Open image viewerThe Finnish Defence Forces will adapt sniper training based on lessons learned from Russia's invasion of Ukraine
12:29The Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) are making plans to modernise sniper training
drawing insights from the ongoing war in Ukraine
shooting practice is also being revamped to include more diverse and realistic scenarios
emphasised the critical role of snipers in modern warfare
"Effective sniper operations require training at long distances
While training can begin at shorter ranges
a 600-metre range is necessary for efficient and impactful performance," Skyttä said
a new 600-metre rifle range will be constructed this year at the Hälvälä shooting sports centre in Hollola
the Finnish Defence Forces have limited access to long-distance shooting ranges
which has created a bottleneck in sniper training
The Armoured Brigade, which manages the Hälvälä area, lacks a suitable long-range facility. The new range will also benefit snipers from other organisations as well as reservists in their training. Funding for the construction was provided through Parliament's so-called "Christmas gift funds."
Future training will increasingly include "dynamic shooting," where participants move and shoot at moving targets
This new style of training demands updates to existing ranges
as shooting distances will vary from a few metres to 150 metres
"This type of training provides the foundation for weapon handling and builds confidence in one's ability to react in different situations and at various distances
even in high-pressure scenarios," explained Skyttä
One challenge of dynamic shooting is the need for safety backstops behind targets to prevent stray bullets from leaving the range and posing risks to bystanders
The dense Hälvälä range has limited space for additional safety structures
such as electronic targets that register hits
Use of the Hälvälä shooting range has surged
with over half a million shots fired annually in recent years — a one-third increase compared to previous years
While civilian hobbyists account for most of the activity
training by the FDF and volunteers for national defence courses has also grown
The increased demand has driven the FDF to develop the range
including measures to protect groundwater and reduce noise pollution
"Protective structures have reduced environmental impacts without compromising shooting activities
use of the largest calibre rifles has been restricted due to noise concerns," noted Captain Pasi Suvitie
training area officer for the Armoured Brigade
The Finnish-made Sako sniper rifle at a shooting range
Image: Ville Välimäki / YleTackling environmental challengesThe FDF recently completed a significant project to bring all shooting ranges in line with environmental regulations
investing 25 million euros over seven years
Key improvements included groundwater protection and noise reduction
the number of properties exposed to shooting noise has been reduced to a fraction of earlier levels
The lessons learned during this project are now being applied to maintain existing ranges and construct new ones
With stricter groundwater protection regulations on the horizon
the FDF are well-prepared to address future challenges
"The most important thing is ensuring that shooting and training activities can continue through environmental measures
we could have faced the closure of some ranges," said Teemu Pasanen
environmental specialist at the FDF's Logistics Command
Lilli Lehtonen at First Saturday Arts Market (submitted photo)
Pendant by Lilli Lehtonen (submitted photo)
Silver pendant by Lilli Lehtonen with natural window druzy agate stone and pearl
Size- 2.5" hight x 1 1/4" width (submitted photo)
Jewelry by Lilli Lehotonen (submitted photo)
Lilli Lehotonen will bring her art jewelry to the Heights Saturday
Just ask her at her booth Saturday at First Saturday Arts Market
Lehtonen will be there with other artisans eager to greet the public with their smiles and art
not too far to travel to the Heights when you realize Lehtonen’s accent originated in Finland
and her specialty is creating filigree jewelry
laborious process of lengthening metal into thin strands and twisting them into intricate designs
Lehtonen has an unusual skill for a jeweler
That's where the stories I mentioned come in
She combines all of her skills into creating images of things she’s seen and loves
nature has always been a great inspiration for Lehtonen's artwork
Examples of her art jewelry include sailboats
a pair of birds gazing at a star-filled sky
“I’m a certified bench jeweler and attended the American School of Jewelry in 2017,” Lehtonen said
“At the time I was ready to turn my hobby into a profession
There is no retirement from this profession.”
“I saw a video on YouTube on how to make a simple pendant,” Lehtonen said
“I got excited and signed up as a student at the Craft Guild in Dallas
I was Marilyn O’Hara’s student for about two years
I wanted to learn to cut and make my own cabochons (stones)
so I joined the Arlington Gem and Mineral Club
the Club’s silversmithing department leader was Emie Stewart
She opened my eyes to a completely different world of jewelry art that I had never even been aware of.”
