By: Cassidy Delamarter Henrique Oliveira Gamonal de Castro, a junior computer science major, and Anthony Valverde Kong, a junior mechanical engineering major are working to improve the quality of life for patients with limb loss Henrique Oliveira Gamonal de Castro and Anthony Valverde Kong Read about the St. Petersburg undergraduate research projects.  Return to article listing Community Partnerships, Cyber/AI, Research and Innovation, Student Success Cassidy Delamarter, College of Arts and Sciences, College of Engineering, Muma College of Business Learn more about USF's journey to Preeminence by viewing Newsroom articles from past years More USF in the News Copyright © 2025, University of South Florida. All rights reserved This website is maintained by USF News. Background: Confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic has made dental treatments impossible in Chile and many other countries, including diabetic patients with periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of periodontal therapy in terms of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) during the COVID-19 pandemic in a cohort of diabetic patients with periodontitis. Conclusions: In diabetic type II patients with periodontitis periodontal therapy tends to improve the oral health-related quality of life despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Volume 2 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2021.682219 This article is part of the Research TopicWomen in Oral Health Promotion: 2021View all 5 articles Background: Confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic has made dental treatments impossible in Chile and many other countries including diabetic patients with periodontitis The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of periodontal therapy in terms of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) during the COVID-19 pandemic in a cohort of diabetic patients with periodontitis Material and Methods: Thirty-eight diabetic patients with stage III-IV periodontitis Periodontal clinical parameters including clinical attachment loss (CAL) probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) as well as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were evaluated at baseline and 3 months follow-up prior the pandemic The OHRQoL changes by means of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and a self-reported oral health questionnaire were assessed at baseline (prior pandemic) and during the pandemic via telemonitoring Results: Thirty-one patients received non-surgical periodontal therapy prior to the pandemic four died due to COVID-19 resulting in 27 patients available for telemonitoring at the time of the pandemic Periodontal therapy significantly improved CAL PPD and BOP (p < 0.05) but not HbA1c (p > 0.05) between baseline and 3 months follow-up pior to the pandemic Total OHIP-14 scores significantly improved between baseline and the middle of pandemic (intragroup comparison p = 0.00411) OHIP-14 scores related to the “Physical pain” (intragroup comparison p = 0.04) and “Psychological disability” (intragroup comparison p = 0.00) significantly improved between baseline and the middle of pandemic Conclusions: In diabetic type II patients with periodontitis periodontal therapy tends to improve the oral health-related quality of life despite the COVID-19 pandemic Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease (NCD) [1] that affects 9.3% of the world population [2] while in Chile, affects about 12% of the population [3]. Its treatment is included in the National Cardiovascular Health Program [4] and the main aim is to improve the metabolic control thereby preventing chronic microangiopathic complications and cardiovascular diseases [5] many patients suspended and postponed their dental treatments Diabetics have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 [26] and greater probability of worse prognosis and mortality most likely due to the concurring effect of other comorbidities Even though periodontal therapy can be considered a contagious risk situation in diabetics their oral health and glycemic control has to be maintained the impact of periodontal therapy on OHRQoL during the pandemic remains largely unknown it seems reasonable and clinically relevant to explore the OHRQoL during the pandemic in patients that had received periodontal treatment prior to the pandemic to evaluate the impact of periodontal therapy in terms of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) during the COVID-19 pandemic in a cohort of diabetic II patients with periodontitis The protocol of this study was revised and approved by the Ethics Committee of the “Metropolitano Occidente” Health Service (Decision number: 21/2018) The present study was conducted within the legal framework for studies in humans in Chile and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 The protocol of the study was explained to all patients and an informed consent was obtained after the explanation of the purpose risks and benefits of participating in this study The study population was composed of adults who were in the follow-up stage of the Cardiovascular Health Program at the Doctor Steeger Primary Care Center in Cerro Navia volunteers were selected through a non-probability convenience sampling Inclusion criteria were: patients of the Cardiovascular Health Program in the follow-up stage (control) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, presenting a glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c) ≥7% (in the last 6 months), and with a diagnosis of periodontitis according to the 2017 Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions [27, 28] Exclusion criteria were: patients who had received periodontal treatment in the last year Periodontal clinical parameters were evaluated at six sites in all teeth These parameters included probing pocket depth (PPD) dichotomous measurements of supragingival plaque accumulation (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) at the base of the crevice Clinical attachment loss (CAL) was determined using the distance from the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) to the free gingival margin (FGM) and the distance from the FGM to the bottom of the pocket/sulcus CAL (distance from the CEJ to the bottom of pocket/sulcus) was calculated The assessment of the periodontal supporting tissue status was made with a first-generation manual periodontal probe (UNC-15 measurements were rounded to the nearest whole millimeter One calibrated examiner performed the evaluations and measurements of all patients Calibration training was performed within successive days during which a group of 10 volunteers were examined All examinations were repeated until an acceptable consistency was achieved which was determined by an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.80 The levels of HbA1c were measured for all patients at baseline and at 3 months follow-up The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14 questionnaire was administered to all the participants at baseline and during the pandemic via telemonitoring (due to the confinement). OHIP-14 consists of 14 internationally validated questions [29] the questionnaire is subdivided in seven dimensions that comprise the sum of the scores of the different questions The “Functional limitations” dimension considers the following questions: (1) Have you felt that your breath has worsened because of problems with your teeth and (2) Have you felt that your digestion has worsened because of problems with your teeth The “Physical pain” dimension considers the following questions: (3) Have you had sensitive teeth The “Psychological discomfort” dimension considers the following questions: (5) “Have you felt totally unhappy because of dental problems?” and (6) “Have you felt dissatisfied with the appearance of your teeth mouth or denture?” The “Physical disability” dimension includes the following questions: (7) “Has your speech been unclear because of problems with your teeth mouth or denture?” and (8) “Have people misunderstood some of your words because of problems with your teeth mouth or denture?” The questions (9) “Has your sleep been interrupted because of problems with your teeth mouth or denture?” and (10) “Have you been upset because of problems with your teeth mouth or denture?” are analyzed in the “Psychological disability” dimension The questions (11) “Have you been less tolerant of your spouse or family because of problems with your teeth mouth or denture?” and (12) “Have you had difficulty doing your usual job because of problems with your teeth mouth or denture?” are included in the “Social disability” dimension The “Handicap” dimension includes the questions (13) “Have you been totally unable to function because of problems with your teeth mouth or denture?” and (14) “Have you been unable to work to your full capacity because of problems with your teeth Each question has five possible answers encoded with a score (never = 0; almost never = 1; occasionally = 2; frequently = 3; always = 4) The score of each dimension corresponds to the sum of the scores of the answers to the questions in the dimension The total OHIP-14 score corresponds to the sum of all answers of the questionnaire the worse the assessment of the oral health-related quality of life In addition, a self-reported oral health questionnaire was administered to all the patients during the confinement period [30, 31] Prior to the pandemic and confinement all articipants underwent non-surgical therapy involving scaling and root planing (SRP) with 1 week-intervals in between up to 4–6 sessions SRP was performed using an ultrasonic scaler (Cavitron U.S.A) and hand instruments (Hu Friedy Mfg Recall visits were performed at 3 months follow-up right before the pandemic the answers of the self-reported oral health questionnaire were also analyzed OHRQoL and periodontal clinical parameters were analyzed for all patients Quantitative data were recorded as the mean value ± standard deviation The scores of the OHIP-14 were reported using the median (interquartile range) and the answers of the self-reported questionnaire were reported in percentage The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the compliance of parameters with the normal distribution The Wilcoxon and Student test were used for paired samples The Fisher's exact test was used for the analysis of categorical variables The statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 The statistical analysis was performed using a statistical package (STATA 16 Baseline and pandemic OHIP-14Sp score in treated patients [median (interquartile range)] The answers to the self-reported questionnaire are displayed in Table 3 More than 50% of the individuals considered their oral health as Very good/Good 70.4% of the patients considered that their oral health was maintained during the confinement most of the individuals reported that they “did not” present these problems (p > 0.05) More than half of the patients thought that some tooth had a problem during the confinement no patient visited the and no teeth were lost because of mobility or pain (data not shown) frequency of responses to the self-reported questions Periodontal clinical parameters and levels of HbA1c are shown in Table 4 and PI in moderate and deep sites revealed a significant improvement between baseline 3 months follow-up (prior to the pandemic) along with a decrease in the percentage of sites and teeth with PPD ≥5 mm HbA1c levels did not significantly decrease after periodontal treatment and prior to the pandemic Clinical parameters and glycated hemoglobin at baseline and 3 months follow-up in treated group (n = 27) The present study in diabetics with periodontitis predominantly revealed that periodontal therapy tends to improve the oral health-related quality of life despite the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic These patients require additional treatment steps including surgical interventions and prosthetic rehabilitations which could not be performed due to the pandemic Periodontal therapy produced a significant attachment gain as wells as a decrease in PPD, BOP and PI. These findings are largely consistent with previous studies [57] on diabetic patients [10]. Nevertheless, a reduction of HbA1c due to the periodontal treatment was not observed. This is contrast to several previous reports revealing a reduction of HbA1c in diabetic patients after periodontal therapy [58–64] The lack of HbA1c reduction in the present study might be explained by the small sample size as well as the selection bias and other confounding variables such as other comorbidities The present study has a number of limitations that should be considered when interpreting the present findings the small sample size that limits the power of the study and the generalization of the present observations the selection bias and other potential sources of bias as well as the presence of other confounding variables — including other comorbidities — that were not addressed in the present report it remains unknown to what extent the therapy or the pandemic influenced the present results since an evaluation of OHRQoL after periodontal periodontal and before the pandemic could not be performed Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm these preliminary findings In diabetic type II patients with periodontitis periodontal therapy tends to improve the oral health-related quality of life despite the COVID-19 pandemic The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Comité Etica The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study and FS: conception and design of the study analysis and interpretation of data collected drafting of article and/or critical revision and final approval and guarantor of manuscript MM and CM examined and treated patients while FC and MB monitored the process All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by FONDEF ID18I10034 and PRI-ODO 19/003 The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest and Metropolitano Occidente Health Service Ethics and Research Committee 1. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Jorge Gamonal, amdhbW9uYWxAb2RvbnRvbG9naWEudWNoaWxlLmNs Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Cranes and bulldozers working on Avenida Gamonal in recent days have raised concerns with local residents who have witnessed the removal of 80 palm trees located in the Arroyo de la Miel district in Benalmádena is part of extensive municipal works that started in November 2024 aiming to improve pedestrian access in the area which has an investment of 2.6 million euros is one of the most ambitious initiatives of Benalmádena It will cover the renovation of eleven streets and 13,500 square metres of pavement One of the objectives is to make the area more pedestrian-friendly Although it was originally designed for tourism the district became increasingly residential over the years which means that there is daily foot traffic no major interventions have been carried out for decades According to Benalmádena's councillor for works one of the necessary interventions consists of complying with accessibility regulations which demand that pavements are 1.80 metres wide Any narrowing of a specific area should not go under 1.50 metres many of the streets are lined with numerous tree species that were planted in the past the main axis that gives its name to the whole area where 80 palm trees have been planted on the pavement (40 on each side of the street) Some of them will not be relocated: they will remain on Avenida Gamonal but in a position that allows 1.80 metres of unobstructed pavement Other trees will be planted in the green areas of the district The rest will be moved to the Albaytar park The councillor stated that the whole operation is part of the work project which is progressing without major setbacks at the moment The only issue faced so far is a slight delay as the works were expected to be completed by the end of May - a deadline that has extended to the end of June Benalmádena town hall intends to carry out a comprehensive remodelling but also of adjacent streets such as Capricornio The transformation includes improvement of street lighting Comentar es una ventaja exclusiva para registrados The Gamonal neighborhood of Burgos was headline news for days It was the scene of a residents’ rebellion provoked by municipal construction works that would supposedly improve the neighborhood and substitute 254 new underground parking spots (at a cost of 19,000 euros each) for 357 free-of-charge street-level ones and that gave rise to images of urban protest reminiscent of episodes in French or British districts This was a very local phenomenon and the protesters have kept it so The practical consequences will be local as well The neighborhood is the product of a rapid-development urban planning strategy low-quality and with a longtime parking problem these have not reached the main street: Calle Vitoria The boulevard in question is a bad imitation (a kilometer long) for that which was executed elsewhere in town by Herzog & de Meuron on freed-up railway land (a total of 12 kilometers) and involves quite a different urban structure thought out for a city with a population of 250,000 the figure Burgos will reach in the next two or three decades if it maintains its rate of growth of the last fifty years the boulevard by the Swiss architects is not their best It does not have the usual scale of their projects and the two buildings that were to be part of the commission are now history thanks to the acute crisis afflicting the railway consortium that was managing the urban transformation program The Gamonal situation is definitely improvable but the legitimate political powers must consider opportunity and sensitivity criteria in a context of both nationwide and local crisis Of the 180,000 inhabitants of Burgos (70,000 in Gamonal) the citizens have told their City Hall that they do not want improvements which incur direct costs on them and that now is not the time for improvements anyway not counting the two real estate projects – the FC Of course we have to regard the problem with a broad temporary perspective thanks to the real estate bubble of Burgos The response of residents and the way they are asserting their right to decide on public space point to a new model of civic relations What’s important in this case is its ultimate influence on local policies: no more inaugurations preserve what already exists and in the best way possible and avoid increases in debts and taxes; with the crisis on its sixth year The ‘Gamonal syndrome’ is a sign of the economic and social deterioration of the reality of many citizens but the selective character of the aggressions on banks showing that the protesters were not throwing stones on their own roofs Spain and its social scene has been in the limelight for some time now Economic deterioration and its unbearable unemployment rate of 26% – worse for young people combined with discouragement caused by corruption Spaniards have demonstrated maturity and restraint but our politicians ought to reflect on the regeneration of the System with the crisis in full swing Things just might be more serious the next time around there arent any match using your search terms This week major upgrading work began in the Gamonal area of Arroyo de la Miel it will affect Avenida de Gamonal itself and the surrounding streets of Capricornio It is a scheme that aims to renovate an area that has not seen any major investment for several decades but also because it is a densely populated neighbourhood and as the work progresses it will be necessary to redirect traffic in this area all the sanitation and water supply systems will be renovated All the green areas in this zone will also be redesigned transplanting and removal of tree species that need to be removed or transplanted to a more suitable location" will be carried out Pavements will also be replaced and redesigned creating "more pleasant pedestrian access which will benefit local residents and improve quality of life" The budget for these works is 2.6 million euros with an estimated completion period of six months Imagine it’s a cold day and you're looking for a way to warm up What better way than with a big cup of hot cocoa this is a beloved Christmas tradition known as chocolatada Peruvian chocolatada is a hot chocolate beverage with cocoa featuring distinctive spices like cinnamon It’s especially popular among low-income families with events called chocolatadas aimed at providing warmth and joy to children in need Members of the Peruvian community recently gathered at the Maria Reina de la Paz church in Hartford to celebrate The Torres family organizes the annual event They’re also founders of the Santa Rosa de Lima fraternity President and executive director Luz Elizabeth Torres said their family is dedicated to preserving their cultural tradition and the legacy of their father through his contributions to the community “This event has been coming up for many years already,” Torres said He always wanted to bring a smile to a kid's face People gathered in the church’s community room Over 100 young children eagerly formed a line to enter the party Children received candy-filled bags and sat with their parents Volunteers dressed as elves distributed toys sparking excitement as children anticipated their surprises Santa Claus – or Papá Noel as they call him in Peru – also made an appearance The children could hardly contain their excitement as they rushed to take pictures with him sitting on his lap and telling him their Christmas wishes who liked being with Santa and taking pictures with him The hot chocolatada with panettone is famous The chocolatada isn’t just about the hot cocoa; it’s often served with a slice of panettone a sweet bread introduced to Peru during the early 1900s by Italian immigrants While there are many theories on how the chocolatada tradition originated it is believed to have been brought over during Spanish colonization in the early 1500s the drink evolved into a way to bring people together during the holiday season The Peruvian chocolatada is a Christmas party “May everything be happiness and prosperity in the coming year,” she said Receive daily news and talk from Connecticut Public Radio directly to your inbox Mission Statement: to assist the integration of foreign residents living in Spain and this is never more accurate than when you establish yourself as a foreign resident in a new country Being able to quickly familiarise yourself with the culture and customs can help ease the transition during a challenging time This is why Euro Weekly News makes it our mission to provide you with a free news resource in English that covers both regional and national Spanish news – anything that we feel you will benefit from knowing as you integrate into your new community and live your best life in Spain you can forget about translating articles from Spanish into awkward English that probably don’t make much sense Let us be your convenient and essential guide to all things that will likely affect you as a foreign resident living in Spain The owners of 1,750 Benalmadena apartments are on the verge of losing their swimming pools and garages and are fighting in court to keep them Four communities of property owners in the Gamonal area have been fighting the construction company Sofico for years because the heirs to the company claim the land is theirs A half a century had passed when, in 2015, the residents of these four blocks of flats in Gamonal received official notification from the heirs to Sofico informing them that they would be taking back the land on where the swimming pools and garages were situated citing documentation that demonstrated that area of the plot still belonged to Sofico and was never included in in the original deeds which to date has only brought even more grief to the residents The Provincial Court ruled in favour of the heirs and now the case is going to the Supreme Court where the residents hope to have a final chance to save these 2 hectares of land The neighbours associations for the 4 buildings have vowed to fight to the end Subscribe to our Euro Weekly News alerts to get the latest stories into your inbox Euro Weekly News is the leading English language newspaper in Spain by delivering news with a social conscience we are proud to be the voice for the expat communities who now call Spain home With around half a million print readers a week and over 1.5 million web views per month EWN has the biggest readership of any English language newspaper in Spain The paper prints over 150 news stories a week with many hundreds more on the web – no one else even comes close Our publication has won numerous awards over the last 25 years including Best Free Newspaper of the Year (Premios AEEPP) Company of the Year (Costa del Sol Business Awards) and Collaboration with Foreigners honours (Mijas Town Hall) All of this comes at ZERO cost to our readers All our print and online content always has been and always will be FREE OF CHARGE Download our media pack in either English or Spanish members of a quirky religious mashup of evangelical Protestantism and Incan rites await the end times in their remote “Promised Land.” Members of the Israelites of the New Universal Pact — a religion that has nothing to do with Judaism — farm and sell their wares to townsfolk and occasional tourists while they await a post-Judgement Day return of the Inca empire and a new world order the members have their own bible and commandments and of course a prophet in the form of Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal who died in 2000 and was replaced by his son Jonas “God commands us to grow our beards and hair,” said a member named Gustavo who sells vegetables and sweets in the Peruvian town of Islandia Members of the community greet each other with a fraternal: “Peace of God brother” and are loathe to give their full names “All those who bind themselves to God must conform to his principles,” including renouncing alcohol waving the bible he carries with him everywhere Gamonal — a former Catholic and later Seventh-day Adventist — created the Israelites of the New Universal Pact in the 1970s among inhabitants of the Peruvian Andes The movement later moved to the Amazon rainforest which adherents view as the “Promised Land” and the only place that will survive the end of the world a cinematographer who specializes in the tri-border region The movement recruited followers mainly among Indigenous landless people but also former guerrillas of the now defunct Shining Path insurgency and in poor neighborhoods of Amazonian cities the religion counted nearly 200,000 members — although many left that same year after self-proclaimed prophet Gamonal’s promised resurrection three days after his death never happened Many settled in villages along the Javari and Amazon rivers which resembles a jungle Venice with its wooden houses on stilts in the Javari River There is not a car or motorbike in the town of 3,000 people about one-third of whom are members of the religion Men in the group wear their hair and beards long they gather to make burned offerings of cows There are also officials” in the local government said city secretary Linda Pimentel Santa Cruz Rossini said that the members “are reputed to be hard workers because for them Islandia is a gateway to the Javari Valley — the second-largest Indigenous territory of Brazil and home to what are said to be the last uncontacted tribes in the world Santa Cruz and others are working to turn Islandia with its sole restaurant and a fresh produce market under construction they are having to contend with an ominous presence of countless criminals in that part of the dense jungle: drug traffickers Despite the presence of Peruvian army boats the city “is a nest of traffickers of all kinds,” said a frequent visitor who did not want to be named for fear of reprisal Islandia today produces a large part of the vegetables consumed in the region playing an increasingly important role in the local economy and trade Members of the Israelites of the New Universal Pact have also created their own political party — the People’s Agricultural Front of Peru — which has several municipal and surprised many by obtaining more than 8 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections in 2020 The party advocates the adoption of divine law and agriculture as the best means of combating poverty the Israelites [members] have succeeded in establishing themselves as decisive actors in this Peruvian Far East .. a pioneering front that is advancing,” Rossini said The victims were targeted by a criminal gang who wanted to use their lands to grow lucrative palm oil Local leaders in the central Amazon region of Ucayali say the victims were targeted last Friday because they had refused to give up their land. A police report seen by the Guardian details how the farmers’ bodies were found early on Saturday dumped in a stream near the Bajo Rayal hamlet where the men had lived. then they killed them and threw them in a river,” Robert Guimaraes president of the local indigenous federation Feconau The police report says most of the men had shotgun wounds to the neck and at least one was found bound by the hands and feet An eyewitness told the police the victims were attacked by up to 40 armed men who had their faces covered “We have received death threats from the same land trafficking gang,” Guimaraes said “We are afraid for our families and we are asking the state for protection.” “These peasant farmers have paid the price for the inaction of the state and the local authorities in tackling land trafficking,” he added warning that the nearby Santa Clara de Uchunya community had also been threatened by land traffickers Guimaraes accused the local agricultural authority of handing out falsified land titles and said it also bore “direct responsibility” for the crime. A local investigation alleges former officials colluded in the falsification of land titles which were then sold to highest bidder “Everything points to regional government people being involved in trafficking land,” said Jose Luis Guzmán, an environmental prosecutor in the Amazon region which is plagued by illegal logging Julia Urrunaga, Peru director for the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) said: “The lack of clarity and consistency of land titling in the Peruvian Amazon has long been a ticking bomb for violent social conflict.” After four years of investigations into land-grabbing and large scale agribusiness projects violations of indigenous and local community rights as well as violations of environmental and forestry laws,” Urrunaga said “All of this with impunity in an environment dominated by corruption that ends up favouring large scale investors,” she added Observers fear the emergence of palm oil will fuel a new surge in land grabbing Yet the Peruvian government is promoting expansion claiming its cultivation will not threaten forests At a UN climate change summit in September 2014 Peru signed a $300m (£191m) deal with Norway to reduce net deforestation to zero by 2021 More than 120 environmental and land defenders have been killed around the world in 2017 so far with many of the deaths linked to deforestation and industry once again, the BoConcept smartville furniture collection and the smart fortwo edition BoConcept vehicle are at the heart of this one-day installation combined through the installation of black piping fitted with colorful joinery as a central design element josué gamonal explains: ‘these pipes are about bringing ideas together… we wanted to highlight the design of each piece pipes are part of an urban language for an urban environment.’ eduardo cassina adds: ‘they are a metaphor for rendering the invisible visible… relationships between people and objects and their surroundings… these types of synergies occur on a daily basis we wanted to stress the interconnectedness a larger system… the urban fabric.’ ‘my urban living room’ installation at the plaça reial reflection in the smart fortwo edition BoConcept windshield shows the surrounding environment photo by iganico navas black pipes with colorful joints are the central elements of the installation photo by iganico navas visitors interact with the installation and rest there photo by iganico navas the artwork in the plaza in barcelona photo by iganico navas (left) customized BoConcept smartville furniture collection (right) automobile accessories fitted into the installation photos by iganico navas a red light fitted at the end of the colorful joinery suspends above the car photo by iganico navas the artists eduardo cassina and josué gamonal within the installation photo by iganico navas eduardo cassina and josué gamonal with their urban project photo by iganico navas see more photos of the installation set-up AXOR presents three bathroom concepts that are not merely places of function but destinations in themselves — sanctuaries of style Facebook (Meta Platforms), through the entity Global Villacreces S.L., has submitted a development proposal to the Regional Government of Castilla-La Mancha to construct a 3.2 million sqft (300k sqm) data center campus near Talavera de la Reina a city located ~78 miles (~125 kilometers) southwest of Madrid According to Meta’s own experience in constructing similar data center campuses across Europe (i.e. the company expects to make a €1bn investment in the construction phase of this new data center campus in Spain As part of Meta’s data center expansion process in Europe as a location for the investment and construction of its new campus this campus will function as a key center for Meta in both Spain and southern Europe Facebook (Meta) is proposing a development project on 472 acres (191 hectares) of urban industrial land in the Torrehierro Phase 2 industrial estate which is located 7.5 miles (12 kilometers) west of Talavera de la Reina the city of Talavera de la Reina is situated in central Spain to the southwest of Madrid The development project is situated adjacent to the village of Gamonal as well as the Torrehierro Phase 1 industrial estate General Plan – Facebook (Meta) Proposed Development Meta intends to develop its data center campus on a 309-acre (125-hectare) plot – which is signified by the dashed black line above Whereas the land outside the campus plot will have other uses such as green areas Meta’s data center campus will comprise multiple facilities with a total building area of 3.2 million sqft (300k sqm) Elements Along and Within the Facebook (Meta) Site key elements along and within Meta’s site include: (#1) red line represents the site limit (#2) A-5 highway along the southern site limit (#3) N-502 highway along the northern site boundary (#7) yellow line signifies electrical network infrastructure (without voltage) and (#9) blue line shows wastewater network Facebook (Meta) estimate a total project investment of €1.03bn during the period between 2024 and 2030 will be directed towards construction costs and professional services fees For the purchase of land and associated legal administration representing only 1.8% of its total investment and the City (Ayuntamiento) of Talavera de la Reina Meta anticipates financing the entire project internally with no public or external financing required is owned by two of Facebook’s subsidiaries: i) Facebook International Operations Limited (Ireland) and ii) Runways Information Services Limited (Ireland) Facebook (Meta) intends to commence construction While professional services spending related to the development project will occur from 2022 through 2030 Meta’s data center campus will be built in phases with the first buildings expected to become operational in 2026 with the data center campus reaching its full operational capacity in 2030 Meta’s capital expenditures will grow from 2022 to 2024 reaching peak levels between 2025 and 2027 a reduction in investment will occur from 2028 to 2030 Meta’s Annual Investments into Castilla-La Mancha – from 2022 through 2030 Meta expects to invest a total of €220m per year in its data center campus development project of which ~€145m per year will be invested directly into the region of Castilla-La Mancha (above) the majority of Meta’s total investment of €1bn for construction is expected to remain in Spain with the company’s spending set to be €728m in the country €713m will relate to construction activity in Castilla-La Mancha it represents more than three times the gross foreign investment in the entire Castilla-La Mancha region during the first three quarters of 2021 Facebook (Meta) is considering the construction of a new on-site substation to supply power to its data center campus. As such, this substation would have several high-voltage connections with the region’s power grid. Additionally, it is also possible for a supply substation, either from Red Eléctrica de España and/or Iberdrola to cover smaller energy needs of the data center campus Facebook (Meta) has provided the following estimates regarding its demand for potable (i.e. safe to drink) water and its production of wastewater these estimates pertain to water demand for industrial use and wastewater generated by the data center campus Facebook (Meta) bases its estimates for the water consumption of its data center campus in Spain on the performance and operation of similar facilities During the 6-year development phase of the data center campus Facebook (Meta) anticipates that an average of 840 construction workers will be on-site the company expects to create over 1.1k direct construction jobs Meta indicates that the proposed development will directly employ 250 workers when fully built the campus will require €30m of operating expenditure each year Based on operational metrics from other data centers in Europe this would equate to compensation of €98.2k per position Meta’s data center infrastructure in Europe includes three large-scale campuses READ MORE: Meta Platforms (Facebook) Data Center Locations Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In the 1960s the Sofico Group (Sociedad Financiera Internacional de Construcciones) was founded with a clear objective: to build, sell and rent flats on the Costa del Sol. Tourism was booming and the golden age of construction on this stretch of coastline was beginning. Everyone wanted to spend their holidays on the Costa del Sol and, if possible, to have an apartment there, and even rent it. Many years had passed before the residents of these four communities heard from Sofico again. It was in 2015 when they received a notification from the company's heirs stating that the land on which the swimming pools, gardens and car parks of these four communities were located remained the property of the company, instead of belonging to the residents who had been using and caring for them for decades. A legal battle then began between the new Sofico and the owners, which to date has only been unpleasant for the latter. The company has obtained a favourable ruling from the judge both in the first instance and in the provincial court, and now the case is heading for the Supreme Court, where the neighbours hope to have one last chance. If they do not succeed in asserting their rights over the land, they face the loss of 2 hectares of land currently valued at twelve million euros. This court battle has opened up another even more bloody battle, but on a different scale: that of some of the owners of these communities against the lawyers who have represented them until now, as well as against the presidents and administrators. "The land is registered in the land registry in the name of Sofico, but there are documents that prove that the owners bought it when they purchased their homes. The problem is that the lawyers who have so far represented the four communities have not made use of these documents throughout the process," explained Bernardo Gómez Corraliza, owner of two of these flats (bought by his parents when he was still a child), a lawyer by profession and professor of civil law. A significant number of the residents are fighting for sufficient representation to be able to convene owners' meetings and approve a change in legal representation, so that Gómez Corraliza now takes up the cause. This is not proving easy, given that many of the owners are foreigners and it is the administrators who have their contacts and proxy votes. "In the past, many things were done in this way, the residents bought, but they did not draw up deeds, nor did they register the properties, but that does not mean that it is not theirs, the purchase documents exist. The normal thing would have been for those papers to be the first to be presented to the court, but it was not until last year that they were used and it was too late in the process," said the lawyer. "Sofico sold the land bare, it was the residents who had to landscape it. We have been swimming in those pools for thirty years, paying lifeguards, gardeners, water and taxes, and now we are faced with this. If we don't get something in the Supreme Court we have no other choice, we will have to pay Sofico to recover the land, which is what they want, to make a profit. This is unacceptable, we are going to fight this until the end". Registered office Málaga, Avda. Dr. Marañón, 48. Volume 13 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838441 This article is part of the Research TopicThe Representation of ContextView all 5 articles Frame Semantics includes context as a central aspect of the theory Frames themselves can be regarded as a representation of the immediate context against which meaning is to be construed the notion of frame invocation includes context as one possible source of information comprehenders use to construe meaning As the original implementation of Frame Semantics Berkeley FrameNet is capable of providing computational representations of some aspects of context we present FrameNet Brasil: a framenet enriched with qualia relations and capable of taking other semiotic modes as input data We claim that such an enriched model is capable of addressing other types of contextual information in a framenet namely sentence-level cotext and commonsense knowledge We demonstrate how the FrameNet Brasil software infrastructure addresses contextual information in both database construction and corpora annotation We present the guidelines for the construction of two multimodal datasets whose annotations represent contextual information and also report on two experiments: (i) the identification of frame-evoking lexical units in sentences and (ii) a methodology for domain adaptation in Neural Machine Translation that leverages frames and qualia for representing sentence-level context Experimental results emphasize the importance of computationally representing contextual information in a principled structured fashion as opposed to trying to derive it from the manipulation of linguistic form alone the surrounding text is the starting point of any frame semantic analysis since frames are instantiated either via their evocation by specific linguistic units or via their invocation by comprehenders from the combination of clues found in text Frame Semantics has been computationally implemented in the form of framenets, first for English (Baker et al., 1998), and then for several other languages, including Brazilian Portuguese, by FrameNet Brasil (Torrent and Ellsworth, 2013) Because they are structured according to the principles of Frame Semantics framenets are in theory capable of computationally representing diverse aspects of context we discuss the extent to which framenets are capable of representing context and demonstrate that enriching the original framenet database structure with other dimensions of meaning representation and other communicative modes augments this capacity we start by briefly presenting the original Berkeley FrameNet model in section 2 and the dimensions of context it captures we present three new relations added to FrameNet Brasil (FN-Br) and discuss how they add new dimensions of meaning representation to the framenet model Section 4 demonstrates how the FN-Br model can be extended to represent contextual information captured by the analysis of other communication modes two experiments based on the proposals presented in the previous two sections have their results reported on while section 6 presents the conclusions of this article Each frame comprises a definition and a set of Frame Elements (FEs). The definition provides a general description of the scene represented by the frame and, in most cases, it references the FEs. FEs, in turn, are classified into core and non-core, the first being mandatory for the instantiation of the frame, and the latter indicating circumstantial information that may appear in sentences featuring the frame-evoking LU (Ruppenhofer et al., 2016) which is an entity that participates in a coordinated way in the touring event with the TOURIST which identifies when the touring activity takes place FrameNet annotation consists of syntactically and semantically analyzing a target LU. The multi-layer lexicographic annotation consists of at least three layers of annotation: one for Frame Elements (FE), one for Grammatical Functions (GF), and another for Phrase Types (PT). Figure 2 provides an example of a framenet annotation set for the LU visit.v evoking the Touring frame Note that the annotation assigns both semantic and morphosyntactic metadata to the sentential context—also referred to as cotext–of the target LU • Inheritance: Similarly to the idea of subsumption this relation indicates that all facts that are strictly true for the semantics of the mother frame must correspond to some equally or more specific facts associated with the daughter frame