaction frequency differed significantly between groups (U = 142 Between-group differences in mean interaction frequency (%) with products When focusing on each group’s mean product interaction frequency, participants wearing smart glasses opened an average of nine times one or more product-related MR windows. In contrast, participants held products with a mean frequency of 7 times (see Table 4) The distribution of frequencies and decision times (DT) of the most chosen products is shown in Table 5 both groups agreed on their product selections with only two products out of 12 being the most preferred in both groups above 23% Product choices (> 23%) and decision times (DT) When inspecting the overall decision times of the chosen products (n = 12) in both groups (Figure 3) the results indicate that participants wearing smart glasses showed a larger mean DT (M = 229.67 SD = 97.99) than participants not wearing MR technology (M = 145.04 The two independent sample t tests confirmed that this difference was statistically significant (t(48) =−3.183; d = 0.90 p= 0.003**) Differences between groups in decision times relative to product choice these results confirm an important influence of MR technology on the duration and frequency of interaction with products that differ from those shown in a traditional shopping experience without MR technology the results related to product decisions do not support a significant MR technology-driven influence as participants in both groups more or less agreed on the preferred products significant differences were found at the level of decision-making times with longer decision times for the chosen product linked to the MR technology condition A summary of the mean rating scores for each evaluated category is displayed in Table 6 (evaluation of MR shopping experience) and Table 7 (evaluation of overall shopping experience) Scores of participants’ explicit evaluation of the overall shopping experience According to the answers to the TAM questionnaire the perceived MR acceptability has a general mean rating score of 3.84 on a 5-point rating scale with a 70% frequency of positive agreement ratings (i.e. “Slightly likely and Highly likely” responses) Perceived usability of MR technology has a mean rating score of 4.03 and a frequency of agreement rating of over 74% The answers to the Perceived Satisfaction Questionnaire reached a mean rating score of 4.88 with 96% of the agreement rating frequencies The results of Hedonist value linked to MR at the level of “Enjoy and Evasion” dimensions indicated a mean rating score of 4.04 and a frequency rating of 80% The perception of Hedonist value based on the “Attractiveness” indicator resulted in a higher mean rating score (M = 4.60; STD = 0.64) in the HoloLens group compared to ratings given by the control group (M = 3.96; SDT = 0.73; Freq The magnitude of this difference was significantly superior in the HoloLens group (t (48) =3.27; d = 0.85; p= 0.002) The mean answers to overall shopping intentions related to a future purchase of the same products/store were 4.45 on a 5-point rating scale for the HoloLens group This mean score differed significantly from the mean ratings given by participants in the control group (U = 435 n2 = 25; d = 0.63; p = 0.013) Mean ratings are given for the emotional assessment scale (SAM), which also differed between experimental groups. For participants wearing HoloLens glasses, self-assessment ratings of arousal (M = 6.57, STD = 1.73) and valence (M = 7.56; STD = 1.00) during the shopping experience were superior to ratings given by the control group (see Table 8) Such differences were found to be statistically significant at the level of arousal (U = 445 n2 = 25; d = 0.66; p = 0.008**) and marginally significant for the valence dimension (U = 407 n2 = 25; d = 0.50; p = 0.059) the results of self-assessment ratings found at the level of dominance were superior for the Control group (M = 7.40; STD = 2.14) although this difference did not reach statistical significance Interestingly, the distribution of the rating score frequencies found for arousal shows that 72% of the participants who wore the MR smart glasses felt wide awake or excited during the shopping experience compared to 44% of the scores found in the control group for the exact mood category (Table 8) When focusing on the distribution of frequency scores for valence 100% of participants in the HoloLens group reported feeling satisfied or highly pleased using MR compared to 76% of participants in the control group who reported experiencing the same mood the acceptability of the MR technology and perceived degree of usability were moderately positive among participants wearing Smart Glasses ranging from 70% to 74% probability acceptance The hedonic value of the shopping experience with MR technology was significantly higher in the HoloLens group at the level of “Attraction” (> 90%) the general utilitarian value was perceived as significantly higher in physical purchases with MR technology (> 80%) the emotional response was 28% more intense in the MR shopping experience than in the non-MR shopping context the behavioral purchase intention was significantly more favorable in the group wearing MR technology The presented findings are in line with this claim as participants in the group of MR technology in general scored higher in purchase values (hedonist utilitarian and future behavioral intentions) compared to the group without technology our results confirm that the information delivery functionality of MR-smart glasses at the point of sale facilitates interactivity resulting in a better purchase experience Someone can argue that spending more time viewing the MR windows may not necessarily mean additional interaction and engagement with product information but rather more time determining how to use the device or getting acquainted with the equipment This does not seem to be the case in our study since a significant majority (75%) of participants stated being comfortable with technology usage (see MR Group usability rating scores table) even if most had never used an MR wearable before the observation and tracking of participants did not reveal difficulties using the smart glasses especially in categories of products such as wines where key information is not fully available on the label a negative effect of AR-based information delivery is likely when controllability is spread over multiple rounds mainly because it reduces consumers’ perceptions of being aware of all the available information and increases the sense of not being fully informed although the condition of rush hour was not included in the experimental design we cannot rule out that it could have a negative effect if the study is repeated by adding