This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page A 20-year-old man who was gored by a bull on Saturday during the running of the bulls in El Casar (Guadalajara) died on Sunday in the Hospital Universitario La Paz in Madrid The young man suffered a goring in the bullring of the town at the start of the last running of the bulls through the countryside included in the programme of events during the celebrations of the town's patron saint The injured individual was initially taken in a mobile intensive care ambulance to the University Hospital of Guadalajara but given the seriousness of his injuries - the goring had affected a lung - he was transferred to Madrid where he died the town hall in El Casar decreed three days of official mourning "We deeply regret the unfortunate accident that occurred during the bullfighting festivities in the patron saint's fiestas and as a sign of mourning we have decided to lower the flags flying outside the municipal buildings at half-mast to pin a black ribbon on the flags located inside the municipal buildings and to suspend all official public events organised by the El Casar Town Hall for the duration of the official mourning" The goring death is added to that of another man who died at the end of last August in another running of the bulls held in Mesones He slipped on a fence while trying to escape from the bulls After these two deaths in the running of the bulls the animal defence association of El Casar expressed its support for the families of both victims and questioned in a statement the organisation of this type of bullfighting spectacle these incidents generate costs and consequences that affect all members of the public The pain for this new victim is profound and part of our struggle is to prevent tragedies like this from happening," said the organisation which invited the municipality's residents to reflect on the matter "Is this the best way to invest our resources and enjoy our leisure time These kinds of events not only put people and animals at risk but also expose children to traumatic situations that can mark their perception of the world The welfare of people and respect for animals must be priorities in modern society and it is our responsibility to rethink whether these events reflect the values we want to promote" added the association in a statement in which it advocated a "safer more educational entertainment that promotes the healthy enjoyment of leisure time without risk to the physical and moral integrity of our community" Comentar es una ventaja exclusiva para registrados The connections of the Line 12 infrastructure with Line 3 are still pending the rains in March have prevented the necessary changes to the surface of the Getafe station from being made the days of precipitation have prevented the necessary changes to the surface from being made: maintenance still needs to be carried out on the outside of Getafe station The extension of L3 provides a new alternative entrance to the metropolitan area of the capital Móstoles and Fuenlabrada will benefit from this renovation: El Casar station will link Line 3 with MetroSur (L12) making the south of Madrid more connected than ever with the center reducing the journey from Getafe to Sol to around 35 minutes WASHINGTON — It might have been a historically long and waiting four days more than expected to be sworn in to Congress took the seemingly endless 15 roll call votes for speaker of the House in stride gabbing with other freshmen representatives or introducing himself to high-profile fellow progressive members like Rep And he was still cheerful for the swearing-in “I wish I could tell you it was surprising but it’s not,” Casar told the American-Statesman in the Speaker’s Lobby during a break in the longest election for House speaker in history He blamed the GOP for “disfunction” and said he was already doing the job he’d been elected to do The 33-year-old was elected to the House in November to represent District 35 — a thin sliver that largely runs along Interstate 35 from Austin to San Antonio and has about 800,000 residents “We’re focused on doing the work for the people in Texas,” Casar said More:With Texans' support, Kevin McCarthy makes big gains toward House speaker post He is one of seven new representatives from Texas — a class of two Democrats and five Republicans that is younger and more diverse than in prior elections Casar already had a heady orientation week for freshmen right after the November election when he went to an AFL-CIO event where Jane Fonda was speaking and got a shout-out from the actress and climate change activist Fonda had contributed to Casar’s congressional campaign and even stopped in Austin for an unpublicized visit in October to Mt which were severely affected by the 2021 winter storms Casar had pivoted from his activism on the Austin City Council where he served seven years beginning in 2014 He buttonholed President Joe Biden at a White House reception for freshmen lawmakers about abortion access and the needs of immigrant families; jousted for committee assignments, giving him visibility on the House Oversight and Accountability Committee and the Agriculture Committee; and co-sponsored a Jan. 26 news conference outside the U.S Capitol which was unusual for featuring both Democratic senators and House members and even more unusual for their sharp criticism of the Biden administration’s new asylum policies on the border we welcomed your administration’s announcement that it would move to end Title 42 and we continue to support your efforts in the courts to ensure a timely end to the policy,” said a letter that news conference organizer Sen said had been signed by more than 70 Democrats in both chambers “We are therefore distressed by the deeply inconsistent choice to expand restrictions on asylum-seekers after your administration determined it was no longer necessary for public health,” it said Casar spoke of the human cost of the more than 50 immigrants found dead in a truck in San Antonio in June and the asylum-seeking families where the mayor declared a state of emergency “The expansion of Title 42 and the transit ban will not solve this humanitarian crisis,” Casar said Title 42 is a Trump-era COVID-19 policy to block asylum-seekers from entering the U.S. and the “transit ban” is a proposed rule for immigrants to apply for asylum in a “transit” country outside the U.S Casar is staking a position as an outspoken progressive He was elected whip of the Congressional Progressive Caucus which has 103 members — all Democrats — and said that he wants to influence the administration to form humane border policies instead of responding to Republicans’ “cynical political attacks.”  Casar is also in demand with Spanish-speaking news outlets that jostled for commentary after the news conference More:Here's how Austin area representatives voted for U.S. House speaker Casar is getting used to the ways of the Hill He was a few minutes late to the news conference he had helped organize and Menendez started without him – and without a few other Democrats who followed Casar had organized a party after the planned-for swearing-in Jan which is usually a festive day attended by a representative’s supporters Casar’s party went on as scheduled — sworn in or not — at Zoca executive director of the Austin Justice Coalition who was one of about 40 supporters who flew from Austin to celebrate The young lawmaker found a place to live in the U.S an up-and-coming area that is walkable to House offices will go back and forth from Austin to Washington The couple has been engaged since Casar announced his run for the House seat Casar was reflective in the first few days of Congress about his new position “It’s a great sense of responsibility,” he said “There’s a Texas need for a real change in the federal government for worker’s rights and for ways to address the climate crisis.” In his maiden speech on the House floor Feb Casar struck a partisan note as lawmakers prepared to take two controversial votes that later passed: removing Rep from the House Foreign Affairs Committee for what many members considered to be anti-Semitic remarks and I represent the heart of Texas,” he said in his speech thousands of my constituents are freezing without electricity As Texans try to survive the cold and a climate crisis being ignored in our state they’re also worried about paying for housing.” More:Texas GOP lawmakers propose border plan; Democrats say it's 'walled off from reality' Casar went on to cite concerns about worker’s rights “These are the concerns of the people,” he said “But Republican leadership here is working on none of these issues.” Spain's Supreme Court has sentenced a postman to three years and six months in prison for keeping letters containing Santander debit or credit cards and their respective PIN codes and subsequently withdrawing a total of more than 20,000 euros from cash machines who worked in El Casar - a small town in the province of Guadalajara - had obtained money from ATMs in Madrid the man will be obliged to pay 22,900 euros to Banco Santander as civil liability which was initially issued by the provincial court of Guadalajara and later appealed by the defendant all courts found him guilty of continuous offence of breach of trust in document custody in concurrence with a continuous offence of fraud After the reading of the initial verdict by the provincial court the defendant appealed on the grounds that the sentence was based on "conjecture and supposition" in the absence of direct evidence the jury had "at all times opted for the interpretation of evidence that is little or not at all solid" The convicted man argued that the images taken at one of the ATMs were not "enlightening" as the witness who testified "does not deserve the credibility granted by the court" as she had had a bad relationship with him "and only recognised him 80% and not 100%" leaving the possibility that other people had committed the crimes open the Supreme Court upheld the provincial court's decision and described the conviction of the postman as "inevitable" "The inference of the SCJ is entirely correct and cannot be described as absurd or irrational and it is inevitable to confirm the appellant's authorship referring to up to nine indications that justify the conclusion It starts from the fact that the accused was a postman in the town to which a series of letters containing documentation from the Banco de Santander (both the cards and their PIN codes) were sent which were easily identifiable by the red envelopes is something that anyone can identify by touch the accused could easily obtain the DNI numbers of the recipients," the sentence stated The Supreme Court stated that there are only seven postmen in the El Casar area and that the theft victims' mailboxes had not been tampered with Since it was proven that one of these postmen had been intercepting the letters the head of delivery at the post office recognised the accused from the ATM images The Court stated that the accused was in a "precarious economic situation" and that "the withdrawal were always made on the four days after the accused worked" making "it clear that all the (plural) evidence points in one direction" Get the best experience and stay connected to your community with our Spectrum News app. Learn More WASHINGTON — A Texan in Congress is climbing the ranks will lead the Congressional Progressive Caucus which is composed of more than 100 Democrats from across the country.  This comes as the party is still reeling from its defeat in the 2024 election and as they await another Trump administration Spectrum News recently sat down with Casar and also joined him for an activity that keeps him level-headed amid a rocky profession but what you might not always see is a U.S congressman bouldering indoors before he heads to the Capitol.  but what I really love is being able to go outside and sort of get my head out of my phone or thinking about work all the time,” Casar said.  