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View all subscription plans on our subscription page. analysis and advice for the global sporting goods industry Site powered by Webvision Cloud Volume 8 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00788 This article is part of the Research TopicEvolution of gene regulatory networks in plant developmentView all 18 articles Plant shoot systems give rise to characteristic above-ground plant architectures Shoots are formed from axillary meristems and buds whose growth and development is modulated by systemic and local signals These cues convey information about nutrient and water availability sink/source organ activity and other variables that determine the timeliness and competence to maintain development of new shoots This information is translated into a local response Although some key genes involved in the onset of bud latency have been identified the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) controlled by these genes are not well defined it has not been determined whether bud dormancy induced by environmental cues shares genetic mechanisms with bud latency induced by other causes such as apical dominance or a short-day photoperiod the evolution and conservation of these GRNs throughout angiosperms is not well established We have reanalyzed public transcriptomic datasets that compare quiescent and active axillary buds of Arabidopsis with datasets of axillary buds of the woody species Vitis vinifera (grapevine) and apical buds of Populus tremula x Populus alba (poplar) during the bud growth-to-dormancy transition Our aim was to identify potentially common GRNs induced during the process that leads to bud para- In Arabidopsis buds that are entering eco- or paradormancy we have identified four induced interrelated GRNs that correspond to a carbon (C) starvation syndrome typical of tissues undergoing low C supply This response is also detectable in poplar and grapevine buds before and during the transition to dormancy C-limiting conditions are coupled to growth arrest and latency like that observed in dormant axillary buds Bud dormancy might thus be partly a consequence of the underlying C starvation syndrome triggered by environmental and endogenous cues that anticipate or signal conditions unfavorable for sustained shoot growth Such comparisons could help us determine whether eco- para- and endodormancy are variations of a single ancestral genetic program or whether each type is controlled by unrelated GRNs It also will help elucidate whether GRNs that cause bud growth arrest are conserved in different herbaceous and woody plant species Additional GRNs controlled by BRC1 remain to be characterized In this study our aim was to identify potentially common GRNs induced during the process that leads to bud para- For that we compared publicly available transcriptomic data from active para- and ecodormant axillary buds of Arabidopsis a shared transcriptomic response typical of tissue undergoing C starvation We then detected this response also in Populus tremula × Populus alba (poplar) apical buds undergoing endodormancy and in Vitis vinifera (grapevine) axillary buds entering para- This C starvation transcriptional response activated shortly after exposure to conditions leading to bud dormancy anticipates and underlies the growth-to-dormancy transition in the three species The C starvation syndrome entails a suite of interconnected transcriptional responses that include sugar signaling It also involves downregulation of cytokinin (CK) signaling and repression of protein/DNA synthesis and cell division conditions typical of cells in dormant buds genetically connected to cell growth arrest may be one of the underlying forces driving the growth-to-dormancy transition of axillary buds in response to suboptimal conditions in herbaceous and woody species and 295 genes respectively (Supplementary Dataset S1) FIGURE 1. Bud dormancy genes and GRN. (A) Hierarchical clustering representation of bud dormancy genes (González-Grandío and Cubas, 2014) based on their degree of coregulation in 15,275 microarray experiments (ATTED-II; Obayashi et al., 2007) The number of coregulated genes and GO terms enriched are indicated (B) Volcano plots representing pval (–Log10 pval vertical axis) and relative expression (Log2 fold change horizontal axis) of all genes in each microarray Normalized gene intensities in dormant buds vs normalized gene intensities in active buds were compared in all experiments [3 h low R:FR (N-2 bud) vs Bud dormancy genes and their coregulated genes are highlighted genes induced and repressed in dormant buds Genes highlighted in red were attributed to Bud dormancy GRNI-IV (see Supplementary Dataset S1) and were used for subsequent analyses (C) Venn diagram showing overlap between bud dormancy GRN (D) Model of the relationships between bud dormancy GRN Line thickness indicates degree of overlap between GRN To elucidate the biological processes in which these GRNs were involved, we searched for enrichment in gene ontology (GO) terms using the Panther Classification System (Mi et al., 2017; Supplementary Dataset S2), complemented with a MapMan bin analysis (Thimm et al., 2004; Supplementary Dataset S1) GRNI was significantly enriched in terms related to ethylene auxin and gibberellin signaling and response; GRNII in terms related to ABA catabolism and response to abiotic stress; GRNIII in terms related to lipid and amino acid catabolism response to starvation and biotic stress; and GRNIV in terms related to protein