this environmental variable this is an empirical question that deserves to be investigated to increase the ecological validity of the study and generalization of results the longer decision times shown in our study in the group wearing the MR glasses may suggest a more active role of the consumer during the purchase process that should be maximized in designing immersive shopping experiences Given the multiple factors directly involved in a shopping experience using virtual reality-based technology future MR-related studies should aim to reach beyond separate consumer responses and investigate the purchase experience more in-depth research is needed to understand whether the playful aspect linked to MR wearables impacts not only technology acceptance but also the quality of purchase decision-making it would be interesting to test possible disruptive effects of MR technology for different AR-enabling devices such as perceived complexity and level of intrusiveness in their natural behavior MR smart-glasses and other optical see-through systems (e.g. contact lenses) could enable a more natural shopping experience these devices are not common yet in everyday shopping activities More research is therefore required on how wearable MR devices could be more naturally integrated into consumers’ everyday purchases at the point of sale (e.g. Since MR technology in marketing is evolving rapidly retailers will apply it to many market segments Suggested directions for future research include a better definition of the consumer profile of early adopters and differentiate their behavioral responses in terms of purchase intentions olfactive) or to differentiate the pattern of body gestures/movements consistent with a purchase decision from those that are elicited when the intention is only exploratory or ludic Having this knowledge will enable marketers to present products and embedded MR information more efficiently and tailored to consumer needs this work provides valuable insights to obtain the first picture of distinct implicit behavioral patterns linked to this modality of MR technology that are differentiated from common shopping activities without using augmented devices in terms of interactivity and decision-making times environmental variables not considered in our study such as rush-hour shopping times or crowded settings that typically characterize purchases in physical stores could also influence the effectiveness of MR information delivery This high specificity inevitably implies some limitations in the broader generalizability of our findings which offers opportunities for future research we demonstrate that the greater amount of information delivered through MR technology relative to the information written on the wine bottle label enriches the shopping experience We attribute these positive effects to the fact that inside the store and directly on the physical product comparisons with a non-contextualized shopping experience scenario are necessary for a future study to discard a possible indirect effect attributed to a greater/lower amount of information itself we acknowledge that the need for a control measure to accurately quantify a minimal influence of low/high information persistence (e.g. user comprehension/retention time of information) may Such ambivalence confirms the advisability of inquiring further into the interactive and cognitive aspects that this technology evokes we suggest combining body-related behavioral measurements (e.g. body movement patterns or hand gestures) with consumer-perceived interaction time and perceived mental workload as effective measures for controlling mentioned confounding factors The findings presented in this study highlight engagement as the most relevant factor driving the positive use of MR wearables in a retail environment Interactivity has shown to be a strong feature characterizing the purchase flow engagement with MR wearables differing significantly from a shopping experience without MR technology the acceptance of this technology seems to be linked to hedonistic and utilitarian values at different stages of the shopping journey we believe that a successful consumer adoption of MR wearables and satisfaction in retail may depend on how these factors interact with added value (e.g. novelty) that cannot be easily obtained otherwise this study contributes new insights supporting a more natural augmented form of interaction with products in physical stores which may differ from other augmented experience devices such as AR smartphone apps The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study CT conducted the experiment and data acquisition JM and CG contributed to data organization This work was supported by the European Commission (Project RHUMBO H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018-813234) by the Generalitat Valenciana funded project “Rebrand” and by the European Regional Development Fund program of the Valencian Community 2014–2020 project “Interfaces de Realidad mixta Aplicada a Salud y toma de decisiones” Paper was edited for proper English language and overall style by one or more of the highly qualified native English-speaking editors at American Journal Experts (AJE) PubMed Abstract | 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Read about our cookies here The agreement saw Astorg buy its stake from Redslim founders Eric Bensimon who will use the funds to reinvest significantly in the business Astorg will support Redslim’s growth and international expansion following the acquisition of a majority stake working closely with the founders and management team Redslim has more than 100 employees and a proprietary data management platform and aggregates and optimises data consumption for more than 30 global organisations including consumer-packaged goods and consumer healthcare firms co-founder and co-chief executive at Redslim said: “We are delighted to work alongside Astorg as we continue to deliver on our strategic mission and enable new use cases and functionalities for our clients to unlock the full potential of data and address their evolving and complex needs “Astorg will support the growth of Redslim over the next few years and help deliver our ambitious plans for our clients and our team.” head of software and technology at Astorg Mid-Cap said: “We have spent considerable time gaining deep insights into Redslim’s industry while initiating a dialogue with the founders a few months ago “We are impressed by Redslim’s unique positioning and highly differentiated offering which are reflected in strong customer satisfaction and upselling trends The company’s ability to attract top industry talents has built very solid foundations and we are eager to partner with the team to drive accelerated growth and international expansion.” partner and co-head of Astorg Mid-Cap, added: “Redslim is exactly the type of business Astorg likes to partner with: it is undeniably a global B2B niche champion with strong growth and innovation momentum “Our deep experience in software and technology paired with our entrepreneurial culture will be key to successfully accompany Redslim towards new exciting milestones for the benefit of its clients employees and all its stakeholders.” The Market Research Society (MRS) exists to promote and protect the research sector showcasing how research delivers impact for businesses and government Members of MRS enjoy many benefits including tailoured policy guidance there's an archive of winning case studies from over a decade of MRS Awards Find out more about the benefits of joining MRS here. 