Alumni Impact El Paso businessman and Texas State University Distinguished Alumnus Richard Castro has been honored with the Texas Higher Education Distinguished Service Award for outstanding service to higher education in Texas The award is presented annually by the Council of Public University Presidents and Chancellors the Independent Colleges and Universities of Texas and the Texas Association of Community Colleges "Richard's extraordinary contributions and service to higher education in Texas spans institutions and regions," said Texas State President Denise M "He has made generous gifts to endowed scholarship funds supporting Texas State students in the liberal arts and in athletics He understands that scholarships enable so many of our students to achieve a college education and fulfill their families’ dreams."  the Hispanic American Commitment to Educational Resources scholarship program One of the largest college scholarship programs for Hispanic students in the nation HACER has awarded more than $28 million to students since its inception the Council on Regional Economic Expansion and Educational Development CREED is an educational advocacy organization committed to helping El Paso County high school students increase post-secondary attainment and close gaps in student achievement.  a title given to individuals and organizations that give $1 million or more to the university He has made significant gifts to the university in support of academic and athletic student scholarships he donated $100,000 to support students financially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic Castro Legacy Club in the University Events Center and the Richard A Castro Undergraduate Admissions Center were named in his honor A child of immigrants who settled in Del Rio in history from Texas State in 1970 and became a teacher in the Eagle Pass Independent School District He later served as city administrator for Del Rio from 1972 to 1980 before becoming a McDonald’s franchise owner in 1983 Castro became the company’s largest Hispanic owner/operator with 27 restaurants in Texas and more than 1,000 employees Sensing an opportunity to appeal to his West Texas clientele he developed the breakfast burrito and convinced the chain to offer it nationwide given to the top 1% of McDonald’s owner/operators worldwide each year to recognize their dedication to customer service business achievement and community involvement Castro was named 2005 Hispanic Businessman of the Year by the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and won the Texas Association of Mexican American Chambers of Commerce Chairman’s Community Support Award that same year He received the 2011 Faces of Diversity Award from the National Restaurant Association Castro was named a Texas State Distinguished Alumnus and in 2013 he received a Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award from the College of Liberal Arts The Texas Higher Education Distinguished Service Award was established by the Association of Texas Colleges and Universities in 1977. Since 2008, CPUPC, ICUT and TACC have administered the award. For more information, contact Rissa McGuire, CPUPC executive director, at rmcguire@cpupc.org Jayme Blaschke, 512-245-2555 Sandy Pantlik, 512-245-2922 Volume 15 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2021.666938 Pio del Rio-Hortega was not only the discoverer of the microglia and oligodendroglia but also possibly the most prolific mentor of all Santiago Ramon y Cajal’s disciples (Nobel awardee in Physiology or Medicine 1906 and considered as the father of modern Neuroscience) three exceptional women are frequently forgotten chronologically: Pio’s niece Asunción Amo del Río who worked with Río-Hortega at Madrid and Oxford; the distinguished British neuropathologist Dorothy Russell who also worked with Don Pío at Oxford; and Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi Our present work analyzes the figures of these three women who were in contact and collaborated with Don Pío del Río-Hortega describing the influences received and the impact on their careers and the History of Neuroscience The present work completes the contribution of women neuroscientists who worked with Cajal and his main disciples of the Spanish Neurological School both in Spain (previous work) and in other countries (present work) our previous works circumscribed to the women neuroscientists that physically worked in the laboratory of Cajal Further inquiry led us to notice three more women that worked with Pío del Río-Hortega out of Spain in different stages of his exile during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and after Escaping from the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) first and the 2nd World War (1939–1945) later Río-Hortega continued researching out of Spain up to his death three of his closest collaborators were women: Asunción Amo del Río different researchers who knew in person Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi have been contacted in Canada and Argentina (see Acknowledgments) (A) Young Asunción Amo del Río (on the left) with her mother and her grandfather Juan at Portillo (Valladolid) (B) Detail of the report by Hugh Cairns (see the signature below) to the Nuffield Committee proposing the appointment of “Senorita [sic] Del Río” as laboratory attendant of Pío del Río-Hortega (C) Río-Hortega (on feet) and his niece and attendant at the laboratory of Neuropathology of the Nuffield Department Pío del Río-Hortega (on the left) Asunción Amo del Río (in the middle) William Gibson (on the right) developing their work in Neuropathology at the Nuffield Department her aunt Felisa (Pío’s sister) and Nicolás Gómez del Moral arrived in Valencia in January 1937 following the researcher the situation was not easy there either: Pío del Río-Hortega barely spent a couple of months at the Mediterranean city and although he was tasked with propagandistic duties he had some time to spend at the Faculty of Medicine to work in the lab of his friend Luis Urtubey (Professor of Pathology the technical conditions at that clinical space in Paris were not good for scientific research and Río-Hortega decided soon to move After 17 years of scientific involvement with his uncle Asunción abandoned the United Kingdom Río-Hortega and Gómez del Moral decided to remain in Oxford not less important for her and the purpose of the present work was there she had the chance to know Hugh Cairns he was a young neurosurgeon in love with the tight work between neurosurgeons and neuropathologists that he had seen in Boston personalized by the Cushing (neurosurgeon) and Bailey (neuropathologist) duet while studying at The London Royal Hospital (taken from Women at Queen Mary Exhibition Online) (B) Original drawing of microglial and macrophage cells done by Dorothy Russell at Wilder Penfield’s laboratory and published in Russell (1929) (C,D) Dorothy Russell and Pío del Río-Hortega at the latter’s laboratory at the University of Oxford (1939–1940) her former labmate at Turnbull’s laboratory was repeatedly treated to recruit Russell as a neuropathologist considering herself as a general and not a hyper-specialized pathologist It would be necessary for him to find a new oasis of calm at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean to boost his scientific production again That would be the last station in Río-Hortega’s exile and scientific career Dorothy S. Russell died years later, in 1983. In the words of Barbara Boucher, one of her students and a researcher at the Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Dr. Russell was a great person, special, meticulous, accurate, a brilliant speaker, and highly honest14 Once the bombs started bursting too close to Oxford Pío del Río-Hortega decided to accept a proposal to give some courses and move to Buenos Aires (Argentina) invited by the Institución Cultural Española de Buenos Aires to give a course on Histology: that was a success and Río-Hortega always kept it in mind some of his pupils (Moisés Polak) and old friends (Bernardo Houssay future Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine 1947) organized Río-Hortega’s tour the Institución Cultural Española de Buenos Aires built a replica of Río-Hortega’s laboratories at Madrid and together decided to call it Laboratorio Ramón y Cajal It was a great moment for Pío del Río-Hortega: he returned to the first row of scientific research after the forced break derived from the wars in Europe Río-Hortega started to recruit new collaborators for his brand-new laboratory and then work in the Peripheral Nervous System and neural tumors See on the bottom right corner one of the rare signatures of Pío del Río-Hortega in his original drawings (as: P.R.H.) (C) Young Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi admires a small bird in her hands (D) Reproduction of the original portrait of Pío del Río-Hortega that Prof Collaborators and those students who were lucky enough to receive Amanda’s teachings during her long academic career remember her in the words of her pupil Guillermo Jaim Etcheverry (Rector of the University of Buenos Aires from 2002 to 2006): “These lines intend that the thousands of young people who had contact with Amanda during her long teaching career remember her unmistakable presence in our classrooms That is the best tribute that a teacher can receive: the intimate recognition of those who have had the privilege of collecting his teachings on science and life We think that the role of Asunción del Amo in the laboratory of Pio del Rio-Hortega could be equivalent to that of Manuela Serra in that of Santiago Ramón y Cajal Although Asunción del Río was not the author of any scientific paper published it is important to highlight that she was the person that collaborated with Pío del Río-Hortega during the beginning of his career and during his exile in Europe This collaboration was probably essential for Don Pío to perseverate in research during his difficult times at Valencia and the Royal College of Physicians granted her the Oliver-Sharpey Prize in 1968 Figure 5. The women disciples of Río-Hortega after the death of Don Pío (I). (A) Dr. Dorothy Russell at the microscope, during her scientific maturity. (B) First edition of the textbook on the tumors of the brain by Russell and Rubinstein (1959). (C) Fifth edition of the Russell and Rubenstein textbook (Russell and Rubinstein, 1989) (D) Dorothy Russell receives her doctor honoris causa from the University of Glasgow (1951) The women disciples of Río-Hortega after the death of Don Pío (II) Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi substitutes Prof Eduardo De Robertis (with her in B) as Director of the Instituto de Biología Celular of the Universidad de Buenos Aires (C) Reception of the mortal remains of Pío del Río-Hortega at Valladolid city town-hall (1986) (D) Asunción Amo del Río (on the left) embraces her old friend Prof Severo Ochoa (Nobel laureate 1959) during the reception of the mortal remains of Pío del Río-Hortega in Valladolid (1986) (E) Portrait of Asunción Amo del Río in her last days in Manzanares (Ciudad Real) in 2015 although his work with Cajal was shorter than that of Amo with Río-Hortega they withdrew from the investigation when they married to start a family It is then remarkable the importance of these three women and the link with Dr they deserved to be recognized for their work and for resembling a connection between the origin of modern neuroscience and Science today The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version The research group of FdC was currently supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Investigación [grant nos RD16-0015-0019 (partially financed by F.E.D.E.R.: European Union “Una manera de hacer Europa”) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC/Spanish Research Council (grant nos the Fundación Ramón Areces (Spain and a grant from the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies (FENS) History Online Project Grants Call 2018 CN received funding from RTI2018-097838-B-I00 granted by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PI: Prof The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest We are indebted to Drs. Georgina Rodríguez de Lores Arnáiz, Alicia Brusco, Juana Pasquini, Claudio Cuello, and Fabian Loidl for their fundamental collaboration to reconstruct some biographical details on Amanda Pellegrino de Iraldi, as well as images included as Figures 4A,C,D, 6A,B. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Juan del Río-Hortega Bereciartu, anVhbmRlbHJpb2hAaG90bWFpbC5jb20=; Fernando de Castro, ZmRlY2FzdHJvQGNhamFsLmNzaWMuZXM= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish In sweltering heat, U.S. Rep. Will Hurd and the mayors of the border towns of Del Rio and Ciudad Acuña held hands — presumably sweaty ones — with residents from both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border on Saturday It was a gesture they hoped would represent the unity and interdependency between their cities About 150 people joined Hurd and the mayors in a “bilingual bipartisan” rally at the International Bridge in an event during which the Helotes Republican reaffirmed his position against President Donald Trump’s border wall Hurd said his time as a CIA officer taught him that "building a wall from sea to shining sea" is not going to secure communities working together “against your common threat" will make Mexico and the U.S “As the member of Congress who has the most border … this is a message I take to Washington,” he said “I've been trying to bring my colleagues down to the border as well A lot of folks who talk about the border have never seen the border.” The border rally was billed as a "demonstration of unity" between both countries Mayors Hector Arocha from Ciudad Acuña and Robert Garza from Del Río encouraged crowds on both sides of the border to remain supportive and understanding of each other most of the attendees walked part of the bridge and held hands forming a human chain as mariachis played in the background crowd members joked about how this is the kind of barrier they want on the U.S.-Mexico border residents from both sides of the border shared paletas and drinks with the Rio Grande River and some U.S Border Patrol pickup trucks in the background.  Hurd said bipartisanship isn’t a “dirty word.” "People are expecting us to focus on what unites us who returned to Texas this weekend after U.S House Speaker Paul Ryan pulled the American Health Care Act — the supposed GOP replacement from Obamacare — from consideration on Friday when there weren't enough votes to pass it. "We can disagree without being disagreeable." Castro also emphasized the important relationship between Ciudad Acuña and Del Río Trump’s criticisms of Mexican immigrants only hurt the relationship between both countries “This is a place that makes a big difference to our country and we have to make sure that people understand that the prosperity of our nations depends on the success of each other,” he said said the International Bridge brings $7 million annually in revenue for his city mostly due to the trade partnership between Ciudad Acuña “It is my hope and desire that all of our efforts be focused on building bridges and not walls," Garza said.  