ubiquitination and response to sucrose starvation We evaluated the degree of overlap between these GRNs by seeking common genes. GRNIII and GRNIV shared one-third of their genes; GRNII and GRNIII shared 30%, and GRNI and GRNIV had 26% genes in common (Figure 1C, Supplementary Figure S3 and Dataset S3). This suggested that these GRNs are not strictly independent, but correspond to related aspects of the same syndrome, probably coordinated or maintained by ethylene, auxin and ABA signaling (Figure 1D) Bud dormancy genes from categories related to sugar sensing as well as amino acid and lipid catabolism Genes from these sets appeared in the GRNs at a much higher frequency than expected in a random list (pval 4.5E-11 to 7.5E-215; Table 2 and Supplementary Figure S4) indicating that the bud dormancy GRNs were very highly enriched in genes typical of a C starvation response C starvation genes are overrepresented in the bud dormancy GRNs Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analyses of dormant vs (A,B) Enrichment Scores (ES; green line) of selected gene sets that illustrate significant overrepresentation among up- (A) or down-regulated genes (B) Barcode-like vertical black lines represent logRatios of genes of each gene set in the ranked ordered data sets genes induced in dormant buds; right (negative logRatios) FIGURE 3. Summary of GSEA analyses of dormant vs. active buds in Arabidopsis, poplar and grapevine. Clustering of GSEA results for all transcriptomic samples and gene sets based on their normalized enrichment score (NES) for each sample. Complete results are in http://bioinfogp.cnb.csic.es/files/projects/tarancon_et_al_2017_supp/ Positive NES values (blue) are for gene sets overrepresented in the “dormant bud” condition Negative NES values (yellow) are for gene sets overrepresented in the “active bud” condition White circles indicate gene sets with a significant statistical overrepresentation (FDR < 0.05) Core C-signaling and Brassinolide (BL) markers in poplar and ethylene and strigolactone (SL) markers in grapevine contained <10 genes each which may have prevented obtaining significant results All these results suggest that a C starvation syndrome is induced early in the growth-to-dormancy transition in para- and ecodormant axillary buds in Arabidopsis These sugar-regulated genes could be instrumental in coordinating gene expression in GRNI and GRNIV RD26 (Supplementary Figure S6A and Dataset S5) and possibly NAC19 for which there is no available binding information might regulate these motifs and promote gene expression We confirmed significant enrichment of the GRNs in the target genes of these TFs by using DAP-Seq and ChIP-Seq data (O’Malley et al., 2016; Song et al., 2016); their numbers in the GRNs were significantly higher than expected in a random gene list (pval < 0.01) this value was between 1.7 and 2.7 times higher than predicted (Supplementary Figure S6B) All these results indicate that four interrelated GRNs associated to a C starvation response are induced in para- and ecodormant Arabidopsis buds bZIP and NAC TFs could have a key role in the regulation of these GRNs A large proportion of the genes in the GRNs are rapidly repressed by sugar and upregulated by AKIN10 They are tightly coregulated with or directly involved in sugar signaling and metabolism This response is also associated with downregulation of CK signaling all conditions that lead to the cell and tissue growth arrest typical of dormant buds We analyzed the expression patterns of the poplar and grapevine orthologs of the GRNI-IV genes we identified 390 poplar and 421 grapevine orthologs (Supplementary Dataset S6) we studied gene expression relative to levels in the “active bud” sample (LD in poplar a large proportion of the bud dormancy gene orthologs were significantly induced at most time points in poplar and grapevine buds (Supplementary Figure S7) during the growth-to-dormancy transition in these woody species the global induction appeared to increase over the weeks in SD grapevine gene induction was detectable throughout the year (Supplementary Figure S7) below indicate the proposed developmental stage of buds in each time point a large proportion of the genes orthologous to Arabidopsis bud dormancy genes are also induced either early and transiently or early and constantly during the growth-to-dormancy transition in poplar and grapevine which supports their functional conservation in these woody species To obtain a general view of the transcriptomic responses in these experiments, we performed GSEA similar to that for Arabidopsis, using all genes with proposed Arabidopsis orthologs (8023 genes in poplar and 8390 in grapevine) (Ruttink et al., 2007; Díaz-Riquelme et al., 2012) The sugar- and AKIN10-responsive gene sets were overrepresented among upregulated genes from 1 w SD in poplar, and July in grapevine, and were also induced throughout the treatment/year (Figure 3) This finding confirms that the C starvation response begins early The ribosomal gene set was constitutively overrepresented among downregulated genes in all three species which confirmed that inhibition of protein synthesis is an early and sustained response in buds entering dormancy General downregulation of cell cycle and cell division genes was also observed in grapevine cell division gene sets were repressed more gradually and reached maximum repression at 5 w SD histones were not significantly downregulated in the woody species C starvation response gene sets (upregulated) and cell growth-related gene sets (downregulated) clustered