When he is not running or lifting weights as a workout As much as the 35-year-old spends time hanging around he says the sport—which he has been doing since high school—keeps him grounded.  how do I make time to meditate every day?’ And he said so that I can sort of get my mind right at the beginning of the day,” Casar said “Keep myself focused on why I’m there and who I’m fighting for.”  Casar says he knows what it means to fight Casar was just elected the new chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and preparing for the Republican trifecta in the nation’s capital where the GOP controls the White House and both chambers of Congress “If the Democratic party was a little bit more like Chairwoman Jayapal I think we would have won this election.”  opposed President Joe Biden’s sweeping social and environmental bill that would have extended the child tax credit and expanded child care assistance Manchin and Biden ended up working and passing on a pared-down version called the Inflation Reduction Act “Imagine if Kamala Harris had been able to campaign on not just that she wanted to work on child care but that we had done it,” Casar told Spectrum News.  “I think the Joe Manchins of the world — the big problem wasn’t that they were too liberal or too conservative that they stopped our government from delivering from people what is this whole Congress thing even for?’ And that opens up a window for sort of the narcissism of a Donald Trump,” Casar continued we’ve got to have a Democratic Party that doesn’t necessarily run for the left or necessarily run further right but runs directly at the needs of working people and delivers for them.” Casar will be the first progressive caucus chair from red state A native Texan and son of Mexican immigrants he often draws from his roots as a labor organizer Casar became the first Latino to represent Texas’ capital city in Congress.  “I learned as an Austin City Council member that you’ve got to be bold that you’ve got to be willing to stand up to the powerful but that also you’ve got to bring people along with you,” Casar said.  he staged a thirst strike and wrote a bill to get Texas’ currently independent grid connected to the rest of the country in the wake of the deadly winter storm in 2021 Casar secured his second term.   When asked how being a Democrat in a Republican-dominated state like Texas prepared him for the incoming administration and the Republican majority in Congress I know what a political beating it feels like and I’ve learned that we actually have to bring people along with us if we want to win long term I know that the cost of losing is so high.”  If Democrats can win back the majority during the midterm elections Casar says his priorities would be to raise wages and lower people’s costs get more people covered under Medicare and restore abortion rights.  “We’re not just showing up just to defend the vulnerable We’re defending the vulnerable and pointing out the Republicans are starting these culture wars because they want to avoid economic issues and I think we have to make that connection for people because that connection doesn’t make itself,” Casar said.  While climbing may seem like you go at it solo Casar said he enjoys how it can be community-oriented He wanted to be progressive caucus chair because of what members can accomplish as a group Casar said rock climbing represents what he believes “everybody deserves.” Print Bad Bunny is ringing in the new year with money and good vibes but is holding off on wedding bells The Puerto Rican trap star dropped a surprise music video on New Year’s Eve for “No Me Quiero Casar,” a track from his latest studio album the “Tití Me Preguntó” singer is seen at a New Year’s Eve party dodging questions around marriage I’ve put together a list of some of my favorite stories published in 2023 by De Los the Times’ vertical focusing on Latinx culture and identity that I help oversee “I’m still a baby,” he tells a guest at the party “That’s for the year 2032,” he tells another The singer’s responses become shorter and shorter until he snaps silencing yet another guest questioning the rapper about his personal life Bad Bunny has publicly refused to clarify his relationship status including his association with Kendall Jenner The video also features “Saturday Night Live” cast member Marcello Hernandez proposing to his longtime girlfriend at the party while onlooker Bad Bunny hides his secondhand embarrassment the video showcases Bad Bunny enjoying the luxuries of singlehood as he parties with friends Questions like “Y el/la novio/a?” or comments about body image can shift the joyful spirit to a hostile environment Here are some healthy ways to navigate through some touchy subjects Whatever his relationship status might look like in 2024 the new video affirms that Bad Bunny is not looking to get married anytime soon Andrea Flores is a reporter with De Los covering the many contours of Latinidad for the Los Angeles Times She has both her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from Stanford University and is originally from Waukegan Subscribe for unlimited accessSite Map Bernie Sanders and his progressive allies sought to mobilize their young supporters Tuesday at a rally on the campus of Texas State University where they urged a crowd of several hundred to set aside their reservations about Democratic presidential nominee Kamala Harris acknowledging that some of his followers were dismayed by Harris’ support for Israel in the war in Gaza framed the idea of voting for Harris as an ad hoc solution to keep Republican Donald Trump out of the White House and “retain the foundations of American democracy.” let us elect Kamala Harris as president,” Sanders said let us work together to transform this country and create a nation that works for all Sanders visited the Texas State campus in San Marcos as part of a three-day swing through the state bookended by rallies in San Antonio and Austin Greg Casar of San Antonio and former El Paso congressman Beto O’Rourke The progressive leaders also urged the crowd of students to back U.S. Rep. Colin Allred Sanders did not mention Allred while onstage he said Allred could play a critical role in deciding the balance of the narrowly divided Senate “It will make all the difference in the world if Colin is elected to the Senate,” Sanders said “He'll give us a chance to control the Senate and begin to pass legislation that benefits working people Allred did not attend Tuesday’s rally and was not scheduled to join any of Sanders’ other stops along the I-35 corridor this week asked why he was not teaming up with Allred or other Democrats in battleground races on the trip said he did not want to "get involved in internal Texas politics." He added that the main goal of his visit was to turn out young voters especially those who have never voted before and encourage his supporters to set aside whatever objections they might have over Harris’ approach to Gaza “Texas has the potential to become a progressive state,” Sanders said to help us create an economy that works for all and not just the few.” Allred has courted moderate and independent voters adopting a platform that includes protecting oil and gas jobs and taking a more incremental approach to expanding health care access than Sanders advocates through his push for a single-payer system Allred has also run ads that portray him as “tough” on the border and emphasize his willingness to work across the aisle — a clear contrast to Sanders’ unabashed progressivism Harris has also taken a more moderate approach to the border, vowing to continue President Joe Biden’s asylum crackdown and intensify the prosecution of illegal border crossings She has signaled plans to continue on much the same course as Biden on Gaza saying she would “always stand up for Israel’s right to defend itself.” who retains legions of loyal followers from his two presidential runs said it was imperative for disillusioned progressives to consider Trump’s efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 election — and all the common ground they share with Harris on areas like climate change abortion rights and taking on “the growing oligarchy in America.” “I strongly disagree with them on their approach toward Gaza and other areas,” Sanders said of Harris and Biden “But what maturity requires is to understand that what we are fighting for is not just this or that policy It is whether or not we retain the foundations of American democracy.” Casar joined the call for progressive voters to mobilize arguing they could help shape the course of a future Harris administration by guiding her to the left on areas where they disagree He noted that Texas State’s most famous alumnus was influenced by shifting political tides to set aside his decades-long conservative record and fight for an ambitious progressive agenda as president but got pushed by Texas young people and activists to sign the Civil Rights Act to create Medicaid and Medicare and [the] Head Start [early childhood education program],” said Casar a former Austin City Council member who backs Sanders’ agenda Ocasio-Cortez also invoked the wave of young activists who led protests rebelling against the Johnson-led Vietnam War likening it to the current situation in Gaza that we will not be entrenched in another generation of conflict and violence,” Ocasio-Cortez said and then we're going to demand that that will not happen again some Texas Republicans responded gleefully to news of the visit and suggested the avowed democratic socialist’s presence could end up hurting Allred by mobilizing conservative opposition “Does Senator Cruz have to report that as an in-kind contribution on his campaign finance report?” GOP consultant Derek Ryan jokingly posted on social media asked about the idea that his visit could backfire said the policies he supports — and is talking about at his rallies — are broadly supported in Texas tackling wealth inequality and treating health care like a human right “I think if you listen to the issues that I will be talking about those are issues supported by the people of Texas the people of Vermont and people all across this country,” Sanders said “People are sick and tired of seeing the billionaire class make out like bandits.” Choose an amount or learn more about membership By 2024-03-06T09:19:00+00:00 SPAIN: The automation of Madrid metro lines 6 and 8 is planned President of the Community of Madrid Isabel Natividad Díaz Ayuso has announced Visiting construction works for the Line 3 extension from Villaverde Alto to El Casar on February 20 Díaz Ayuso said automation would enable trains to run every 2 min increase operational flexibility and reduce journey times The first line to be converted would be the 23 km circular Line 6 which has 28 stations and is the busiest on the network with an average of 618 000 passengers on weekdays ‘We believe it is the ideal place to initiate the change towards automatic driving’ SPAIN: On November 6 the Comunidad de Madrid authorised Metro de Madrid to award CAF a €498·2m contract to supply 40 trainsets for Line 1 and provide 10 years of maintenance The six-car sets with wide gangways are expected to enter service during the first half of 2027 SPAIN: Metro de Madrid has announced more details of its plans for the automation of the 23·5 km which is the busiest on the network with an average of 618 000 passengers on weekdays Work on the €129m project is scheduled to .. SPAIN: Metro de Madrid has signed a contract for sole bidder CAF to supply 40 six-car trainsets to operate on large-profile lines 6 and 8 The €400m deal announced by CAF on June 17 includes a programme to optimise the fleet’s life cycle Site powered by Webvision Cloud is calling for the firing of Elon Musk from his senior advisor role in President Donald Trump's administration House Democrats break into song over the censure of Rep The Guardia Civil has managed to identify and arrest the seven alleged members of a gang that for weeks had been causing a great deal of upset among local residents in the Spanish province of Toledo when they entered around twenty cemeteries to steal