Choose an amount or learn more about membership This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page A Massachusetts man was arrested after police said he threatened two officers in Manchester Police responded to the Hillsborough County Superior Court at 300 Chestnut St Friday as state police were in the process of moving homeless people from the courthouse grounds Manchester officers assisted a trooper who was attempting to arrest someone when a large crowd formed around him was charged with criminal threatening and resisting arrest “Del Rio was screaming into a microphone and lifted his right foot and kicked toward an officer in an aggressive manner,” police said in a news release Del Rio ran down the street; police arrested him after a brief struggle Your browser is out of date and potentially vulnerable to security risks.We recommend switching to one of the following browsers: Account processing issue - the email address may already exist Would you like to receive our daily news? Signup today Invalid password or account does not exist Submitting this form below will send a message to your email with a link to change your password An email message containing instructions on how to reset your password has been sent to the email address listed on your account Community Safety Department Director To Resign Amid Tension With Cambridge Police Department From Lab to Startup: Harvard’s Office of Technology Development Paves the Way for Research Commercialization People’s Forum on Graduation Readiness Held After Vote to Eliminate MCAS 8 Takeaways From Harvard’s Task Force Reports Harvard College and Harvard Law School activists joined Boston-area students and organizers for a rally in Copley Square Sunday in response to police violence at the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem Israeli police forces first raided the mosque early Wednesday morning, resulting in at least 350 arrests of Palestinian worshipers and injuries to 37 Palestinians and two Israeli police officers per the Washington Post Israeli police carried out a second raid on Wednesday night Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu wrote the government is trying to “calm the situation,” claiming that “extremists” had barricaded themselves in the mosque dozens of missiles have been fired from Lebanon and the Gaza Strip into Israel The Israel Defense Forces have subsequently launched retaliatory strikes More than 100 people attended the Sunday protest organized jointly by Boston University Students for Justice in Palestine University of Massachusetts Boston Students for Justice in Palestine and the Harvard College Palestine Solidarity Committee “We are here today because we believe in the righteousness of our struggle and we understand that Al-Aqsa is more than just a physical space,” said second-year HLS student Tala A Activist Antuan Castro Del Rio described the event as “a direct response to the violation of them going into the mosque” but also a “representation of an 80-year-long fight.” Kayali — one of the event’s lead organizers — described Al-Aqsa as one of the last places in Jerusalem “that is accessible by Palestinians” in an interview before the event a second-year student at Harvard Law School is a member of HLS Justice for Palestine and the Palestinian Youth Movement throughout Palestine but also throughout the world to show our solidarity for the Palestinian people and the Palestinian resistance to this onslaught,” Kayali said in an interview before the event Organizers said that violence against Palestinians has become increasingly common during Ramadan “It’s been happening the last few years in a row during Ramadan specifically,” said Nasir Almasri candidate and research fellow at the Harvard Kennedy School’s Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs who also helped organize the event Members of the Alliance for Water Justice in Palestine and the Jewish Voice for Peace Boston also attended Sunday’s protest as supporters “Israel has been enacting a colonist project against Palestinians a member of the Jewish Voice for Peace Boston Activists called for solidarity between Palestinian liberation efforts and broader people’s liberation movements adding that these groups are intertwined by a common cause “While Israel partners with American police to teach them how to better suffocate their subjects Palestinians aligned with people globally struggling for liberation to teach each other how to breathe,” said Alfoqaha an organizer with HLS Justice for Palestine Organizers said the event was primarily intended to create unity and awareness urging protesters to join other solidarity efforts and donate to their campaigns “I’ll just close by asking for today not to be the last thing you do for Palestine this week,” Kayali said during the event “We have a responsibility to remain steadfast in solidarity with the Palestinian people and to confront Zionism,” she added speakers alike joined in a Levantine folk dance Dabke is typically performed at celebrations “Every settler flag that’s been raised can be torn down,” Alfoqaha said —Staff writer Cam E. Kettles can be reached at cam.kettles@thecrimson.com. Follow her on Twitter @cam_kettles —Staff writer Neil H. Shah can be reached at neil.shah@thecrimson.com. Follow him on Twitter @neilhshah15 Want to keep up with breaking news? Subscribe to our email newsletter. Protesters are pictured in Powder House Park Students and local activists gathered on Wednesday evening at Powder House Park to protest the detainment of Tufts graduate student The protest was organized by Coalition for Palestinian Liberation formerly known as the Coalition for Palestinian Liberation at Tufts and other activist groups from the Greater Boston area previously filed a writ of habeas corpus to argue her release and a judge ordered Öztürk to not be removed from Massachusetts for at least 48 hours without proper notice A video showing masked law enforcement officers approaching Öztürk on a Somerville street circulated widely online Immigration and Customs Enforcement has not clarified the charges being levied against Öztürk and did not respond to the Daily’s request for comment The roughly half dozen speakers ranged from Tufts undergraduate students to members of the Muslim Justice League Palestinian Youth Movement and the Immigrant Justice Network of MA, who spoke about the need for individuals to know their rights and directed the crowd toward immigration resources “This is not a moment where we can afford to be acting alone This is not a moment for lone actors who are trying to disrupt,” one speaker said “We are each individual threads that make up a tapestry of resistance here in Somerville all the way to Palestine.” Another criticized progressive politicians for merely writing statements about Öztürk and called for community members to take charge of the political movement “We are not here just because of the last two months We are here because progressives — time and time again — you cede ground,” the activist said How are you going to show up for your community For the students who have fearlessly fought for Palestine for almost two years now?’” Boston and its surrounding communities have received heightened scrutiny from federal law enforcement under the administration of President Donald Trump with Immigration and Customs Enforcement reporting that it arrested almost 400 people from the area last week the working communities who are leading this struggle for our own liberation,” another said earlier Local residents of all ages attended the protest in addition to Tufts students “People are always going to fight back,” Emily Isaac “Everyone likes to say what they would have done during a historical atrocity and I think it’s important to recognize the signs of when it’s happening.” said that solely participating in rallies is never enough it is just the show of how much they’re testing the waters to make sure that they can continue doing it in every college and in every town around Massachusetts,” Castro Del Rio said A Northeastern student affiliated with Massachusetts Peace Action said that she attended the rally to stand behind those who put themselves at risk for speaking out being a student myself and seeing people literally get dragged off their campuses for free speech and speaking up for what they believe in is just really appalling,” Cowell said Local officials including Somerville Mayor Katjana Ballantyne Erika Uyterhoeven and Mike Connolly and Medford City Council President Zac Bears were present at the rally and everyone here today to stand up for her,” Uyterhoeven said “And I think we also know it’s incumbent upon us to fight to get her back minute that she is in detention is a minute too long.” Bears condemned the detainments of immigrants by the Trump administration “I’m here because it’s not something that should be happening in our community; it’s not something that should be happening in our country,” he said “And the fact that bullies and tyrants and fascists think that they can come here and take our neighbors is abhorrent.” Members of Safe Medford were also present Safe Medford was established during the first Trump presidency to keep immigrants safe and has since expanded its mission to protect other marginalized communities in Medford “Our mission is to make sure that our city is safe for everyone,” Jennifer Yanco “So abducting people off the streets is not part of being safe The speakers encouraged those present to attend a rally today in front of Somerville City Hall at 6 p.m. ahead of the city council meeting at 7 p.m The councilors will vote on a petition for a ballot question to end the city’s business and prohibit future investment with companies doing business in Israel We need to make sure that laws are changed need to make sure that the texts inside of the Constitution are changed for justice what people can take away from here is that this is the beginning of a bigger movement because this is not going to stop This is just the beginning,” Castro Del Rio said Content warning: this article discusses and contains images of and pertaining to instances of white supremacy dozens of families gathered at the public library in Taunton Massachusetts for a drag queen story hour hosted by local queen Monica Moore In a flowy purple gown and long blonde tresses Moore began reading a picture book as the young children sitting on the colorful rug listened intently.  calling them abusers as they walked past with their children This wasn’t the group’s first time protesting a children’s story time event. In July, three people were arrested and a civil rights investigation was launched when NSC-131 members protested a book reading featuring drag queens in Boston’s Jamaica Plain neighborhood. Two of those arrested were counterprotestors trying to prevent the story time event from being disrupted. Christopher R. Hood Jr. was the only Nazi arrested that day.  Hood is a 24-year-old white supremacist from Malden who has been involved in far-right extremist organizing since he was 16. He was allegedly kicked out of the neo-Nazi group Patriot Front in 2019 for stealing funds to buy marijuana Hood began posting on Facebook about a new group he was starting which eventually became the Nationalist Social Club-131 The numbers 131 are alphanumeric code for “ACA,” which stands for “anti-communist action.”  NSC-131 is a relatively small group with regional chapters throughout New England The group desires a total governmental overhaul; their manifesto calls for radical action to completely reconstruct the current political system.  but have raised over $13,000 dollars in their online fundraising campaign for legal fees.  NSC-131 eschews the pro-America rhetoric and imagery employed by other white supremacist groups such as Patriot Front. The group uses well-known symbols of Germany’s Nazi Party in their logo and flags and members proudly refer to themselves as Nazis The NSC manifesto explains that they use Nazi imagery to “attract more attention,” to be “taken more seriously,” and to prevent their message of white supremacy from being diluted.  “We become less fringe with every successful action,” the manifesto states, also claiming that the popular right-wing causes of the day align with Nazism. “We remind [white] people that it is Nazism to oppose White demographic replacement. It is Nazism to oppose Drag Queen Story Hour and Critical Race Theory.” At last year’s St. Patrick’s day parade in Boston, NSC-131 garnered international attention when around a dozen members displayed a banner that read “KEEP BOSTON IRISH.” But NSC-131 isn’t just a threat to Boston. The group’s regional leader for Massachusetts, Liam MacNeil, was born and raised in Waltham An anonymous local activist sent the Justice a 2022 NSC propaganda video showing the group marching and posing with a banner in the Moody Street area The video also appears to show a police officer speaking with the group before walking away.  In a propaganda video released by NSC-131 in 2022 and provided to the Justice by an anonymous activist NSC-131 members move through Waltham and encounter a police officer who walks away from them after a brief conversation (stills shown) On July 25, 2022, Hood arrived for his hearing at a Boston courthouse He’d been charged with fighting in a public place after his arrest a few days prior at the drag story event in Jamaica Plain This was Hood’s third arrest in Boston; the first two were dismissed.  Dressed in black and flanked by four other members of NSC-131 Hood found himself face-to-face with Rod Webber Webber was filming the group as they walked toward the door when one of the NSC members shoved him and he fell to the ground.   Webber emerged mostly unscathed — he followed the group up to the courthouse door — but was stopped by Boston police Webber fell down the courthouse stairs; he said the police pushed him down and he was taken into custody using the video as a demonstration of violence and power for online recruitment tactics.  This wasn’t Webber’s first time interacting with NSC members. Webber and his wife, Lauren Pespisa, have been filming NSC’s public activities since 2020. They first encountered the group while collecting footage for Webber’s documentary, “2020: The Dumpster Fire,” about that year’s protests and presidential campaigns.  Webber and Pespisa have interacted with NSC-131 close to a dozen times since then “But they’ve really stepped up their efforts in the past two years,” he said during a May 13 interview with the Justice NSC was even present during the January 6 insurrection in 2021; Liam MacNeil posted a photo on Telegram holding a Capitol police officer’s helmet that appeared to have been seized According to messages on the group’s Telegram channel members chose to show up in small numbers at the insurrection to “ensure white safety.” To this day no one in NSC-131 has been taken into custody or faced legal consequences for their role in the insurrection.  A photo posted by NSC-131 to their Telegram channel shows a member present at the January 6 insurrection holding a Capitol Police officer's helmet.  Webber said NSC’s demonstrations are “more akin to flash mobs” than rallies because they keep their plans secret and show up unannounced These mobs have grown in size over the years sometimes close to 30 guys running around with a mask on their face doing Sieg Heil [Nazi] salutes,” said Webber The group has also gotten more violent over the years On May 10, 2023 an NSC member from Salem, New Hampshire was sentenced to 18 months in prison for illegal possession of machine guns kept the two guns in a room with over 20 other firearms and an array of Nazi paraphernalia including a Nazi uniform and a framed photo of Hitler Authorities said Morris advocated for a race war and the bombing of mosques and synagogues They found evidence of Morris’s desire to participate in “lone wolf” terrorist attacks in Massachusetts “culminating in a plan to drive a truck bomb into the Massachusetts State House.” Pespisa and Webber said that in light of the Morris case it is apparent that the threat posed by NSC goes beyond harassment and assaults on the street With NSC doing everything they can to make minority groups feel unwelcome in New England and the threat of terrorism looming the couple said the government’s response has been woefully inadequate.  But Webber and Pespisa aren’t the only activists disappointed with the government’s response to NSC’s activities — and they aren’t the only ones willing to do something about it. At the time of Webber’s courthouse confrontation with NSC members, a team of veterans at the national nonprofit Task Force Butler were compiling a damning 300-page report on the Nazi group’s illegal activities As NSC bragged about the violence outside the courthouse Task Force Butler analyzed the footage frame-by-frame They identified the individuals involved and added it to the long list of NSC’s violence and threats in a report on the Nazi group.  