together in the three species This results indicate that an early and sustained sugar-starvation response associated with downregulation of ribosomal and cell cycle proteins is conserved in buds of Arabidopsis and might constitute a core response of buds entering dormancy in the angiosperms As we cannot rule out that the expression levels of these genes change in dormant axillary buds we used this database for qualitative rather than quantitative analysis to identify the cell types in which these genes were expressed most abundantly Other strongly expressed genes such as DRM1 and AFP3 were found in both vascular tissue and leaf primordia and GID1C in xylem and the peripheral zone of the meristem BYPASS and HISTONE DEACETYLASE 8 were widely expressed throughout the meristem Cell type-specific expression of bud dormancy genes in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem (SAM) Heatmap of bud dormancy gene expression in SAM cell types normalized for each gene relative to the cell type with the highest expression levels (1.0 Horizontal color lines on the right indicate gene sets to which each gene belongs (A) Genes expressed almost exclusively in phloem (B) Genes expressed almost exclusively in xylem (C,D) Genes expressed preferentially in phloem and xylem (E) Genes expressed preferentially in layers 1 (F) Genes expressed preferentially in peripheral zone (PZ) In summary, whereas ABA signaling occurs mostly in the xylem, sugar signaling in the phloem, and ethylene in the meristem proper (Yadav et al., 2014) autophagy and arrest of cell growth take place throughout the meristem This suggests that cell-to-cell communication and movement of signaling molecules hormones and proteins must take place across different cell types in buds entering dormancy Both GID1C and NAP belong to the four bud dormancy GRNs (Supplementary Dataset S1) Expression levels of candidate bud dormancy markers in potato GID1C and NAP potato ortholog genes in aerial axillary buds were analyzed by quantitative PCR (B) Plants exposed for 10 h to white light or to a low red:far-red light ratio Each biological replicate is a pool of 16 axillary buds ∗∗pval < 0.01; ∗∗∗pval < 0.001; two-tailed Student’s t-test Indeed it is possible that bud dormancy is a manifestation and a consequence of the observed C starvation syndrome Those and other stimuli could feed into regulatory networks that economize resources locally to result in a moderation of growth rate in axillary meristems and buds hormonal responses tightly linked to the C starvation response (see below) Changes in low R:FR light ratio or photoperiod might therefore trigger partially overlapping responses including potential anticipation of a C-limiting situation Although it has not been analyzed in this work coordination between C and N metabolic pathways probably affect this process as well as sugar responses depend significantly on the N status of the plant poplar and grapevine show induction of genes of the former categories and repression of genes of the latter categories Summary of responses observed in buds entering dormancy in the context of a potential C starvation response Relationships are based on data obtained in Arabidopsis (see Discussion) Some relevant Bud dormancy genes are indicated is likely to have a key role in the induction of bud dormancy (see below) four genes encoding F-box proteins that promote the ubiquitination and degradation of ARR factors [KISS ME DEADLY (KMD)1-4] are bud dormancy genes We have found a remarkable number of bud dormancy genes related to autophagy many of them controlled by SnRK1 (see below) our GSEA analysis indicates that the transcriptional network downstream of the catalytic SnRK1 α subunit is significantly induced from the earliest stages of growth-to-dormancy transition in Arabidopsis Many of the abovementioned genes involved in sugar sensing autophagy and repression of CK signaling are AKIN10-dependent SnRK1 also causes downregulation of a large number of ribosomal genes another conserved significant effect detected by our GSEA analysis SnRK1 could also be responsible for at least part of the observed induction of the ubiquitination machinery and lipid degradation Bud dormancy is an adaptive response present in all angiosperms It prevents shoot development when endogenous or environmental conditions are unfavorable for sustained growth It has great impact on reproductive success and must have been influential in the colonization of habitats with fluctuating conditions We have found induction of a conserved C starvation syndrome that precedes and underlies the growth-to-dormancy transition in buds of three distantly-related species one herbaceous (Arabidopsis) and two woody (poplar and grapevine) as gene sets generated in Arabidopsis were used to detect the response in the woody species this syndrome has been observed is several unrelated experiments regardless the stimulus that promoted dormancy short-day photoperiods) or endogenous (apical dominance) This remarkable conservation suggests that a syndrome aimed at adapting to C-limiting situations is deeply rooted in the control of shoot meristem and bud development across angiosperms Bud dormancy might thus be an ancestral response directly resulting from this C starvation syndrome coordinated by different pathways that sense and/or anticipate situations on low C availability and feed into this core response to prevent untimely growth and development Only genes upregulated (positive fold change FC ≥ 1.2) in at least one experiment in dormant buds were