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Volume 10 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2016.00074 This article is part of the Research TopicComputation meets Emotional Systems: a synergistic approachView all 13 articles This work focuses on finding the most discriminatory or representative features that allow to classify commercials according to negative neutral and positive effectiveness based on the Ace Score index an experiment involving forty-seven participants was carried out In this experiment electroencephalography (EEG) Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) and respiration data were acquired while subjects were watching a 30-min audiovisual content This content was composed by a submarine documentary and nine commercials (one of them the ad under evaluation) four sets of features were extracted from the physiological signals using different state-of-the-art metrics These features computed in time and frequency domains are the inputs to several basic and advanced classifiers An average of 89.76% of the instances was correctly classified according to the Ace Score index The best results were obtained by a classifier consisting of a combination between AdaBoost and Random Forest with automatic selection of features The selected features were those extracted from GSR and HRV signals These results are promising in the audiovisual content evaluation field by means of physiological signal processing marketing researchers prefer to complement traditional methods with the use of biosignals To follow the objective approach, different features of either positive or negative emotions can be extracted from physiological signals, such as electrocardiography (ECG), electroencephalography (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR) or the breathing response (Frantzidis et al., 2010a). This techniques allow to assess human emotions in terms of it is able to reveal information that is unobtainable employing traditional methods (Vecchiato et al., 2014) Electroencephalography and the magnetoencephalography (MEG) allow to record on a millisecond basis the brain activity during the exposition to relevant marketing stimuli such imaging brain techniques present one difficulty: the recorded cerebral activity is mainly generated on the cortical structures of the brain It is almost impossible to acquire the electromagnetic activity yield by deep structures which are often associated with the generation of emotional processing in humans with EEG or MEG sensors high-resolution EEG technology has been developed to enhance the poor spatial information content on the EEG activity brain activity can be detected with a spatial resolution of a squared centimeter on a milliseconds basis Different authors have attempted to classify audiovisual content attending to elicited emotions in watchers by means of analyzing physiological signals. Features are extracted from the signals and classified with different data mining algorithms, such as Mahalanobis Distance-based (MD) classifier, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) or C4.5 decision tree (Frantzidis et al., 2010a,b) Another approach is to classify audiovisual content attending to extracted characteristics from audio or both audio and video tracks (Wang et al., 2009). In both cases the same algorithms are applied to the extracted features: Hidden Markov Models (HMM), Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBM), Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) and fuzzy methods (Teixeira et al., 2012) we aim to build a robust method to automatically find the most discriminating features that allow to classify a commercial ad in three classes (positive neutral or negative) based on the physiological response of the subject These three classes tell the ad's power based on the ACE score index to engage the person watching it we use different state-of-the-art machine learning techniques for extracting features and classifying the ads watched by the subject This is the basis for future studies trying to find the ad effectiveness segmenting by gender which will help companies to better develop effective ads focused on a specific audience the experimental design and the preprocessing steps along with theoretical steps regarding the feature extraction procedure and classifiers are reported in Section 2 followed by the detailed presentation of the results in Section 3 the discussion of the results can be found in the last section Our sample consisted of forty-seven voluntary and healthy subjects (22 males and 25 females) ECG and respiration data from four subjects and GSR data from three subjects were removed due to corrupted data The corrupted data produce standard deviation higher than the average value All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing and they had not participated in a brain study before The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Universitat Politècnica de València with written informed consent from all subjects All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki Commercials involved in this study and grouped taking into account the Ace Score index The procedure of the experimental task consisted in observing a 30-min documentary about the submarine world in which three blocks of Super Bowl ads were inserted: the first one after 7 min from the beginning of the documentary, the second one in the middle and the last one at the end of the trial. Each of these blocks was formed by three commercials (Figure 1) This audiovisual content were randomly distributed to remove the factor “sequence” as possible confounding effect in the later analysis users were interviewed using an online test In this test different frames of proposed ads were presented The user must connect the frames presented with the correct ad brands The purpose of this interview was to know which ads were remembered and forgotten