Task Force Butler hopes law enforcement will use the report to hold NSC legally accountable for racketeering “These trolls thrive in darkness,” Kris Goldsmith said in a May 3 interview with the Justice Ernst Jean-Jacques, known as Shimmy, is a Boston civil rights activist. He created the Freedom Fighters Coalition to bring together social justice organizers for marches and community events What he didn’t expect was that the organization’s Instagram page would become a hub for sharing videos and information about white nationalist groups' activity in the Boston area folks who came across white supremacist banners and groups began sending Jean-Jacques picture and video proof He would share them to the Freedom Fighter account’s growing follower base He wanted people to see what was happening in their own city and make even a small dent in the widespread lack of awareness among the general public about fascist groups in Massachusetts “Not posting about them and pretending like they don't exist whether people want to accept it or agree with it or not they’re here,” he told the Justice during a May 11 interview “Garfield” or @AntifaGarfield on Twitter, is an anonymous New England researcher tracking and publicizing NSC-131’s activities with a similar mindset to Jean-Jacques. Garfield identified Liam MacNeil in 2021 “A significant body of my work has been tracking and identifying NSC since their early days and while they of course are still a huge threat to communities across New England and everyday community members have been a constant barrier … against the violence NSC hopes to inflict,” they told the Justice in a May 21 correspondence “It’s been demonstrated time and time again that police are not willing to take action … so it often falls on communities to defend themselves.” it’s not just individual activists and intelligence groups fighting back against Nazis in New England on-the-ground activism groups have organized counter-protests that far outnumber NSC’s hateful demonstrations and chants.  The masked men injured and threatened several people involved with the story time event Two of the people assaulted said the police present did little to stop the Nazi’s violent behavior The Fall River police department denied witnessing any violent incidents Members of groups including the South Coast LGBTQ+ Network and the leftist “community defense” organization John Brown Gun Club were present as well.  who performs in drag as Miss Gloria and leads the Fall River storytimes told Options she was “blown away” by all of the support: “We’re really trying to show the community here how much love and support we have and how much stronger love is than hate.”  Please note All comments are eligible for publication in The Justice Powered by Solutions by The State News Volume 10 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2016.00043 The fine structure of the autonomic nervous system was largely unknown at the beginning of the second decade of the 20th century Although relatively anatomists and histologists had studied the subject even the assays by the great Russian histologist Alexander Dogiel and the Spanish Nobel Prize laureate In a time which witnessed fundamental discoveries by Langley Loewi and Dale on the physiology of the autonomic nervous system both reputed researchers entrusted one of their outstanding disciples to the challenge to further investigate autonomic structures: the Russian B.I Lawrentjew and the Spanish Fernando de Castro developed new technical approaches with spectacular results both young neuroscientists were worldwide recognized as the top experts in the field In the present work we describe the main discoveries by Fernando de Castro in those years regarding the structure of sympathetic and sensory ganglia the organization of the synaptic contacts in these ganglia later materialized in their respective chapters in Wilder Penfield’s famous textbook on Neurology and the Nervous System Most of these discoveries remain fully alive today although knowledge of the general microscopic structure of the nervous system was accumulating fast due to the capital contributions by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) several neural structures remained poorly understood Amongst these were the relatively small groups of neural cells forming the sensory and autonomic ganglia all of them external to the mechanical protection offered by the skull and vertebrae lining the vertebral canal The concept of the autonomic nervous system had been proposed by the British neurophysiologist John Langley (1852–1925): “I propose the term “autonomic nervous system” for the sympathetic system and the allied nervous system of the cranial and sacral nerves and for the local nervous system of the gut” (Langley, 1898) It was in the parasympathetic system where the chemical component of synaptic transmission was first recognized (although we know today that there are cases of electrical synapses) For these important discoveries Loewi and Dale received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936 a good example of reticularist vision of the organization nervous system (A–D) are part of Archive Fernando de Castro Although the contributions by Giuseppe Levi (1872–1965) on the sensory ganglia were really remarkable (Levi, 1908) important debates took place on the intraganglionic axon collaterals and on the nature of the “atypical cells” [cells with fenestrated forms or with cell processes in balls (terminology of those days)] This was undoubtedly why Ramón y Cajal entrusted his young pupil Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) to work on the microscopic structure of the sensory ganglia that would crystallize in a brilliant PhD thesis: “Hey, guy, here are some badly-known details, for example the interpretation of typical and atypical cells found in the sensory ganglia. We really do not know beyond what is described under experimental conditions. In the human we do not know what exactly the atypical forms are, especially in normal conditions and in young humans” (Gómez-Santos, 1968) are the atypical forms of cells observed in the sensory ganglia a fruit of pathological processes affecting ganglia or can they be observed in normal conditions but these studies were mostly focused on subjects outside the scope of the current review obtained the highest possible qualification (“Sobresaliente”) and was 1 year later awarded by the Real Academia Nacional de Medicina with the Rodríguez Abaytúa Prize But the ultimate award for de Castro’s scientific career was the definitive and full scientific and technical recognition by the Maestro This recognition did not weaken: it would last until the death of Cajal in 1934 and would determine several of the milestones in the scientific trajectory and human life of Fernando de Castro in the mountains close to Madrid (A–C) are part of Archive Fernando de Castro Penfield himself juicily described his “Quixotian adventure” (in his own words): his trip from the Presbyterian Hospital in New York USA to 1924’s Madrid to work in the laboratory of Pío del Río-Hortega In particular he describes his visit to Cajal’s laboratory on May 11th Fernando de Castro and Domingo Sánchez: “Cajal looked at his watch and I looked at Asúa Cajal seemed to brighten up and said that de Castro was master of his (Cajal’s) gold method for neuroglia and suggested that I could work sometimes at a table where de Castro would teach me Cajal left us then and I did stay on to talk with de Castro. Dr. Sánchez insisted that I should examine with his microscope the complicated structure of an insect’s brain, explaining that the brain of an ant or a bee was just as vast in its complexity as the brain of man or any other mammal. I marveled at what he showed me and at the beautiful sections of mammalian sympathetic nerve cells on de Castro’s desk.” (Penfield, 1977) Penfield did not formally work at Cajal’s laboratory partly due to the so vaunted distancing between the Maestro and his disciple Some proofs of the long-term friendship developed by Fernando de Castro with other disciples and visitors of the laboratory of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (A) Manuscript letter from Rafael Lorente de Nó to Fernando de Castro describing the excellent formation and situation of de Castro in the neuroscientific panorama of the mid 1920’s (B) Original charcoal portrait of Fernando de Castro by Ferenc Miskolzy (made in 1926 Hungarian painter and brother of the founder of modern Hungarian Neurology disciple and translator of Cajal’s books and close friend of de Castro for years The painter came to Spain because he wanted to visit exiled last Austro-Hungarian empress Following recommendations of his brother Deszo who showed him his scientific drawings and his deep interest and knowledge in Art The painter gifted this charbon portrait to the Spanish neuroscientist as a proof of the close frienship of both Miskolzy brothers and Fernando de Castro Florencio Bustinza (1902–1982; born at Liverpool pharmacologist and profesor of Biology at Madrid) Sir Howard Florey (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945) and Fernando de Castro Bustinza was personal friend of Sir Alexander Fleming and Sir Howard Florey since 1948 and Fernando de Castro kept frienship with the latter since his time at Cajal’s laboratory to learn histological technique during the mid 1920s (A–C) are part of Archive Fernando de Castro “There was no doubt that, as I had chosen Hortega, I should continue behind him. Unfortunately, there was no extra time to work with de Castro. Hortega had spread off. The most recent discoveries came from him and his research was still far from completed. But I worked on, day by day, sitting at the desk beside Don Pío del Río-Hortega” (Penfield, 1977) One of the most characteristic aspects of de Castro’s research is the exhaustive study of synaptic connectivity established within autonomic motor ganglia This could be considered as his first interest in the synapse This interest represents a continuum along the remaining of de Castro’s career In the mean time the Belgian physio-pharmacologist Corneille Heymans (1892–1968) took advantage of the opportunity and won the race to functionally demonstrate the origin in the carotid body of the chemical reflexes Heymans consequently was awarded in 1938 with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (C) Original letter from Rafael Lorente de Nó to Fernando de Castro (dated at the Rockefeller Institute Wait at the shipboat till the arrival of Valdecasas or Gallego Gallego will come with you to New York and will bring you to your accomodation Rafael” (translated by the autor of this work from Spanish) (D) Antonio Gallego (1915–1992) and Fernando de Castro on board of the Motomar steamship in their way back to from New York to Spain (1947) after their respective first scientific experience at the USA (E) Fernando de Castro (at the microscope) invited speaker to expose the cytoarchitecture of the autonomic nervous system Became one of the main characters in the final offical defeat of reticularists at the 34 Tagung Deutschen Gesselchaft fü Pathologie (Wiesbaden the German histologist established in Chile just behind Fernando de Castro) acts as de Castro’s master of ceremony at that time (A–E) are part of Archive Fernando de Castro The work by Fernando de Castro to get his PhD degree at the beginning of the 1920’s decade produced capital ammunition to destroy the reticularist conception of the organization of somatic sensory and autonomic nervous ganglia (Figure 5E) De Castro described the delicate morphological details of the ganglionic cells and the distribution of the synaptic connections in such a meticulous and convincing way that it revolved the field De Castro’s work in this field fully granted him the technical and intellectual recognition by his tutor and it prepared him for the study of the innervation of blood vessels to identify the controversial nature of this innervation triggering the cardio-respiratory reflexes He was the first to identify arterial chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies After the forced break due to both the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War Fernando de Castro continued working on sympathetic ganglia to study synapses and synaptogenesis For the rest of his scientific career till his death in 1967 both the arterial chemoreceptors and the autonomic and somatic sensory ganglia remained his principal research lines His histological descriptions remain fully recognized and actual today The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and approved it for publication The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest I am in debt with Ma Ángeles Langa librarian at the Instituto Cajal-CSIC (Madrid for her invaluable help localizing antique scientific articles and their proper citations The work of our group is supported with grants from the following Spanish institutions: ministerio de Economía y Competitividad-MINECO (SAF2012-40023 RD12-0032-12 [partially cofinanced by FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa”]) Fundación Eugenio Rodríguez Pascual FdC is a CSIC Staff Scientist and the only grandson of Fernando de Castro letters and photographs used in this article belong to the Archive Fernando de Castro Branches of the ganglion cervicale superius CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A functional analysis of the cervical sympathetic nerve supply to the eye Google Scholar Bullón Ramirez Sobre la fina estructura del plexo de Auerbach y sus relaciones con los conductores preganglionicos que tienen su origen en el nervio vago Bullón-Ramirez Contribución al conocimiento de la citoarquitectonia del plexo de Auerbach del recto The presence of histamine and acetylcholine in the spleen of the ox and the horse The depressor (vasodilator) action of adrenaline Santiago Ramón y Cajal: The Cajal Institute and the Spanish Histological School Nota sobre ciertas terminaciones nerviosas en el ganglio cervical superior simpático humano Estudio de los ganglios sensitivos del hombre adulto en estado normal y patológico Estudio sobre los ganglios sensitivos del hombre en estado normal y patológico Formas celulares típicas y atípicas Evolución de los ganglios simpáticos vertebrales y prevertebrales Conexiones y citotectonia de algunos grupos de ganglios en el niño y hombre adulto Sobre la fina anatomía de los ganglios simpáticos de algunos mamíferos de gran talla Contribution a la conaissance de l”innervation du pancreas Y-a-til des conducteurs spécifiques pour les îlots de Langerhans pour les acini glandulaires et pour les vaisseaux Sobre la fina anatomía de los ganglios simpáticos vertebrales y prevertebrales de los simios Sobre la estructura de los ganglios simpáticos de los monos Recherches sur la dégénération et la régénération du système nerveux sympathique Quelques observations sur la constitution des synapses dans les ganglions “Sensory ganglions of the cranial and spinal nerves normal and pathological,” in Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System ed Quelques recherches sur la transplantation de ganglions nerveux (cérebro-spinaux et sympathiques) chez les mammifères Etudes comparatives sur la capacité réactionnelle et la résistance vitale des neurones survivants dans les greffes Note sur la régénération fonctionnelle hétérogène dans les anastomoses des nerfs pneumogastrique et hypoglose avec le sympathique cervical Sur la régénération fonctionnelle dans le sympathique (anastomoses croisées avec des nefs de type iso et hétéromorphe) Une référence spéciale sur la constitution des synapses Modelación de un arco reflejo en el simpático uniéndolo con la raíz aferente central del vago (Sensibilidad química y mecánica de los receptores del vago.) Die normale histologie des peripheren vegetativen nervensystems Das synapsen-problem: Anatomisch-experimentelle untersuchungen Aspects anatomiques de la transmission synaptique ganglionnaire chez les mammiféres CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Diez Cartas de Santiago Ramón y Cajal a Fernando de Castro Spain: Tipografía Artística Chemotropic molecules: guides for axonal