bronze crucifixes and other metal-based items from tombs and graves Four of those arrested are the alleged thieves who lifted the pieces The others are believed to have been in charge of collecting the crucifixes and cutting them up for subsequent smelting For this reason they are considered responsible for the crime of receiving stolen goods During the police operation to capture and arrest the perpetrators ,the Guardia Civil managed to recover 90 crucifixes that had been stolen from the El Casar de Escalona cemetery (Toledo) and they also seized a sackful of pieces of many figures of Christ weighing one tonne at a pick-up point for fenced goods in Madrid Officers also seized documentation related to the purchase and sale of these materials a metal-shredder with the remains of small crucifixes still in it and 17,440 euros in cash According to the crime reports lodged by the town councils and families affected by these thefts it is estimated that more than 2,000 people have been harmed in some way by the criminal actions of this gang The latter were clearly looking for a quick profit by clandestinely selling the bronze in scrap yards and waste management centres where the price per kilo of bronze can reach up to seven euros have been brought before the courts for processing The detainees have also been blamed for the theft of crucifixes from the cemetery in the town of Los Yébenes in Toledo from where the famous bust of Juan Garoz Pedraza His family has offered a reward of 10,000 euros for anyone who finds the object there is no trace of this large bronze piece that could have been cut up by the criminal gang now taken down to face justice is calling for the release of information in the death of a man who was electrocuted while working at Elon Musk’s Tesla Gigafactory Texas in Austin deputy assistant secretary of labor at the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) on Wednesday to request more information on the case The family of Victor Joe Gomez Sr. sued Tesla and others for wrongful death last year, seeking over $1 million in damages after Gomez died while inspecting an electrical panel at the facility Gomez didn’t realize the panel was energized and was immediately electrocuted and knocked unconscious Reuters reported Wednesday that federal regulators cited Tesla over Gomez's death for violating workplace safety rules told the outlet “the investigation is closed and citations have been issued.”  OSHA opened an investigation the day Gomez died but Casar says the case is still listed as open and doesn’t include information on citations Casar pointed to Musk’s pull within the White House and billionaire status and how it could affect how his businesses are investigated “The American people have a right to know whether or not the federal government will turn a blind eye to problems at Tesla given Elon Musk’s unprecedented seizure of power at the White House,” Casar said in his letter “An electrician’s death cannot be ignored simply because the CEO has lots of money and powerful connections.” Gomez's isn't the only on-the-job death that occurred at Gigafactory Texas. Antelmo Ramirez died from hyperthermia while helping build the factory in 2021. Tesla failed to report the death to county officials Casar has called for investigations into other incidents at the facility including safety violations and wage theft and at 32 he is one of the youngest members of Congress He is the son of Mexican immigrants and is part of the Congressional Progressive Caucus his agenda includes the improvement of workers wages the protection of abortion and voting rights the protection of veterans and the elderly It is a series of concerns that has accompanied him since he made his debut in politics Casar played a key role in advocating for tenant rights and fair job opportunities for people with criminal records You have just concluded a thirst strike to draw attention to the injustices that Latinos face being such a key and strategic population for the economy is it so difficult for them to get the most basic rights If you look at the history of the United States the work of the immigrant community is accepted But we see that when we participate in actions like the thirst strike when we organize and bring to light the problems that workers - immigrants and non-immigrants - face in our country In 2010 I worked for an organization called the Workers Defense Project and after a strike we finally achieved the first protections for workers to rest and drink water in the entire state of Texas in the face of opposition from large construction companies was so important to start winning those protections for all workers at the federal level What space does the Latino agenda have in North American politics There is still not enough political power for Latinos in the United States That is where many other obstacles come from That is why we haven't had an immigration reform and with this context they decide to participate less in politics and a ‘cycle of less' is created We now have more congressmen in the Hispanic Caucus than in the entire history of the country There are more leaders who know that especially younger people want more power for a growing population It is a challenge and we have to change this situation How is that representation in Congress explained for Latinos González became the first Latino in all of Texas history to reach Congress many have worked to open the door to finally have a decent number of Latinos in Congress Now we have to use that power in new and creative ways That is why we've done this thirst strike and why we are going to use different tactics We have to face the problems of the day before yesterday invest in youth where there are so many Latinos and families "Cuando uno ocupa un cargo en el Estado, la prioridad es el sentido de la urgencia. Hay cosas que tienen que pasar ya" There is much talk about the weight of the Latino population We have to get to the Congress to produce benefits for the community Now the Congress is set so that it does nothing That only benefits people who already have power and leaves Dreamers and immigrants unprotected It leaves people without the right to vote but also the more progressive new congressmen who want to see government be active in changing the situation in the country this water break thing has been a government project for decades big farmers and also construction companies have blocked it for 30 or 40 years We have to change that system from Washington DC because if nothing happens There is still not enough political power for Latinos there are many people who do not have the right to vote But we have more congressmen in the Hispanic Caucus than in all of history and leaders who know that younger people want more power what can Congress do about issues under local legislation but the federal government has more than people realize An example of this is what is happening in Texas with the "rest laws" The federal government has the power to implement a nationwide rule There is already a law that says that workers deserve protection at work But there is no rule that explains this law The law includes the right to have a break it cannot be said that workers have the right Secretary of Labor Julie Su called me and told me that she and the administration were now especially dedicated to this federal law they asked themselves that same question: why state governments didn't keep African-Americans Latinos and white people in the same school From the states they said that they did not want to implement civil rights and the federal government at that moment became active and began to work on new laws so that all workers and students throughout the country would have the same rights At the federal level we have to implement more rights because at this moment we see that there are more states that are trying to take rights away from their citizens Is it possible to reach the necessary agreements with such a polarized policy If you have worked four or five hours in the sun and you feel bad you should be able to get off the roof and drink water That is something that the vast majority of people agree on Because in many of these companies the worker charges per square foot in construction or per kilo in agriculture It is a practice that causes suffering and in some cases even death In these times of polarization we face many problems We just have to join the majority to beat big corporate interests "Los inmigrantes siguen llegando y la lucha no termina porque los retos todavía son monumentales" You mention the immigration reform. Is it a utopia or is it possible to think of that change? The Congress is set so that is does nothing, the last time it voted to protect immigrants was before I was born, in 1989. That benefits people who already have power and corporations that already have money, but it leaves Dreamers and Latinos unprotected. Do you think Latinos should get more politically involved? Absolutely. But I also understand why people haven't gotten involved. When they say that the system is not producing much, they say: "Why am I involved?." The system is going to get involved with you. Even though you are not interested in politics, politics is going to get into your life and when we don't participate, things get worse. We could change the country very quickly. If politicians had more commitment, they would change quickly. With the electoral atmosphere that the United States is experiencing, do you think that the Latino vote will influence the next election? Sure. If Latinos express their demands, get involved in the policies they want, ask the parties for them and go out to vote, they can be decisive. But above all, they can decide, choose a president and set the direction of the country. Microbiological Chemistry and Geomicrobiology Volume 12 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.658988 The continental deep subsurface is likely the largest reservoir of biofilm-based microbial biomass on Earth but the role of mineral selectivity in regulating its distribution and diversity is unclear Minerals can produce hotspots for intraterrestrial life by locally enhancing biofilm biomass Metabolic transformations of minerals by subsurface biofilms may occur widely with the potential to significantly impact subsurface biogeochemical cycles the degree of impact depends upon the amount of biofilm biomass and its relationship to host rock mineralogy estimates that are currently loosely constrained to non-existent we use in situ cultivation of biofilms on native rocks and coupled microscopy/spectroscopy to constrain mineral selectivity by biofilms in a deep continental subsurface setting: the Deep Mine Microbial Observatory (DeMMO) Through hotspot analysis and spatial modeling approaches we find that mineral distributions particularly those putatively metabolized by microbes indeed drive biofilm distribution at DeMMO and that bioleaching of pyrite may be a volumetrically important process influencing fluid geochemistry at this site when considered at the kilometer scale Given the ubiquity of iron-bearing minerals at this site and globally and the amount of biomass they can support we posit that rock-hosted biofilms likely contribute significantly to subsurface biogeochemical cycles future efforts to estimate biomass in the continental subsurface should incorporate host rock mineralogy these mineral transformations may occur on large scales and critically affect subsurface biogeochemical cycles Probing mineral selectivity in deep continental settings can provide a foundation for future incorporation of mineralogy into refined biomass estimates In situ subsurface growth experiments offer a way to constrain biofilm mineral selectivity. Previous experiments comparing single crystal energy-rich vs. energy-poor minerals suggest mineral selectivity is likely a key process regulating biofilm distribution and biomass in the continental deep subsurface (Casar et al., 2020) carried out at the Deep Mine Microbial Observatory (DeMMO) defined energy-rich minerals as those in metabolic reactions that