The FEs in the mother frame must be associated with those in the daughter frame but the latter may have different names and definitions the daughter frame may have more FEs than the mother frame • Perspective_on: This relation implements the idea of profiling taking the Figure-Ground distinction into consideration Different lexical items—for example buy.v and sell.v—may refer to an event of goods transfer but they do so from two different perspectives represented by the Commerce_buy and the Commerce_sell frames This allows for the profiling of different aspects relevant to the context • Using: This relation is mostly used for cases where part of the scene in the daughter frame refers to the mother frame. Fillmore and Baker (2009) explain that the daughter frame depends on the background knowledge of the mother frame meaning that at least some of the core FEs in both of them should be related • Subframe: This relation represents the possibility of a merological interpretation for events the daughter frame is expressed as a sub-event of a more complex mother event • Precedes: This relation indicates that there is a temporal order between frames—the mother frame precedes the daughter frame—allowing for some basic inference about preceding and following events • Causative_of: The mother frame represents a version of the daughter frame where the agent or cause of the event represented by the frame is profiled This relation allows for inferring some systematic cause-effect processes • Inchoative_of: Also related to cause-effect processes this relation indicates that the mother frame depicts a change of state scene whose result is the daughter frame it inherits from both Tourism_scenario and Perception_Active it carries all the information of the parent frames in a more specific manner the PERCEIVER_AGENTIVE FE in the latter frame is specified as the TOURIST FE in Touring Touring is a perspective on Attraction_tourism which means that the first adopts the point of view of the tourist while the latter is neutral to perspectivization we need to consider the idea of Visiting in the background Because BFN combines a structured database with annotation associating the categories in this database to linguistic data contextual information can be represented in BFN by the frames the original BFN structure can capture contextual information of the following types: • Commonsense knowledge about the participants and props usually involved in a given type of event as well as information on their nature and on attributes that can be assigned to them it is represented by the valence descriptions extracted from the annotation • Commonsense knowledge about the events attributes and entities related to the main predicate in a given sentence This information is structurally represented via frame-to-frame relations It can also be represented in full-text annotation when all lexical units are treated as targets and their dependents are annotated note that the ATTRACTION FE is assigned to the NP Copacabana beach we could associate the head of the NP beach.n with the concept of ATTRACTION This association represents a piece of commonsense knowledge about tourism namely that natural features such as beaches mountains and lakes have the potential to become tourist attractions the current BFN structure has no means of storing the generalization expressed in the previous sentence To properly represent this and other types of contextual information in FrameNet we propose adding other dimensions of meaning to the current frame structure As described in section 2, the BFN structure is not capable of representing all contextual information associated with commonsense knowledge whose importance to meaning construction is recognized in Frame Semantics. In this section, we discuss the extent to which three additions to the FrameNet database structure proposed by FrameNet Brasil (Torrent et al., submitted1)—FE-to-frame metonymy and ternary qualia relations—can enhance the representation of context The FE-to-frame relation models the fact that a given FE in a frame may reference another frame in a framenet Such mapping does not necessarily apply to the definition of a semantic type to the FE Its purpose is to extend the conceptual interpretation of FEs so that besides representing the instantiation of micro-thematic functions in an annotation set they may also represent commonsense knowledge Let us return to the example of the Touring frame in Figure 1. This frame features three core FEs: TOURIST, ATTRACTION, and PLACE. As the discussion of the annotation set in Figure 2 reveals, it is common that a part of the sentence instantiating an FE contains a lexical item that may evoke another frame. In the case of the sentence in Figure 2 which is instantiated by the noun phrase thousands of tourists The noun tourist in this noun phrase evokes the People_by_leisure_activity frame One alternative for representing those kinds of connections between frames in the database could be proposing a Using relation between People_by_leisure_activity and Touring such a solution would not be capable of identifying that the part of the latter that refers to the first is the TOURIST FE To properly represent which concept in the system of concepts—the frame—is linked to another frame, FN-Br created the FE-to-frame relation. In the Touring frame, this relation maps not only the TOURIST FE to the People_by_leisure_activity frame, but also the PLACE FE to the Locale frame and the ATTRACTION FE to the Natural_features, Buildings and Locale_by_use frames, as shown in Figure 3 Frame Element-to-Frame relations in the Touring frame non-core FEs are sometimes proposed in BFN to account for phenomena that would be more properly addressed in a Constructicon The Touring frame meets both eligibility criteria its core FEs are candidates to the FE-to-frame relation each FE is analyzed for the aspect of the scene they represent a linguist may assign one or more frames to the FE Linguists should choose the frame(s) most informative for modeling the semantics of each FE translates into choosing the frame that is so that it can represent the semantics of the FE as broadly as possible so that this representation does not include information that is not relevant for the FE linguists followed the guidelines presented next: attributes and relations are eligible to The FE-to-frame relations If the frame is an instance one of the four types mentioned use information from the FE definition or semantic type to determine the type of concept it refers to search the most top-level frame representing it Analyze the inheritance chain of the top-level frame chosen checking both the definitions of the frames in the chain and the LUs evoking them to choose the frame that represents the correct degree of granularity for the prototypical fillers of the FE for which the relation is being created The application of the eligibility criteria and the maximized informativeness principle to the FN-Br database resulted in the proposition of 3,582 instances of the FE-to-frame relation 1,198–91.7%–have at least one instance of the relation The average of FE-to-frame relations per frame is 2.98 relations per frame A total of 40 out of the 108 frames—37%—that do not feature any instance of the FE-to-frame relation represent entities The remaining 63% are distributed between non-lexical and other very high-level frames representing abstract relations or image schemata This is to say that virtually every frame in the FN-Br database representing an event attribute or relation has at least one core FE linked to at least one other frame in the database FE-to-frame relations represent a sensible increase in the granularity of semantic representation provided by FN-Br the FN-Br database features 1,846 frame-to-frame relations of the types defined in section 2 FE-to-frame relations almost double the number of relations in the database which would be the alternative to represent the mappings modeled by FE-to-frame relations the latter increase by seven times the number of relations The FE-to-frame relation captures important aspects of the semantics of FEs adding a new dimension of representation of contextual information it is still not capable of modeling another pervasive phenomenon in language: that of metonymy The next section addresses how this is accounted for in the FN-Br database The translation of such a distinction into the framenet domain results in the fact that metaphoric mappings are to be accounted for via frame-to-frame relations while metonymic ones should be modeled as frame internal relations (1)      São Paulo oferece bares cantinas e pastelarias para praticamente todos os gostos In (1), São Paulo is a metonymically named entity. According to Lakoff (1987 metonymies occur when concept A and concept B are both contained in a conceptual structure referencing A via B is “more immediately useful for the given purpose in the given context.” In the example we can interpret that there is a set of social organizations running businesses that offer food services to people São Paulo is a political locale where such organizations are located where the NP São Paulo is the subject of the verb oferecer “offer,” invites the inference that the social organizations operating in this city are being referenced São Paulo stands out in relation to the social organizations because they are too many to be useful for the purpose in this context we assume that the political locale stands for the social organizations in this sentence framenet analysis revolves around Lexical Units could be annotated for the following LUs: oferecer.v “offer,” evoking the Offering frame; bar.n “pub,” restaurante.n “restaurant,” comida de rua.n “foodtruck,” cantina.n “cafeteria,” and pastelaria.n “dumpling store” evoking the Food_services frame; and gosto.n “taste” evoking the Sensation frame that São Paulo would not be considered an LU evoking the Political_locale frame because framenet annotation does not take proper nouns as targets the only means to extract contextual information about the named entity São Paulo in (1) is the linguistic annotation of oferecer.v (2)      [São PauloOFFERER] ofereceOffering [bares cantinas e pastelariasTHEME] [para praticamente todos os gostosPOTENTIAL_RECIPIENT] The implementation of metonymic relations among FEs covers yet another aspect of contextual information grounded on commonsense knowledge that is not represented in other framenets Although FE-to-frame and Metonymy relations add other dimensions of representation to the framenet model they are both restricted to one type of data structure: frames contextual information may also be derived from relations established between LUs FN-Br implemented Ternary Qualia Relations An instance of the Metonymy relation in the FN-Br database Deriving a (computational) representation of context from linguistic material—e.g. lexical items in a sentence—involves not only representing the meaning of such linguistic material—whatever definition of meaning is being assumed—but also associating what is linguistically expressed with commonsense knowledge computational implementations make use of ontologies to represent commonsense knowledge In the field of Information Science, ontologies are defined as a formalized explicit specification of the terms in a domain and of the relations between them, given some shared conceptualization (Gruber, 1995; Borst, 1997) • formalized means machine readable; • explicit specification refers to concepts • shared indicates that the knowledge is grounded on commonsense; • conceptualization refers to some abstract model of a real world phenomenon Nonetheless, the use of ontologies for representing the semantics of natural languages is not free of difficulties. Huang et al. (2010) propose an ample discussion of the interface between lexica and ontologies relations between meanings may be transposed to some extent to relations between concepts in an ontology the kind of knowledge that lexica and ontologies try to capture are different in nature although the extent of such a difference is not easily measurable Nonetheless, if there is an intention to use a framenet for Natural Language Understanding tasks, some degree of formalization is necessary. Fillmore and Baker (2009) state that it is possible to think that each LU evokes its own frame This is to say that each frame in a framenet actually represents the parcel of meaning that is common to each of them the background knowledge needed for their understanding which distinguishes it from the other LUs evoking the same frame The solution adopted by FN-Br for creating a lexical ontology is based on an extrapolation of this reasoning A lexical ontology seeks to explore the commonalities shared by lexica and ontologies at the same time that it creates mechanisms for reducing the differences between them. According to Lenci (2001) ontologies are formal tools that may represent lexical knowledge provided that lexical meanings can be treated as entities classified in terms of the types the ontology offers The relations between meanings would be derived from the relations between the ontological types Building a lexical ontology involves challenges related to polysemy and context the fact that words may bear more than one related meaning and that their meanings depend on the context they are used in poses challenges for formalizing relations between them Facing those challenges, the SIMPLE lexical ontology (Lenci et al., 2000) developed within a collaboration funded by the European Union has the purpose of providing a computational semantic lexicon for twelve languages two of them have been reframed by FN-Br in the implementation of Ternary Qualia Relations: (a) the codification of words as Semantic Units (SemU) and (b) the use of extended qualia relations for characterizing lexical meaning Simple SemUs are roughly similar to framenet LUs or WordNet synsets Each SemU expresses a specific—or disambiguated—meaning of the lexical item and is associated to a semantic type specified by the ontology in a way similar to how LUs are associated with frames Each semantic type in the ontology has a structure of associated qualia relations Extended qualia relations implemented the qualia structure proposed in the Generative Lexicon Theory (GL) (Pustejovsky, 1995) GL proposes that lexical meaning is structured by four generative factors Each quale captures how humans understand entities and their relations in the world and aims to provide some minimal explanation for the linguistic behavior of lexical items • Formal—describes the basic category for the item and provides the information that distinguishes an entity within a larger set inside its semantic domain • Constitutive—expresses a variety of relations concerning the internal constitution of an entity • Telic—concerns the typical function or purpose of an entity • Agentive—concerns the origin of an entity The four qualia roles represent the different dimensions in which the meaning of a lexical item may be characterized This multi-dimensionality is illustrated for the word pizza.n in example (3) These distinct dimensions are triggered by different predicates and are important for characterizing the contextual information associated with the lexical item in different sentences (3)      The kids wanted pizza (wanted to eat—telic) This pizza is too difficult (difficult to make—agentive) There was pizza all over the living room (substance—formal) This whole grain flour pizza is amazing (ingredient—constitutive) The SIMPLE specification treats each quale as a relation occupying the top of a hierarchy of more specific relations: the extended qualia relations the is_a_part_of extended quale is a specification of the constitutive quale FN-Br reframed the idea of extended qualia relations implemented in SIMPLE to create Ternary Qualia Relations (TQR) Each TQR is specified by a background frame Such a specification is implemented by associating one core FE in the mediating frame to each LU in the TQR Returning to the constitutive quale connecting flour and pizza in (3) the TQR connecting flour.n and pizza.n in the FN-Br database is mediated by the Ingredients frame so that the MATERIAL and the PRODUCT FEs are linked to each of the LUs TQRs are used for both formalizing the FN-Br lexicon and to enrich the network of relations in the database Two important distinctions between TQRs and extended qualia must be noted: SIMPLE specifies qualia relations at the level of Semantic Types Each Semantic Type defines the relations a SemU associated to it must implement so that the relation between two LUs is mediated by a frame that represents the meaning of the relation Figure 5. Ternary Qualia Relations for pizza.n. Reproduced with permission from Belcavello et al. (2020) The new relations proposed by FN-Br add new dimensions of representation to the model and when adequately processed—see section 5—may allow for the extraction of contextual information Before looking into their potential contribution to language processing and understanding tasks let us first turn our attention to another dimension of context represented in FN-Br: that grounded on other semiotic modes Both groups propose analyses where grammatical constructions would evoke frames representing situational context framenets still lack a consistent set of frames for representing this dimension of contextual information fine-grained analyses of the semantics yielded by the combination of visual and textual modalities are still rare To include the possibility of analyzing other communication modes within the framenet methodology, FN-Br has developed Charon, a multimodal annotation tool and database management application. The tool implements a pipeline for preprocessing multimodal corpora that includes the steps in Figure 7 Multimodal corpus import and processing pipeline the corpus used was an episode of a Brazilian Travel Show where the host speaks Brazilian Portuguese when talking to the camera The interviews are subtitled in Brazilian Portuguese Although the corpus used in the pilot annotation experiment refers to the Tourism domain any frame can be used for multimodal annotation The process of text extraction from subtitles starts in the image processing segment of the pipeline these images are submitted to an OCR service which extracts the subtitles and timestamps them The text generated is combined with the audio transcription and this combined text file is offered to a human annotator who can review and edit it The final version of the text is sent to the output file The third segment of the pipeline takes the still images runs them through a computer vision algorithm timestamps them and sends all this information to the output file we have a JSON file that contains: (i) the text generated from the combination of audio and subtitles with start and end timestamps for each sentence; and (ii) coordinates of all detected visual objects and the start and end timestamps of their appearances on screen After, the data is made available for the following annotation methods: (i) independent text annotation; (ii) independent visual annotation; (iii) text-oriented multimodal annotation; and (iv) visual-oriented multimodal annotation. In Figure 8 we see an example of text-oriented visual annotation Both objects—66 and 67—were annotated for the Attraction_tourism frame This annotation is text-oriented because seconds before this video frame (4)      O centro de Reykjavik é famoso pela arte de rua pelas casas coloridas e por algumas atrações turísticas Downtown Reykjavik is famous for street art colored sidewalks and for some tourist attractions This sentence made it possible for the text annotator to choose the Attraction_tourism frame for the multiword expression atrações turísticas.n (tourist attractions). Consider, then, the situational context. When a viewer sees the shot depicted in Figure 8 it is natural to recognize the cathedral shown in the previous shot we can say we have the Attraction_tourism frame in the image matching the Attraction_tourism frame evoked by the multiword expression atrações turísticas.n (tourist attractions) This is one example of how Charon allows for the enrichment of the FN-Br database with multimodal data The possibilities allowed for the inclusion of other communicative modes in framenet made plans for building fine-grained semantically annotated multimodal datasets possible This dataset aims to provide a means to analyze how the frame-based semantic representation of verbal language interacts with that produced by the frame-based annotation of video sequences, or, more precisely, of sequences of visual frames forming a video. The effort is aimed at detecting audio and video combination possibilities in terms of frames, as in the example shown in Figure 8 Because the annotation of video sequences in correlation with linguistic data adds a whole new dimension of meaning construction possibilities the Frame2 dataset was planned as a domain-specific dataset for the Tourism domain The modeling of this domain in the FN-Br database counts with all the additional dimensions described in section 3 the multimodal objects selected for annotation are the episodes of the TV Travel Series “Pedro pelo Mundo.” The show premiered in 2016 on GNT a cable TV channel dedicated to entertainment and lifestyle productions Four seasons of “Pedro pelo Mundo” were aired until 2019 The first season has 10 episodes of 23 min each third and fourth are also composed by 10 episodes each we plan for the annotation of all episodes in the first season The plot of each episode focuses on getting in contact and exploring social economic and cultural aspects of a location which has experienced some kind of recent transformation instead of merely proposing a touristic view of popular places of interest most of the episodes focus on a specific city but some propose a broad view of a country Colombia and the already mentioned example of Iceland The format of the show combines stand ups, voice-over sequences, short interviews and video clip sequences. It offers, then, rich material as exemplar of complex composition of audio and video for meaning making. For each 23-min-episode, the audio transcription combined with the subtitles according to the pipeline in Figure 7 generates approximately 200 sentences which means 2,000 sentences for the first season Taking the FN-Br average of 6.1 annotation sets per sentence the annotation of the whole verbal language part of the corpus should yield the pilot experiment yielded an average of 2.5 annotation sets per sentence meaning an expected total of circa 5,000 annotation sets upon completion of the annotation process All ten episodes were submitted to Charon's import and processing pipeline The resulting text from both speech-to-text and OCR have been then reviewed Example of video annotation for frames and FEs in Charon Streetscene image reproduced with permission from GNT the annotation of both modes—audio and video—does not always generate direct correlations (5)      Quando a gente pensa na Escócia a primeira coisa que vem à mente é homem de saia uísque escocês e gaita de fole the first things that come to mind are man in skirts For this sentence the annotator chose the frame People for homem.n (man.n). It is spoken some seconds before the viewer sees the image in Figure 9 the annotator chose People_by_origin as the frame evoked by object 18 instead of the People frame evoked by homem.n (man.n) The reason behind this choice is the fact that the man depicted in the video right after the audio mentions homem de saia (man in skirt) is wearing a kilt and playing a bagpipe These represent the typical clothing and musical instrument of Scotland This combination of factors makes it very likely to infer that what the viewer sees is a Scottish person it makes it possible for the annotator to choose the People_by_origin frame instead of the People frame This kind of annotation is an example of a multimodal frame-mediated Ternary Qualia Relation Figure 10. Frame-mediated ternary qualia relations for homem de saia.n and object 18. Reproduced with permission from Belcavello et al. (2020) Despite the amount of recent work focusing on the development of multilingual image description datasets (Elliott et al., 2017) and the significant advances obtained by research on Multimodal Machine Translation and Crosslingual Image Description (Specia et al., 2016; Elliott, 2018; Lala and Specia, 2018; Yao and Wan, 2020) we argue that the further development of computational applications aimed at improving the performance of Machine Translation algorithms requires a multimodal-multilingual dataset that incorporates the type of fine grained semantics only made possible by grounding textual references to specific image regions via the establishment of textual-visual frame relations In order to develop this frame-based multimodal application our proposed model must be able to not only attribute categories to objects in an image but also to take advantage of the relations that are established between those entities reflecting how they interact with the world taking into account aspects like the background scenario evoked by that particular visual scene annotators are presented with an image alongside one of its original English descriptions making it possible for students majoring in translation studies to provide the correspondent translated description with its respective entities and bounding box information extracted from the Flickr30k Entities dataset; (ii) one of its five captions with highlighted sentence fragments linked to a manually annotated bounding box; and (iii) the frames and FEs evoked by each textual-visual pairing of a sentence fragment and its correlated object from the image Figure 11. Multimodal image annotation interface. Due to copyright issues, the original image from the Flickr 30K corpus has been substituted by a similar licensed image from Adobe Stock. Image reproduced from Adobe Stock with permission Example sentence (6) has five highlighted segments—“A girl,” “a ponytail,” “her shoes,” “a bent knee,” “a grassy field”—each one corresponding to five entities/bounding boxes in the image—numbered from 1 to 5 in the Entities For the segment “A girl,” correlated with the Entity 1 DAISY—while considering the class “people” from the original dataset—automatically assigned the frame People when taking into account both the visual and textual modalities simultaneously the correct frame is People_by_leisure_activity The same goes for the segment “her shoes” which without the information provided by visual modality could be considered an LU from the Clothing frame but was correctly tagged by the annotator for the Sports_equipment frame given the fact that (6)      A girl in a ponytail is tying her shoes with a bent knee while on a grassy field After the completion of the annotation process the resulting frame-based multimodal dataset is expected to have 155,070 original Brazilian Portuguese captions 155,070 new English-Portuguese translated captions and five sets of Entity-FE-frame relations for each one of the 276,000 manually annotated bounding boxes corresponding to each entity we present two experiments to evaluate the extent to which the representation of both sentence cotext and commonsense knowledge provided by the FE-to-frame and the Ternary Qualia Relations may aid in Computational Linguistics tasks Section 5.1 reports on the task of automatically identifying frame-evoking LUs in sentences while section 5.2 discusses the application of the multidimensional FN-Br representation to domain adaptation in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) Automatically identifying frame-evoking LUs is typically the first step in any automatic Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) process built on a framenet. Semafor (Chen et al., 2010), Open Sesame (Swayamdipta et al., 2017) and Sling (Ringgaard et al., 2017) are the most known examples of frame-based semantic role labelers Although using different computational techniques the three of them rely on the BFN annotated corpus for training The data driven approach adopted by those systems makes it virtually impossible for them to be expanded to other languages because no other framenet for no other language has annotated as many sentences as BFN: 200,000 FN-Br developed DAISY (Disambiguation Algorithm for Inferring the Semantics of Y) DAISY differs from the systems mentioned in the previous paragraph in two ways: (i) the assignment of a frame to an LU relies on the structure of the network of frames without using information from annotation sets and (ii) because it is annotation-independent it can be used for any language for which there is a framenet regardless of the number of annotation sets available DAISY's algorithm builds a graph from the several relations available in FN-Br Such a graph can be regarded as a type of semantic network whose nodes are word forms The construction of the graph includes the following steps: 1. The syntactic structure of the sentence is obtained via a dependency parser. For the experiment reported in this article, we used Universal Dependencies (UD) tags (de Marneffe et al., 2021) automatically obtained from the Spacy UD library2 This process also provides the lemmas to be used in the graph The system searches the sentence for multiword expressions in the FN-Br database of lemmas Each cluster contains a lemma and the lemmas that establish a dependency relation with it LUs associated with each lemma are obtained from the FN-Br database The frame evoked by each LU is obtained from the FN-Br database; The frame-to-frame relations are retrieved and stored The FE-to-Frame relations are retrieved and stored as relations between frames; All relations above are implemented as arches in the graph using the FE-F relation in Brazilian Portuguese and English for the assignment of frames to lemmas This represents a tremendous gain for frame-based automatic semantic role labeling for languages other than English since all the other currently available tools require training on a large amount of annotated data the percentage of non-assigned frames reveals there is room for improvement of DAISY's performance Non-assignment is mostly due to database errors—such as a lacking word form for example—and mismatches between the part of speech of the lemma recognized by the dependency parser and the one in the framenet database we evaluate the role of TQRs in another task relying on sentence-level context: that of domain adaptation in machine translation