pathfinding and cell migration during CNS development Actividad functional del ganglio cervical superior en relación al número y modalidad de sus fibras pregangliónicas del Río-Hortega Estudios sobre la neuroglia periférica I: la neuroglia de los ganglios simpáticos del Río-Hortega Investigaciones sobre la neuroglia de los ganglios simpáticos Über den Bau der Ganglien in den Geflechten des Darmes und der Gallenblase des Menschen und der Säugetiere Der Bau der Spinalganglien des Menschen und der Säugetiere The action potential of the superior cervical ganglion Facilitation and inhibition in the superior cervical ganglion Slow potential waves in the superior cervical ganglion Ueber einen Fall von Anämie mit Bemerkungen über regenerative Veränderungen des Knochenmarks La structure des connexions interneuronales dans le système nerveux autonome de la Grenouille García-López Updating old ideas and recent advances regarding the Interstitial Cells of Cajal Gómez-Santos Cinco grandes de la Ciencia española González Fernando de Castro and the discovery of the arterial chemoreceptors Zur Frage der Innervation des menschlichen Magen-Darmkanals On the union of cranial autonomic (visceral) fibres with nerve cells of the superior cervical ganglion On the local paralysis of peripheral ganglia and on the connection of different classes of nerve fibres with them Google Scholar Ueber die erscheinungen der degeneration und regeneration im sympatischen nervensystem Zur lehre von der cytoarchitektonik des peripheren autonomen nervensystems die cytoarchitektonik der ganglien des verdau-ungskanals beim hunde Experimentell-morphologische studien über den feineren bau des autonomen nervensystems untersuchungen über die degeneration und regeneration der synapsen Einige Bemerkungen über Fortschritte und Aufgaben der Erforschung des autonomen Nervensystems Über humorale übertragbarkeit der herznervenwirkung CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Essai de culture des ganglions spinaux de mammifères in vitro: contribution à l”étude de la neurogénèse Nouvelles recherches sur le cultive in vitro des ganglions spinaux de mammifères No Man Alone: A Neurosurgeon’s Life Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information Body and Brain: A Trophic Theory of Neural Connections Google Scholar Ramón y Cajal Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre Y de Los Vertebrados Ramón y Cajal Las células del gran simpático del hombre Santarén Google Scholar Santarén Science and politics: Ramon y Cajal’s intervention in giuseppe levi’s 1934 liberation Google Scholar Szentágothai “From the last skirmishes around the neuron theory to the functional anatomy of neuron networks,” in The Neurosciences: Paths of Discovery CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Sulla correlazione fra ampiezza del territorio di innervazione e volume delle cellule gangliari Richerche sui gangli spinali della coda di Cheloni Tessier-Lavigne Todman, D. H. (2008). History of Neuroscience: John Newport Langley. IBRO History of Neuroscience (1852–1925). Available online at: http://ibro.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Langley-John-Newport.pdf Citation: de Castro F (2016) The Cajal School in the Peripheral Nervous System: The Transcendent Contributions of Fernando de Castro on the Microscopic Structure of Sensory and Autonomic Motor Ganglia Received: 31 August 2015; Accepted: 05 April 2016; Published: 20 April 2016 Copyright © 2016 de Castro. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: Fernando de Castro, ZmRlY2FzdHJvQGNhamFsLmNzaWMuZXM= Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker GUANAJUATO - A new foreign investment has arrived in Irapuato: it is the Chinese company Aztema which is dedicated to the manufacture of tires and equipment for the latest generation of tires led the laying of the first stone of the company Aztema belonging to the Chinese company Sailum Tire which begins its installation process in the Castro del Río Industrial Park in the municipality of Irapuato is a world-class tire manufacturer headquartered in Qingdao with more than 18,000 employees worldwide and seven manufacturing centers During the Guanajuato governor's visit to Asia last March the company announced the investment of US$432 million to build an additional plant in Irapuato Diego Sinhue Rodríguez Vallejo said it is an honor to accompany the directors of this great Chinese company which will operate under the figure of the company Aztema and its presence and operation will promote the strengthening of micro small and medium enterprises and suppliers of our state "That is why we gladly open the doors of Guanajuato to Sailun Tire here we want companies with success stories and that promote sustainable and environmentally friendly production processes companies that believe in innovation and the value of their employees," added the state president Diego Sinhue Rodriguez Vallejo highlighted that this is the first Chinese brand to integrate a complete industrial chain that covers new materials which adds to the strengthening of Guanajuato's Mindfacturing Valley Sailun Tire is the research and demonstration base of the National Research Institute of Rubber and Tire Engineering and is number two in China's Top 100 rubber industry We’re in the business of providing relevant information through print and electronic media organizing events to bring industrial value chain actors together and services to create new business relationships Our goal is to improve our clients’ competitiveness Che had great faith in man. Che was a realist and did not reject material incentives. He deemed them necessary during the transitional stage, while building socialism. But Che attached more importance — more and more importance — to the conscious factor, to the moral factor. At the same time, it would be a caricature to believe that Che was unrealistic and unfamiliar with the reality of a society and a people who had just emerged from capitalism. But Che was mostly known as a man of action, a soldier, a leader, a military man, a guerrilla, an exemplary person who always was the first in everything; a man who never asked others to do something that he himself would not do first; a model of a righteous, honest, pure, courageous man, full of human solidarity. These are the virtues he possessed and the ones we remember him by. Che was a man of very profound thought, and he had the exceptional opportunity during the first years of the revolution to delve deeply into very important aspects of the building of socialism, because, given his qualities, whenever a man was needed to do an important job, Che was always there. He was truly a many-sided man and, whatever his assignment, he fulfilled it in a completely serious and responsible manner. He was in INRA [National Institute of Agrarian Reform] and managed a few industries under its jurisdiction at a time when the main industries had not yet been nationalized and only a few factories had been taken over. He headed the National Bank, another of the responsibilities entrusted to him, and he also headed the Ministry of Industry when this agency was set up. Nearly all the factories had been nationalized by then and everything had to be organized, production had to be maintained, and Che took on the job, as he had taken on many others. He did so with total devotion, working day and night, Saturdays and Sundays, at all hours, and he really set out to solve far-reaching problems. It was then that he tackled the task of applying Marxist-Leninist principles to the organization of production, the way he understood it, the way he saw it. He spent years doing that; he spoke a lot, wrote a lot on all those subjects. And he really managed to develop a rather elaborate and very profound theory on the manner in which, in his opinion, socialism should be built leading to a communist society. In essence — in essence! — Che was radically opposed to using and developing capitalist economic laws and categories in building socialism. He advocated something that I have often insisted on: Building socialism and communism is not just a matter of producing and distributing wealth but is also a matter of education and consciousness. He was firmly opposed to using these categories, which have been transferred from capitalism to socialism, as instruments to build the new society. If there is something left to say tonight it’s that despite our problems; despite the fact that we have less hard currency than ever before, for reasons we’ve explained in the past; despite the drought; despite the intensification of the imperialist blockade — as I see our people respond, as I see more and more possibilities open up, I feel confident, I feel optimistic. And I am absolutely convinced we will accomplish everything we set our minds to! [Applause] We’ll do it with the people, with the masses. We’ll do it with the principles, pride, and honor of each and every one of our party members, workers, youth, peasants, and intellectuals! I can proudly say that we are giving Che well-deserved tribute and honor, and if he lives more than ever, so will the homeland! If he is an opponent of imperialism more powerful than ever, the homeland will also be more powerful than ever against imperialism and its rotten ideology! [Applause] And if one day we chose the path of revolution, of socialist revolution and of communism, the path of building communism, today we are prouder to have chosen that path because it is the only one that can give rise to men like Che and can forge a people made up of millions of men and women capable of being like Che! [Applause] As [José] Martí said, whereas there are men without dignity, there are also men who carry inside them the dignity of many men! We might add that there are men who carry inside them the dignity of the world, and one of those men is Che! Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968283 This study tested the direct effects of Dark Tetrad traits on organizational and interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) We also examined the moderating effects of the three dimensions of organizational justice – distributive justice and interactional justice – on the Dark Tetrad-CWBs relationships Based on the data from 613 employees across different occupations the results revealed that only psychopathy and sadism had significant effects on CWBs targeted at the organization The results also supported the direct effect of sadism on interpersonal CWBs The findings confirmed the moderating role of interactional justice but differentially depending on the dark trait and the target of workplace deviance Whereas low and medium levels of interactional justice moderated the relationship between Machiavellianism and CWBs directed to the organization interactional justice emerged as a significant moderator in Machiavellianism and sadism whereas sadistic employees performed more harmful behaviors toward other individuals whatever their level of interactional justice if people high in Machiavellianism (Machs) perceived a high fair interpersonal treatment they did not show deviant behaviors directed at other employees The paper concludes with some suggestions and recommendations about the relevance of organizational justice in the influence of dark personality traits on CWBs there have been strong efforts focused on their prevention dark personality traits) and situational (e.g. perceived organizational justice) antecedents of harmful behaviors at work the secondary aim of this paper was to examine the moderating role of perceived organizational justice from a multidimensional perspective were the targets of their dysfunctional work behavior (e.g. stealing the property of a co-worker or verbally abusing a co-worker) the cruelty towards other co-workers of people high in everyday sadism would not emerge as a justification of their perception of unfairness at work but because of the pleasurable nature of these behaviors we have expected that Dark Tetrad traits will be significantly related to CWBs but considering the target of deviant actions: and psychopathy will be positively related to CWBO and CWBI Hypothesis 1b: Sadism will be positively related to CWBI Additionally, previous research has used general measures instead of specific measures of dark personality traits in a workplace setting, although some voices defend their utility and pertinency (Woo et al., 2015; Thibault and Kelloway, 2020) the predictive validity of a contextual measure of the Dark Tetrad over workplace deviant behaviors needs more evidence whereas distributive justice showed weaker correlations (−0.07 to −0.17) the study established the following hypothesis: and interactional justice will be negatively related to CWBO and CWBI increased obstruction and threat appraisal of the workday) which in turn may be a precursor for CWBI and CWBO the cruelty towards other co-workers of people high in everyday sadism would not emerge as a justification for their perception of unfairness at work but instead the pleasurable nature of such behaviors and interactional justice will moderate the relationships between Dark Tetrad traits (except sadism) and CWBs Thus, the present paper is focused on deepening into the moderating role of perceived organizational justice in the relationship between Dark Tetrad of personality and the two clusters of workplace deviant behaviors as it is shown in Figure 1 A continuous arrow indicates a direct relation A discontinuous arrow indicates a moderating relation CWBO = counterproductive work behaviors targeting the organization; CWBI = counterproductive work behavious targeting individuals A total of 613 employees (M age = 38.78 SD = 14.06; 54% women) from different organizations participated in this study Their average job tenure was 8.38 years (SD = 10.09) A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was designed to measure sociodemographic and work behavior characteristics We applied the Spanish version of the Dark Tetrad at Work scale (DTW) by Thibault and Kelloway (2020), which was adapted by Fernández del Río et al. (2020) This scale comprises 22 items rated on a 5-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree “Others admire me at work”; α = 0.61) “I do not trust others at work”; α = 0.75) “I’m rather insensitive at work”; α = 0.78) “I would laugh if I saw someone get fired”; α = 0.91) We applied the scale of Moliner et al. (2008) It is a 12-item instrument rated on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree This measure reflects the concepts of distributive (e.g. “The rewards I receive here are quite fair”; α = 0.95) “Procedures used in this company to evaluate my work are fair”; α = 0.91) “My supervisor offers adequate justification for decisions made about my job”; α = 0.91) Bias-corrected bootstrapping (with 10,000 resamples) was used to generate confidence intervals for the hypotheses tested We plotted the moderating effect of perceived organizational justice on CWBs across low, medium, and high levels of Dark Tetrad traits (+1 SD; Aiken and West, 1991) All the statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 26 software Harman’s single factor test was applied to detect common method bias in this study (Brewer et al., 1970). The total variance for a single factor was 19.75% (< 50%; Fuller et al., 2016) so we concluded that common method bias did not affect the data Descriptive statistics, reliabilities, and correlations of the study variables are presented in Table 1. Regarding the criteria, except for narcissism, all Dark Tetrad traits correlated positively with CWBO [Mr = 0.31, range (0.22, 0.36)], and CWBI [Mr = 0.34, range (0.19, 0.45)]. According to Cohen's (1992) criterion for effect size (i.e. those relations were ranged from small to medium Associations between dark personality traits and the potential moderating variables were also significant but not in the same direction Whereas narcissism correlated positively with all subtypes of organizational justice [M|r| = 0.18 Machiavellianism showed negative correlations [M|r| = −0.23 Psychopathy presented significant but small correlations with procedural (r = −0.09) and