by the subjects The cerebral activity was recorded using an instrument developed by Twente Medical Systems International (TMSI from Oldenzaal, The Netherlands). This device consists in an amplification and a digitalization stage. The amplifier (model REFA 40-channels, Figure 2A) is composed by 32 unipolar The TMSI instrument allows the synchronization and (C) RSP sensors and their respective locations (D–F) This sensor is plugged into the auxiliary channels of the amplifier It is possible to plug a rubber band consisting of two electrodes into one of the eight auxiliary channels in order to measure the breathing (Figure 3C). This rubber band is placed on the bottom of the rib cage (Figure 3F) The sensors measure the rubber band deformation produced by the inhalation and exhalation phenomena The baseline of EEG traces is removed by mean subtraction and the output dataset is band pass (0.5–40 Hz) filtered the corrupted data channels are rejected and interpolated from the neighboring electrodes A corrupted data channel is identified computing the fourth standardized moment (kurtosis) along the signal of each electrode where μ4 is the fourth moment about the mean σ is the standard deviation and E[x] is the expected value of the signal x a channel is also classified as corrupted if the registered EEG signal is flatter than 10% of the total duration of the experiment Reference events are integrated into the data structure in order to segment the EEG signal in epochs of one second The intra-channel kurtosis level of each epoch is computed in order to reject the epochs highly damaged by the noise (A) The 30 IC's with the artifact components marked in red to be rejected (B) Spatial and temporal features and the frequency spectrum related to the first component marked as artifact by ADJUST In the automatic process of artifact component identification there exists components which are composed by a lot of physiological noise and a little useful information (brain activity) that the algorithm does not mark to be rejected a trained expert analyses manually the features of each component (the topographic distribution of the signal the temporal and spatial features extracted by ADJUST etc.) in order to discover the remained artifact components The final objective in the preprocessing stage is to guarantee a compromise between brain activity signal removal and artifact remaining Figure 5 shows a diagram of the whole processing stage the EEG signal is free of artifacts and it can be analyzed in the next stage using the feature extraction metrics presented in Section 2.4 Architecture of the EEG preprocessing stage In order to develop the proposed preprocessing algorithm, EEGLAB (Delorme and Makeig, 2004) and ADJUST (Mognon et al., 2011) libraries were used so the preprocessing of the cardiac signal is a very important step the ECG signal is high-pass filtered in order to correct the baseline problems as baseline wander caused by the effects of electrode impedance A FIR filter (with cut off frequency of 0.5 Hz) is used for this purpose in order to avoid the phase distortion produced by a IIR filter the signal DC component is eliminated subtracting the mean The next step is to apply a Notch filter in order to avoid the power line interference (the interfering frequency is w0 = 50Hz) Muscle noise cause severe problems as low-amplitude waveform being obstructed To eliminate this noise a low-pass filtered (with a cut off frequency ranged from 60 to 70 Hz) is applied a morphological filter is employed to remove the signal ripple in order to facilitate the local maxima detection This low-pass filter allows the elimination of the muscle noise (high frequencies) in order to detect more accurately the sweating peaks (into the GSR signal) and the inhalation/exhalation peaks (into the RSP signal) The recorded signal obtained directly from the scalp shows intra-cranial synchronous activation of many neurons. To quantify the amount of cerebral activity, the Global Field Power (GFP) (Lehmann and Skrandies, 1980) was employed using Equation (2) where ui is the potential at the electrode i (over time) uj is the potential at the electrode j (over time) and Ne is the total number of electrodes employed to compute the GFP Frontal areas are the cerebral locations mainly involved in the memorization and pleasantness phenomena (Vecchiato et al., 2010) and Fc6 were taken into account in the calculation A GFP signal was then calculated for each frequency band considered in the experiment: δ (1–3 Hz) The blocks of neutral documentary (one before each ad block) are baseline periods taken as a reference The purpose of these blocks is to be able to register the basal cerebral activity to remove phenomena as fatigue or lack of concentration GFP normalization according to baseline periods provides the Zscore index computed as: where GFPi is the Global Field Power during the ad under analysis, GFPB is the Global Field Power during a period of 2-min of the neutral documentary previous to the block of ads where is the ad under analysis located (Figure 1) For each stimulus the input to the different classifiers is the time-average value of the GFP Zscore and log(Zscore) in each frequency band The interest index allows the commercial assessment in specific time periods in Theta and Beta bands (Vecchiato et al., 2010) For each ad and subject the most significant peaks for Zscore variable were obtained considering a peak all values that exceeds the threshold of Zscore ≥ 3 associated with a p < 0.05 in the Gaussian curve fitted over Zscore distribution (averaged for all participants) two parameters were calculated: the number of peaks during the total duration of a particular commercial (PNtotal) and the number of peaks during the brand exposition periods of a particular commercial (PNbrand) The interest index is computed for each ad and subject as: The input to the different classifiers is the percentage of interest for each commercial This index allows to measure the capacity of each stimulus to be remembered (Vecchiato et al., 2011b). First, the GFP in theta and alpha bands (associated with human memorization process Vecchiato et al., 2011b) are normalized following: where GFPi is the Global Field Power along the duration of the stimulus under analysis i and M is the number of temporal samples In order to extract the memorization index, an on-line survey is carried out following the method used in Vecchiato et al. (2011c) Two hours after the experiment ends each participant has to complete the on-line test designed by specialists in psychology In this test different frames of each commercial are presented and the subject must answer some questions about these frames By means of this test we can check the stimuli