once NMT models are fine-tuned for a specific domain their performance on out-of-domain translations decays sensibly The reason why we chose the experiment reported in Costa et al. (2022) to discuss the contributions of TQRs for representing contextual information in FN-Br is because, unlike FE-to-frame relations, which have been already implemented for all the frames in the database, TQRs have only been fully implemented for the circa 40 frames modeling the Sports domains in FN-Br (Costa, 2020). Also, the frames proposed by Costa (2020) are bilingual meaning that there are LUs evoking them for both Brazilian Portuguese and English Scylla compares the frames evoked in both the source sentence and the automatically translated sentence and, if they do not match, the system substitutes the inadequate term by another one that is adequate given the sentence-level context. According to Costa et al. (2022) The source sentence is sent to the NMT API and the n-best generated translations are retrieved 2. The system queries the bilingual FN-Br database of Sports frames and a bilingual dictionary to retrieve all possible translations for the lexical items in the n-best translations5 The system compares the translation equivalents retrieved with the lexical items in the source sentence and creates an alignment pair for every match in the comparison The equivalence sets are concatenated to generate a set of translation alternatives for each lexical item in the sentence Whenever the equivalence set does not match the translation generated by the NMT API Scylla substitutes the out-of-context translation by an in-domain equivalent The Scylla pipeline is summarized in Figure 13 To illustrate how the system works with a real example (7)      O ponta é o jogador que menos tempo tem para pensar na armção de uma jogada (8)      The winger is the player with less time to think about setting up a strike (9)      The forward is the player who has less time to think about setting up a move (10)      The winger is the player who has less time to think about setting up a play Figure 13. The Scylla Pipeline. Reproduced with permission from Costa et al. (2022) The sentence in (7) was translated in (8) by a professional human translator The baseline system generated the sentence in (9) for the same source sentence Note that there are two lexical differences between (8) and (9): winger.n vs While the difference in the second pair does not substantially alter the meaning of the sentence because forward and winger are different positions in soccer While the first is usually positioned closer to the opponent's goal area the second makes the link between mid-field and the attacking zone Because of the TQR relations modeled in the FN-Br database for the Sports domain such a difference derived from commonsense knowledge can be taken into consideration by Scylla for performing a lexical substitution in the sentence translated by the NMT API To evaluate the performance of Scylla, Costa et al. (2022) conducted a domain-specific sentence translation experiment for the Brazilian Portuguese–English language pair. Scylla was evaluated against the commercial NMT API, which was taken as the baseline, for three metrics: BLEU (Papineni et al., 2002), TER, and HTER (Snover et al., 2006) For the experiment, Costa et al. (2022) put together a domain-specific dataset comprising: • 50 sentences in Brazilian Portuguese for the Sports domain Each sentence had at least one polysemous lemma with at least two possible meanings • 50 reference translations into English of the source Brazilian Portuguese sentences translated by professional translators who were native speakers of English and familiarized with the target domain The 50 Brazilian Portuguese sentences were submitted to both the baseline system and to Scylla and the automatically translations into English were evaluated for BLEU, TER, and HTER. Results reported by Costa et al. (2022) are reproduced in Table 2 Evaluation of the baseline and Scylla systems for BLUE meaning they capture neither the fact that a small change in one or two n-grams can substantially affect the quality of a translation or the fact that different lexical choices may be equally adequate in a translation context HTER (Snover et al., 2006) is calculated based on edits made to translated sentences by professional human translators who are instructed to make as few changes as possible so that the automatically translated sentence becomes fluent and equivalent in meaning and context to the reference translation The HTER methodology recommends having three professional translators make the edits and calculate the editing effort based on the average of edits per sentence The fact that HTER relies on professional human translators ensures that the analysis of each sentence translated by either the baseline or Scylla systems is evaluated for its domain—or contextual—adequacy. According to the analysis by Costa et al. (2022) professional translators keep track of the different equivalence possibilities that can be found between languages since the sentences in the source-language corpus were collected from authentic texts translators could easily identify them as belonging to the Sports domain the fact that Scylla outperforms the baseline system with a 47% improvement in HTER strongly supports the claim made in this article that the FN-Br multidimensional semantic model which is enriched with FE-to-frame and Ternary Qualia Relations provides a useful representation for contextual information at the sentence level we discussed the extent to which the framenet model is capable of representing contextual information of three types: sentence cotext commonsense knowledge and situational framing We started by presenting the limitations of the original BFN model for representing any dimension of context different from the fragments of commonsense knowledge captured by frames We also pointed out that such knowledge is mostly captured in BFN in an unstructured fashion and that it is mostly limited to the process of frame evocation we presented and discussed three new types of database structure implemented in FN-Br to both enrich the representation of commonsense knowledge and provide a structured means for representing sentence cotext in the database: FE-to-frame Those new dimensions of meaning and context representation allow FN-Br to capture and represent information derived not only from frame evocation We also discussed how the expansion of the framenet model to the treatment of multimodal data can be used as a proxy for studying extra-linguistic contextual information To discuss the potential of such an enrichment of the model we presented the plans for building two multimodal datasets and reported on two experiments relying on the multidimensional FN-Br database structure for tackling the problems of semantic role labeling and domain adaptation for languages other than English Although the new additions to the framenet model presented in this article do not fully address the issues related to frame invocation and situational framing they represent a sensible advance in the framenet model for the representation of context we plan to add new layers of contextual representation to the framenet model including means for addressing those issues The datasets presented in this study, with an exception made for the multimodal datasets still under construction, can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found at: https://github.com/FrameNetBrasil/webtool or in the papers cited as references for the respective datasets FB developed the pilot study for multimodal annotation of video sequences MV developed the pilot study for multimodal annotation of the image-caption pairs EM and TT are responsible for the automatic frame assignment experiment and TT are responsible for the domain adaptation experiment Research presented in this paper was funded by CAPES PROBRAL grant 88887.144043/2017-00 AC and MV research was funded by CAPES PROBRAL Ph.D. exchange grants 88887.185051/2018-00 and 88887.628830/2021-00 FB research was funded by CAPES PDSE Ph.D. MG research was funded by CAPES PROBRAL post-doc exchange grant 88887.387875/2019-00 All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher Authors acknowledge the support of the Graduate Program in Linguistics at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora and Mark Turner in co-supervising the doctoral and post-doctoral research by AC and FB whose contributions are reported in this paper Authors also thank GNT TV Channel for granting authorization for research use and access to the episodes in the first season of the TV Travel series Pedro pelo Mundo 1. ^Torrent A Flexible Tool for a Qualia-Enriched FrameNet: the FrameNet Brasil WebTool 2. ^https://spacy.io/ 3. ^https://github.com/icsi-berkeley/framenet-multilingual-alignment 4. ^For the experiment reported in Costa et al. 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adaptation in neural machine translation Costa ADd and Marim MC (2022) Representing Context in FrameNet: A Multidimensional Received: 17 December 2021; Accepted: 31 January 2022; Published: 04 April 2022 Copyright © 2022 Torrent, Matos, Belcavello, Viridiano, Gamonal, Costa and Marim. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Tiago Timponi Torrent, dGlhZ28udG9ycmVudEB1ZmpmLmJy Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Background: Decompensated diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis and poorer response to periodontal therapy. It is conceivable that periodontal therapy may cause systemic and local complications in this type of patients. The aim of the present study was to identify and describe the best available evidence for the treatment of periodontitis in decompensated diabetics. Results: For question 1, the search yielded 12 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 23 in MEDLINE. None of these studies addressed the question. For question 2, the search yielded 58 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 11 in MEDLINE. None of these studies addressed the question. For question 3, the search yielded 16 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 11 in MEDLINE. Thirteen addressed the question. For question 4, the search yielded 7 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 9 in MEDLINE. One addressed the question. Conclusions: In decompensated diabetic patients, there is lack of scientific information about risk of infectious or systemic complications as a result of periodontal treatment and about the impact of antibiotic treatment or prophylaxis on reduction if infectious complications. A defined HbA1c threshold for dental and periodontal treatment in diabetic patients has yet to be determined. Finally, periodontal treatment does have an impact on HbA1c levels. Volume 2 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/froh.2021.666713 This article is part of the Research TopicImpact of Uncontrolled Diabetes on Oral Disease Progression and HealingView all 7 articles Background: Decompensated diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis and poorer response to periodontal therapy It is conceivable that periodontal therapy may cause systemic and local complications in this type of patients The aim of the present study was to identify and describe the best available evidence for the treatment of periodontitis in decompensated diabetics Material and methods: An expert committee including participants from different areas gathered to discuss and develop a treatment guideline under the guidance of the Cochrane Associate Center The questions prepared related to decompensated diabetic patients (glycated hemoglobin >8) were (1) Does the exposure to periodontal treatment increase the risk of infectious or systemic complications (2) Does the antibiotic treatment or prophylaxis (3) Does the exposure to periodontal treatment reduce the glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c) Last question was related to diabetic patients (4) Does the exposure to a higher level of HbA1c increase the risk of infectious complications a search strategy was developed using MEDLINE and EPISTEMONIKOS the search yielded 12 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 23 in MEDLINE None of these studies addressed the question the search yielded 58 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 11 in MEDLINE the search yielded 16 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 11 in MEDLINE the search yielded 7 records in EPISTEMONIKOS and 9 in MEDLINE Conclusions: In decompensated diabetic patients there is lack of scientific information about risk of infectious or systemic complications as a result of periodontal treatment and about the impact of antibiotic treatment or prophylaxis on reduction if infectious complications A defined HbA1c threshold for dental and periodontal treatment in diabetic patients has yet to be determined periodontal treatment does have an impact on HbA1c levels Chile has a prevalence of diabetes of about 12% In patients with diabetes and periodontitis, improvement in the metabolic indicators of diabetes associated with periodontal treatment still shows contradictory results. Whereas, some studies demonstrate a beneficial effect by lowering the glycemic and glycated hemoglobin levels [12–15], other studies have concluded that there is insufficient evidence for a beneficial effect [16, 17] Although the bidirectional relationship of the two diseases has been demonstrated, periodontal treatment is not included within the CVHP for diabetic patients. Moreover, the clinical guidelines for periodontal disease do not define clear directions regarding the management of a decompensated diabetic patient, often resulting in delayed dental care which would ultimately improve the health conditions of the patients [23] Primary health care must consider the effect of periodontal treatment on the metabolic control of diabetic patients. Therefore, dentistry has the challenge of integrating into a patient-centered care, where clinical care is approached by multiple professionals belonging to different healthcare areas, with fluent communication and focusing on the resolution of the diseases as a multidisciplinary team [24] the aim of the present study was to identify and describe the best available evidence for the treatment of periodontitis in patients with decompensated diabetes and thereby develop a treatment protocol The design of this study is a critical review of the scientific literature related to the topic with the objective to identify and describe the best available evidence on a number of questions already established EPISTEMONIKOS was used for the search of information EPISTEMONIKOS combines the best Evidence-Based Health Care information technologies and a network of experts to provide a unique tool for people making decisions concerning clinical or health-policy questions with representatives from the area of periodontal research (AM FVV) and the Cochrane Associate Center of the Faculty of Dentistry The objective of this group of experts was to gather the main concerns and uncertainties in the dental and medical field in relation to the periodontal management of patients with diabetes mellitus with emphasis on the Primary Health Care Programs existing in Chile