have the potential to be energy-yielding under in situ conditions These minerals supported higher cell densities compared to energy-poor minerals such as gypsum biofilms growing on energy-rich minerals were enriched in taxa capable of utilizing solid growth substrates linking thermodynamic predictions to putative metabolic behavior we cultivated biofilms in situ on rocks collected from DeMMO providing a native mixed-mineral surface for biofilm colonization and mapped biofilm distributions and rock surface chemistry using coupled microscopy/spectroscopy If biofilm mineral selectivity is occurring we hypothesize that cell distributions should relate to iron distribution on the rock surface We use bulk community and spatial analyses to test this hypothesis and constrain biofilm mineral selectivity in this deep continental setting located at 244 and 610 meters below surface Major minerals present in DeMMO rock units We deployed in situ colonization reactor experiments containing the four previously described rock units at D1 and D3 in June 2019 and collected the experiments in December 2019. A detailed description of colonization reactor design and construction can be found in Casar et al. (2020) These experiments included crushed native rock mixed with combusted quartz sand to a ratio of ∼1:2 to minimize major changes in pH associated with mineral weathering Control reactors were filled with only combusted quartz sand and a combusted glass slide Polished rock coupons or control inert glass slides were included within each reactor for visualizing biofilm distribution and elemental mapping via coupled scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) Each experiment was carried out in duplicate totaling 10 experiments at each site rock coupons and glass slides were fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde in the field and stored at 4°C until preparation for microscopy Crushed material from experiments was subsampled into sterile tubes and immediately frozen on dry ice in the field for DNA extraction To compare biofilm communities to planktonic communities we filtered cells from fracture fluids from boreholes at each site immediately prior to installation and after collection of the reactors Approximately 1 L of fluid from each site was sampled via sterile tubing connected to sampling ports on borehole installations using in situ pressure to force fluids through 0.2 μm Sterivex filters Filters were immediately frozen on dry ice We documented biofilm distribution and mapped elements across the surface of 16 rock coupons including each of the four native rock units with replicates from both sites D1 and D3 via coupled SEM/XEDS We also imaged biofilms on glass slides from control experiments via SEM rock coupons and glass slides were gradually dehydrated in 200 proof ethanol and subjected to critical point drying to preserve cell structure Coupons and slides were then coated with osmium tetroxide to a thickness of 15 nm in an SPI osmium coater to enhance sample conductivity for imaging Samples were imaged and mapped using a FEI Quanta 650 environmental SEM with integrated Oxford AZtec EDS/EBSD system in the EPIC facility at the Northwestern University NUANCE center SEM images were collected at a working distance of 10 mm at a resolution of 1024×1536 pixels and operating voltage of 25 kV XEDS scans were collected using an energy range of 40 keV divided into 4096 channels for high magnification scans and 2048 channels for low magnification scans with a 40μs pixel dwell time Bulk element compositions for each rock unit were determined by averaging 8 XEDS scans at 70x magnification collected randomly across rock coupon surfaces. We probed for correlations between taxa and bulk element composition of rock used in the respective experiments using the cor function in the stats R package and visualized these relationships using the heatmaply R package (R Core Team, 2013; Galili et al., 2018) Taxa included in the correlation analysis are those comprising at least 1% of a community and present in at least half of all communities for a given site We targeted iron-rich minerals in rock coupons for high resolution spatial analyses mapping elements and biofilm distributions around these minerals at a scale where microbes are detectable we collected SEM/XEDS data from one transect per coupon covering ∼0.025 mm2 at a magnification of 3000x crossing a mineral grain boundary into the background matrix we collected 5 random SEM images at 3000x from control glass slides To probe for visual differences among biofilms we summarized biofilm feature properties in Photoshop including area and circularity calculated as 4π(area/perimeter2) where cocci will be more circular than rods or filaments Cell morphology counts were generated from circularity where “filament” or “cocci” classifications correspond to a circularity of ≤0.1 The percent of transect area covered by cell or fungal morphologies was calculated by dividing the total pixel area of cells or fungal morphologies by the total transect area We probed for elements that explain cell distribution by comparing nested models using the ANOVA likelihood ratio test in the stats R package The null models assume that the cell distributions are random whereas models with covariates assume cell distributions can be explained by the underlying element distributions Cell positions were represented as points using centroid coordinates whereas element distributions were represented by raster images We generated complex models with up to 5 combinations of elements present in the rock surface The best models were chosen from each dataset based on computed likelihood ratio test statistics: the lowest p-value where p-values are ≤0.05 indicating statistical significance of the chi-square distribution goodness-of-fit test The deviance here is defined as the difference between the deviance from the simple null model and that of the alternate complex model larger deviances correspond to a better fit to the more complex model with covariates relative to the simple null model while a deviance of 0 indicates that the complex model is as good as the null model We simulated point process models by estimating the inhomogeneous L-function Besag’s transformation of the Ripley’s reduced second moment Kr function with Monte Carlo simulation envelopes from cell point patterns both with and without covariates using the Linhom function in spatstat Observed distributions that fall within the simulation envelopes indicate that the model is a good fit including iron and sulfur-rich grains present in Poorman and Homestake formation coupons and iron and titanium-rich grains present in Yates Unit coupons SEM images of rock coupons representing the four major rock units at DeMMO with arrows pointing to examples of mineral grains selected for spatial analyses (left); images were collected at 105x magnification Bulk chemistry of the four major rock units at DeMMO (right) A comparison of alpha diversity shown as phylogenetic diversity, Shannon diversity, and number of observed ASVs reveals fluid communities are more diverse than biofilms, and rock-hosted biofilms are more diverse than biofilms on inert controls at D1 (Figure 2A and Supplementary Figure 2) D1 fluid communities are the most diverse with 781 ASVs on average The highest diversity observed among D1 communities across rock types is in experiments using Yates Unit compared to the other rock units ranging from 456-555 ASVs D1 biofilms on inert sand are least diverse D3 communities exhibit comparable diversity across all fluids and biofilms and are generally less diverse overall than D1 communities (A) Alpha diversity as the number of observed ASVs at a sequencing depth of 46,500 reads Black points represent mean observed ASV values (B) Beta diversity as NMDS ordination of ASVs (C) Community composition as taxa identified to the family level for biofilms in duplicated reactor experiments sampled in December 2019 and fracture fluids sampled in June and December 2019 Less abundant taxa are those representing less than 5% of communities A taxonomic comparison of microbial communities reveals that within each site, biofilm and fluid communities share phyla but in very different abundances and are distinguished at lower taxonomic levels, while rock-hosted vs. control biofilm communities exhibit no clear differences in community composition to the family level (Figure 2C) Here we define dominant taxa as those that comprise at least 10% of a community D1 fluid communities are dominated by Caulobacteraceae within the Alphaproteobacteria Sulfuricellaceae and Comamonadaceae within the Gammaproteobacteria and Omnitrophaceae within the Verrucomicrobiota while biofilms are dominated by Sulfuricellaceae and Gallionellaceae within the Gammaproteobacteria and Thermodesulfovibrionia within the Nitrospirota The D3 fluid communities are dominated by Woes archaeales within the Nanoarchaeota while biofilms are dominated by Zixibacteria Desulfosarcinaceae within the Desulfobacterota Gallionellaceae within the Gammaproteobacteria and Lentimicrobiaceae within the Bacteriodota Two candidate groups are enriched (up to ∼5%) in D3 biofilms relative to fluid communities including Candidatus Kerfeldbacteria within the Patescibacteria and Babeliales within the Dependentiae Sulfuricellaceae and Hydrogenophilaceae at both sites are dominantly members of the genera Sulfuricella and Thiobacillus Thiobacillus are enriched in rock-hosted communities relative to controls comprising as much as 17.2% biofilms on Yates Unit Unassigned taxa within the domain Bacteria comprise as much as 19.9% of D1 communities and 27.8% of D3 communities these unassigned taxa are primarily comprised of only one ASV with 85.9% identity at 98% coverage to Desulfotomaculum hydrothermale strain Lam5 To investigate whether specific taxa correlate with elements comprising iron-bearing minerals present in the rock, e.g., Fe, S, or Ti, we carried out a correlation analysis between bulk rock chemistry and rock-hosted biofilm communities classified to the family level (Figure 3) D1 taxa form three distinct clades comprised of Hydrogenophilaceae (blue clade) Sulfuricellaceae and Rhodocyclaceae (green clade) Hydrogenophilaceae correlate most positively with Ti and Fe and are anti-correlated with S Taxa within the green clade correlate most positively with S and are moderately positively correlated with Fe Taxa within the red clade correlate most positively with K D3 taxa form three distinct clades comprised of Desulfobaccaceae Taxa within the blue clade correlate most positively with K and O and are moderately positively correlated with Ti Taxa within the green clade correlate most positively with S Taxa within the red clade correlate most positively with Ti and Fe and are moderately positively correlated with S Correlation matrices between taxa and bulk rock chemistry for D1 (left) and D3 (right) communities Only taxa that comprise at least 1% of and are present in at least 50% of communities for a given site are shown covering as much as ∼10% of the total transect area in D3 biofilms on Homestake Formation Biofilm summary statistics: Cell area and circularity distributions cell and fungal coverage over the transect area for each coupon Sample IDs correspond to substrate type and coupon ID Vertical dashed lines represent circularity thresholds for filaments X-axes are truncated at a maximum value of 1 Biofilms on D1 and D3 rock coupons and glass slides from control experiments with sand Coupled SEM/XEDS images of D1 biofilms on native rock coupons from selected experiments Top panels for each rock type show cell (magenta) and fungal feature (cyan) distribution with kernel density contours where yellow represents the highest density bottom panels show coupons colored by elements Transects are stitched images collected at 3000x magnification Coupled SEM/XEDS images of DeMMO3 biofilms on native rock coupons from selected experiments the best models included only one covariate as in coupon D1T6 Homestake Formation modeled with sulfur whereas in