included in the lists of bud dormancy GRNs (Supplementary Figure S8) For each time point we calculated the log2 ratios of normalized gene intensities vs normalized gene intensities on LD (active buds) Expression data was visualized and clustered with MeV using Euclidean distance and average linkage options For each sample, we calculated the log2 ratios of normalized gene intensities vs. normalized gene intensities of the “active bud” sample: LD for poplar, April for grapevine. Expression data for selected bud dormancy genes obtained from Yadav et al. (2014) was visualized and clustered with MeV Trees were generated by HCL using Euclidean distance and average linkage options The putative orthologs of Arabidopsis genes were identified by a tblastn search with protein sequences as query in the Spud DB Potato Genomics Resource website3. cDNAs showing a high similarity e-value with the query were selected. Proteins were aligned with those of Arabidopsis and phylogenetic trees (BioNeighbor joining method, 500 replicates; Gascuel, 1997) were built to identify the most likely orthologs which were selected for expression studies (Supplementary Figure S9) Plant growth conditions, experimental design, light treatments, techniques and expression level normalization were as described in Nicolas et al. 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Pilar Cubas, cGN1YmFzQGNuYi5jc2ljLmVz †Present address: Eduardo González-Grandío Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. Metrics details increases during immune suppression or dysregulation This study aimed to explore TTV VL in youths living with vertically acquired HIV (YWVH) and its potential as an immunovirological marker retrospective study involving YWVH under antiretroviral treatment (ART) from the Spanish Cohort of HIV-infected children and vertically HIV-infected patients transferred to Adult Units (CoRISpe-FARO) compared to HIV-negative healthy donors (HD) T-cell phenotype was analysed on cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry Correlations with baseline CD4 and CD8 and long-term virological evolution were examined A total of 57 YWVH were compared with 23 HD YWVH had a median CD4 T-cells of 736 cells/mm3 [IQR: 574–906] a median of 17 years [IQR: 14–20.5] since ART initiation and 65 months [IQR: 39–116] under HIV-RNA virological control TTV VL was higher among YWVH and in males compared with females (p < 0.05) TTV VL correlated with CD4 and CD8 counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio (p = 0.002; r = − 0.39 TTV VL correlated with activation expression markers (HLA-DR+/CD38+) on CD4 (p = 0.007 r = 0.39) and the soluble proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 (p = 0.006 Validating biomarkers for routine clinical practice is key to optimizing management of this population and improving the prognosis of high-risk patients The objective of this study was to quantify plasma TTV viral load in YWVH compared to non-HIV controls and to analyse its potential role as an immunological marker by examining associations between TTV viral load and immunity TTV viral load correlations with HIV-related data soluble inflammatory markers and activation and exhaustion markers’ expression in T-cells Correlations between TTV viral load and Nadir CD4 (A) time since ART initiation (B) and time under HIV viral control (undetectable viral load < 20 copies/ml) (C) Correlations between TTV viral load and soluble IL-6 levels (n = 23 for HD in blue dots and n = 29 for YWVH in red dots) (D) HLADR+CD38 + co-expression in CD4 T-cells (n = 23 for HD in blue dots and n = 25 for YWVH in red dots) (E) TIM-3 + expression in CD8 T-cells (F) and PD1+ (G) and CD57+ and (H) expression in EM CD4 and CD8 T-cells (n = 23 for HD in blue dots and n = 28 for YWVH in red dots) A viral load of 0.69 log10 copies/mL was assigned to HD with undetectable viral load which is the lowest limit of detection youths living with vertically acquired HIV; HD The Spearman rho correlation coefficient test was used TTV viral load associations with viral and immune evolution in YWVH Differences in TTV viral load at sampling in YWVH that developed VF (A) or blips (B) during the follow-up compared to YWVH that maintained persistent HIV-RNA viral control Correlation between TTV viral load at sampling and time until the first blip appearance in the subgroup of YWVH that developed blips during the follow-up (n = 18) (C) Mann-Whitney U-test was used for groups’ comparisons To evaluate the potential of TTV as predictor for immune recovery in YWVH TTV levels were correlated to the CD4 T-cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio gain for each year of follow-up and no significant correlation was observed between baseline TTV levels and changes in the immune variables (data not shown) we found significantly higher TTV load in YWVH compared to HD TTV viral load inversely correlated with CD4 T-cells and the CD4/CD8 ratio and directly with the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 but the data suggest TTV may be used as a potential marker of immune reconstitution in this population The inclusion of patients on stable ART and suppressed HIV-RNA for at least 2 years may explain these differences The inverse correlation between those variables and TTV levels aligns with lower TTV load in women the combination of high TTV loads and a low CD4/CD8 ratio could be a useful marker of immune dysfunction to identify PLWH at higher risk of long-term complications Larger longitudinal studies are needed to validate the prognostic value of TTV