“It was clear to me from the beginning that I wanted to make art jewelry,” Lehtonen said
I find when customers find their own piece of jewelry that pleases them
This past summer she published an instructional book on filigree titled
“The Filigree Jewelry With The Modern Twist,” available on Amazon
Find Lilli Lehtonen at many of the fine art festivals in Houston and statewide in addition to First Saturday Arts Market. Follow her on Facebook to keep up https://www.facebook.com/lillilehtonenjewelry
Cohen is an artist and founder of the First Saturday Arts Market and The Market at Sawyer Yards. Find him at ArtValet.com
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A new genetic study carried out at the University of Helsinki and the University of Turku demonstrates that
Finland was inhabited by separate and differing populations
all of them influencing the gene pool of modern Finns
The study is so far the most extensive investigation of the ancient DNA of people inhabiting the region of Finland
genes were investigated from archaeological bone samples of more than one hundred individuals who lived between the 4th and 19th centuries AD
Most of the samples originated in the Iron Age and the Middle Ages
which is passed down by mothers to all of their offspring
thus uncovering the population history of women
the people who inhabited Finland in the Iron Age (approximately 300–1300 AD) and the Middle Ages (approximately 1200–1500 AD) shared mitochondrial lineages with today’s Finns
significant differences were seen in the genome of individuals buried in different burial sites in the Iron Age in particular
mtDNA lineages typical of Stone Age hunter-gatherers were common among those buried in Luistari
the most common findings were lineages characteristic of ancient European farmer populations
The fifth Iron Age burial site included in the study is located in Levänluhta
Many of the individuals buried there represented mtDNA lineages associated with the modern Sámi
“All of the above originally independent lineages remain common in Finland to this day
This indicates that the studied Iron Age populations have had an impact on the gene pool of contemporary Finns,” says doctoral student Sanni Översti from the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences
The researchers posit that the differences found in the Iron Age populations of western and eastern Finland are opposite to those found in today’s Finns: the lineages associated with ancient farmers were more common in the east
while the lineages inherited from hunter-gatherers were more prevalent in the west
Farmer populations arriving in Finland not only from the west and south but also from the east provides a potential explanation for this
Republished courtesy of University of Helsinki. Photo: The Iron Age and the medieval burial sites investigated in the study include Levänluhta in Isokyrö
and Tuukkala in Mikkeli (marked in the map with dark grey colouri
Concrete has been used in construction for thousands of years, it's everywhere. But its production is a major contributor to global carbon emissions, and we've seen much research aimed at reducing its environmental impact
One such project spun out of VTT Finland is looking to make concrete manufacture carbon negative
The VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland has been looking into the negative effects of carbonation – the slow process where carbon dioxide gets reabsorbed by concrete over time and can lead to the corrosion of steel reinforcements – for decades
researchers started to focus on turning these problems into an advantage
"We decided to develop carbon negative concrete without knowing exactly how to do it," said VTT senior scientist Tapio Vehmas
"We started experimenting in order to find out how carbon dioxide functions in concrete
and how this process replaces cement and lowers the carbon footprint."
The search began for suitable low-carbon binders
Those experiments revealed that blast furnace slags from the steel industry could be carbonated
and worked well as an effective binder to replace normal cement in concrete
but we had to develop the material concept and look for appropriate activators," added Vehmas
"The binder’s final material combination consisted of slags
The project then turned its collective eyes to commercialization
building an automated carbonation pilot system that binds CO2 into precast concrete at atmospheric pressure
and installing it inside a container that was positioned next to a concrete plant in Hollola in southern Finland
subsequently used the technology to create carbon-negative yard paving for installation at a Skanska construction site
"We have demonstrated in the pilot unit that our technology is capable of reducing the CO2 emissions of conventional concrete by 45%," said Vehmas, now CEO of VTT spin-out company Carbonaide
we demonstrated lowering our products’ carbon footprint to -60 kg/m3 by replacing Portland cement with slag." The carbon footprint of conventional concrete is reported to be about 250-300 kg per cubic meter
Carbonaide now intends to construct the world's first industrial pilot production line for the manufacture of carbon-negative concrete
and has secured seed funding of €1.8 million (about US$1.95 million) to get things started
The factory-sized unit in Hollola combined with a fully operational value chain are expected to "mineralize up to five tons of CO2 per day and increase production by 100-fold of its carbon-negative concrete products."