other cases the best model saturated the maximum number of covariates we allowed as in coupon D3T19 Yates Unit modeled with As In three experiments with Poorman and Ellison formations (coupons D1T2 the total numbers of observed cells were very low (∼70 total cells) and the complex models with covariates did not fit the data better than the null random model Poisson point process model likelihood ratio test statistics To simulate the fitted point process models, we estimated the inhomogeneous L-function. The observed distributions occur within the Monte-Carlo simulated envelopes for the estimates for the majority of the relevant range of distances (Supplementary File 3) These simulations reveal no clear deviation of point patterns from model predictions and therefore indicate good fit with the exception of D1T5 and D3T17 Homestake Formation experiments Our 16S rRNA gene survey captures only prokaryotic DNA thus eukaryotic fungal or amoebal communities are not represented in our data and we do not focus on their contribution to biofilm diversity here and community differences could be driven by differences in iron or sulfur-cycling capacity our bulk community data suggests that biofilm-forming taxa at DeMMO may be generalists capable of growth on solid substrates where available Correlation analysis between rock-hosted biofilm communities and bulk rock chemistry further probes geochemical drivers of community compositions the Hydrogenophilaceae correlate most strongly with the elements Fe and Ti that comprise mineral grains targeted in Yates rock while the Sulfuricellaceae correlate most strongly with Fe and S that comprise mineral grains targeted in Poorman The Hydrogenophilaceae and Sulfuricellaceae are dominated by taxa within the genera Thiobacillus and Sulfuricella Thiobacillus are known iron and sulfur cyclers thus these correlations may be reflective of the metabolic capacities of these taxa the taxa that correlate most strongly with Fe and Ti include candidate groups Zixibacteria and Candidatus Kerfeldbacteria in which metabolisms have not yet been well-established thus these correlations may shed light on their potential for metal cycling at DeMMO models fit poorly to cell distributions or did not perform better than the null random models Biofilms from samples from two experiments with Homestake Formation were characterized by cells much larger than those observed on other coupons and model simulations indicate cells are significantly dispersed after accounting for the underlying element distribution Poor model fit in this case may be an artifact of using cell centroids that poorly represent the large area covered by these cells In samples where the total number of observed cells was very low the addition of covariates did not improve the model fit and thus no spatial dependence upon the underlying element distribution was apparent This is most likely due to insufficient point data for the transect area where cell distributions are too sparse to model our observations suggest metabolically-driven mineral selectivity is driving biofilm distribution at DeMMO The fracture fluid chemistry is reflective of host rock mineralogy throughout DeMMO; however the mechanism of mineral dissolution that produces the observed chemistry is unclear The present study suggests extensive bioleaching of iron and sulfur-bearing minerals by biofilms may help explain DeMMO fracture fluid chemistry Our experiments demonstrate the potential for highly heterogeneous biofilm distribution on rock surfaces as a function of mineral selectivity iron-bearing minerals are important drivers of biofilm distribution and growth supporting hotspots of biomass relative to the surrounding matrix this could have important implications for biomass estimates; e.g. an iron-rich basalt deposit could host significantly more biomass than a silica-rich quartzite deposit Currently there is a lack of data regarding biofilm biomass as it relates to mineralogy in continental subsurface settings and large uncertainties surround biofilm contributions to biomass here Our findings warrant refined continental subsurface biomass estimates that account for host rock mineralogy as more data becomes available in the future We probed mineral selectivity by biofilm communities in the continental deep subsurface to gain insight into potential drivers of biomass and biogeochemical cycles here Our experiments suggest that iron and sulfur-rich minerals drive biofilm colonization at DeMMO Spatial analyses of biofilm distribution suggest their dependence upon the distribution of iron which we attribute to iron sulfide minerals including pyrite and pyrrhotite and the iron titanium mineral ilmenite prevalent throughout DeMMO Biofilms on native rock were enriched in taxa capable of nitrate-dependent pyrite oxidation a thermodynamically favorable reaction here that releases aqueous ferrous iron and sulfate The elevated levels of ferrous iron and sulfate detected in fracture fluids suggest bioleaching of iron and sulfur-bearing minerals is likely a volumetrically important process at DeMMO when considered at the kilometer scale Given the geological ubiquity of iron and sulfur-rich minerals and magnitude of the biomass they can support these mineral transformations are likely important for subsurface biogeochemical cycles Current estimates of continental subsurface biofilm biomass range widely and do not incorporate host rock mineralogy As more data becomes available in the literature we suggest that future modeling efforts should evaluate host rock mineralogy as a key variable driving biomass distribution in deep continental settings All code and corresponding data used in this study are available at github.com/CaitlinCasar/Casar2021_DeMMO_RockHostedBiofilms This Targeted Locus Study project has been deposited at DDBJ/ENA/GenBank under the accession KEQC00000000 BK was the field manager of the project and directed each field expedition All authors contributed to the creation of the manuscript and study design This work was funded by NASA with a NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Program—“Grant no 80NSSC18K1267” to CC and Exobiology Grant “NNH14ZDA001N” to MO The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest We thank undergraduates Caroline Webster and Annamarie Jedziniak at Northwestern University for assisting with field work preparation and SURF staff for assistance in the field and Antonio Nanni in the Department of Sociology at Northwestern University for consultation on spatial analysis methods used in this study This work made use of the EPIC facility of Northwestern University’s NUANCE Center which has received support from the Soft and Hybrid Nanotechnology Experimental (SHyNE) Resource (NSF ECCS-1542205) the MRSEC program (NSF DMR-1720139) at the Materials Research Center the International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) the Keck Foundation; and the State of Illinois MO is a CIFAR fellow in the Earth 4D Program The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.658988/full#supplementary-material Microbe–mineral interactions: the impact of surface attachment on mineral weathering and element selectivity by microorganisms spatstat: an R package for analyzing spatial point patterns CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Review and re-analysis of domain-specific 16S primers scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2 nitrate-dependent oxidation of pyrite nanoparticles by Thiobacillus denitrificans The Homestake Gold Mine: An Early Proterozoic Iron-Formation-Hosted Gold Deposit Google Scholar Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample Mineral-hosted biofilm communities in the continental deep subsurface Denitrification performance and biofilm characteristics using biodegradable polymers PCL as carriers and carbon source Phase transformation of iron ore tailings during autoclaved curing Google Scholar a package of r functions for community ecology CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar How microbes influence mineral growth and dissolution CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms Heatmaply: an R package for creating interactive cluster heatmaps for online publishing Characterization of a new thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium raster: Geographic Analysis and Modeling with Raster Data Google Scholar Isolation and characterization of electrochemically active subsurface Delftia and Azonexus species PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effect of sterilization by dry heat or autoclaving on bacterial penetration through berea sandstone Morphological plasticity as a bacterial survival strategy Effects of dissimilatory sulfate reduction on FeIII (hydr)oxide reduction and microbial community development Microbiological comparison of core and groundwater samples collected from a fractured basalt aquifer with that of dialysis chambers incubated in situ Lütters-Czekalla Lithoautotrophic growth of the iron bacterium Gallionella ferruginea with thiosulfate or sulfide as energy source CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The biomass and biodiversity of the continental subsurface Energy and carbon metabolisms in a deep terrestrial subsurface fluid microbial community Temporal shifts in the geochemistry and microbial community structure of an ultradeep mine borehole following isolation Patterns of in situ mineral colonization by microorganisms in a ~60∘C deep continental subsurface aquifer Selective adhesion of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to pyrite Establishment of the deep mine microbial observatory (DeMMO) a geochemically stable portal into the deep subsurface Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Perpiñán, O., and Hijmans, R. 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Volume 7 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00196 This article is part of the Research TopicDeep Carbon Science View all 17 articles Identifying temporal trends in deep subsurface geomicrobiology is challenging as it requires both in-depth knowledge of in situ geochemistry and innovative sampling techniques Subsurface microbial dynamics can only be understood in the context of accompanying geochemistry it is imperative to first characterize available microbial habitats and their temporal evolution samples must be acquired in a clean and consistent manner to avoid artifacts stemming from surface microbes we established the Deep Mine Microbial Observatory (DeMMO) in the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) USA to sample naturally draining fracture fluids at six spatially distributed sites from the shallowest (800 ft) to the deepest accessible (4,850 ft) depths Here we report on the installation and subsequent two-year aqueous geochemical monitoring campaign of the DeMMO network DeMMO fluids have distinct geochemical compositions showing differences with respect to depth Most measurements were remarkably stable through the two-year sampling window illustrating temporal stability of the water sources to each site including over induced perturbations such as drilling there was a lack of seasonality even at shallowest sites indicating limited direct communication with modern meteoric waters Patterns of fluid geochemistry are distinct between sites and largely predictable based upon our understanding of the lithology and inorganic geochemistry of the host rocks Thermodynamic calculations suggest that both inorganic and organic redox reactions can yield energy to lithotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in this system although the yields vary considerably by site We conclude that each DeMMO site represents a unique window into the deep subsurface of SURF and dissolved gas geochemistry – providing stable conditions that facilitate long-term habitation of subsurface fractures and water pockets by distinct microbial communities The arguments for surface-independent subsurface ecosystems are complicated by and challenged by considerable sample-to-sample variability in cell