in the context of treated HIV infection with promising associations found with abnormalities of immunity and inflammation despite the small number of participants who developed VF TTV load at baseline was high in these patients We found a moderate inverse association between TTV viral load time under HIV viral suppression and the time to blips appearance suggesting that low-level HIV replication may facilitate the immune evasion of TTV TTV load may be further explored to identify adherence issues and patients at risk of blips or VF results interpretation needs to be cautious our study is the first analysing TTV in vertically acquired HIV infection our study found higher TTV viral load in YWVH and correlations with the CD4/CD8 ratio and IL-6 levels suggesting that TTV should be further explored as a marker of immune reconstitution useful for the identification of high-risk patients within the unique population of people living with vertically acquired HIV A convenience sample at the Spanish HIV Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón BioBank (HIV HUGM BioBank) was selected among participants on stable ART and virologically suppressed for HIV-RNA for at least 6 months (undetectable viral load < 20 copies/ml) Patients co-infected with hepatitis C or B viruses were excluded Longitudinal data on the immunological status and viral suppression were collected up to September 2022 Patients were censored during follow-up upon treatment interruption or loss of viral suppression A cohort of HIV-negative healthy donors (HD) was recruited from participating hospitals for comparison with the inclusion criteria being a negative HIV serology and no known medical conditions Virological failure (VF) was defined as the loss of viral suppression (two consecutive HIV-RNA determinations above 20 copies/mL at least six months apart) without treatment interruption or suspected adherence issues Transient viral load values above detection limit but below 1,000 copies/ml were defined as episodes of intermittent viremia or “blips” The study was approved by the ethic committee of Hospital Universitario La Paz in Madrid (PI-4636) Written informed consent was obtained from all HIV participants before inclusion in CoRISpe-FARO and from HD before inclusion in the study plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from YWVH were provided by the HIV HUGM BioBank according to sample availability (in future laboratory determinations the number of patients will vary due to that limitation) A 30 mL sample of fresh whole blood was collected from HD volunteers in ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid tubes The percentage of CD4 and CD8 T-cells from HD was determined in fresh whole blood using Cytomics FC (Beckman-Coulter Plasma and PBMCs were immediately isolated by Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation and stored at − 80 °C and − 170 °C respectively FlowJo 10.7.1 software (TreeStar) was used for data analysis Soluble IL-6 was assessed in plasma (COBAS e411 The determined TTV DNA plasma level presented a high range (from 250 to 109 copies/ml) in the analysed cohort To compare two independent groups when the variables categorical or continuous chi-square test and two-tailed Mann Whitney U-test were used Correlations were assessed using Spearman’s rank test A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS 20.0) was used for the statistical analysis Graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software) Main datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files All the methods were carried out in accordance with relevant standards and regulations The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Youths living with vertically acquired HIV Torquetenovirus: The human virome from bench to bedside Temporal response of the human virome to Immunosuppression and antiviral therapy Emergence of exhausted B cells in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients naïve for HAART is related to reduced immune surveillance Torquetenovirus viremia for early prediction of graft rejection after kidney transplantation Clinical significance of changes in Torque Teno virus DNA titer after chemotherapy in patients with primary lung cancer Early herpes and TTV DNAemia in septic shock patients: A pilot study Short-term kinetics of torque teno virus viraemia after induction immunosuppression confirm T lymphocytes as the main replication-competent cells Kinetics of Alphatorquevirus plasma DNAemia at late times after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Torquetenovirus viremia kinetics after autologous stem cell transplantation are predictable and may serve as a surrogate marker of functional immune reconstitution The kinetics of torque teno virus plasma DNA load shortly after engraftment predicts the risk of high-level CMV DNAemia in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Prevalence of torque viruses in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected Nigerian subjects: Analysis of near-full-length genome sequences Inverse relationship between the titre of TT virus DNA and the CD4 cell count in patients infected with HIV Progression towards AIDS leads to increased torque teno virus and torque teno minivirus titers in tissues of HIV infected individuals Clinical relevance of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in HIV/HCV coinfected and HCV Monoinfected patients treated with direct-acting antiviral therapy The Torque Teno Virus Titer in Saliva reflects the level of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes and HIV in individuals undergoing antiretroviral maintenance therapy Torque Teno Virus plasma level as novel biomarker of retained immunocompetence in HIV-infected patients Innate and adaptive abnormalities in youth with vertically acquired HIV through a multicentre cohort in Spain The CD4/CD8 ratio as a marker T-cell activation senescence and activation/exhaustion in treated HIV-infected children and young adults Incidence of postsuppression virologic rebound in perinatally HIV-infected Asian adolescents on stable combination antiretroviral therapy miRNA profile based on ART delay in vertically infected HIV-1 youths is associated with inflammatory biomarkers and activation and maturation immune levels Early antiretroviral therapy initiation effect on metabolic profile in vertically HIV-1-infected children Detection of TT virus in HIV-1 exposed but uninfected individuals and in HIV-1 infected patients and its influence on CD4 + lymphocytes and viral load Torque Teno virus viral load is related to age CMV infection and HLA type but not to Alzheimer’s disease Torque Teno virus dynamics during the first year of life TTV DNA plasma load and its association with age Differential susceptibility to infectious respiratory diseases between males and females linked to sex-specific innate immune inflammatory response Sexual dimorphism in innate immune responses to infectious organisms Sex-specific effects of TLR9 promoter variants on spontaneous clearance of HCV infection Differences according to gender and health status in CD4:CD8 ratio in a sample of community-dwelling oldest old Differences in pyroptosis of recent thymic emigrants CD4 + T lymphocytes in ART-treated HIV-positive patients are influenced by sex Transient viral rebound in children with perinatally acquired HIV-1 induces a unique soluble immunometabolic signature associated with decreased CD4/CD8 ratio HIV-Infected individuals with low CD4/CD8 ratio despite effective antiretroviral therapy exhibit altered T cell subsets and increased risk of Non-AIDS morbidity and mortality Changes in CD8 + 57 + T lymphocyte expansions after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation correlate with changes in Torquetenovirus Viremia Interleukin 6 is a stronger predictor of clinical events than high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein or D-Dimer during HIV infection Torquetenovirus DNA drives proinflammatory cytokines production and secretion by immune cells via toll-like receptor 9 Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and TLR-9 agonists improve hepatitis C virus replication and infectivity inhibition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells TTV viral load as a marker for Immune reconstitution after initiation of HAART in HIV-Infected patients Better detection of Torque Teno virus in children with leukemia by metagenomic sequencing than by quantitative PCR Assessment of prevalence and load of torquetenovirus viraemia in a large cohort of healthy blood donors and virological outcomes among youths with Perinatal HIV after transition to adult units in Spain from 1997 to 2016 Download references The authors would like to particularly acknowledge all patients as well as their families for their participation in this study We particularly acknowledge Laura Diaz from Flow Cytometry Unit of IiSGM for her technical assistance as flow cytometry technician This work was supported by the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ISCIII (CIBERINFEC) [CB21/13/00025 Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) [CB22/01/00041] Spain; and by Gilead fellowship program (GLD21/00090) LT-D is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) under grant agreement “CP23/00009” through the Miguel Servet Program ESPID Small Grant Award 2023 and “Proyectos de I + D + i Programa Intramural IiSGM” (2023-II-PI-NOV-01) LT-D and TS are supported by GeSIDA through the “IV Premio para Jóvenes Investigadores 2021” TS has been supported by a Springboard Award by the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID) Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Santiago Jiménez de Ory & María Luisa Navarro Grupo de Infecciones en la Población Pediátrica Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Madrid Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC) General Pediatrics and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department University Hospital La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ) Department of Microbiology and Parasitology Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) Elena Vazquez-Alejo & Mª Ángeles Muñoz-Fernandez Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM) All authors have read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Written informed consent was obtained from all HIV participants before inclusion in CoRISpe-FARO and from all HD before inclusion in the study Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73870-2 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science A man on Florida’s northeast coast was bitten by a shark this weekend but is now recovering in the third shark attack in state waters over the past month Officials from the Nassau County Sheriff’s Office Marine Unit responding to a distress call Friday morning found the victim in critical condition aboard a boat losing blood from a “severe” shark bite on his right forearm according to a social media post from the sheriff's office The attack occurred in the Amelia River near Fernandina Beach about 35 miles (56 