The company is aiming to scale up production and have 10 units in operation throughout the region by 2026
which are expected to bind around 500 megatons of CO2 each year by 2050
The current pilot can be seen in operation in the video below
"Our goal at Carbonaide is to create a more sustainable future with cutting-edge tech that doesn’t just reduce the carbon emissions of construction materials like concrete
but that traps more CO2 than they emit throughout their lifetime," said Vehmas
"It is very natural that the constructed environment becomes a CO2 sink as it is the largest volume of man-made material."
Thousands of Finns have answered a desperate call from farmers to save the summer’s berry harvest
as coronavirus restrictions have kept many of the usual foreign pickers away
we have Finnish workers on the strawberry fields again
it’s a very unusual situation,” said Vesa Koivistoinen
owner of Finland’s largest strawberry farm in the southern village of Hollola
When reporters visited Koivistoinen’s 100 hectare farm two weeks into the strawberry harvest
the large field was dotted with hundreds of people
crouching down to pick strawberries then putting them in crates to be weighed and loaded in a truck
Finland normally needs about 16,000 seasonal workers a year
“who mainly come from abroad,” said Kati Kuula of the agricultural union MTK
when COVID-19 travel restrictions were imposed in the spring
agricultural associations and the government feared a labor shortage and launched a number of recruitment programs
the government-backed #Seasonwork social media campaign
blonde couple standing proud in a wheat field
and calls for “every available pair of hands” to “secure domestic food on Finnish dinner tables.”
only a third of the usual workers have arrived from abroad
with the rest of the shortfall recruited from within Finland
Of the 350 Finns employed on Vesa Koivistoinen’s strawberry farm
but many others are those made jobless by the coronavirus
replied to the job advertisement after her own business dried up during the spring
“I’m the daughter of a farmer and I was working in strawberry fields when I was young,” she said
who has worked in a number of seasonal jobs
said he intended to stay until the strawberry season ends late next month
Filling one 7kg crate takes “a bit more than an hour,” Erola said
Koivistoinen said that as the Finns are not able to pick as fast as the experienced Ukrainian workers
he has offered them a 10-percent bonus to make it worth their while
The recruitment efforts and higher salaries have pushed up costs
but Koivistoinen said that he would gladly employ home-grown workers in future
“We wanted to be able to employ Finns because lots of other firms can’t offer summer jobs this year,” Koivistoinen said
Yet the demanding physical work in the changeable Finnish weather does not appeal to everyone
and it’s quite far from my home,” said 17-year-old Laura
who signed up along with her schoolfriends Senni and Mohammed
All three are sitting by the side of the field having a break
“I actually had a job offer earlier this summer
but then they said they couldn’t take me because of corona,” Mohammed said
Yet while domestic labor has come to the rescue of Finland’s strawberry harvest
the fate of this year’s crop of bilberries
Finnish industries from food to cosmetics require 20 million kilos of bilberries — a small
which is not cultivated in fields but grows abundantly in Finland’s vast forests
The berries are usually picked by Thai workers brought over for the harvest season in late summer
but the pandemic restrictions mean none will be admitted this year
Finland’s social media is awash with posts imploring “every working-age Finn to collect a bucket’s worth of bilberries” to stop the berries going to waste
Some of the companies which rely on berries have not been assuaged by the potential reach of social media
and have said they would import their bilberries from Poland or Russia this year
warning this could lead to higher prices on the shelves
Metrics details
Human ancient DNA studies have revealed high mobility in Europe’s past
and have helped to decode the human history on the Eurasian continent
remains less well understood largely due to the lack of preserved human remains
with a divergent population history from most of Europe
offers a unique perspective to hunter-gatherer way of life
but thus far genetic information on prehistoric human groups in Finland is nearly absent
Here we report 103 complete ancient mitochondrial genomes from human remains dated to AD 300–1800
and explore mtDNA diversity associated with hunter-gatherers and Neolithic farmers
The results indicate largely unadmixed mtDNA pools of differing ancestries from Iron-Age on
suggesting a rather late genetic shift from hunter-gatherers towards farmers in North-East Europe