density and input of fossil and surficial organic carbon These observatories cover a large range of host lithology and interaction with surficial inputs and outputs The purpose of this communication is to expand this list to include the deep metamorphic aquifers of South Dakota and to provide geochemical context within which to investigate the resident microbial communities and their metabolic activities Active pumping maintains water levels well below the 5000 ft levels although the facility was flooded to the 4100 ft level between the end of mining and the establishment of new science facilities Note that the level depths are given in feet in accordance with the facility naming scheme These studies collectively reveal distinct populations of subsurface microbes with interesting metabolic strategies tailored to subsurface Our initial work at SURF revealed the need for dedicated sampling infrastructure to effectively monitor flowing boreholes through time While samples of opportunity provided a glimpse of interesting microbial ecosystems replicability of these samples were limited and contamination of fracture samples with mine atmosphere and microbial inhabitants was a constant threat we sought to establish an observatory of sites through the mine where access could be controlled fluids could be collected cleanly and consistently and long-term experimental apparatus could be deployed for the long timescales over which many subsurface organisms grow Monitoring of each site for geochemical and microbiological parameters before and after modification was a key goal Here we report on a two-year time series of aqueous and gas geochemical monitoring The microbial ecology of these sites and temporal dynamics therein is beyond the scope of this manuscript Drilling was conducted in May 2016 by SURF personnel using legacy jackleg drilling methods in which historic 2″ exploration holes (previously filled with concrete to control water outflow) were re-drilled with a 3″ diameter reaming bit to a depth of 5–6′ rock surface was exposed to ensure appropriate contact with expandable packer surfaces We will subsequently refer to this as borehole outlet modification The last site (D6) was left in its original form with a steel manifold as it was not safe to modify Dark gray bushings are expanded to create the seal with the borehole (B) Timeline of sampling and hole modification Packers were custom built from acetal holopolymer material (Delrin) following a commercially available design (Margo Packer). It was deemed essential to avoid metal components in the packers, because many metals can influence microbially relevant aqueous redox chemistry. Stock Delrin components (McMaster Carr) were machined as needed (Princeton University, Geosciences Machine Shop) to create the nested-component design illustrated in Figure 1 a hollow inner tube allows for the continuous outflow of fracture fluids accessed by the borehole mobile sleeve serves to compress four polyurethane bushings (Shore hardness = 60A thereby creating a seal with the borehole wall to eliminate communication with the local mine atmosphere a custom 5-port sampling manifold (Delrin) outfitted with polypropylene ball valves (Parker US Plastic Corp.) was attached to each installed packer the packers and manifolds were not removed Each DeMMO site was sampled upon each visit to SURF creating a two-year time series from December 2015 to November 2017 Site visits were conducted within a 4-day window in accordance with underground access schedules and necessary transit times and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) were measured with a portable Myron Ultrameter II fluids were allowed to run for 2–5 min to stabilize prior to measurement Samples were collected for major anions and cations All samples collected on site were preserved as appropriate (cool or on dry ice) before transport back to the laboratory for analysis Redox sensitive ions were measured on site using a portable Hach DR1900 Spectrophotometer and associated reagent kits as described below Hydrogen sulfide was measured by the methylene blue colorimetric method (Hach 8131) Ferrous iron concentrations were measured using the 1,10 phenanthroline method (Hach method 8146) Nitrate concentrations were measured using the NitraVer5 cadmium reduction method (Hach method 8039) and ammonia concentrations were measured using the Salicylate colorimetric method (Hach method 8155) Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were also measured with low and high range ampules (Indigo Carmine Method but poor reproducibility of these data on duplicate samples calls into questions its accuracy All kit-based measurements were conducted according to manufacturer instructions and dilutions were performed with deionized water as necessary Filtrate (<0.22 μm) was collected in lab-supplied plastic bottles with nitric acid preservative or new plastic tubes for ICP-MS (EPA method M200.7) and IC (EPA Method M300.0) analysis of major dissolved cations and anions and sulfate were analyzed and had minimum detectable levels of 0.25 For ICP methods we analyzed (minimum detectable levels in ppm) Filtrate samples for DOC concentrations were collected in acid-washed (4 h in 10% HCl DI rinsed) and combusted (4.5 h at 450°C) amber glass VOC vials with PTFE lined acid-washed caps and stored at 4°C until measured by Anatek Labs using method SM 5310B (non-purgeable organic carbon) Samples for DIC and its respective δ13C value (δ13CDIC) were taken in ashed and evacuated Exetainers® and measured in house at the Northwestern Stable Isotope Facility via continuous flow on a ThermoFisher GasBench II coupled to a Delta V Plus isotope ratio mass-spectrometer (CF-IRMS) Approximately 1 mL aliquots of each sample were syringe-injected into acidified (103% H3PO4) and helium-purged Exetainer® vials The samples were then re-weighed to determine exact quantity placed in the thermostated block of the GasBench II and carbon dioxide allowed to evolve at 25°C for a minimum of 12 h Sample carbon dioxide is sub-sampled by a PAL autosampler and δ13C values determined by averaging 8 separate injections of ∼100 μL each is corrected using the periodic sampling of carbon dioxide from the H3PO4-acidified CaCO3 standards NBS18 and NBS19 (respectively Estimated precision (1 standard deviation) on total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon concentration ([DIC]) and δ13CDIC are ± 40 μM and ± 0.1‰ Dissolved gas samples were collected using the bubble stripping method of Chapelle et al. (2002) modified by Alter and Steiof (2005) borehole fluid was directed through a glass gas sampling bulb a 10 mL bubble of pure Ar was introduced into the chamber and the system was allowed to reach equilibrium while monitoring flow rate and temperature The sample bubble was then removed and stored in an Ar-flushed and evacuated 10 mL Serum bottle previously capped with solid butyl rubber stoppers and crimped tin seals Gas samples were analyzed on a Shimadzu GC-2014ATF Headspace GC equipped with Haysep 80/100 (5 m) and MS-5A 60/80 (2.5 m) molecular sieve columns and TCD and FID detectors Dissolved gas concentrations were calculated from equilibrated gases based on solubility constants of each gas at the collection temperature and pressure as well as in reference to analytical standards The selection of sites for the DeMMO network was undertaken with consideration of long-term accessibility, adequate fluid flow, host lithology, and depth. The six chosen sites span a range of depths (800–4,850 ft), flow conditions, and host lithologies (Table 1 and Figures 2A,B) Site characteristics of DeMMO and surrounding rocks Overview of SURF superstructure and borehole placement (A) A 3D georeferenced map of SURF and picture of each site View is looking from south to north (map made by Kathy Hart using Vulcan Software printed with permission from SURF) (B) Lithological units in boreholes from origin (0) to terminus compiled from each borehole log report Two sites (D1, D2) are on the 800 ft level (Figure 2A) these boreholes intersect very different areas of mine geology and have different histories D1 (historical name 10-1) was the tenth diamond borehole drilled at the Homestake Mine circa 1910 It is 1400 ft long (427 m) drilled eastward away from any documented mining excavations This borehole starts in Ellison Formation lithologies of chlorite-mica-garnet schists and phyllites transitioning into unidentified metaigneous amphibolites and subsequently tertiary intrusive rhyolites The borehole log notes intersecting a water course at the hole terminus which may be the current source of abundant flow (averages 2.5 L/min) The proximity of this water source to the surface could leave open the possibility of seasonal influence at this site D2 (historical name #19223) intersects a complex region of folded Ellison and Poorman formations in an area with extensive sulfide mineralization and mined stopes and gray phyllites of the Ellison Formation followed by yellow-banded and mineral-rich Homestake Formation phyllites gray – green and brown Poorman Formation phyllites and rhyolitic to porphyritic intrusive igneous rocks Significant minerals noted on the bore hole logs are graphite with conductivities <1 mS and relatively cool with average temperatures of 10.3 and 12.5°C D3 (historical name #24790) is uniquely situated in a remote region of the 2000 ft level (Figure 2A) and was drilled in 1999 during the final phase of mining and exploration of the working Homestake Mine This is a relatively short borehole (398 ft; 121 m) drilled at a steep upward angle Intersected lithologies include gray to tan banded sericite chert-bearing phyllites (Poorman Formation); gray green and white massive to banded Homestake Formation with biotite These rocks were not visibly intruded by tertiary volcanism Currently the hole has strong flow (∼1.5 L/min) and features periodic eruptions of gas bubbles and particulate iron oxides Measured ORP is consistently high (average −28 mV) but dissolved oxygen is undetectable The fluids are consistently brackish with an average conductivity of 3 mS D4 (historical name #24228) is on the 4100 ft level very near, but not intersecting the Ross Shaft. This hole is unusual in that it was drilled at a downward angle (Figure 2A) that importantly for the geochemistry and habitability limits contamination with oxygen from the mine atmosphere spanning 941 ft (287 m) and featuring primarily Poorman Formation banded graphite-biotite phyllites that variably include carbonate Pyrrhotite and pyrite mineralization is noted throughout the core D5 (historical name #11938) and D6 (historical name DUSEL B) are both on the 4850 ft level, but as with D1 and D2, intersect very different rocks and feature different fluid chemistry. D5 (hole #11938) was drilled in 1978 during excavation of the 17-ledge mining area (see Figure 2A) It is 943 ft (287 m) long and intersects a wide range of lithologies Notably this hole is in a drift with very significant modern fluid flow through both old boreholes and other fractures commonly featuring abundant growth of white microbial biofilms and streamers The trajectories of D4 and D5 trend toward a similar source area We will evaluate the potential for similar hydrological source areas of D4 and D5 below intersects a much more diverse range of host lithologies and Ellison formations as well as transitional facies between those units D6 was drilled in 2009 in preparation for construction of the proposed Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) facilities intersect the Yates Unit metabasalts with periodic rhyolitic tertiary dikes D6 is 603 ft (184 m) long and was intentionally drilled in a direction of very limited mining influence where very significant fluid pressures were encountered Logistical concerns prevented re-packering of this hole to a continuous flow system similar to the other DeMMO sites we did install continuous flow experiments at this site in July 2016 changing this from a closed system to an open system the hole ran dry and was closed and is now only opened for