Metrics details Abiotic factors play a significant role in the evolution of Leishmania infantum infection due to its vectorial nature This study aims to assess the evolution in the detection of new L infantum infection cases in Valdeorras (Ourense Northwestern Spain) over a 20-year period and how different climatic variables and preventive measures may have affected it Indirect immunofluorescence antibody tests (IFAT) were performed on serum samples collected from dogs attending the ‘Servicios Veterinarios de Sil’ veterinary clinic (Valdeorras Northwestern Spain) between May 2003 and April 2023 to detect L infantum infection was calculated from May of one year to April of the following year global sales of ectoparasiticides and the number of vaccines against L infantum delivered in the veterinary clinic from 2003 to 2022 were recorded Statistical analyses were conducted to determine the associations between these factors and the percentage of new cases of L and 3785 IFAT tests were performed between May 2003 and April 2023 The mean percentage of new seropositive cases over the 20-year period studied was 21.65 ± 10.8% with a decline from the beginning to the end of the period studied The percentage was significantly higher between May 2003 and April 2008 compared with the other periods (May 2008 to April 2013 May 2013 to April 2018 and May 2018 to April 2023) There was a positive correlation between the percentage of new cases of L infantum infection and the maximum relative humidity in winter there was a negative correlation between the percentage of new cases and sales of ectoparasiticides and vaccination against L This study is one of the longest evaluations of the evolution of L infantum infection in a fixed location and its association with external factors including climatic conditions and preventive measures The results confirm that Valdeorras is a high-risk area for L The use of ectoparasiticides and vaccines against L infantum has been shown to play a significant role in preventing L highlighting the crucial role of veterinarians in the fight against this disease The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of the percentage of annual new cases of L infantum infection over a 20-year period (2003–2023) in a specific area with a known high prevalence of the parasite (Valdeorras considering the multitude of factors influencing the presence of L we aimed to determine the possible influence of certain climatic variables and preventive measures implemented over the time on this L We hypothesised that the percentage of newly detected cases in this area has decreased over the 20-year period We further suggested that climatic variables that potentially could impact the vector and its habitat along with implemented preventive measures are interrelated factors that could potentially influence the incidence of L This retrospective longitudinal study was conducted in O Barco de Valdeorras which occupies a portion of the alluvial plain of the Sil River nestled amidst the surrounding mountain ranges It represents a narrow and deep tectonic trench along which the river follows the course dictated by a network of fractures The municipality’s altitude ranges from 310 to 1537 m being the village at an elevation of 326 m above sea level It hosts a population of 13,277 inhabitants with no significant variations since 2003 up to the present day All the samples were collected at the ‘Servicios veterinarios de Sil’ veterinary clinic over a 20-year period (from May 2003 to April 2023) Four practices are currently working in O Barco de Valdeorras but this clinic was the first to be open in the municipality infantum infection by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) based on practitioners’ clinical criteria including prophylactic health check-up plans regardless the presence or absence of clinical signs compatible with CanL Practitioners responsible for the recruitment of samples were the same during the entire period of study Dogs that had been vaccinated against leishmaniosis or that had previously tested positive were excluded Antigen was obtained from a culture of promastigotes of L Plates were examined using an Olympus BH-2® epifluorescence microscope (Olympus Imaging America Inc. United States) with a blue filter and ×400 objective Each sample was identified with a laboratory registration number and was blindly analysed The IFAT result of each sample was classified as positive (≥ 1/100) or negative (< 1/100) considering the established cut-off (1/100) infantum infection was calculated for 12-month periods (total of 20 periods) from May of one year to April of the following year the data were grouped in four clusters: May 2003 to April 2008 May 2013 to April 2018 and May 2018 to April 2023 The dataset utilised in this study compromises daily measurements of precipitation (mm) temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) spanning the period from 2003 to 2022 in Valdeorras These data were sourced from the Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET) considering the official data provided by the meteorological observatory located in O Barco de Valdeorras This observatory was located 650 m away from the veterinary clinic where this study was performed maximum and minimum values for temperature and maximum and minimum relative humidity were recorded for each season: spring (March–May) autumn (September–November) and winter (December–February) Data were collected from the overall annual sales of ectoparasiticides and the annual number of vaccinations against canine leishmaniosis administered at the ‘Servicios veterinarios del Sil’’ veterinary clinic during the study period (2003–2022) sales of ectoparasiticides in dogs and vaccinations against canine leishmaniosis were also assessed using Spearman’s correlation test The linear