the data suggest eastern introduction of farmer-related haplogroups into Finland
contradicting contemporary genetic patterns in Finns
Genomic data from these samples show a Siberian ancestry component still prominently present today
particularly in the indigenous Saami people
Although these data suggest a widespread presence of genetically Saami-like people around eastern Fennoscandia during the Iron Age
more wide-spread sampling in space and time is necessary for understanding the past population dynamics
and emerging of the contemporary genetic diversity in Finland
The expanse of agriculture north-east of this border was probably limited by environmental factors
especially the length of the growing season
this border has most likely acted in demarcating the spread of western and eastern political and cultural impacts influencing the placement of first political border between Sweden and Novgorod through the middle of Finland (Treaty of Noteborg 1323 AD)
Considering the climatic conditions in Finland
and the relatively young age especially for the post-medieval samples
3′ and 5′ damage values below 5% are plausible
No samples were therefore omitted from the study based on these criteria
the majority call supported the previously assigned haplogroup
As the subsequent statistical methods assume that samples derive from unrelated individuals
five samples - one of each identical haplotype pairs within sites (TU666
TU645 and TU588) - were removed from the subsequent analyses due to their possible maternal relatedness
The mean number of pairwise differences, calculated from complete mitochondrial genomes, was highest within Porvoo (MNPD = 33.7 ± 16.8) and lowest within Renko (MNPD = 21.8 ± 10.8) (Supplementary Table S4)
Due to the small number of individuals per site and utilization of unique complete mtDNA sequences
haplotype diversities (H) were relatively high (with mean 1.0 and standard deviation ranking from 0.0202 to 0.1768)
This inter-site variability of the haplogroup U/H ratio had a clear spatial pattern also among the IAM samples
The western cluster (IAM south-west: Levänluhta
Luistari and Hollola) had average U and H frequencies of 58.3% and 27.8%
whereas the corresponding values in the eastern cluster (IAM east: Hiitola
In IAM east the highest frequency for an individual subhaplogroup was 30.0% obtained for H1
this U/H ratio is the opposite compared to contemporary eastern and western Finns
The Levänluhta site clearly showed a unique composition
which resulted in significant genetic distances to all other ancient sites at sequence level
Haplotypes belonging to different subhaplogroups of hg H were more common in Hollola than in Levänluhta
Haplogroups K and T were absent in the Hollola sample
The overall haplogroup distribution in Luistari was more similar to the modern European populations dominated by agriculture-associated Neolithic haplogroups H and occurrences of T2 and W1 (see Introduction)
The eastern sites also comprise rare subhaplogroups U1 (hg U1b2 in Hiitola) and U8 (hg U8b1a2b in Tuukkala)
additional autosomal data is needed to confirm the genetic background of the individual JK1954
When contrasted with haplogroup frequencies observed in contemporary Finns, our simulations (Supplementary Fig. S2) showed that the ancient sites are significantly different
and that these differences cannot be explained by sampling effects
This applied especially to haplogroup U5 in total and to subhaplogroup U5b in Levänluhta
hg U4 in both Luistari and Hollola as well as hg H1 in the Hiitola dataset
Clustering the IAM sites further roughly according to their geographical location to IAM south-west (hg U more prevalent) and IAM east (hg H more prevalent) further demonstrated the pattern opposite to modern mtDNA diversity distribution (Fig. 3b)
IAM south-west differed statistically significantly from contemporary SW (ΦST = 0.01670
p = 0.00098) but not from contemporary NE (ΦST = 0.00036
EMM and contemporary SW differed from each other (ΦST = 0.01140
IAM east differed from the contemporary NE (ΦST = 0.00849) more than from contemporary SW (ΦST = 0.00514)
Haplotype level median-joining network (Supplementary Fig. S3) demonstrates that ancient and contemporary Finns exhibit in principle same main haplogroups
whereas the most notable differences are within the haplogroup frequencies between the ancient populations
Individuals from IAM eastern sites are more prevalent in the haplogroup H cluster
while individuals from IAM southwestern sites are more concentrated on the haplogroup U cluster
indicating possible mixture of IAM southwestern and IAM eastern populations
Here we report 103 human mitochondrial DNA genomes from approx
which represents thus far the largest collection of individuals with ancient human DNA analyzed from Finland