sampling trips and by safety personnel to mitigate pressure buildup Strong seasonality in the climate above SURF produces distinct trends in the water isotope composition of precipitation driven primarily by temperature and vapor sources The most depleted values occur in December and February produced by cold temperatures and significant snowfall whereas the most enriched values occur in August The average isotope composition of annual precipitation approximates that which occurs between September and October of a given year Water isotopes of DeMMO sites and overlying land (A) Plot of water isotopes for DeMMO sites plotted on the meteoric water line and OIPC estimates of monthly average and annual precipitation (B) Box plots showing variability with time in both δ18O and δ2H where points are colored by the sampling date Ternary diagrams of aqueous geochemistry at the six sites (Figure 4) reveal a broad range of cationic compositions a fairly narrow range of anionic compositions and extremely consistent behavior of individual sites through time individual sites are so consistent that most data points plot within analytical error of each other and thus long-term variability in this chemistry will not be discussed Ternary diagrams illustrating the distribution of major cations (A) and anions (B) from each DeMMO site The cation data (Figure 4A) show separation by station depth, with considerable differences between the deepest three, and the shallowest three samples. Deep samples (D4–D6) are sodium-type waters, whereas shallow samples (D1–D3) contain significantly more calcium and to a lesser extent magnesium. The anion data (Figure 4B) show that D1 and D5 have approximately even concentrations of sulfate and bicarbonate Chloride is a minor component in these waters Each site is characterized by a distinct aqueous geochemistry with indistinguishable cation and chloride levels and minor variations along the SO4-HCO3 axis but with distinct calcium-magnesium and SO4-HCO3 signatures D2 is consistently intermediate to the other samples and uniquely contains appreciable (although still low) levels of Cl– We hypothesize that these distinct chemistries result from different lithological composition present in the water source area for each site and also residence time of water through those rocks and will evaluate this hypothesis below Measurements of redox sensitive ions are relatively rare in geochemical datasets owing to the difficulty of performing these measurements in the field these are also the ions most likely to be cycled by microbes and are thus their quantification is critical to characterizing lithotrophic habitability as well as ORP at all time points after the December 2015 trip The concentrations of all measured redox sensitive ions and ORP are temporally quite stable despite potential notable uncertainties in the colorimetry techniques the low values correspond to times when the steel manifold was closed and the high values to times when fluid was continually flowing This is opposite to what would be predicted if the manifold itself was the source of ferrous iron Combined line plots and box plots of redox sensitive geochemical measurements showing change with time and aggregated site averages Dissolved gas concentrations exhibit significant variability through time and between sites (Figure 6) Carbon dioxide is the most stable and distinct measurement between sites with decreasing average concentrations observed with depth for D1 with consistently twofold (or more) higher concentrations Field observations of the fluid streams at D3 confirm visible bubbles in the fluid stream from this site Concentrations of carbon monoxide and hydrogen are low (<1 nM) and exhibit no significant trends Dissolved oxygen was measured colorimetrically and are of variable quality with many analyses strongly affected by rapid oxidation post-sampling The dissolved oxygen measurements should therefore be taken as maximum values and we do not plot them with time; instead we rely on ORP to record oxidation states of these fluids Dissolved gas concentrations by site through time (left) and aggregate box plots illustrating average Concentrations of DIC and DOC vary considerably among the DeMMO sites, but they are temporally quite stable (Figure 7). DIC levels are highest in D4, D5, and D3 (generally >10 mM), and much lower in D1, D2, and D6 (<5 mM). These differences do not appear to correlate with pH or dissolved carbon dioxide, suggesting distinct sources rather than equilibrium partitioning. The isotopic differences in DIC (Figure 7) follow a similar site pattern and D5 and slightly more depleted values in the others but then decreases steadily to −8‰ It can be seen in Figure 7 that DOC concentrations vary broadly along a depth gradient, with additional variation in D6 through known perturbations. The shallowest sites, D1 and D2, have relatively high DOC levels (∼0.035 mM), but this is still quite low compared to surface oligotrophic fluids, which typically range closer to 1 mM (Leenheer et al., 1974) D6 has extremely variable DOC concentrations ranging from near those of the shallow sites to the lowest observed values (0.01 mM) The significant drop in concentration at the beginning corresponds to when the systems transitioned from a closed manifold to an open flowing system The hole at D6 eventually drained and was subsequently left sealed except to sample The DOC concentration there appears to be rebounding after this change in protocol and D2 produced similar water isotope patterns and based on Murdoch’s model are predicted to be very young fluids with locations on the far south side (D4 and D5) and near the open cut (D2) and D6 show relative enrichment reflecting incorporation of older water draining from the surrounding region that has been captured by the hydrological depression of the mine This is consistent with their locations on the east side (D1 and D6) and far northwest side (D3) of the mine Longer water residence times facilitate increased water-rock interaction and should be reflected in geochemical fingerprints Borehole logs and broad geological maps document host geology that paint a complex picture of fluid flow and water-rock interactions and D3 are enriched in calcium and magnesium relative to fluids at D4 The high calcium values in D1 and D2 are consistent with the presence of intermediate to mafic volcanic intrusions but perhaps records interactions with rocks beyond those observed in the drill logs This is also suggested by the high levels of ferrous iron which cannot be explained by either the presence of a steel packer or volcanic rocks in the borehole trajectory Particularly curious is the lack of divalent cations in D6 an amphibolite composed of ∼80% hornblende and 20% intermediate plagioclase both of which should supply abundant calcium to fluids suggesting that fluids spend much of their long residence time interacting with more sodium-rich rocks One interpretation is that the D6 source fluid is traveling primarily along tertiary rhyolitic dykes rather than the very massive metabasalt An additional option is that cation exchange within clay minerals has significantly altered the fluid geochemistry replacing Ca and Mg in shallow fluids with Na at depth in addition to relatively high sulfate concentrations This combination suggests a similar source such as the dissolution of iron sulfide minerals or leaching of mafic volcanic rocks The predominantly high bootstrap values indicate a strong level of support of each node We observe clear clustering of data from each site through time with strong statistical support and no exceptions branching away from all other sites at the first node As predicted from broad geochemical signals but importantly are separated with high statistical support The notable differences in dissolved gas concentrations are the only major chemical differences between D4 and D5 This may be explained by temperature and hole geometry as D4 is relatively cool (average 25.3°C) and drilled downward both of which serve to promote higher dissolved gas concentrations D5 is warm (average 31.7°C) and drilled upward limiting the storage capacity of dissolved gases and D3 branch away from the deeper ones in a single node and D1 and D2 branch separately from D3 This clustering strongly supports our conclusion of distinct and stable geochemistry of each DeMMO site through time Hierarchical clustering and PCA analysis of sites based on geochemistry inputs (A) Wards Clustering and Euclidean distance matrix Bootstrap values > 80 for higher order nodes shown in purple (B) Principle components analysis produced in R with the prcomp() command and visualized using the ggfortify package Envelopes containing all the points for a given site are highlighted for emphasis Vectors illustrate the loading of different geochemical parameters on PC1 and PC2 The principal components analysis (PCA) in Figure 8B illustrates the same associations seen in hierarchical clustering analysis but additionally allows for comparison of how the geochemical parameters themselves plot in the sample ordination which parameters are most responsible for separation Variations in PC1 show positive loading of DIC and ammonium and negative loading with sulfate These parameters effectively separate D6 from all other samples PC2 shows strong positive loading with ORP DOC and magnesium and negative loading with fluorine Variation in PC2 shows clear separation of D1 and D3 from D4 and D5 based on nutrient concentrations This plot is also useful for observing that even with variance between points for a given site each remains distinct from even their closest spatial and geochemical neighbors there is no biotic helium production mechanism This combined with the observed variable methane/ethane ratios suggest both biotic and abiotic sources of methane in different ratios at different sites Correlogram of all geochemical data showing Pearson’s r correlation between variables with color Correlogram was generated with GGally r package we observe strong temporal consistency and large differences between study sites This stability was not necessarily expected and has important implications for the use of mines as deep subsurface biosphere sampling points and our conclusions toward this biosphere as a whole with strong seasonal changes in drainage into the mine based on local precipitation events and snow melt We know that in sampling mine boreholes we are incorporating fluids coming from isolated fractures reflective of the greater deep subsurface and also those percolating through mine workings It would be reasonable to expect that significant drainage events might impact at least the shallowest sites and/or the proportion of fracture fluid vs The strong stability in major and minor ions and physical parameters argues against any change in the fluid source to the DeMMO sites for a 2-year time period This gives credence to our use of these sites as portals into the deep subsurface and gives a minimum integration timescale of >1 year to even the shallowest sites most of the observed chemistry did not significantly change from before to after perturbation and ORP do vary through time and may be related to the biogeochemical implications of packering the systems Gibbs energy density of possible metabolic reactions for each DeMMO site Calculations for each site are indicated in by symbols where the full range observed for all sites is highlighted in a color bar corresponding to the e- donor e- acceptor is indicated in the color bar on the far right didn’t not address heterotrophic reactions the close agreement between our calculations and tangible observations yields confidence in this approach to defining habitability We find that there is a rich assortment of both lithotrophic and heterotrophic metabolisms are possible at each site although these vary considerably between sites creating a distinct habitability fingerprint for each of these windows into the deep subsurface Microscopic images indicating microbial metabolisms (A) light microscopy image of a putative sulfide