interactional justice (r = −0.17) and sadism was only significantly correlated with interactional justice (r = −0.15) correlations with all three dimensions of organizational justice [M|r| = −0.17 −0.13) for CWBO; M|r| = −0.15 Hierarchical moderated regressions were conducted to examine the moderating role of three types of organizational justice in the relationship between Dark Tetrad and CWBs. Table 2 shows the first and second step of the regression analyses for each dimension of CWBs. The interaction terms in the third step were reported in Table 3 For all analyses the VIF scores were lower than 10.0 which suggest that there were no problems with multicollinearity p < 0.001) or medium (B = 0.44 p < 0.001) levels of interactional justice the effect of high scores on Machiavellianism on deliberate actions that harm the organization was stronger there seems to be no relationship between Machiavellianism and CWBO if employees perceived a high quality of their interpersonal treatment (B = 0.18 Moderating effects of perceived interactional justice (IJ) on the relationship between Machiavellianism and counterproductive woek behaviors targeting the organization (CWBO) p < 0.001) or medium (B = 0.21 if Machs perceived that they were treated with politeness and respect by authorities or third parties there seems to be no relationship between this dark trait and CWBI (B = 0.10 Moderating effects of perceived interactional justice (IJ) on the relationship between Machiavellianism and counterproductive work behavious targeting indiviauals (CWBI) There is also support for significant moderation in the case of sadism (Figure 4): sadistic employees performed more harmful behaviors toward other individuals whatever their level of interactional justice (B = 0.72 although the effect was weaker when the perceived justice is higher Moderating effects of perceived interactional justice (IJ) on the relationship between sadism and counterproductive work behavious targeting indiviauals (CWBI) Although prior research suggested that narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy are associated with CWBs (O’Boyle et al., 2012) there was no evidence about the role of everyday sadism proposed as an addition to the Dark Triad We make a novel contribution by examining these relationships based on the target of CWBs (organizational vs we provide evidence about the moderating role of organizational justice from a multidimensional approach our findings suggest that some dark personality traits may be effective predictors of CWBs especially under difficult or trying conditions related to the perception of equity in the relationship between supervisors and employees Only the dimension of organizational justice concerned in terms of encounters interactional justice) moderates Dark Tetrad-CWBs relationships who designed the measure of Dark Tetrad used in the present study this could be explained by the overlapping variance of psychopathy with sadism no one type of organizational justice played a moderating role in the psychopathy-CWBO relationship we call for future research to examine the effects of subclinical psychopathy improving the explained variance over the other dark traits if the low reliability of this scale is considered our findings should be interpreted cautiously Regarding demographics, we also want to stress that the findings are consistent with prior workplace studies and meta-analyses. Males and young employees were more likely to score high on CWBs, especially those targeting individuals (Berry et al., 2007; Ng et al., 2016; Fernández del Río et al., 2021a,b) could explain their negative associations with organizational justice focused on interpersonal treatment Our moderating analyses (H3) indicated that perceived interactional unfairness tends to act specifically as a situational antecedent but just in the case of two dark personality traits: Machiavellianism and sadism Employees with higher levels of Machiavellianism who reported low or medium levels of interactional justice engaged more frequently in CWBO and CWBI compared to their Machs counterparts with high interactional justice If Machiavellian employees considered that their supervisors treat them without enough respect and dignity (e.g. not providing adequate explanations for decisions demonstrating a lack of empathy for the other person’s plight) were more likely to perform deviant behaviors against their organization (e.g. neglecting to follow their boss’s instructions) and/or their co-workers (e.g. the perception of being treated with social sensitivity may have an inhibiting effect on CWBs Further research should seek to examine the mediating/moderating role of other individual differences (e.g., affective predictors, moral beliefs). For instance, a promising future question research is whether moral disengagement could be a mediator of the relationship between the dark personality and CWBs, in line with the recent work by Erzi (2020) As the study of Dark Tetrad in organizational settings is still in its youth we recommend continuing research on the workplace deviant behaviors especially to better understand the underlying motivations and strategies of each dark personality pattern when the individual misbehaves at the workplace The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study and wrote the second draft of the manuscript EF-d-R and PJ-V organized the database and performed the statistical analysis EF-d-R wrote the first draft 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Elena Fernández-del-Río, ZWxlbmFyaW9AdW5pemFyLmVz KQED Live EventsPRX Podcast Garage EventsEvents Around the Bay AreaMember Benefits with KQED LiveVideos from KQED LiveWatch recordings of recent KQED Live events FeaturedThat's My WordAn ongoing exploration of Bay Area hip-hop history See Senior Director of TV Programming Meredith Speight’s recommendations from this month’s KQED 9 Watch recordings of recent KQED Live events Support KQED by using your donor-advised fund to make a charitable gift From left, Santiago López, Santiago López, Allizon Escobar, Brigitte Meléndez and Franny Meléndez pose for a photo outside of La Cantina del Río to watch the Copa America final Argentina vs. Colombia game in San Jose on July 14, 2024. (Gina Castro/KQED)Thousands of miles away from Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida hundreds of Colombian families from all over the Bay Area gathered in San José on Sunday night — to cheer on their national men’s soccer team in its first Copa América final appearance in 23 years For almost two hours, the Argentine and Colombian squads were caught in a deadlock, with Colombia successfully fending off a well-organized offense from the ensemble of Argentine astros — including Lionel Messi, who came off in tears and was injured during the second half But it was finally in minute 112 that Argentine striker Lautaro Martínez broke through Colombia’s defense to score the only goal of the match and crown Argentina as the champion of the Americas as Colombia leaves the tournament as runner-up this rollercoaster of a final was also an opportunity to witness the strength and passion of the Bay Area’s flourishing Colombian community who is originally from Bucaramanga and has lived in San Francisco for the past five years watched the game with friends at San José’s La Cantina del Río Throughout the Copa América tournament this venue became the gathering spot for some of the region’s most passionate Colombia fans “When I first got to the Bay Area five years ago there were very few Colombians here,” Chavarro said “And now there are so many of us here.” hoping that the Colombian team could mount a comeback along with the blasts of countless vuvuzelas drowned out even the blaring rumbles of airplanes leaving nearby San Jose Mineta International Airport I have never felt as much at home as I do today,” Chavarro said it means so much for all the people in Colombia but also for all of us that have left the country.” “makes us feel so much closer.” Migration from Colombia to the United States has significantly increased in the past few years. According to data from CERAC, an independent Bogotá-based research center more than 547,000 Colombians left their country in 2022 — the highest number on record According to researchers, a devalued Colombian peso and ongoing instability in some regions of the country have contributed to this exodus. The majority of migrants have moved to the U.S., usually to places with well-established Colombian communities like South Florida while the Colombian community in the Bay Area isn’t as extensive as those in other places the region has become a place where folks are still reuniting with family and friends said that he has seen so many people from his town now living in the Bay Area “It was first me,” said Cabrera who smiled and then pointed to his friends: “Then him and him and later him … it felt like from one day to another a majority of fans at La Cantina del Rio told KQED that they were originally from Villavicencio or surrounding communities from the state of Meta and have now settled in the South Bay “When I put my Colombian jersey on and walk down the street everyone I meet — whether they are Americans or Latinos from other countries — treat me with so much warmth and respect,” Cabrera said the Bay Area will host a still-unknown number of matches at Levi’s Stadium for the 2026 Men’s World Cup all the Colombians in the Bay Area will make it feel like a home game,” said Diego Rey But Colombia will come back — and stronger “We’re always thinking about what’s going to come next no matter the score today,” Rey said he and his friends had stood in front of the crowd of fans with their hands on their chest to sing Colombia’s national anthem somos berracos — we’re too determined,” he said To learn more about how we use your information, please read our privacy policy. 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Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.952002 Industrial development in recent decades has led to using information and communication technologies (ICT) to support personnel selection processes One of the most notable examples is game-related assessments (GRA) supposedly as accurate as conventional tests but which generate better applicant reactions and reduce the likelihood of adverse impact and faking Given practitioners’ increasing use of GRA this article reviews the scientific literature on gamification applied to personnel selection to determine whether the current state of the art supports their use in professional practice and identify specific aspects on which future research should focus a search was carried out in the Web of Science and Scopus databases of which 85.3% are empirical studies that analyze five areas: (1) validity; (2) applicant reactions; (3) design of GRA; (4) personal characteristics and GRA; and (5) adverse impact and faking these studies show that GRA can be used in personnel selection but that the supposed advantages of GRA over conventional tests are fewer than imagined The results also suggest several aspects on which research should focus (e.g. prediction of different job performance dimensions) which could help define the situations in which the use of GRA may be recommended Digital selection procedures go beyond a mere change to technology-based assessment (e.g., face-to-face interview vs. interview by videoconference). Instead, they may involve changes in the assessment formats, the evaluation of work-performance predictors, and test correction (Tippins, 2015). One of the most noteworthy examples is gamification and game-related assessments (GRA; Woods et al., 2020) successful worldwide games for personnel selection are technology-based (e.g. research has been practically based only on them this article also focuses on technology-based GRA we propose the present systematic review to determine the possible favorable evidence for GRA use in professional practice and to analyze different types of GRA to guide future research GRA are based on games. What elements characterize a game? Following Landers et al. (2018), they are the constructs that make up the play experience under different taxonomies. Bedwell et al.’s (2012) taxonomy is one of the most accepted in the organizational field, establishing nine categories described in Table 1 However, gamification does not reflect the different approaches to the relationship between play and human resources, as it can generate confusion between researchers and personnel selection professionals. To avoid this, Landers and Sanchez (2022) have proposed differentiating three terms: game-based assessment Game-based assessment refers to an evaluation method while the other two terms refer to the strategy used when designing evaluation tests We will define each of them following these authors’ proposal qualifying it when necessary to establish a complete taxonomy a serious game to assess candidates for cyber occupations in the United States Air Force (USAF) Gameful design assessment consists of using game elements to design a new assessment, as in the case of Owiwi, a situational judgment test to evaluate professional skills to which game elements have been added, such as the choice of a character, a narrative, etc. (Georgiou et al., 2019) Gamification assessment is a redesign strategy based on an existing assessment test to which game elements are added, modifying it in some way. An example of this strategy is Hommel et al.’s (2022) modification of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test by incorporating a narrative context Landers and Sanchez (2022) focus on games developed to evaluate what other classifications have called serious games (Wiernik et al., 2022). However, conceptually, we can also include the possibility of using conventional games to gather information about specific abilities, such as general cognitive ability (Quiroga et al., 2019; Peters et al., 2021) we propose to call this second type of GRA playful games A classification of game-related assessments Although GRA are growing among professionals, we must be cautious when recommending its use. Therefore, research should provide empirical evidence to support the rigor of GRA, considering the influence of the type of GRA on the results (Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2017; Landers and Sanchez, 2022) Concerning the rigor of the assessments, GRA used for personnel selection must meet psychometric standards (Salgado et al., 2017; Landers et al., 2021; Wiernik et al., 2022): (1) acceptable reliability to ensure consistency in the measure; (2) construct validity verifying that GRA measure what is meant to be measured; (3) predictive validity so that applicants’ scores are not influenced by their personal characteristics (e.g. knowing how to correct this effect when estimating the scores GRA should promote positive applicant reactions The influence of GRA characteristics on assessment results must yet be explored because the use of GRA in selection is still in its infancy (Landers and Sanchez, 2022) there are enough studies to evaluate them concurrently and identify which issues future GRA research will need to address Three inclusion criteria were established before conducting the review: (1) we would accept only published papers; (2) written only in English or Spanish; and (3) focused on technology-based GRA for personnel selection There were no restrictions on participants’ populations We followed the PRISMA statement for this review (Page et al., 2021) and the guidelines based on MARS developed by Schalken and Rietbergen (2017) using Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus as databases The keywords used were [“personnel selection”] and [“gamification” OR “gamified” OR “serious game” OR “game”] in the field “topics” in WoS A total of 105 results were found in WoS and Scopus Following journal guidelines on systematic reviews One of the articles was obtained by contact with the correspondence author PRISMA flow diagram for the systematic review As a first approximation, the 34 articles identified in the search were classified as theoretical or empirical. In