Analysis of the prehistoric samples from Iron-Age and medieval sites from western and eastern Finland revealed a high overall prevalence of haplogroup U in southwestern sites
in stark contrast with a high frequency of haplogroup H in the east
which is opposite to what is observed in modern day Finland
there is relatively high differentiation between the ancient sites
would have vanished from present day Saami
we might be observing ancestries belonging to an earlier layer of ancient inhabitants of the region
Taking these different distributions of mtDNA haplogroups from the Iron-Age and medieval sites into consideration
our results suggest three different streams of mitochondrial ancestry: Saami-like haplogroups (U5b1b1a
non-Saami-like hunter-gatherer related haplogroups (especially U4) and haplogroups associated with Neolithic farmers (H
In this context we use ‘Saami-like’ as a term that shows genetic continuity with modern-day Saami groups
Different proportions of these ancestries could be observed both in later EMM sites and also modern-day southwestern and northeastern Finns
This suggests a fluctuation of each of these mitochondrial ancestry proportions over space and time
The ancient mitochondrial genomes analyzed here show a notable pattern opposite to the modern variation: mtDNA types usually associated with the hunter-gatherer communities were significantly more common in the ancient western cluster (Levänluhta
Luistari and Hollola) than in the east (Hiitola
with the haplogroup U frequency as high as 58.3%
the farming-related lineages were observed in particular in the ancient eastern cluster
This pattern of division between the ancient sites
and the contradictions with their respective local modern population frequencies emerged also in formal testing of pairwise ΦST values: the western cluster was closer to the modern NE subpopulation than to the modern SW subpopulation whereas the eastern cluster showed closer affinity with the modern mtDNA variation in southwestern Finland
The multinomial logistic regression analysis lent support to the eastern introduction of agriculturally related maternal ancestry
The likely migration routes for the observed ancestral elements were investigated through different combinations of factor dependencies as the multinomial logistic regression
The test revealed the distance from Lahdenpohja on the eastern border of Finland as the only statistically significant variable explaining the differences in the haplogroup composition
nor distance from the southwestern locations (i.e
Hanko and Uusikaupunki) were supported by the best-fit model
It thus seems likely that the major spread of haplogroup H can be explained by presuming its introduction via the eastern landroute
population genetic studies of many organisms in Finland as well as in all Fennoscandia have suggested bidirectional colonization of the current habitats
The reasons behind this are largely geographical: the Baltic Sea acts
The Neolithic farmer-related signal in the mtDNA diversity in the Iron-Age samples is mainly found in the southeast
whereas in contemporary population it predominates in the southwest
The reasons for this discrepancy are likely diverse
and could be affected by such recent events as the evacuation of nearly 0.5 M inhabitants of Karelia during the World War II and their resettling into the area of current Finland
these evacuees were resettled rather evenly across southern Finland and should not create the observed pattern
It rather suggests that the division between SW and NE Finland had still been more substantial in the early 1900s
more fundamental explanation for the genetic subdivision comes from the environmental demands of sedentary farming
In southwestern Finland the soil is more amenable to field-farming and due to the warming Atlantic effect that gradually shades into more arid continental climate
the growing season in Finland is the longest in the southwestern coast
These environmental differences follow the NW-SW border similarly to the genetic distances
As the country has been sparsely inhabited until modern times
it is plausible that farming oriented populations
have over the centuries concentrated into the SW parts of the country
The mitochondrial DNA genomes from Iron-Age Finland show variation that can be linked to either hunter-gatherer or agricultural human groups
These elements are still present in the mitochondrial gene pool of contemporary Finns but relatively evenly distributed throughout the country
the Iron-Age mtDNA variation show significant differences between sampling sites
with hunter-gatherer and farmer-associated elements dominating in different regions than today
the agricultural population signal has been stronger in eastern Finland in the past
which might reflect a bidirectional arrival of farming-associated populations into Finland