trend of the variables over time was analysed and graphically represented using GraphPad Prism 9.4 software (GraphPad Software A statistically significant difference was set at P < 0.05 A total of 2909 dogs met the inclusion criteria during this period There are more IFATs than dogs because some of them had the test performed several times over their life during the 20-year period of study Trend over phlebotomine sand fly activity seasons The line represents the linear trend (P < 0.0001 Each data point corresponds to the percentage (%) of new L infantum infection cases diagnosed annually using the period season of the phlebotomine sand fly activity The lowest total precipitation recorded during the driest season of all the years with available data was 35.2 mm in summer of 2008 The warmest season recorded was always summer with the highest mean temperature of 24.3 °C in 2022 the summer’s lowest mean temperature was 20.8 °C in 2007 Winter was consistently the coldest season with the highest mean temperature of 8.7 °C in both 2016 and 2020 The lowest minimum temperature in July over the 20-year period of study the lowest mean minimum temperature in July was recorded in 2009 at 13.9 °C Table 4 presents the overall sales of ectoparasiticides and vaccinations against L a total of 3702 ectoparasiticides were sold in the ‘Servicios veterinarios de Sil’ veterinary clinic CanL vaccination began at the veterinary clinic in 2012 with the highest number of vaccinations recorded in that year The lowest recorded vaccination rate was in 2014 a total of 816 CanL vaccines have been administered at the veterinary clinic The higher the maximum relative humidity in winter (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) = 0.60, P = 0.029), the greater the percentage of new L. infantum infection cases. This maximum relative humidity in winter showed a significant linear decline over time when data were available (Fig. 2). Maximum relative humidity (RH) in winter The line represents the linear trend (P = 0,003 Each data point corresponds to the mean maximum relative humidity in winter (December of the previous year to February of the following year) other climatic variables were correlated close to statistical significance with the percentage of positive dogs This was the case for the maximum (rs = 0.39 which were positively correlated with the percentage of new positive cases higher sales of ectoparasiticides in the practice were correlated with a decrease in new L there was a moderate negative correlation (rs = −0.52 P = 0.018) between the percentage of new L infantum infection cases and vaccination against the disease in dogs it should be interpreted with caution since different variables acting simultaneously such as the exact household of every dog and other climatic Although this study has spanned a considerable length of time its sample size (n = 20) precludes the possibility of conducting multivariate analysis with statistically significant outcomes while the climatic findings are intriguing a more extensive dataset may be necessary to accurately evaluate the impact of climate change due to the retrospective nature of the study we were unable to assess some other interesting climatic variables such as wind in this article some infected animals may have been overlooked Data from this study reflect the challenging situation of L infantum infection during a very long period in a specific area from Northwestern Spain where the situation of the disease has been changing during the last decades These results cannot be directly extrapolated to the general population the extended follow-up period further emphasises the significance and importance of this study’s findings veterinarians can gain valuable insights into the prevalence distribution and progression of this disease in dogs this study serves as a potential tool in informing veterinary practices and public health initiatives aimed at controlling canine leishmaniosis this is one of the longest studies evaluating the evolution of L infantum infection in owned dogs in a fixed location and its association with external factors such as climatic conditions and preventive measures The results obtained confirm that Valdeorras is a high-risk area for L Although climatic conditions are fundamental in the ecology of the vector they were not as relevant in the transmission of L infantum as the use of ectoparasiticides and vaccines against L its aetiopathogenesis and strategies to control the disease The importance of veterinarians raising awareness among dog owners of the seriousness of the disease and the need for preventive measures to protect both pets and public health is a cornerstone in the management of this vector-borne parasitic disease All data regarding this study are included in the manuscript Indirect immunofluorescence antibody tests LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine 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Phlebotomus neglectus the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the East Mediterranean region Phlebotomine sand fly population dynamics in a leishmaniasis endemic peri-urban area in southern Italy Phenology and host preferences Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Phlebotominae) in a focus of Toscana virus (TOSV) in South of France Environmental risk mapping of canine leishmaniasis in France Download references The paper has been sponsored by Elanco Animal Health in the framework of the CVBD® World Forum Symposium The authors sincerely thank Ricardo García from the ‘Departamento de Ayuda a la Investigación Área de Informática y Comunicaciones’ of the Complutense University of Madrid for the statistical support The authors also want to thank Constantino Rodríguez (‘Tino’) for all his work and friendship during many years and for his technical