remembered and forgotten for each participant the population was segmented in two groups Subjects who remembered the ad were included in the “remember group” and those who forgot it were included in the “forget group” Memorization index in (A) Theta and (B) Alpha bands for “The Date” The input to the different classifiers is the time-average value of the remember and forget indexes for each stimulus The pleasantness index is a continuous metric along the time that provides information about the moments of the audiovisual content that are pleasing to the participants (Vecchiato et al., 2013) The cerebral activity registered by the left-frontal electrodes is compared with the cerebral activity registered by the right-frontal electrodes so the Global Field Power in the Theta and Alpha bands are computed employing asymmetric pairs of electrodes obtaining GFPLeft and GFPRight for each participant and stimulus From the on-line survey explained in the previous section it is possible to know the participants pleasure about each audiovisual content under study the population is segmented in two groups: “Like” and “Dislike.” The GFPLeft and GFPRight for each group is obtained by means of the Global Field Power (along the stimulus under analysis) average It is possible to extract the pleasantness index for each group as: Finally, like and dislike pleasantness indexes are computed by means of a cubic smoothing from the PILike and the PIDislike in order to extract the signal envelope. In Figure 7 the PI in theta and alpha bands for the stimulus under study (“The Date”) can be observed Pleasantness index in (A) Theta and (B) Alpha bands for “The Date.” The input to the different classifiers is the time-average value of the like and dislike indexes for each stimulus The amount of power in each frequency band and electrode was computed by means of the Welch periodogram (Welch, 1967) where Nw is the number of windows along the signal of the channel c in the stimulus s and Pxi is the periodogram for the ith window calculated as: where N is the number of points to compute the FFT The window size used to compute the Welch periodogram was 128 samples corresponding to half second of the EEG signal and the percentage of overlapping was 50% The input to the different classifiers are 6 (δ β extended and γ) × Npe features for each stimulus being Npe the number of asymmetric electrodes pairs used in the experiment The HRV analysis is based on feature extraction from the tachogram signal in four domains: time All signals were reviewed manually by an expert after the automatic R wave detection to avoid the existence of false positives or false negatives and with the aim of delete extremely noisy sections which could not be analyzed the non-existence of artifacts which could alter the signal is assured Some parameters extracted in the time domain used in this study were: the maximum (maxRR) and minimum (minRR) the median (medianRR) and the standard deviation between RR intervals (SDRR) the standard deviation from the RR average interval in time-windows (SDARR) the square root of the sum of the successive differences between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD) the number of successive RR pairs having a difference less than 50 ms (RR50) and the ratio between the RR50 and the total RRs (pRR50) The Power Spectral Density (PSD) analysis provides information about the amount of power in several frequency ranges of the tachogram signal The analysis in the frequency domain was carried out in four frequency bands: ULF(0–0.033 Hz) the ULF and VLF bands are ignored because these frequency bands are only important in 24-h registers The amount of power in each band is obtained integrating the PSD signal between the bounds of the frequency bands The power metrics are presented in absolute values (aLF nHF) or in a percentage value of the total energy (pLF The power ratio between the LF and HF band provides information about the sympathetic/parasympathetic balance The power value of the peak on the fundamental frequency (peakLF Combining the analysis in the two domains discussed above In this analysis the same parameters as in frequency domain were computed in ECG segments of a given time-length The interpretation we can make of this parameter is basically that if entropy worth 0 then consecutive sequences are identical and the bigger its value most is the complexity of the analyzed signal For each stimulus and subject fifty-six parameters are computed by means of HRVAS tool (Ramshur, 2010; Guixeres et al., 2014) (Figure 8) Ten features were extracted from the Galvanic Skin Response signal (Figure 9A) the variance and the standard deviation of the skin conductance along specific time periods under analysis (stimuli) was computed the number of local maxima and minima and the mean conductivity difference (GF − GB) for each consecutive pair of local minimum-maximum were calculated the global maximum GSRmax and minimum GSRmin the difference of them (GSRmax − GSRmin) and the ratio between the number of maxima and stimuli duration (peaks∕time) were also extracted from GSR signals The most representative parameters are highlighted Regarding to RSP signal (Figure 9B) six physiological parameters during each stimulus were extracted the longest and shortest time between consecutive breaths the deep breathing (RSPmax) and the shallow breathing (RSPmin) Table 2 shows a summary of the parameters extracted from each physiological signal It is important to note that EEG parameters were calculated in each frequency band (excluding the emotional indexes calculated as described above) Summary table showing all the parameters extracted from each biosignal used in this study The feature selection method is used to evaluate the accuracy of any feature subset The wrapper can take any classifier and use it to perform feature selection The advantage of using the wrapper is that the same machine learning algorithm can be used to evaluate the feature subset and also to train the final classifier In order to find which physiological signal was the best one different datasets and combinations of them were used to perform the classification: • EEG_GFP-ZSCORE: dataset with the GFP and Zcore metrics extracted from the EEG signal (18 features) • EEG_PSD: dataset with the PSD metrics extracted from the EEG signal (72 features) • EEG_IND: dataset with the Pleasantness Memorization and Interest indexes' metrics extracted from the EEG signal (8 features) • EEG_ALL: dataset with all the before mentioned metrics extracted from the EEG signal (98 features) • HRV: all the metrics extracted from the HRV signal (56 features) • GSR: all the metrics extracted from the GSR signal (10 features) • RSP: all the metrics extracted from the Respiration