empirical articles, the type of GRA analyzed was identified according to the classification presented in Figure 1. As shown in Table 2 most of the research was empirical (85.3%) and was carried out based on the four types of GRA identified Most articles dealt with gamified assessments (29.4% of the total articles included in the review) Interest in GRA has been growing in recent years with one article published both in 2012 and 2018 and fourteen in 2022 (year of publication of the special issue of The International Journal of Selection and Assessment) Concerning the theoretical articles, Armstrong et al. (2016) are the first to delimit GRA GRA are more than just digital versions of situational judgment tests They outline the need to establish Industrial-Organizational Psychology literature on gamification and its increase among practitioners: Gamification of assessment will not disappear from practice just as people will not stop using the Internet or video-based interviews [...] By first understanding gamification I-Os can then apply theory to gamification in order to improve applicant and employee assessment in ways that matter to firms and test takers Of the remaining theoretical articles, two were reviews on the role of ICTs for personnel selection (i.e., Woods et al., 2020; Nikolaou, 2021) GRA are currently presented as one of the areas of greatest interest due to the rise of digital selection procedures We highlight GRA’s potential advantages (better psychometric characteristics and applicant reactions and bias) and the existence of emerging studies The article of Küpper et al. (2021) has a different goal: they propose a conceptual framework that explains how serious games can be used for employer branding purposes a reasonable goal given the alleged relationship between GRA and applicant reactions Their framework considers game-specific factors (e.g. and learning (cognitive and affective) as antecedents of three types of employer branding outcomes Research on the validity of GRA has fundamentally addressed two issues construct validity and predictive validity although we also found one study on discriminant validity they find that the games they used actually measure cognitive ability (verbal ability and matrix reasoning) better than the Big Five they recommend that game-based assessments be designed to consider the possible contamination of the information collected as occurs with situational judgment tests and assessment centers The rest of the articles on construct validity analyze cognitive ability, competences, and emotional intelligence. Concerning cognitive ability, Auer et al. (2022) investigate whether the large amount of data generated by playing a game (i.e. trace data modeling) can predict cognitive ability and conscientiousness and whether these data have an incremental value compared to using only the score generated by the game for prediction Their results show that trace data modeling predicts cognitive ability but not conscientiousness and they delve into the difficulties encountered in assessing personality with game-based assessments showing that the inclusion of game elements in a situational judgment test (control interaction) does not substantially affect the construct validity As for emotional intelligence, the two existing pieces of research show limited support. Brown et al. (2022) propose a gamefully designed assessment in which the social interactions that make up the items are performed by abstract shapes. The game scores show a moderate association with a situational judgment test. Sanchez et al. (2022) examine whether a playful game of virtual reality can be used to evaluate emotional intelligence finding a moderate relationship with a conventional test the associations with measures of personality turned out to be higher than the associations with emotional intelligence the research on the construct validity of GRA shows inconclusive results underscoring the importance of game design to evaluate adequately what one intends to evaluate As GRA seem to show predictive validity, the next question is whether they show incremental validity compared to traditional tests. In this sense, Nikolaou et al. (2019) find that if cognitive ability and personality are evaluated, the GRA to evaluate competences (i.e., Owiwi) only predict academic performance. Landers et al. (2021) obtained a similar result has a cumulative effect on the prediction of academic performance if a cognitive ability test is added to the game score Wiernik et al.’s (2022) study is the only one on this type of validity Their article documents the creation of the game-based assessment Virus Slayer This game evaluates six competences relevant to the USAF: analytical thinking Their results show that the game has an adequate discriminant validity and it can be improved by estimating the scores with three different types of information: multiple gameplay phases and residualizing game behavioral indicators It is noteworthy that this result seems consistent across the different types of GRA as these investigations have been conducted with very diverse games starting with traditional assessment and going on to include serious games Delving into these investigations, we can qualify this general idea. Firstly, we recognize the importance of framing: the mere fact of defining an online evaluation as a game improves the applicants’ reactions, as they consider the organization to be more innovative and attractive (McChesney et al., 2022) and the test to be shorter (Collmus and Landers, 2019) their results show a clear preference for traditional methods The underlying mechanisms by which GRA exerts a positive effect on applicant reactions have recently begun to be explored. Using a longitudinal study and an experiment, Georgiou and Lievens (2022) find that the enjoyment and flow of GRAs caused applicants to perceive the organization as more innovative and competent The design of GRA has also been of interest to researchers although with less emphasis and much more diverse studies Firstly, we highlight the work of Landers et al. (2021) who explain and illustrate how to design theory-driven game-based assessments based on research on game design and psychometrics This is a good guide for future researchers and practitioners serious games developers may use the design thinking theory taken from human-computer interaction literature Design thinking proposes five stages for the development of game-based assessment that may be iterated until the final version of the game is reached: (1) empathizing in which the constructs to be evaluated are identified (e.g. in which the actual application context of game is defined and the developers try to solve technical problems (e.g. in which the assessment and the technical team build a shared mental model to develop a useful prototype; (4) prototyping in which the teams create the planned product for trial either in the form of a low- or a high-fidelity prototype; and (5) testing in which they assess the degree to which the game meets the pre-established goals (e.g. On the other hand, the study of Sanchez et al. (2022) is the only one that focuses on the use of playful games for selection commercial virtual reality video games to evaluate performance-related constructs (e.g. They find very limited support for the use of these GRA concluding that it is better to use tests designed specifically for evaluation purposes they recommend only using it when its particularities offer some advantage to the evaluation that cannot be obtained by other means using these different measurement forms pose problems in estimating the reliability through internal consistency they propose the estimation of reliability by test–retest presenting adequate results and showing that it is a viable alternative for GRA that use this type of information higher levels of emotional control and impulse control Regarding personality, it is also noteworthy that the relationship of the Big Five with GRA scores varies depending on the videogame (Sanchez et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2022) The idea that GRA allow for unbiased assessments and prevent faking is probably one of the main arguments in their favor. Research on this is still developing and seems to support this idea, albeit with nuances. Concerning adverse impact, some studies find no difference in scores based on gender, race/ethnicity, or education when using GRA (Brown et al., 2022; Hilliard et al., 2022), but others, such as that of Landers et al. (2021) find similar results to conventional tests of adverse impact by race These results may be related to the construct they evaluate because the first two papers focus on personality and that of Landers et al in the absence of more research in this regard we conclude that GRA have no more adverse impact than a conventional test With regard to faking, the only research that addresses this issue shows that a GRA made by means of storyfication is more resistant to faking than the original test (Landers and Collmus, 2022) This systematic review article has focused on using GRA in personnel selection with two objectives: (1) to determine whether the current state of the art supports their use in professional practice; (2) to identify specific aspects on which future research development should focus we will address the two objectives from the information obtained through the systematic review the GRA use may be recommended if they show: (1) reliability; (2) construct validity; (3) predictive validity; (4) freedom from bias; and (5) positive applicant reactions but to know how to present test-type evaluations or simulations more attractively to applicants although it suffers from a lack of research with more samples of workers and applicants the game has been expanded to evaluate new competences but to date no research has been published to support its use and the ways of collecting and treating data it has also allowed identifying concrete demands for future research Undoubtedly, the main recommendation for the future is to contextualize research on GRA by drawing on existing taxonomies, for example, classifying the game according to the categorization proposed in Figure 1 and explaining the playable elements introduced according to the taxonomy of Bedwell et al. (2012) This will make it easier to group the conclusions obtained and to perform meta-analyses to identify what is and what is not suitable in the design of GRA for personnel selection We will now delve into the different areas identified during the systematic review we believe that further development of GRA is necessary at least in two ways: (1) the literature uses different terms that may overlap (e.g. gamified assessment) that need clarification but the literature development should be accompanied by new terms; and (2) gamification science should develop its application to organizational psychology proposing models linking game purposes (e.g. training) with elements that make up the gaming experience to direct game design and it is advisable to conduct research in different contexts and cultures as many marketed GRA are already offered in various languages The design of GRA is possibly the avenue that can offer the most development opportunities benefiting from interdisciplinary research Input from experts in game design can help create serious games by gameful design assessment and data scientists can help collect and analyze the data generated by GRA in novel ways These results will lead to new research in the other areas (validity which will enrich our knowledge about GRA and personnel selection Research on personal characteristics is far from conclusive accompanied by greater terminological clarity (e.g. will help clarify the influence of variables such as sex or experience with computers and video games we recommend caution to practitioners in using GRA in their selection processes Research on the adverse impact and faking follows the same line and more investigations are necessary to determine a possible general pattern in GRA or possible differences according to the type of GRA or the constructs evaluated Lastly, prevention of faking is also an issue that deserves further research. Georgiou (2021) has shown that prior explanations can influence applicants’ perception of faking but we still need to know: (1) whether GRA use really prevents faking; (2) under what circumstances it does so or how to enhance this effect (e.g. In recent years GRA has been presented as the “philosopher’s stone” of selection methods The results obtained by research so far are not so optimistic but they do prove that GRA have the potential to become one more method among those used in personnel selection This requires an effort from both theoretical and empirical research this review also shows that there are competent researchers capable of undertaking this effort The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author PR-V and EF-d-R contributed to the conception and design of the study PR-V performed the search for the systematic review and ÁC wrote the draft of the manuscript All authors contributed to manuscript revision This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation under grant PID2021-122867NA-I00; and the Government of Aragon (Group S31_20D) The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.952002/full#supplementary-material LinkedIn “big four”: job performance validation in the ICT sector Albadán Fuzzy logic models for non-programmed decision-making in personnel selection processes based on gamification Albadán Assessment model in a selection process based in gamification CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A review of online reactions to game-based assessment mobile applications CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Correcting misconceptions about gamification of assessment: more than SJTs and badges CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar An evaluation of gamified training: using narrative to improve reactions and learning CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Gamification of employee training and development: gamification of employee training CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Using machine learning to model trace behavioral data from a game-based assessment CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Reactions to some ICT-based personnel selection tools CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Toward a taxonomy linking game attributes to learning: an empirical study CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Using game-like animations of geometric shapes to simulate social interactions: an evaluation of group score differences Understanding applicants’ reactions to gamified recruitment CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Chamorro-Premuzic The datafication of talent: how technology is advancing the science of human potential at work Game-framing to improve applicant perceptions of cognitive assessments CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Escape room recruitment event: description and lessons learned Coovert, M. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Pedro J. Ramos-Villagrasa, cGpyYW1vc0B1bml6YXIuZXM= CHINA - During the investment attraction tour of Asia the Guanajuato delegation led by Governor Diego Sinhe Rodriguez Vallejo met with representatives of the IKD company in the Republic of China This company announced to its visitors the investment of US$178 million in Guanajuato and sales of high-precision aluminum alloy castings for the automotive industry IKD's main development strategy is to produce high quality products close to its customers at lower cost according to the location of both facilities The company's products are mainly used in windshield wiper The Asian brand installed its first plant in the Castro del Río Industrial Park in Irapuato IKD's main products made in Irapuato are gear and throttle boxes and alternator chargers; most of its production goes to the United States of America will invest US$75 million to expand its plant located at Castro del Rio industrial park in Irapuato according to Mayor Ricardo Ortiz Gutierrez Ryobi is an automotive company that produces vehicle transmissions with one of the largest factories from the sector in Guanajuato and the seventh worldwide The US$75 million are going to be applied in the expansion of the plant with its project Ford de Ryobi the new production in the pre-machining area shall begin The National Restaurant Association honored Richard Castro a 20-restaurant McDonald’s franchisee in El Paso with its 2011 Faces of Diversity American Dream Award The award celebrates members of the restaurant and foodservice industry who have embraced diversity and inclusion at their own business operations and achieved the American Dream in the process National Restaurant Association presented the awards during its 2011 Public Affairs Conference in Washington “The restaurant industry is one of the most diverse industries in the United States and we are celebrating that by honoring these individuals and companies with our 2011 Faces of Diversity awards,” said Dawn Sweeney president and CEO of the National Restaurant Association “Richard’s commitment to mentoring and providing scholarships to young Hispanic students has changed the lives of many He has made embracing diversity a way of doing business He exemplifies the best of our industry and the many opportunities it provides.” The Association recognized three American Dream Award recipients a $2,500 scholarship was given to a student in their respective communities The other winners of the 2011 Faces of Diversity Award are Berekti and Akberet Mengistu of Mesob restaurant in Montclair, N.J.; Amporn Vasquez, executive chef of Pizza by Elizabeths in Greenville, Del.; and The Culinary Institute of America with San Antonio-based private equity firm Silver Ventures Inc. For more information about the Faces of Diversity awards program, visit www.restaurant.org/diversity. Volume 6 - 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00087 This article is part of the Research TopicOrganic-based Foliar Biostimulation and Nutrition in PlantsView all 12 articles A correction has been applied to this article in: Corrigendum: The Impact of Bio-Stimulants on Cd-Stressed Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Insights Into Growth The use of biostimulants has become a common practice in agriculture there is little peer-reviewed research on this topic under controlled and replicated conditions the effect of one biostimulant derived from seaweed extraction (Bio-1) and another biostimulant derived from microbial fermentation (Bio-2) This experiment utilized 2-years-old almond plants over two growing seasons in a randomized complete design with a full 2 × 4 factorial structure with two soil potassium treatments (125 μg g-1 of K vs 5 μg g-1) and four foliar treatments (No spray Rubidium was utilized as a surrogate for short-term potassium uptake and plant growth There was a substantial positive effect of both biostimulant treatments on total shoot leaf area and significant increases in shoot length and biomass under adequate soil potassium supply with a positive effect of Bio-1 only under low K supply Rubidium uptake was increased by Bio-1 application an effect that was greater under the low soil K treatment Though significant beneficial effects of the biostimulants used on plant growth were observed it is not possible to determine the mode of action of these materials The results presented here illustrate the promise and complexity of research involving biostimulants In a majority of cases the specific metabolic components of the biostimulant have not been characterized and hence the function is unknown Determining the function of biostimulants is made more difficult since many of these products contain naturally occurring or commercially added micronutrients amino acids and other compounds that may have synergistic complementary or no effects or may have been added merely for marketing or commercial registration purposes Separating the effect of the one or more active ingredients from the host of additional components is often very difficult Discoveries in this field hold great promise for the identification of the mode of action of current biostimulants and for the development of biostimulants that target specific metabolic pathways and physiological responses While much of the research on the use of biostimulants has focused on their benefits under stress conditions, there are many reports of growth stimulation of biostimulants when plants are grown under conditions where stress was minimized (Saa-Silva et al., 2013; Calvo et al., 2014) Whether the mode of action of a biostimulant is similar under stress and non-stress conditions The mode of action of foliar GroZyme is unknown The apoplastic space in leaves is dominated by negatively charged exchange sites which may interact with positively charged molecules The metabolism of foliar absorbed materials in the leaf apoplast is poorly understood but depending upon the composition and concentration of the applied materials may influence plant metabolism directly through the supply of nutrients metabolites or molecules that correct nutrient deficiencies or alter metabolic pathways or indirectly through short-term effects on cellular pH or electrochemical balance Biostimulants are widely used in many agricultural practices particularly high value vegetable and fruit tree production systems and yet little is known of their efficacy or mode of action Predicting plant response to the application of biostimulants is complex due both to the uncertainty surrounding the foliar absorption and the lack of knowledge of the mode of action of these products This work aims to document plant growth response under carefully controlled conditions and to examine the impact of biostimulant applications on the uptake of Rb+ (as a K+ analog) under potassium replete and deficient conditions ‘Nonpareil’ grafted to ‘Nemaguard’ rootstock were purchased from a commercial CA nursery in winter 2011 Plants were selected for uniformity and then roots and shoots were further trimmed to ensure uniformity of size prior to planting into 20 l pots and randomly allocated to the treatment groups Pots were filled with virgin fritted illitic clay combining two commercial products in a ratio of 1–3 (commercial names “Turface MVP” and “Turface Profile Greens Grade Natural,” Turface Athletics USA) and grown under natural light conditions in a temperature-controlled greenhouse maintained between 24 and 26°C 40% relative humidity (RH; daytime) and 18–20°C The potting media was selected because of its low native nutrient content high water holding capacity and good porosity (0.77) and prior experience that it is an excellent media for almond growth Due to its high porosity this growth media can be watered abundantly with no risk of root anoxia Daily plant water use was determined by frequent weighing and irrigation was provided on demand to maintain plants at near field capacity at all times Stem water potential readings using a pressure chamber (Moisture Equipment Corp. USA) were taken periodically to monitor plant water status throughout the experiment Twenty plants were irrigated with half strength Hoagland solution during each irrigation event while the other 20 plants received the same solution but with reduced in potassium concentration (125 μg g-1 of K vs Growth of trees was vigorous and control trees had reached 2 m height with extensive branching and dense canopies by fall 2011 low potassium treated plants had developed visual signs of moderate K deficiency symptoms (marginal leaf tip chlorosis in older leaves) This was confirmed by leaf tissue analysis in which low K trees had a significantly lower K concentration of 2.1% and adequate K trees had a K concentration of 2.5% at the beginning of summer 2011 (analytical methods described below) In addition, individual whole plant pictures taken at the end of summer were analyzed using ImageJ program (ImageJ, U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) to confirm potassium effects on tree size. All plant pictures were taken at the same position and distance with a white background. Then, an automatized ImageJ script to analyze leaf area developed by Saa and Brown (2014) was used Control plants had on average 45% more leaf area than low K plants by the end of the 2011 growing season Plants entered dormancy in November of 2011 and in January 2012 screened greenhouse under natural temperature and light conditions and all plants were pruned back to a uniform canopy size and selecting four branches per plant Soil K treatments established in 2011 were continued for the duration of the experiment Four foliar treatments consisting of two biostimulant formulations one foliar K treatment (described below) and one control treatment (no spray) were utilized Plants that received the two biostimulant treatments were sprayed two times in summer of 2011 at 7 days intervals (160 and 167 days after full bloom) and three times in spring 2012 at 7 days intervals (67 Sprays were applied between 10:00 and 11:30 am Environmental temperatures and RH percentage for 2012 applications were between 20 and 24°C and 20–50% RH Foliar potassium was sprayed three times in spring 2012 but no spray application was performed in 2011 Treatment application was done using a hand sprayer until all leaf surfaces were wetted; care was taken to ensure no direct soil application occurred The two biostimulant products utilized in these experiments were based upon commercial products currently in widespread use in the USA and for which positive results have been reported in field use in almonds in California Both products are proprietary industrial extractions from plant and microbial feedstocks and contain a wide range of known and unknown functional components and low levels of plant nutrients The full mechanism of their biological activity is unknown Biostimulant Product 2 is manufactured by Ag Spectrum USA under the trade name GroZyme and is a microbial fermentation product derived from a proprietary mix of organic cereal grains inoculated with specific bacterial cultures and fermented The fermentation process occurs under controlled environmental conditions until a specific metabolic profile is achieved at which time the live bacterium is lysed and the material is filtered to remove large particles This concentrate is then extended and stabilized to make the final product The metabolic basis for the biological activity of GroZyme is not known field observations suggest that GroZyme functions to enhance plant growth by enhancing K metabolism and sugar transport (Ag Spectrum small amounts of two additional proprietary inorganic Ag Spectrum products orthophosphoric acid) and Kickoff (micronutrient mix of Fe Zn predominantly derived from nitrate sources with additional surfactants and stabilizers) were included in this biostimulant treatment The third foliar treatment was Manniplex K (Brandt, Springfield, IL, USA), derived from potassium carbonate with additional mannitol and was provided at the same K concentration as that found in Biostimulant 1 (Table 1) As potassium has no readily usable radioactive or stable isotope, rubidium has long been used as a tracer for short-term potassium uptake studies (Pettersson and Jensen, 1979; Reickenberg and Pritts, 1996; Restrepo-Diaz et al., 2008) Following the third round of foliar spray application in 2012 all plants were irrigated with deionized water at 3x pore volume then irrigated with no additional K for 10 days to reduce K present in the media Following this K wash out period all plants were irrigated for 7-days with a half strength Hoagland solution containing 70 μg g-1 of rubidium (Rb) and no potassium After the 7-days treatment leaves were sampled for Rb determination as described below then plants were returned to their original K treatments for the remainder of the 2012 season Two well-lit shoots (subsamples) from opposite sides of the outer canopy of each plant were randomly selected and marked in March 2012 and used to determine shoot extension and leaf length on five occasions over the growing season at 15 days intervals commencing April 20th The first two measurements were performed prior to the foliar applications of 2012 while the last three measurements were performed during (third) and after (fourth and fifth) the foliar sprays in 2012 The number and length of all leaves as well as the internode length of each shoot were recorded at each sampling date To determine the relationship between leaf length and leaf area a subsample of leaves were randomly collected from each plant (excluding the shoots used for growth determination) and individual leaf size and area were determined using a portable scanner (CanoScan LIDE110 Japan) and an image analysis program (ImageJ This data was then used to construct a regression model to predict leaf area from leaf length (r2 = 0.92) throughout the season All plants were then harvested at the completion of the experiment during tree dormancy in winter of 2013 and trunk diameter (0.7 m above the rootstock) and weight of the two and 1-year-old shoots (2011 and 2012 shoots) was determined The experimental design was a randomized complete design with a full factorial structure Soil potassium treatments were 5 μg g-1 of K and 125 μg g-1 of K in each irrigation event Foliar treatments were (i) control (Foliar-Control); (ii) Biostimulant 1 (Bio-1); (iii) Biostimulant 2 (Bio-2); and (iv) Foliar-K Growth measurements were analyzed for statistical significance using sampling date as a main plot and running a repeated measurement analysis in the JMP program version 11 all selected outputs were plotted using Sigma Plot program version 12.5 FIGURE 1. Shoot leaf area (A,B), shoot length (C,D) and number of leaves (E,F) of 2-years-old almond plants grown with adequate (124 ppm), or insufficient K (5 ppm) and treated with three foliar applications of either biostimulant mixture 1 (Bio-1), biostimulant Mixture 2 (Bio-2), foliar K supplementation (Foliar-K), or water sprayed controls (Foliar Control). See Table 1 for treatment details Bio-1 improved shoot leaf area in comparison with the control irrespective of the soil potassium treatment at each of the four final sample dates (125 μg g-1 K or 5 μg g-1). The total increment in shoot leaf area was 160% greater than controls (Figures 1A,B) The increment in shoot leaf area with Bio-1 was due to a small increment in total leaf number per shoot and a significant increment in average leaf size Foliar K treatments were applied immediately after sampling date 2 and the increment in growth likely reflects and partial alleviation of K deficiency in the low K treated trees Bio-2 was the only treatment that significantly improved shoot length Final shoot length averaged 23 cm in the Bio-2 treatment control plants had smaller shoots than the sprayed plants by the last sampling date Shoot length increased from 53 to 93 days after full bloom but no further increment was detected after this date The number of leaves per shoot was higher in the biostimulant treatments than in the control plants irrespective of the soil K conditions with the greatest difference seen at 125 μg g-1 K Across the different soil K conditions there was an average of eight leaves at 53 days after full bloom vs The greater uptake of Rb into low K treated plants is likely a consequence of the high background K present in plants receiving adequate soil K which would be expected to both reduce Rb uptake and to dilute Rb concentrations in the larger biomass of the K replete plants Leaf rubidium concentration in mature (leaves that had reached final size) and immature (developing leaves) leaves of almond plants following a 7 days Rb uptake period in plants precultured in nutrient media provided with 5 or 124 μg g–1 Multiple mean comparison was performed using Dunnett’s test choosing foliar control plants as the control level at α = 0.05 This analysis was performed separately for plants provided with 5 and 124 μg g-1 Asterisks denote significant differences between foliar treatments among the same soil potassium treatment Determining the mode of action of biostimulants that are