kilometers) north of Jacksonville after the victim caught the shark while fishing according to sheriff's office public affairs officer Alicia Tarancon After officers applied a tourniquet, the victim was taken to shore, where he was airlifted to a local hospital, The Florida Times-Union reported Tarancon told The Associated Press that the victim is alert and still recuperating at the hospital It’s the third shark attack in Florida in June. The other two attacks in the Florida panhandle in early June left three people injured and led to the temporary closure of beaches in Walton County a Florida Atlantic University professor of biological sciences specializing in sharks said the number of recent attacks is a “bit high” but is a natural result of more people in the water during summer and warmer waters “You’re going to have a higher probability of something happening because more people are coming to the beach,” he said “It is strange to get so many bites in quick succession but when you consider the number of people in water right now Another reason for increased shark activity is small bait fish He also said scientists are seeing a resurgence of some species of sharks which could mean more sharks are in the water shark activity is at its peak during warmer months but also while sharks are seasonally migrating in the fall and spring up and down the coast Kajiura noted that Florida leads the world in shark bites Though none were fatal, Florida reported 16 unprovoked shark bite incidents last year, according to the Florida Museum of Natural History’s annual shark attack report That represents 44% of the 36 total unprovoked bites in the U.S in 2023 and a little less than a quarter worldwide Kajiura urged swimmers not to avoid the water – just be vigilant which may appear similar to fish scales in the water and swim in groups where there are lifeguards “You’ve probably been in the water with sharks before and I feel like that's part of where the system failed" Henry Betsey Jr. is facing charges for marrying three Florida women in three different counties at the same time. Now saying the system that handles marriage licenses kept them in the dark Report a typo You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser or activate Google Chrome Frame to improve your experience should reach a total generation capacity of around 800 MW The two solar parks that will make up the Castilla-La Mancha project would each have a 400 MW capacity The utility has amassed a 2 GW generation portfolio in its homeland Spanish electric utility Iberdrola is planning two solar parks with a total generation capacity of 800 MW near Cuenca in the central-southern region of Castilla-La Mancha the project would consist of two solar parks – Tarancón I and II – which would each have a 400 MW capacity and would be located between the municipalities of Belinchón Alcázar del Rey and Campos del Paraíso in the other Both projects are still in the preliminary development phase and their approvals process has not yet started If implemented, the development would be the largest solar project announced by the utility in Spain. Three weeks ago, Iberdrola announced it intends to build a 590 MW solar plant in the municipal areas of Torrecillas de la Tiesa and Aldeacentenera, near Cáceres in Extremadura will require investment of approximately €300 million and will be added to an Iberdrola portfolio of 2 GW of projects in Spain including the 50 MW Andévalo PV project in Andalusia; the 50 MW Romeral scheme in Cuenca Castilla-La Mancha; and PV plants Ceclavín (328 MW) Arenales (150 MW) and Campo Arañuelo I and II (50 MW each) in Extremadura More articles from Emiliano Bellini Please be mindful of our community standards and website in this browser for the next time I comment Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" By submitting this form you agree to pv magazine using your data for the purposes of publishing your comment Your personal data will only be disclosed or otherwise transmitted to third parties for the purposes of spam filtering or if this is necessary for technical maintenance of the website Any other transfer to third parties will not take place unless this is justified on the basis of applicable data protection regulations or if pv magazine is legally obliged to do so You may revoke this consent at any time with effect for the future in which case your personal data will be deleted immediately your data will be deleted if pv magazine has processed your request or the purpose of data storage is fulfilled Further information on data privacy can be found in our Data Protection Policy Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value" This website uses cookies to anonymously count visitor numbers. View our privacy policy. × The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this Close (AP) — The driver of a pickup truck ran a stop sign and plowed into a group of California junior high school students police said as they interviewed witnesses Thursday to determine what caused the crash whom police identified as Larry Dale Duke of Ceres struck the students as they walked to Mae Hensley Junior High around 9 a.m The victims were all 13- and 14-year-old girls Witnesses told investigators that Duke ran a stop sign in his raised Chevrolet pickup and dragged one girl under the vehicle before stopping "He ran over one of them like a speed bump," Nikalas Matthews "You could tell he wasn't paying attention at all." Police said they're also investigating witness reports that Duke was either on a cell phone or wearing