signal (6 features) • GSR + HRV: all the metrics extracted from GSR and HRV datasets (66 features) • GSR + HRV + EEG_IND: all the metrics extracted from GSR Memorization and Interest) datasets (74 features) • GSR + HRV + EEG_ALL: all the metrics extracted from GSR Combination of signals using only features selected by AttributeSelectedClassifier: • GSR_SEL + HRV_SEL: only selected metrics chosen by the best classifier with attribute selection from GSR and HRV datasets • GSR_SEL + HRV_SEL + EEG_IND_SEL: only selected metrics chosen by the best classifier with attribute selection from GSR • GSR_SEL + HRV_SEL + EEG_ALL_SEL: only selected metrics chosen by the best classifier with attribute selection from GSR A list of the features included in each dataset can be found in Table 2 the instances (users) chosen to conform the dataset were those corresponding to the dataset of the signal with less instances discarding all non-coincident instances from the other datasets namely “The Date” from Heineken The classifiers used to test the datasets were three: Ranfom Forest (RF), Random Forest with attribute selection (ASC) and Random Forest with MultiClass Classifier (MCC) and Bagging (BAG). We chose Random Forest as starting point because it has proven to be a robust and efficient classifier independently of the dataset (Fernández-Delgado et al., 2014) Datasets were previously balanced by means of SMOTE filter to make all features of the same magnitude The classification of the datasets was performed in 3 rounds the goal was to evaluate each dataset individually All datasets that obtained an accuracy of 75% or more were selected to participate in the second round (winning datasets) combinations of winning datasets were evaluated combinations of GSR and wining datasets were evaluated using only a subset of features (selected features) Selected features for each combination were chosen by applying to each combination of datasets the classifier which performed best with atribute selection Table 3 shows the classifier which performed best (among the three before mentioned) for each dataset and its accuracy As can be observed in Table 3 the datasets that achieved an accuracy of 75% or greater were EEG_ALL The best accuracy was obtained with the EEG_IND dataset (84.07%) using Multi-Class Respiration metrics did not achieve a good classification accuracy (69.84%) and HRV accuracy (79.75%) and GSR accuracy (77.33%) were under the EEG accuracy (84.07%) the following combinations were tested: GSR + HRV GSR + HRV + EEG_ALL and GSR + HRV + EEG_IND the highest accuracy was obtained with Random Forest with atribute selection using a combination of all the features corresponding to GSR The other two combinations obtained 80.00 and 81.90% GSR + HRV and GSR + HRV + EEG_IND These datasets had only the selected features by the atribute selection classifier The highest accuracy obtained was with Random Forest using the selected attributes from the dataset combining GSR and HRV signals (87.62%) and the GSR dataset alone obtained 85.00% of accuracy using Multi-Class The selected attributes for each dataset combination were: • GSR: “Number of Peaks” and “Peaks/Time.” • GSR + HRV: “Number of Peaks,” “Peaks/Time” and “t_SDANN” • GSR + HRV + EEG_IND dataset: “Number of Peaks,” “Peaks/Time,” “t_SDANN,” “mean_Theta,” “mean_Alfa,” “Index_Theta,” “Index_Beta,” “Peaks_Brand_Theta,” “Peaks_Theta,” “Peaks_Brand_Beta_Ext” and “Peaks_Beta_Ext.” In the light of the results presented previously, the decision to test two more classifiers with the best 3 datasets was taken. The two new classifiers introduced were AdaBoost.M1 (AB) with Random Forest and Multi-Class with AdaBoost.M1 and Random Forest. Table 4 shows how these two new classifiers improved the accuracy by 2% reaching the best result with the dataset conformed by the selected attributes from the GSR and HRV signals The configuration of this combination of classifiers is as follows: the MultiClass metaclassifier was employed using a 1-against-all strategy The classifier used by MultiClass was AdaBoost 100 as weight pruning threshold and reweighting The RandomForest classifier was configured to generate 100 trees with unlimited depth and unlimited number of features to be used in random selection As a final test, the best dataset was classified with 11 more basic and advanced classifiers, but none was able to beat the current accuracy of 89.76% (Table 5) Results for different classifiers applied to the best dataset: GSR (Number of maxima the model obtained training the best dataset with the best classifier (i.e. AdaBoostM1 and RandomForest) was able to always classify “The Date” as positive In this work we intended to build an algorithm able to classify commercials automatically we built a model using the best possible data available and off-the-shelf algorithms the main objective of this work was to find the most discriminatory or representative features that allowed to classify audiovisual content in 3 groups (positive neutral and negative) with the highest possible accuracy HRV and respiration signals acquired from a group of 47 subjects while they were watching nine commercials These commercials (excluding the ad under analysis) had been classified and labeled previously according to their Ace Score punctuation Tests performed show that the best classification was achieved using features extracted from GSR and HRV signals namely “Number of maxima” and “Peaks/Time” from GSR the best accuracy with the EEG signal was 84.07% attained with the dataset formed by the interest and pleasantness indexes datasets with metrics extracted from EEG signal were the best in classifying only negative instances It is important to note that with just two features extracted from the GSR signal (“Number of maxima” and “Peaks/Time”) and a combined classifier consisting of Multi-Class Bagging and Random Forest we were able to correctly classify 85% of the instances This means that it is possible to obtain an accuracy very similar to the highest one—only 4.76% below of the highest accuracy obtained in this study and almost 1% above the best accuracy attained with EEG signals—with only two features from a single signal The implications of these results are that GSR and HRV signals provide more relevant information to classify an ad. That could mean that the Autonomic Nervous System is more useful for emotion classification than the Central Nervous System. This is supported by some other authors who state that GSR and HRV signals are able to accurately distinguish a user's emotion (Yoo et al., 2005; Li and h. Chen, 2006) Validation of the model was performed using cross-validation in a first step and the commercial under evaluation (“The Date”) which was not used before to