support at the Canine Leishmaniosis and Ehrlichiosis Diagnostic Service of the Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Complutense University of Madrid The authors also want to sincerely thank the AEMET (State Meteorological Agency) for their invaluable help in the collection of climatic variables The graphical abstract was created with Biorender.com has been funded by the FPU grant from the Ministry of Universities Veterinary Clinic “Servicios Veterinarios del Sil” reading and interpretation of the IFAT results; D.M-F. All authors read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare that they have no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-024-06357-8 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Thanks for visiting ! The use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy. We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here. Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker I started thinking that I might be able to do it but I focused on maintaining good shots,” said the 22-year-old Dane “I’d already shot 45 10s in a row and there was only 15 more to go!” “This 600 shows that I can shoot good and I’m looking forward to the start of the Indoor World Cup in Marrakesh next Saturday.” Hansen was World Archery Champion in 2015 and came within a single-arrow shoot-off of defending his title in Mexico City in October, but lost a tiebreaker in the final to France’s Sebastien Peineau. World number three Schloesser, who was compound men’s world champion before Hansen, shot the first perfect 18-metre 60-arrow ranking round at the Indoor Archery World Cup stage in Nimes in 2015. No-one else is known to have achieved the feat in competition since. “Of course, it was easier for me because Mike did it first,” said Hansen. “His 600 is still better because it was the first.” Since there are no Xs indoors, Mike’s world record will never be beaten. So, while Hansen’s name won’t be added to the record books, the score goes down as yet another incredible achievement in the young career of one of this generation’s most successful international archers. drought-stricken Berlin and wildfires from Spain to Belgium – Europe is feeling the heat this summer Photograph: Fabrice Coffrini/AFP/Getty Images Photograph: Romy Arroyo Fernandez/NurPhoto/Rex/Shutterstock Photograph: Sylvain Thomas/AFP/Getty Images Photograph: Pablo Blázquez Domínguez/Getty Images Photograph: Johnny Armstead/Rex/Shutterstock Photograph: Vincent Jannink/ANP/AFP/Getty Images Photograph: Federico Scoppa/AFP/Getty Images Photograph: snapshot-photography/F Boillot/Rex/Shutterstock Valdeorras' location has earned it the unofficial title of "Gateway to Galicia", sandwiched as it is between Ribeira Sacra to the west and Bierzo (part of Castilla y Leon) to the northeast The Sil originates in the Cordillera Cantabrica mountain range to the north As Galicia's most inland region, Valdeorras has a predominantly continental climate although the Atlantic Ocean to the west also exerts an influence The best vineyards receive plenty of sunshine and heat during the growing season and produce the highest-quality wines and numerous other local rivers (including the Bibei and Xares) hinting at the ancient alluvial nature of terrain in the lower-lying lands while the higher slopes count granite (to the west and southwest of the DO) and slate Limestone soils can often be found in the northern half of the appellation as well as ferrous clays on the higher sites with around 900mm (35 inches) falling each year combined with an altitude of between 300m (980ft) and 700m (2,300ft) make Valdeorras well suited to the production of dry white wines The whites, produced from Godello (Verdelho) grapes with plenty of varietal characters of citrus fruit Some producers also produce a barrel-fermented version of this wine the wine is classified as "Valdeorras Blanco" Mencia forms the basis of most of the red wines produced in Valdeorras with most wines produced in the region giving a stylistic nod to its northeastern neighbor, Bierzo. It can appear as a varietal or blended with Garnacha or Cabernet Sauvignon These wines are well known for displaying rich also allows the production of sparkling Valdeorras Espumoso from 85 percent Godello grapes a sweet wine made from Godello or approved red-wine varieties A Spanish travel magazine has created a stir by selecting its list of "ugliest" destinations for every province of each region of the country · Spanish travel magazine Viajar has drawn up a map and a list of the "ugliest towns in the country" selecting one for each province of every region The publication admitted that in creating the list it relied on "the opinions of some tourists general clichés or asking for help from Artificial Intelligence" The publication also warned if your town is in this compilation as almost any place can have charm according to the opinion and taste of each person Here is the list of the ugliest towns in Spain by province, compiled by the magazine Viajar: Although no specific reason is given as to why it has been decided that each selected the is the ugliest in its province and is included in this list For some of them some the opinions of anonymous people have been included or elements of the localities have been highlighted that may make them perceived as ugly Taking into account some opinions in travellers' forums the travel magazine has put together the following harsh testimony: "It is a place where NOT to stay or live millions of noisy tuned cars and motorbikes passing by with noisy exhausts at all hours the police do nothing and there is nothing to visit Other examples base the qualification of the tourism as ugly on its few tourist attractions or on comparisons with other nearby towns of great beauty Comentar es una ventaja exclusiva para registrados