earphones when he exited his truck the law prohibits drivers from using a handheld wireless telephone while driving Drivers are also barred from wearing a headset or earplugs covering both ears Duke denied that he had been wearing earphones in an interview with KXTL-TV on Wednesday night He said he didn't know how the crash happened but said he might have fallen asleep at the wheel "I'm so sorry this happened," Duke told KXTL-TV Ceres police spokesman Jose Berber said Thursday that Duke has not been arrested Duke could not be reached for comment on Thursday Authorities have not released the name of the girl who died at the scene but family and friends identified her as 13-year-old Danielle Tarancon-Leon The other victims' injuries ranged from minor to serious Davis Medical Center in Sacramento by a Medi-flight helicopter about 200 people gathered for a vigil at a nearby park for the victims Family and friends are planning a mass for Tarancon-Leon on Friday caring girl," Danielle's grandmother Trinidad Tarancon told the Modesto Bee "It's overwhelming to see the crowd of people here that cared about her and are showing their love for her." This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Spain is the largest producer of pigs in Europe and the production of pigs in Spain is continuously growing Spain is therefore an obvious choice for expanding our business and we are happy to enter Spain together with a well-established local company such as Vicente Gallent SL," says Jan Roelsgaard "We are convinced that we have achieved a commitment with the most important and good quality product casings company in the world and we are very proud of it We contribute to this union with our work capacity and flexibility to adapt our organization to assume new business development projects." is 51 per cent owned by DAT-Schaub A/S and will employ more than 20 fulltime employees incl Operations begin on 27 March 2017 with estimated slaughtering of 3,800 pigs/day The number of daily slaughtering is expected to increase over the coming years Global Ag Media provides a knowledge sharing platform offering premium news analysis and information resources for the global agriculture industry Sign up to our regular newsletter and access news from across the Global AG Media network THE NEW office building of the ProvincialGovernment of Zamora faces the challenge of adjusting to one of the key environments in Zamora This new facility had to round off the square becoming the fourth facade of a complex made up of unique structures like the Encarnación Hospital the Ramos Carrión Theater and the Condes de Alba y Aliste Palace The whole program of the government is articulated around a courtyard that allows doubling the number of rooms with a north-south orientation reducing the spaces without windows and taking the activity in the plaza to the interior of the building through the views that cross it Its size increases in height to allow the entrance of light and sunning into the halls that flow onto it by improving the illumination of the interior spaces the courtyard allows creating a more enclosed facade towards the square and in tune with its environment The sand stone facades wrap a small vegetal precinct with hedges and climbing plants presided by a white poplar tree whose slender figure will reach the full height of the building Its presence will be a constant reminder of the passing seasons the building does not close up in the interior courtyard but adopts an extroverted strategy through the creation of deep openings on the facade which permits viewing and establishing contact with the Plaza de Viriato It can be accessed from the offices on the first floor and offers the possibility of being used as a representative balcony The new building wraps up the Plaza de Viriato The use of a sandstone cladding and the arrangement of the windows manage to meld the building into its historical environment Both the external cladding of the facade and that of the courtyard are finished with sandstone from Zamora of the same kind as that of the historical buildings This stone is used to create a rear-ventilated facade that shows its contemporary character with the supporting steel furrings An area of the facade on ground floor is rounded off with a plinth of thicker pieces whose rough finish is in tune with the neighboring buildings and the pavement of the square The courtyard is the heart of the building articulating the different spaces and bringing light inside but their green tone stands out against the prominent sandstone that wraps the volume The interior perimeter of the facade is equipped with filing space so that the staff members can keep all their daily work tools at hand The windows stand out as deep loopholes that offer views of the exterior The first have a vertical composition and are used on the facade onto the square and the adjacent streets the large glazed surfaces of the interior courtyard achieve a good illumination of the workspaces and manage to strike a contrast with the historical buildings María Antonia Fernández Nieto; Gonzalo Bárcenas Medina (concurso competition) Jesús García Herrero; Rafael Valín Alcocer Jesús Hernández Alonso (aparejadores quantity surveyors); Francisco Martín Gil (delineante draftsman) José María García del Monte (estructuras), proyectos MYC, Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija (instalaciones) there arent any match using your search terms Online Magazine of the International Habitat Portal Magazine Our products Legal Notice Data Protection Cookie Policy