will allow us to propose protocols of care From these questions, search strategies were built for the EPISTEMONIKOS database, as well as for the MEDLINE database, in order to confirm the results. MeSH terms used in the search strategy are described in Table 1 Inclusion criteria for this study are the systematic reviews answering directly the questions involved since the objective is to identify and describe the best available evidence for each question All the studies selected were evaluated by independent experts (NH For the questions that had systematic reviews matching the inclusion criteria evidence matrixes were built in EPISTEMONIKOS to identify the reviews answering the question and the primary studies included a descriptive report of the available evidence was made for these cases risk of bias and methodological aspects of the design of the included studies and their respective primary studies Regarding the questions without results matching the inclusion criteria future methodological recommendations will be suggested The results of the search strategy for the 4 questions, according to EPISTEMONIKOS and MEDLINE, are found in Table 2 When searching studies for the following question: “In decompensated diabetic patients (HbA1c >8%) does the exposure to periodontal treatment increase the risk of infectious or systemic complications?,” a total of 12 systematic reviews was obtained in EPISTEMONIKOS none of which was relevant for the question asked While the search strategy for the same question in MEDLINE does the antibiotic treatment or prophylaxis reduce infectious complications?,” the search strategy in EPISTEMONIKOS for this question obtained 58 systematic reviews none of which was relevant for the structures question asked the search strategy for the same question in MEDLINE obtained 11 systematic reviews also confirming the results of EPISTEMONIKOS Evidence matrix including the systematic reviews answering question 3 and their respective randomized clinical trials Description of reviews included in question 3 Description of reviews included in question 4 Regarding the methodological quality of the different reviews, the vast majority presented publication bias, because their search was limited to studies published in English. Furthermore, the heterogeneity reported by the different meta-analyses was relatively high, reaching 84% [34] This accounts for possible differences in the population considered in the different primary studies since the intervention used throughout the studies was always the same The internal validity of the randomized clinical trials was not assessed in all the systematic reviews those that did use an appropriate tool to assess risk of bias reported a high risk in most of the articles included (especially for blinding The aim of the present study was to identify and describe the best available evidence for the treatment of periodontitis in patients with decompensated diabetes and thereby develop a treatment protocol The search strategy involved the databases MEDLINE and EPISTEMONIKOS in which the latter focuses on decision-making algorithms in the health area [37]. A remarkable feature of EPISTEMONIKOS is the amount of relevant evidence displayed due to the integration of different other databases. The major benefit is the reliable evidence available to answer health questions based on systematic reviews [37] In the present study four questions were raised once these questions had been addressed and answered it would allow us to propose a treatment protocol for patients with decompensated diabetes and periodontitis that could be implemented in primary health care the present study revealed a lack of evidence precluding the construction of a specific protocol In decompensated diabetic patients exposed to periodontal treatment the search strategy failed to identify any appropriate observational study or systematic reviews regarding the risk of infectious or systemic complications be concluded that there is lack of scientific information to answer the question More studies are warranted to determine the proposed relationship whether there is a risk of infectious or systemic complication following periodontal therapy As for the question of whether antibiotic prophylaxis reduces infectious complications in decompensated diabetic patients, none of the articles directly addressed the question. The search strategy showed an extensive evidence oriented to the use of antibiotics to improve periodontal parameters instead [38] more randomized clinical trials are needed to assess whether the antibiotic treatment or prophylaxis reduces the infectious complications in decompensated diabetic patients the restricted number of primary studies included limits the generalization of the present findings More studies are needed to determine the effect of glycated hemoglobin o the risk of infectious complications for the establishment of an evidence-based protocol for patient with decompensated diabetes and periodontitis The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors and JG: conception and design of the study 1. World Health Organization. Non-communicable Diseases. (2018). Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases (accessed February 19 Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar 3. 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Orientaciones Técnicas Para la Prevención y Tratamiento de las Enfermedades Gingivales y Periodontales. (2017). Available online at: https://diprece.minsal.cl/wrdprss_minsal/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2018.01.23_OT-enfermedades-gingivales-y-periodontales.pdf (accessed January 17 Google Scholar Diabetes and periodontitis: what's it all about CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control of patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on HbA1c: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Effectiveness of periodontal treatment to improve metabolic control in patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials Effects of periodontal therapy on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on glycemic control of patients with diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients: a systematic review The effect of periodontal therapy on glycemic control and fasting plasma glucose level in type 2 diabetic patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis Effect of scaling and root planing as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients of Type 2 diabetes with chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis Systematic review of the impact of HbA1c on outcomes following surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus Systemic antibiotics in periodontal treatment of diabetic patients: a systematic review and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology Periodontal and glycemic effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by baseline HbA1c Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy verses oral hygiene instructions on Type 2 diabetes subjects with chronic periodontitis: a randomised clinical trial Valenzuela-Villarroel F and Gamonal J (2021) Periodontal Treatment Protocol for Decompensated Diabetes Patients Received: 10 February 2021; Accepted: 22 March 2021; Published: 16 April 2021 Copyright © 2021 Dallaserra, Morales, Hussein, Rivera, Cavalla, Baeza, Strauss, Yoma, Suazo, Jara, Contreras, Villanueva, Valenzuela-Villarroel and Gamonal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Alicia Morales, YW1vcmFsZXNAb2RvbnRvbG9naWEudWNoaWxlLmNs; Jorge Gamonal, amdhbW9uYWxAb2RvbnRvbG9naWEudWNoaWxlLmNs Keenan Cornelius fighting at the Worlds 2014 The World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 2014 ended on Sunday in California the great IBJJF event was marked by dramatic struggles at the highest level such as the final of the absolute black belt in which Marcus Buchecha claimed his victory again over Rodolfo Vieira it also had controversy – as happened during the quarterfinals of the heavyweight on Sunday the star Keenan Cornelius (Atos) faced Diego Gamonal (BTT ) until the dispute ended early with a disqualification the Galvão student was eliminated by crossing his leg over the knee of his opponent The Jiu – Jitsu black belt Mauricio Russo one of the most experienced referees in action at the Worlds and pointed out that only complied with the rules how the disqualification of Keenan Cornelius occurred in the quarterfinals of the heavyweight black belt MAURICIO RUSSO: The fight began early with a very crazy and efficient movement by the athlete Keenan Cornelius (Atos) That’s when the athlete Diego Gamonal (BTT ) broke free from the mighty footsteps of Keenan who in turn was trying to subdue him on his guard Keenan passed his right leg on the inside of his opponent left leg and made the “leg-cross” from outside to inside He even put the hook under Gamonal’s right armpit so I stopped the fight and applied the rule in effect came from an almost perfect performance at the absolute and still had a whole cheering for him at the Pyramid How was disqualifying a big star like that when we walk to arbitrate a Jiu – Jitsu match We must remember that there are two athletes seeking a dream They are fighters who abdicate to have fun with airline tickets; often they are away from home and family all in search of a better future for themselves how to lay all the will and determination to achieve your goal because it was how I learned from righteous people who passed through my life I have been working for 17 years with seriousness and respect for the athletes although many of them seek not to learn the rules often because they are not encouraged by their team leaders GRACIEMAG: The other arbitrators supported your decision MAURICIO RUSSO: Of course they supported me; after all I only applied the rule as it should I received compliments for my conduct and personality Many arbitrators have gone through this scenario many gave up because maybe they thought there business is different Obviously this does not mean that we are the best and whenever I have the opportunity I learn from them Pragmatic88Slot Gacor Don’t Miss a Single Sparkling Moment! Sign up for The Court Jeweller Newsletter The Court Jeweller Sparkling Royal Jewels From Around the World 04.15.2019 by // Leave a Comment Today marks the fiftieth anniversary of the death of one of the royal matriarchs of the twentieth-century: Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg who is better known to history as Queen Ena of Spain we’ve got a bejeweled look back on her fascinating royal life Princess Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena of Battenberg the daughter of Prince Henry of Battenberg and Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom was born at Balmoral Castle in Scotland in October 1887 Her first three names honored her maternal grandmother Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom; her godmother the exiled Empress Eugenie of France; and her paternal grandmother When the family gave up their German titles during World War I he took on the new title of Marquess of Carisbrooke the genetic disorder that wreaked havoc in Queen Victoria’s family tree was killed in the First Battle of Ypres while serving with the King’s Royal Rifle Corps in October 1914 All four of the children grew up close to their grandmother especially after the death of their father Ena was only seventeen when she caught the eye of the man who would become her husband made a state visit to the United Kingdom in June 1905 At a dinner party given by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra Alfonso — who was openly searching for a royal bride — was introduced to several young British princesses (Princesses Patricia and Margaret of Connaught and Princesses Helena Victoria and Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein were also invited.) Legend has it that his initial target was Ena’s cousin who wasn’t particularly impressed by the Battenberg princess’s paternal pedigree In the midst of the budding royal relationship Ena was also present for another royal wedding she served as one of the bridesmaids for her cousin who married the future King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden at Windsor Castle Ena is the bridesmaid standing on the left-hand side of this official portrait of the wedding party Regardless of Maria Cristina’s objections Neither Ena’s religion (she was an Anglican while the Spanish royals were and are Roman Catholic) nor the risks of joining the Spanish royal family (Alfonso had survived his fourth assassination attempt when his carriage was bombed in Paris just a few days before he and Ena met) slowed down the marriage negotiations the papers were heavily speculating that she would soon become Queen of Spain Queen Maria Cristina finally relented and gave her approval to the match Ena and her mother traveled to the south of France where they spent time with Alfonso before heading to Spain to meet with his mother and a treaty was signed between Spain and the United Kingdom to make things official King Edward VII even granted his niece the style of Royal Highness the wedding gifts offered to a future Queen of Spain were impressive indeed Her wedding dress was a gift from her new husband; so was the grand diamond tiara she wore on her wedding day is still known by the appropriate nickname La Buena which simply means “the good one.”) Her lace veil was a gift from her mother-in-law; it was the same one Queen Maria Cristina had worn on her own wedding day She was also presented with a treasure trove of tiaras held in Madrid at the Church of San Jeronimo on May 31 went off without a hitch — until the royal carriage procession headed back to the palace afterward The newlyweds were seated in a carriage at the end of the procession which also included numerous royals from throughout Europe the future King George V and Queen Mary of the United Kingdom and Prince Luis Filipe of Portugal.) As Alfonso and Ena’s carriage traveled along the Calle Mayor an anarchist threw a bouquet at the carriage killing more than twenty people and wounding 100 more Alfonso and Ena’s escape from injury was so narrow that her wedding gown was splattered with blood Queen Ena pairs La Buena with layered necklaces and a fantastic gown from the House of Worth In this 1911 profile portrait by Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida, Ena sparkles in diamonds, including her grand diamond riviere, her large diamond earrings, and (I believe) the Ansorena tiara given to her as a wedding present by her mother-in-law. That tiara was later dismantled and remade by Cartier. (More on that Pearl and Diamond Tiara over here!) Alfonso and Ena’s young family grew quickly Their happiness over the birth of an heir was dampened when they discovered that he had inherited hemophilia just like his uncle Maurice and several of his cousins Although he had inherited the bleeding disorder He ultimately renounced his rights to the throne in 1933 so that he could marry a Cuban commoner, Edelmira Sampedro-Ocejo y Robato (He died in a car accident five years later.) Ena’s second child but he became deaf after an operation during his early childhood and he too decided to renounce his rights to the throne when he turned 