oxidizing filamentous bacterium with intracellular S0 globules (arrow) taken from the outflow of D5 (B) SEM image of a twisted iron oxide stalk from the outflow of D3 produced by putative iron oxidizing bacteria The now-established Deep Mine Microbial Observatory (DeMMO) is a new portal into the deep subsurface biosphere The two-year time series presented here establishes baseline geochemical conditions of each site and characterizes inherent controls on habitability We observe distinct yet remarkably stable geochemical profiles at each site suggesting a separate water source for each Water isotopes and conductivity measurements support the presence of relatively young fluids at D2 and D5 compared to relatively older fluids at D1 Cationic compositions do not always correspond in a straightforward way to the lithologies encountered in each borehole log We suggest that this may indicate longer than predicted fluid flow paths channelized flow within intrusive rocks or quartz veins we are able to observe the changes induced by outlet modification of historical boreholes Redox sensitive ions were the most sensitive to these anthropogenic perturbations and stabilized after ∼<1 year whereas major ions were largely insensitive to these changes We suggest this might inform future efforts within the community to modify and sample other deep subsurface sites Energetic calculations identify a number of profitable sources of energy available to subsurface inhabitants of the DeMMO network particularly sulfide and iron oxidation as well as heterotrophic reactions We hope that this baseline serves to introduce the community to DeMMO such that it may be a resource for future queries into the deep subsurface environment All datasets generated for this study are included in the manuscript and/or the Supplementary Files MO designed the study and wrote the manuscript CC was a graduate student working at the site who collected most of the samples and performed microscopy AM was our isotope lab manager who produced DIC concentration and isotope data JA was PI of NAI Life Underground which funded most of this work This work was funded with NAI grant #NNAI3AA92A to JA (PI) and MO (Co-I) and NASA Exobiology grant #NNX15AM086 to MO Many people contributed to the successful completion of this project. We thank Pratixaben Savalia for producing dissolved gas measurements and George Rose for machining the packer components. In addition, we thank Jaret Heise, Tom Reagan, and Kathy Hart from SURF for their assistance with field expeditions, access to maps and drill logs, and for permission to publish Figure 2 The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00196/full#supplementary-material Optimized method for dissolved hydrogen sampling in groundwater Expanding frontiers in deep subsurface microbiology CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The Online Isotopes in Precipitation Calculator Interpolating the isotopic composition of modern meteoric precipitation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Global application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics an Early Proterozoic iron-formation-hosted gold deposit Establishment of the coast range ophiolite microbial observatory (CROMO): drilling objectives and preliminary outcomes Extremophiles and the search for extraterrestrial life CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar A 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Copyright © 2019 Osburn, Kruger, Masterson, Casar and Amend. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Magdalena R. Osburn, bWFnZ2llQG5vcnRod2VzdGVybi5lZHU= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Mar 22 (EFE).-Authorities on Saturday issued an emergency alert in six municipalities in central Spain due to rising water levels that have heightened the risk of flooding Heavy rainfall has inundated large parts of Toledo leading to a surge in the Alberche River’s water levels and prompting evacuations in several areas Officials have warned of further increases particularly affecting the Tagus and Alberche rivers The Special Civil Protection authorities sent the alert at 9:06 AM to residents in Santa Cruz de Retamar while precautionary evacuations have been carried out in neighborhoods of Escalona Authorities have also sent alerts through the Es-Alert system for flood-prone areas along the Tagus and Alberche rivers in Talavera de la Reina The alert advised residents to avoid flooded areas and refrain from activities near riverbeds Those in flood-risk zones were urged to move to higher ground or upper floors and to follow official instructions while avoiding unnecessary calls to emergency services Rising River Levels During a meeting of the Operational Coordination Center (Cecop) on Saturday officials warned of further increases in water levels in the Alberche and Tagus rivers The Tagus River remains at a red warning threshold reaching a flow of 950 cubic meters per second in Talavera de la Reina described as “very difficult.” afternoon classes were suspended on Friday in several schools including ‘Ribera del Tajo,’ ‘Padre Juan de Mariana,’ ‘Puerta de Cuartos,’ and ‘San Isidro.’ the river has reached a flow of 450 cubic meters per second Mayor Carlos Velázquez stated that authorities continue monitoring vulnerable areas particularly near the National Hospital for Paraplegics where emergency teams have been working since Thursday authorities closed two roads on Saturday morning due to flooding and landslides: the CM-10 in the capital and the GU-211 between Palancares and Valverde de los Arroyos Emergency services remain on high alert as water levels continue to rise A series of weather warnings and alerts have been issued for today and tomorrow following the arrival of Storm Laurence Yesterday saw significant flooding in Andalucía with two people being unaccounted for after being caught in flood waters Last night regional authorities issued a flood risk alert for six towns near the Alberche River in Toledo The affected municipalities include Santa Cruz de Retamar People are being advised to avoid flood prone areas and adhere to guidance to avoid flash flooding areas with two people being unaccounted for after being caught in flood waters.Last night regional authorities issued a flood risk alert for six towns near the Alberche River in Toledo I have read and agree to the terms & conditions and privacy policy We reach the halfway point of the 2020s and look to the future to find out what the new Metro de Madrid stops and lines will be the ambitious Metro expansion project stands out Almost ten years have passed since the last subway station the Metro network has remained intact in terms of new stops the city is preparing for an expansion that will bring the total number of stations to 311 Often referred to as “the diagonal line,” it will extend from Cuatro Vientos in the south to Valdebebas in the north connecting key neighborhoods and areas such as Madrid Río it will add stations such as Ciudad de la Justicia In addition, two new stations (Comillas and Madrid Río) are already in operation in the central section between Plaza Elíptica and Conde de Casal facilitating mobility in neighborhoods such as Carabanchel and Arganzuela This project will add 33 kilometers of track and has a budget of 517 million euros Although no stations will be added along the route the extension will greatly facilitate access to the airport from the center of Madrid with works scheduled to last around three years Line 8 could also undergo a significant change a new station is being considered between Nuevos Ministerios and Colombia that would connect the Santiago Bernabeu stadium with the airport this project does not yet have a start date and In the south, line 3 will see a 2.6-kilometer branch line connecting Villaverde Alto with El Casar thus reinforcing the network’s integration with the Cercanías lines line 9 will grow in the direction of Los Ahijones and Los Berrocales although this project will not see the light of day until 2027 the future line 13 will be the link between the new financial center of Chamartín and key urban developments such as Fuencarral Sur and Fuencarral Norte With three stations distributed along a three-kilometer route this new line promises to be a catalyst for growth in the area Although these expansions represent significant progress such as the connection of the Henares Corridor which is still not a priority in the current plans of a city that sees its population increase by more than 100,000 people year after year José Ortega Cano's ex has revealed whether she will become a mother again | en.e-noticies.cat, Instagram, @anamariaaldon PEOPLE Ana María Aldón Clarifies Whether She Is Pregnant by Eladio Her Future HusbandThe Andalusian designer has cleared up doubts about a possible pregnancy of her partner Eladio.11/03/2025 08:59:00h by Pilar G Ana María Aldón returned to Telecinco next weekend after several months away from television Ortega Cano's ex was welcomed with open arms by Emma García and the rest of the program's collaborators who confirmed that her plans include marrying her boyfriend Eladio then revealed that she has left the house where she lived with her son in El Casar The Andalusian thus confirmed that she and her boyfriend have chosen to live in a "much larger" house that they both pay for Emma García wanted to know if Ana María Aldón is expecting a child with her boyfriend Eladio who had been away from Mediaset since last June sat next weekend on the same Telecinco set to comment on Supervivientes "I needed that relaxation and it's good to step out of the comfort zone I've missed you all a lot," Aldón admitted to Emma García The former finalist of Supervivientes in 2020 began her journey as a collaborator on shows like Viva la vida or Ya es verano she repeated the experience in a reality show by becoming one of the stars of GH Dúo 2 Although she returned to Fiesta after leaving the Guadalix house last June she decided to step away from the media spotlight for a while The Andalusian has confessed that she has moved with her partner to a larger house | MediasetAna María Aldón also had some words for her son the woman from Cádiz revealed the fear she feels after learning that her son wants to be a bullfighter like his father "Seeing my son bullfighting is a bit tough," she admitted The panelist recalled that it was difficult for her not to be with her son on his eleventh birthday Aldón was participating in GH DÚO on such a significant date but I knew it was the best for us," she acknowledged   NEW ON FACEBOOK! 📲 Click here to receive the hottest royal and celebrity news directly to your Facebook, for FREE and EXCLUSIVE! Don't miss out! she is still moving forward with that project but everything is going slowly," she clarified with humor The designer has been away from television for a while, focusing on her online store. | Instagram, @anamariaaldonIt will be in her upcoming appearances as a commentator on everything that happens in Supervivientes when the Andalusian will give more clues about her current situation Ana María Aldón has returned to television happy both personally and professionally Stranded commuters were evacuated through dark tunnels within Madrid’s metro system after a widespread power outage disrupted transportation across Spain on Monday This footage was captured by X user @agusssgtf who said the video was filmed between the Villaverde Alto and El Casar stations of the Madrid Metro Hemos estado media hora para podemos haber hecho esto hemos estado media hora para podemos haber hecho esto hemos estado media hora podemos a todo esto If you’ve ever known the relief of a grandmother’s embrace or the comfort of pulling up in her driveway and knowing that a hot meal […] Connor Brown had a goal and two assists as the Edmonton Oilers punched their ticket through to the second round of the playoffs with a wild 6-4 […] (AP) — Detroit Democrats are once again trying to restore Black representation to the city by unseating an incumbent and website in this browser for the next time I comment.