train or perform the cross-validation of the model was used in the test stage Our model was able to classify this ad as positive The shortcomings of our method are mainly two the attributes of the subjects could have been taken into account in the classification stage in order to evaluate commercials according to a specific population a more comprehensive and exhaustive validation with more data could have been performed to get even more reliable results these promising results could help to the development of an automatic system able to evaluate the quality of the commercials This system could be helpful for the companies reducing the cost of their advertising design this kind of software would make possible the creation and evaluation of commercials focused in a particular audience voting majority could be used to improve the accuracy of each class independently other signals could be used as well to try to better discriminate among ads An automatic method able to classify commercials according its effectiveness is proposed in this paper different features from physiological signals of 47 participants watching audiovisual contents were extracted and a model using the most discriminatory features was built The different tests performed in this work show that the information provided by the GSR and HRV signals describe with an 89.76% of accuracy the effectiveness of the commercials the negative commercials are better discriminated using the EEG features These conclusions are promising in the audiovisual content evaluation field and might be an important direction for future research on commercial effectiveness He is the specialist researcher in signal processing AC investigated about the state of the art in signal preprocessing and feature extraction He developed his own algorithms in order to preprocess the biosignals and extract the different parameters to the classification stage FF is the specialist researcher in the classification stage He used different advanced Machine Learning methods in order to classify commercials according to their effectiveness FF has also assisted in the writing of this manuscript She guided to AC in order to investigate about preprocessing signal methods and to develop the home-made algorithms VN reviewed the manuscript carefully and she gave to AC and FF helpful tips for the creation of the article JG designed (with MA) the procedure of the experimental task and the biosignal acquisition He participated in the revision of the final manuscript providing interesting comments and ideas MA designed (with JG) the procedure of the experimental task and the biosignal acquisition JA was responsible to the physiological signal acquisition This work has been supported by the Heineken Endowed Chair in Neuromarketing at the Universitat Politècnica de 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: Adrián Colomer Granero, YWRjb2dyYUBpM2IudXB2LmVz Here you can see the webcast of the BMW Group Press Conference at the Auto Shanghai 2025 One of the tracks mentioned earlier this year is officially in development and heading to iRacing soon Back in February, iRacing President and CFO Tony Gardner unveiled a list of tracks in a forum post that would soon be making their way to the iRacing service over the next handful of updates and seasons Besides Pukehoke and Jerez which we had known about before that time, Gardner also unveiled Algarve, Misano, Lédenon and a rescan of Zandvoort. He also brought up a place called Aragón, and on Wednesday (10th May), the iRacing socials revealed that MotorLand Aragón is in production as we speak to arrive soon on the platform the track also referred to as Circuito de Alcañiz is a fairly new circuit for motorsports events that was opened back in 2009 MotorLand Aragón normally hosts events for the World SBK in the past hosting races for Formula Renault Aragón will also see the European Le Mans Series and Eurocup-3 on the schedule including a specific motorcycle layout with a more forgiving bike route at 5.078-kilometers (3.155-miles) and 16 corners It’s normal GP layout has 18 turns at 5.345-kilometers (3.321-miles) There is also a National Circuit with 13 corners at 2.646-kilometers (1.644-miles) but it’s unclear which ones iRacing will include The Season 3 iRacing build for 2023 is expected in the first or second week of June FEATURED IMAGE: ALCANIZ (ESP) APR 26-28 2013 – First Round of the World Series by Renault 2013 at Motorland Aragon © 2013 Sebastiaan Rozendaal / Dutch Photo Agency / LAT Photographic via Motorsport Images You must be logged in to post a comment the MotorLand Aragon circuit is getting ready to welcome back the fans with the first World Superbike race from the season Turkish rider Toprak Razgatlioglu will be looking to get off to a good start and defend his world championship title against Alvaro Bautista who has the second fastest time of the pre-season tests the duo of Iker Lecuona and Xavi Vierge will be aiming to win their first races of the championship The Pirelli Aragón Round will start at 9:45 a.m on Friday and the riders will not stop racing until after 3:30 p.m The circuit of Alcañiz has prepared a big party to celebrate the return of the fans The ticket will allow attendees access to Grandstand 1 thus enjoying the most risky overtaking of Superbikes from different points of view it will be possible to walk through the pit lane and meet the riders access the Paddock Show or take a ride around the circuit on your own motorcycle A complete experience for a frenetic weekend worthy of the 35th anniversary of the Superbike World Championship Tickets are on sale on the official website (www.motorlandaragon.com) for 45 euros for the three days Children under 12 years old and people over 65 have free access to the circuit presenting a special pass Motorland offers a unique experience with its VIP Rider Pack For those who want to extend the WorldSBK experience even further Motorland Aragón offers the VIP Rider Pack which includes access to the VIP area of the circuit and parking the possibility to do laps on the international karting circuit and free catering on Saturday and Sunday the organization of the FIM Superbike World Championship has decided to establish as a requirement for attendance the certificate of vaccination or covid recovery which can be presented in advance by uploading it to the Superbike app (SBK PIT IN in both Apple and Play Story) or in person when going to the circuit Fans who do not have either of the above two options will have the option of presenting a negative test carried out in a pharmacy or laboratory to enjoy the show as normal Follow all the information through our circuit's social networks MotorLand Aragón's social media will also keep you updated with everything