derived from complex extractions and contain a largely undefined mixture of organic and inorganic constituents is a complex task fraught with the potential for misinterpretation and unrecognized interactions In the experiments conducted here it was practically impossible to construct a control that isolated the effects of each of the numerous chemical constituents present in each of the spray mixes It is also commonly asserted by manufacturers of biostimulants that the beneficial effect of the biostimulant in question is dependent upon the combined and synergistic interaction of all components and hence experimentation conducted utilizing partial formulations would be unrepresentative Recognizing these constraints the goal of this experiment was to provide a rigorous examination of the effects of these materials on plant growth attributes and on the uptake of potassium (utilizing Rb+ as a surrogate) in a tree species under stressed (K) and non-stressed conditions When K was provided in abundance both the foliar biostimulant 1 (MegaFol) nodosum with additional plant based amino acids betaines and vitamins and biostimulant 2 (GroZyme) derived from microbial fermentation extracts had a profound effect on shoot leaf area and number of leaves while only biostimulant 2 significantly enhanced shoot length Both biostimulants also increased average leaf size The extent of growth stimulation by both biostimulants 1 and 2 was quite remarkable with a near doubling of shoot leaf area when plants were grown under what the authors experience suggests would be near ideal conditions Visual observations indicated that both the biostimulants 1 and particularly the biostimulant 2 treatments resulted in plants that were unusually luxuriant in their growth exceeding any response that the authors would expect from a foliar nutrient application alone When K was deficient the stimulatory effect of biostimulant 2 on shoot leaf area and number of leaves was not observed. In contrast biostimulant 1, which is known to stimulate stress response mechanisms (Petrozza et al., 2014) was effective at enhancing shoot and leaf growth though not to the extent observed under adequate K nutrition which would be expected to partially mitigate a soil K deficit were as effective as biostimulant 1 in promoting plant growth but neither treatment resulted in plant growth equivalent to plants provided with adequate K While it is attractive to ascribe the positive effect of biostimulant 1 to its ability to mitigate K deficiency induced stress an alternate explanation is that biostimulant 2 which contains equivalent K concentrations to the foliar K treatment was merely acting as a foliar K fertilizer The application of the foliar K fertilizer which only occurred after sample date 2 in year 2 resulted in an immediate increment in plant growth equivalent to the biostimulant 1 applications the failure of biostimulant 2 to recover plant growth under the low K treatment is puzzling since biostimulant 2 contained a highly effective K source in amounts greater than either the K foliar or the biostimulant 1 products The mode of action of biostimulant 1 thus remains unclear This suggests that nutrient deficient plants may have a lower capacity to take up foliars which may explain the lack of differences observed in the foliar K+ treatment but not the benefits observed in the biostimulant treatments The significant enhancement of Rb+ uptake by both biostimulants 1 and 2 under low K supply and the enhancement of Rb+ uptake by biostimulant 1 under high K soil treatments cannot therefore be explained by their K+ content Biostimulant 1 was clearly designed to contain a number of molecules known to be active in plant stress response pathways (Mittler, 2002, 2006; Zhu, 2002; Delorge et al., 2014; Petrozza et al., 2014) and evidence suggests it is effective in stimulating plant stress response genes (Petrozza et al., 2014) While this mechanism is supported by the observation that biostimulant 1 enhanced plant growth under K stress the apparent benefits of biostimulant 1 under non-stress conditions suggests either that other growth stimulatory effects exist or that the K replete plants were suffering from an unknown stress at some time in their growth Since plants were grown in an outdoor location and as temperatures in summer in Davis USA frequently exceed 38°C and water stress may have occurred for brief periods between irrigations it is plausible that short duration plant stress did in fact occur Biostimulant 2 is a microbial fermentation utilizing bacteria that includes plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolates. The molecules that are generated from the fermentation and subsequent isolation and purification process have not been characterized. PGPR have a wide range of effects on plants including enhancing biotic and abiotic stress resistance and increasing plant nutrient uptake (Calvo et al., 2014) To our knowledge there has been no investigation of the effect of PGPR or their metabolites when applied as a foliar spray The plant responses to biostimulant 2 observed here and shoot expansion were expressed only under optimal (K+) growth conditions a result that does not suggest alleviation of a nutrient deficiency but is more suggestive of a true biostimulation Biostimulant 2 is not known to contain significant quantities of any identified plant hormone While the possibility that biostimulant 2 acted solely to alleviate an unrecognized nutrient deficiency cannot be dismissed this is considered unlikely since plants were provided with a complete nutrient solution and no visual sign of a nutrient deficiency was evident which included a 195% increase in shoot leaf area were not consistent with alleviation of a sub-clinical nutrient deficiency The results presented here show significant plant growth benefits of two biostimulants of diverse origin and also highlight the complexity of research utilizing complex mixes of poorly defined metabolites The mode of action of the products utilized here remains unresolved though biostimulant 1 does not appear to function solely through its role in stress mitigation while biostimulant 2 may influence plant growth through both mitigation of plant stress and stimulation of plant growth in non-stress conditions Biostimulants are defined as substances or material with the exception of nutrients and pesticides which have the capacity to beneficially modify plant growth this definition does require that the mode of action is understood a condition that greatly compromises the development of products that can be used with consistent and predictable effect A portion of the funding for this research was obtained from Valagro and from Ag Spectrum manufacturers of the two biostimulants used in this experiment This research was supported by Ag Spectrum and Valagro Assistance in plant growth and maintenance was provided by AO-DR SS was supported by a grant from Becas Chile foundation Hormonal and metabolic regulation of source-sink relations under salinity and drought: from plant survival to crop yield stability Identification of genes involved in the rof Arabidopsis to simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses Benlloch-Gonzalez K+ starvation causes a differential effect on shoot and root K+ (Rb+) uptake in sunflower plants Two biostimulants derived from algae or humic acid induce similar responses in the mineral content and gene expression of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) 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Brown, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail:cGhicm93bkB1Y2RhdmlzLmVkdQ== Édité par Pavel Jacomino 2017-07-26 08:46:11 July 26 (RHC) -- A rally and political function to mark the anniversary of the attack on Moncada and Carlos Manuel de Céspedes barracks was held this morning in Pinar del Rio The function was attended by President Raul Castro and top Cuban government and Communist Party officials This is the first time that a July 26 commemoration in Cuba is being observed in the physical absence of revolutionary leader Fidel Castro a group of young Cubans headed and organized by Fidel Castro attacked the military barracks of Moncada and Carlos Manuel de Céspedes in the cities of Santiago de Cuba and Bayamo in a re-start of Cuba’s independence struggle was delivered by Vice-President and Second Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba José Ramón Machado Ventura The city of Pinar del Rio adorned its avenues It is the third time that Pinar del Río hosts the main functions marking this important Cuban date Pour recevoir nos nouvelles par courriel écrivez votre adresse à l’intérieur du cadran suivant As Fidel Castro tightened his iron grip over Cuba’s tattered government Frank Del Rio’s father was growing weary of the uncertainty enveloping his country’s future He worked at The Coca-Cola Company and made a comfortable living – enough to own a beach house ideal for weekend getaways Frank was about to turn seven years old when United States-backed rebel fighters stormed Cuban beaches in what would later be dubbed the Bay of Pigs Invasion – an attempt to oust communist-leaning Castro before it was too late The operation would go down as one of the worst military disasters in modern American history As soldiers hit the beach and the firefight raged President Kennedy failed to send air support that was necessary to win the battle Castro’s forces handily defeated and captured the rebels This entire ordeal only emboldened his power it gave him all the reason he needed to forcibly arrest and execute thousands of ideological adversaries Accepting that his beloved Cuba wouldn’t be the same under a communist regime, Del Rio’s father chose to get his family off the island while safe passage was still possible. “We escaped to Jamaica on Aug. 22, 1961, then flew to Miami and were processed at the Freedom Tower,” Frank reveals in a New York Times piece After their immigration paperwork was squared away they went to stay with a family member in New Britain “Each of us had taken just one suitcase from Cuba because my parents thought Castro couldn’t possibly stay in power long,” he remembers “But we stayed in Connecticut for nine years.” Florida when Frank was on his way into 10th grade; he started sophomore year of high school knowing nobody I walked into Algebra II and saw two empty seats one next to a girl and the other next to a guy I knew that she had also emigrated from Cuba and let me copy it every morning,” he humbly recalls before revealing the young ladies name was Marcia and they’d soon after get married during his freshman year of college Del Rio took on a bachelor of science in accounting at the University of Florida “I thought that having that background would give me a leg up in business,” he explains but I knew that I wouldn’t be able to run well and be happily married and still get straight A’s a financial firm that would later (1987) merge with KMG (Klynveld Main Goerdeler) to form KPMG one of today’s Big Four accounting organizations Frank Del Rio stayed on board for three years before moving on to the hospitality industry Del Rio branched out into various leadership roles at Certified Vacations which also operated Delta Dream Vacations at the time and moved up the ranks to become executive vice president of sales and marketing Del Rio then joined Renaissance Cruises as senior vice president and chief financial officer A man by the name of Ed Rudner hired and gave him a crash course on the vacation business along with cutting-edge colleagues who encouraged taking a creative approach to problem-solving allowed for Del Rio to ultimately be named Chief Executive of the company “Renaissance was a luxury line that went bankrupt when the travel business plummeted after 9/11 before the attacks,” he later said in a statement the company rolled out an unprecedented direct to consumer business model he picked up invaluable knowledge that would be applied in the next “To be a well-rounded business person the math only takes you so far,” he says “You’ve got to have much more than that you’ve got to be willing to take risks.” Renaissance had eight of its R-class ships sitting idle in Tahiti and France and took what amounted to be the single biggest risk of his life gastronomy-centric cruise company called Oceania Cruises a drop in the bucket for a cruise line,” he reveals “We had to find a business plan that improved our odds Itineraries are similar for many cruise lines so we focused on cuisine and teamed up with the chef Jacques Pépin.” The company chartered the former Renaissance Cruises ship R Two from Cruiseinvest and renamed her Insignia in October 2002 In April 2003 the Insignia was chartered to the French travel agency TRM for three months during which Oceania Cruises operated no vessels On 15 June 2003 Oceania Cruises re-commenced service with two ships: Insignia was renamed Regatta and a new ship (R One also chartered from Cruiseinvest) entered service as the new Insignia a third R-class ship entered service for Oceania Cruises when the company chartered the R Five from Cruiseinvest and renamed her Nautica Frank del Rio announced the plan of adding a fourth ship the majority of Oceania Cruises’ stock was sold to New York-based Apollo Management Executives then made a decision to form Prestige Cruise Holdings a parent company for both Oceania Cruises and Regent Seven Seas Cruises As The Wall Street Journal points out this operation grew from one used vessel and 20 employees—eight of whom were family members—to a fleet of six premium ships capable of carrying 5,300 passengers when Prestige was acquired by Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings in 2014 for $3 billion “In my nearly 25 years in this business, I learned very early what it means to build a brand, and how critical it is to stay focused on what that brand represents, and what that brand means to its intended customer base,” Del Rio told Travel Weekly Following the big sale to Norwegian, Frank Del Rio was able to maintain his role as CEO of Prestige Cruise Holdings.  He planned to oversee Oceania and Regent through the end of 2015. The Miami Harold documents in January of that year Norwegian never disclosed a reason for Sheehan’s departure the board of directors of the world’s third-largest cruise ship business wasted no time appointing Del Rio to be his successor “Opportunities come and go all the time and this was one that I simply couldn’t pass up,” he said despite having originally intended to step away from the company by year’s end “It will be the crowning jewel in a very long career for me And I just can’t think of a better way to continue and extend my career.” Del Rio eased worries that he would make drastic so if anything we’re going to be looking to always improve upon all our products and perhaps Norwegian will benefit most from a new perspective in how to deliver an upscale product to its consumers,” he explained “It’s all good for Oceania and Regent customers who can be confident that the product they have learned to love over the years will stay intact there’s the promise and prospect that that product will improve tremendously to new levels.” The company’s stock was trading slightly above $45 a share when Del Rio took over Norwegian stock was going for nearly $60 per share the cruise industry grew at a steady rate of 6%; Del Rio is quick to provide further context citing that that figure is just about proportionate to how much ship capacity was added that year there could have been potential for even more growth had more rooms been available he outlines the state of the industry and ambitions for the future; check it out below The spread of COVID-19 absolutely decimated the cruise industry leaving companies in dire straights without the ability to make any income this was mostly due to government legislation forcing them to halt operations with no clear path forward Frank Del Rio addresses the impact on Norwegian along with his strategy to navigate these difficult times in an interview with CNBC’s Jim Cramer If you enjoyed this story, check out our biography of billionaire Air Lease Corp founder, Steven Udvar-Hazy