25 eventually becoming the head of the Carlists Ena gave birth to her third child in three years: a daughter She eventually married an Italian aristocrat, Alessandro Torlonia Their descendants include Princess Sibilla of Luxembourg Infante Fernando was stillborn in May 1910 she married an Italian aristocrat, Enrico Marone-Cinzano Princess Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and he died following a car accident in Austria at the age of nineteen Alfonso and Ena’s marriage ultimately was troubled in large part because he was not a faithful husband He acknowledged a number of illegitimate children At least five more sons and daughters were born during his marriage to Ena Ena gained a measure of popularity in Spain she became deeply involved with the Spanish Red Cross Images from this period also reinforce the majestic nature of her position as well as the diamond and emerald necklace that featured stones inherited from her godmother She wears the diamond and emerald necklace as a bandeau in this portrait, painted in 1924 by Bernhard Osterman. The emeralds were eventually sold. (More about them over here.) She was also photographed in several other important tiaras, including Queen Victoria’s Strawberry Leaf Tiara (more here!), which was loaned to her by her mother, and the magnificent Mellerio Shell Tiara (more here!) the Spanish royal family was sent into exile following a referendum on the monarchy Ena and Alfonso unofficially separated as well though she remained a vital part of the royal family She’s pictured here at the airport in Lisbon in 1935 with her son the Count of Barcelona (on the right) and his bride Ena also spent time with family in her native Britain Ena’s life in exile lasted for almost four decades and she was an active member of her family right up until the end she traveled to Lisbon to attend the wedding of her granddaughter to Luis Gomez-Acebo y Duque de Estrada Ena remains one of the most fascinating royal women of the last century Categories // in memoriam, Spain, united kingdom Enter your name and email address below to subscribe to our weekly newsletter Sign up for my new subscriber-supported community, Hidden Gems, delivered directly to you each Saturday! Copyright © 2025 THE COURT JEWELLER LLC ISLANDIA (PERU) - In the heart of the Amazon members of a quirky religious mashup of evangelical Protestantism and Incan rites await the end times in their remote "Promised Land." Members of the Israelites of the New Universal Pact -- a religion that has nothing to do with Judaism -- farm and sell their wares to townsfolk and occasional tourists while they await a post-Judgment Day return of the Inca empire and a new world order the Israelites have their own bible and commandments and of course a prophet in the form of Ezequiel Ataucusi Gamonal "God commands us to grow our beards and hair," sixty-something Israelite Gustavo Members of the community greet each other with a fraternal: "Peace of God brother" and are loathe to give their full names "All those who bind themselves to God must conform to his principles," including renouncing alcohol Gamonal -- a former Catholic and later Seventh-day Adventist -- created the Israelite religion in the 1970s among inhabitants of the Peruvian Andes The movement later moved to the Amazon rainforest which adherents view as the "Promised Land" and the only place that will survive the end of the world the Israelite religion counted nearly 200,000 members -- though many left that same year after self-proclaimed prophet Gamonal's promised resurrection three days after his death never happened There is not a car or motorbike in the town of 3,000 souls and many dress in multicolored cassocks similar to those associated with Jesus the faithful gather to make burnt offerings of cows There are also officials" in the local government Rossini added that the Israelites "are reputed to be hard workers because for them Islandia is a gateway to the mysterious Javari Valley -- the second-largest Indigenous territory of Brazil and home to the last uncontacted tribes in the world But they are having to contend with an ominous presence of countless criminals in this part of the dense jungle: drug traffickers the city "is a nest of traffickers of all kinds," said a frequent visitor who did not want to be named for fear of reprisal The Israelites have also created their own political party -- the People's Agricultural Front of Peru -- which has several municipal and surprised many by obtaining more than eight percent of the vote in parliamentary elections in 2020 the Israelites have succeeded in establishing themselves as decisive actors in this Peruvian Far East.. a pioneering front that is advancing," said Rossini By subscribing, you accept the terms and conditions in our privacy policy an advisory panel of scientists and academics that have conducted studies for the Pentagon since 1960 The Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) has stepped in to keep the group alive until January 2020 “NNSA has issued a notice of intent to award a short-term sole source contract to MITRE Corporation to provide management and logistics support to the JASON program and its members through January 31 Gamonal de Navarro said in a statement sent to Gizmodo via email MITRE Corporation has sponsored the Jasons ever since the group was formally spun off from Darpa in 2002 The notice for the contract will be up for 15 days The Jasons have a long history with the U.S conducting research on everything from AI to space imaging systems to health care The group of roughly 50 people meets to tackle America’s most complex scientific and technological problems and has recently produced critical studies on nuclear weapons security and climate change When the Jason contract was quietly put on the chopping block and its termination only revealed during a House budget meeting many in the academic community were concerned that the government would lose an independent voice that has been able to speak freely in a political environment where consensus and yes-men are often the norm the head of the NNSA and ultimate savior of the Jasons stressed that the work of the Jasons was important and worth preserving But the Jasons haven’t been without their own controversies over the years. During the Vietnam War, the group was tasked with figuring out how to stop the flow of troops and weapons from North Vietnam to the South. They devised controversial technologies for Operation Igloo White which utilized computers and battlefield sensors producing a “virtual wall” that ultimately failed to stem the flow of guns and supplies along the Ho Chi Minh trail that were being used against American troops and their allies When the Jason contract looked to be in jeopardy it wasn’t clear whether anyone outside of the Pentagon would step up to keep the group together But NNSA has reiterated that Jason studies are vital to America’s safety and security especially when it comes to nuclear weapons and the maintenance of the U.S “JASON is a group of elite scientists and engineers who advise NNSA and the United States Government on matters of science and technology and has provided significant contributions to NNSA’s mission of ensuring a safe secure and reliable nuclear stockpile and preventing nuclear weapon proliferation around the world,” Navarro told Gizmodo “NNSA cannot afford a contractual gap in the services MITRE provides.” ' + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.webview_notification_text + ' " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_title + " " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_text + " After hundreds of trees were removed from a resort in Japan's Tochigi prefecture the architect set about on a mission to rescue heritage in a new landscape Relocating the endangered specimens to an adjacent meadow he set about creating a breathtaking new landscape inspired by the site’s former lives as a paddy field and forest now fills countless irregularly spaced ponds—their curvilinear forms nestled into the moss-covered ground amid the arboreal transplants completed last summer at the Art Biotop hotel and artist residency reflects Ishigami’s ongoing investigations merging the natural and built environments.. celebrates Shabbat and is dedicated to building a new Jerusalem in the Peruvian rainforest till the land and follow a strict interpretation of the Old Testament they offer animal sacrifices to God; in their churches they close their shops to observe the day of rest “every Friday They live close enough to the equator that the sun sets at almost the same time year-round the first edition of the Boca Raton International Open Roberto “Cyborg” Abreu was the standout by winning the adult male open class gold medal Cyborg faced Lindoln Pereira and won by points despite trying to submit from the mount for over two minutes at the end of the match Here are the other results of the black belt division: For the complete results, go to ibjjf.com As Kayron Gracie walked onto the mats in the UCI Bren Center and grandson of Grandmaster Carlos Gracie Sr entered the Pan as a recently adorned black belt everyone’s questions about Gracie’s skill level and abilities would be answered Gracie’s middleweight division was stacked Gracie faced off against Diego Gamonal from Brazilian Top Team I was excited to see how I was going to do I couldn’t wait to see how all my hard work was going to pay off.” Gracie said he was feeling very confident and focused I could feel it.” Gracie pulled guard and swept Gamonal I got the choke from the mount halfway into the fight.” Gracie had time to rest before his second match and says he felt good getting back on the mats with Marcelo Mafra from Checkmat BJJ I ended up winning by 5 advantage points.” he was matched up with Alliance’s Sergio Moraes Gracie says he knew it was going to be a tough fight because Moraes was a top contender but he felt very confident in his abilities “Moraes was putting a lot of pressure on me I scored one advantage point and then I pulled guard and tried to attack He put a lot of pressure on me until the end Gracie says he was really happy after the fight He could finally see the fruits of his labor Gracie says he felt great knowing that he was going into the finals but knew I had the biggest fight of my life ahead I didn’t want to get too excited and not be focused on it.” So Gracie went home to rest He says he stayed there to take the focus away from all the talking people were doing around him He wanted to concentrate on the big fight to come Gracie came back to the Bren Center at 5:00 that evening to discover that he was fighting Abmar Barbosa He says he felt a little “tense and excited,” and was anxious to see what was going to happen Gracie says he had a strategy to pull Barbosa to his guard so I went for his legs and scored 2 points for the double leg Then he swept me.” Gracie says instead of thinking about resisting the oncoming fall onto the mat he thought about landing in a good position “I tried to reposition myself,” Gracie says “It became a big battle over who was going to pull guard first and I did,” Gracie says “I was adjusting my sweep and waiting for the right moment I swept him with like 10 seconds left in the match.” Barbosa tried to scramble to his feet and double leg Gracie The crowd erupted and the GB cheering section lifted a triumphant Gracie into the air pride for his son’s accomplishments written all over his face Gracie said he couldn’t define how he felt It’s unbelievable.” Gracie says his friends from Brazil called him after the matches and told him that his butt was broadcast all over Brazil “I think my pants were pulled down during most of my fights,” he laughs He is more concerned with thanking the people around him who helped him get where he is today than he is about taking home gold for all of his support; Marcio Feitosa and all the guys at GB – Flavio Almeida everyone who trains with me everyday and helps me get better preparing for his next performance at the Worlds Famous TV chef Karlos Arguiñano spent Easter in Malaga province with some friends and decided "not to cook at all" This is what he said recently on his programme Cocina Abierta de Karlos Arguiñano on Spanish channel Antena 3 As he was preparing a broad bean soup in front of the cameras he gave different recommendations of places to eat on the Costa del Sol he name-dropped restaurants in San Pedro Alcántara and Estepona with no mention of any Michelin-starred restaurants or eateries located on the Costa del Sol's golden mile And I ate wonderful food," the celebrity chef said as well as its well-known 'papas arrieras' Arguiñano's second recommendation focused on meat: El Gamonal they have an interesting grill," the chef pointed out In this restaurant located on Avenida Lorenzo Morito Romero as well as having one of the most modern and sophisticated charcoal-grilled kitchens Tennis star Rafa Nadal also tasted some meat here recently during one of his visits to the Costa del Sol Arguiñano completed his list of recommendations with El Campanario The barbecue is the strong point of this establishment's cuisine including red prawns from Garrucha and shrimps "I spent these days enjoying good food at midday then a glass of wine and in the afternoon I went home to rest because it was raining a lot," said Arguiñano about his holiday schedule And he plans to return soon to the Costa del Sol "I'm going to come down many more times; I feel very comfortable there," the chef said The eternal Spring in Gran Canaria is accentuated at this time of the year with an eclosion of new life The calendar announces that it is now Springtime as Spring is just another full time resident on the island The finely striped black bee is never short of a flower to suck on nor short of reasons to take to the skies and buzz along happily a few verses underlined in its country notebook and an open invitation to stop and marvel at the highly colourful eclosion that comes along long before anywhere else in Europe So there is a way to bring forward the calendar and welcome in the Spring season early: just come to Gran Canaria This peculiar type of Spring which has very little letup is now displaying a special beauty The generous natural surroundings of the island pick up a brush and start painting landscapes full of flowers blooming and birds that are diving in and out of the lush vegetation where their newly borns will shortly be making their appearance at the eternal Spring in Gran Canaria the island where there are over a hundred plants that are unique species to these plains The ancient inhabitants on the island knew when Spring was coming by interpretting the stars dozens of people come along to the so called King’s Tomb to witness how the first rays of sunlight of the Spring equinox shine directly on this pre-Hispanic settlement up on high at Risco de Amurga Painter Néstor de la Torre left his work Poem of the Land incomplete which included an oil painting depicting the Spring the natural surroundings of Gran Canaria that the artist was trying to pay tribute to has conspired to conclude this fine work day after day and year after year It is enough then to just delve into the island to appreciate the extraordinary beauty of his work.  The Spring Museum has just opened its doors