that happens in the race which kicks off the first race of the World Superbike season in our country Buy tickets: https://tickets.motorlandaragon.com/janto/main.php Updated information: https://www.motorlandaragon.com/es/evento/infoWSBK-2022.html Legal Advice Privacy Policy Cookies Policy Contractor profile Transparency Ethical mailbox Web Map Corporate Social Responsibility Road safety © Ciudad del Motor de Aragon, S. A. You can consult more information about the main tourist resources in the area at:www.visitbajoaragon.es uses its own and third-party cookies that allow improving navigation usability and collecting information Click on "Accept cookies" to accept all cookies and access the site directly or click on "Reject cookies" if you only want to accept essential cookies for basic website operation Technical cookies are strictly necessary for our website to function and for you to navigate it give you access to certain restricted parts of the site if necessary or remember different options or services already selected by you and your authorization is not required in this regard you can block or be alerted to the presence of this type of cookie although such blocking will affect the proper functioning of various features of our website Customization cookies allow us to remember your preferences to customize certain characteristics and general options of our website to your liking each time you access it (for example the language in which information is presented to you these cookies do not have an advertising purpose you will improve the functionality of the website (for example adapting it to your type of browser) and its customization based on your preferences (for example presenting information in the language you have chosen on previous occasions) and convenience of our website during your navigation You can enable or disable these cookies by checking the corresponding box Analysis cookies allow us to study the navigation of users of our website in general (for example which sections of the website are the most visited which services are used more and if they work correctly Based on statistical information about navigation on our website we can improve both the operation of the website itself and the various services it offers but only serve to make our website work better you will contribute to this continuous improvement Behavioral advertising cookies allow us to obtain information based on observing your habits and browsing behaviors on the web in order to show you advertising content that better fits your personal tastes and interests the advertising we show you on our website will not be generic You can activate or deactivate these cookies by checking the corresponding box Movistar Yamaha MotoGP’s Italian rider Valentino Rossi leaves the box during the Moto GP first free practice during the Moto Grand Prix of Aragon at the Motorland Circuit in Alcaniz yesterday Image Credits: Imago | L-R: Melissa Jimenez The clandestine romance that began circulating in May 2023 has now found itself in the public eye as the couple was caught holding hands inside the Ciudad de Alcañiz hotel As the tantalizing details of Alonso’s romantic getaway with Melissa Jiménez emerged via La COMARCA the whispers of their alleged relationship transformed into speculations of a blossoming romance Melissa Jiménez is a seasoned sports journalist renowned for her comprehensive coverage of motorsports The rumors surrounding their relationship gained momentum in May 2023 with the exact circumstances of their meeting kept under wraps 🧐Fernando Alonso and… Melissa Jimenez at the back 👩🏻‍❤️‍👨🏻New couple? pic.twitter.com/HwAyPJD2GU — Matthew J. Thompson🇬🇧 (@realMJThompson) May 19, 2023 a snapshot captured in May showed Melissa in the background of a fan photo featuring Alonso adding fuel to the initial rumors of her being Alonso’s girlfriend They have allowed the rumors of their romance to just be that: rumors circulating in the Formula 1 community the recent trip to Alcañiz provided a rare glimpse into the personal lives of these high-profile individuals Witnessed leaving the Ciudad de Alcañiz hotel at 9 a.m. the duo hopped into a high-end Volvo with tinted windows setting the stage for a day filled with motor-related activities From the hotel to the Motorland and back again their day was also marked by a series of unexpected fan encounters adding an element of spontaneity to the Spaniard’s visit to Alcañiz Alonso’s interactions with fans further illuminated his multifaceted presence in Alcañiz The double world champion engaged with fans embracing the unexpected turns in his schedule with grace Read More: Can 2023 FIA Action of the Year Winner Fernando Alonso Beat Max Verstappen in the Same Car? While Fernando Alonso won the Action of the Year award for his brave maneuvers in the closing laps of the Brazilian GP he wanted to share his award with Sergio Perez the man whose podium he took away with his brilliant move The Spanish driver surprised fans by dedicating his fan-driven accolade to his on-track adversary In a video message acknowledging the honor despite his physical absence at the gala in Baku the 42-year-old expressed gratitude to those who voted for him and shared the spotlight with Checo “A big thanks for voting me for the Action of the Year regarding my battle with Sergio in Brazil I also want to thank and share this award with Sergio,“ the Spaniard humbly stated Alonso’s dedication to Perez stems from a deep-seated belief in the collaborative nature of on-track battles he highlighted the essence of such encounters “Any battle on track needs the collaboration of two.“ The 2023 F1 season was full of fantasic mid-field battles, but you voted the incredible final lap of the Sao Paulo Grand Prix as the most exciting moment of them all. Fernando Alonso is the 2023 FIA Action of the Year winner! pic.twitter.com/x4wCT3efNz — FIA (@fia) December 8, 2023 Alonso also used the platform to convey a broader message Advocating for clean driving practices without contact between cars he emphasized the need to set an example for present and future generations “I think this should be an example not only for the present but also for future generations where we must promote clean driving without any contact between cars So hopefully see you next year with more Action on track,” he remarked revealing his commitment to shaping the future of Formula 1 Watch This Story | From Models to Journalists, The List of Fernando Alonso’s GFs & Partners As the Formula 1 community awaits further developments in Alonso’s personal life, the recent trip to Alcañiz paints a vivid picture of a champion navigating both the highs and lows of fame with equal poise. 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