The five historical sites include the cemetery of the Church of St
and the Ryazan regimental church cemetery in Hamina
Samples were obtained from the archaeological collections of the Finnish Heritage Agency
Department of Archaeology in the University of Turku
Department of Anatomy in the University of Helsinki
and the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera)
A dentist’s drill together with cooled-down drill heads for minimal heat exposure were used at the University of Tübingen facility and a “field kit” with Dremel or dentist’s drill were used at the Helsinki University Department of Forensic Medicine
The original molecular copy number in the DNA library
as well as the subsequent indexing efficiency
The molecular copy numbers in pre-indexed libraries varied
and the indexed libraries from ~1–100 × 1011 copies/μl
indicating a successful library composition and admissible indexing efficiency
The indexed libraries were amplified using PCR
with heating cycles chosen individually per library according to the copy number after indexing
Amplified libraries were purified using MinElute spin columns with the standard protocol provided by the manufacturer (Qiagen)
A qPCR together with Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 device
and a DNA1000LabChip were subsequently used on the amplified libraries to measure the concentration of DNA
A positive control extracted from a cave bear bone
to confirm the success of extraction and library preparation
as well as two negative laboratory controls to measure the levels of contamination were carried along for every batch of 10–16 samples
Mitochondrial genomes were achieved using a mitochondrial in-solution capture as described in Maricic et al.56
Complete human mitochondrial DNA sequence was used to produce in-house made baits
The bait DNA was then purified and denatured to the single stranded form
and attached to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads
combined in equal mass ratios for altogether 2 μg of DNA
were captured with the above mentioned beads
and sequenced on the Illumina platforms: for samples from sites Turku
along with four samples from the Luistari site (TU619
single-end sequencing data was produced on HiSeq4000 run for 75 + 8 + 8 cycles
including the rest of the samples from Luistari
paired-end data was produced with NextSeq500 for 2 × 150 + 8 + 8 cycles
at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
The untrimmed mitochondrial reads from the Eager pipeline were then extracted from BAM files into fastQ files and mapped back to the assembly
ContamMix then evaluates whether the reads assign more probably to their respective consensus or one of the worldwide mitochondrial genomes
The ContamMix was run with trimming of seven bases of each side of the read to remove the accumulated damage typical for ancient DNA
The mitochondrial genome sequences with highest ContamMix estimates were further visually inspected in Geneious 11.0.3 (www.geneious.com)
the majority call support for relevant diagnostic mutations against the rCRS reference genome was compared to the PhyloTree version 17
We applied the automated variant caller in Geneious to the alignments with minimum support of 3x coverage and variant frequency of 66.6% for diagnostic SNPs to confirm the authenticity of the haplogroup assignments
Timescale discussed throughout the text is defined as calendar years
A summary of statistical analyses performed in this study for different sets of populations and dataset (i.e., complete sequence, HVR1 + HVR2, haplogroup frequencies) is presented in Table 2
Positions bearing more than 5% of missing data were masked for the network analysis
Analyses were performed with IBM SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp
Complete mitochondrial sequences will be deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MN540463-MN540565
Pleistocene mitochondrial genomes suggest a single major dispersal of non-Africans and a Late Glacial population turnover in Europe
An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor
Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe’s first farmers
Ancient DNA from the first European farmers in 7500-year-old Neolithic sites
Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities
Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe
A mosaic genetic structure of the human population living in the South Baltic region during the Iron Age
Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of mesolithic hunter–gatherers in Scandinavia
Population genomics of Mesolithic Scandinavia: Investigating early postglacial migration routes and high-latitude adaptation
Ancient DNA reveals prehistoric gene-flow from Siberia in the complex human population history of North East Europe
The Neolithic transition in the Baltic was not driven by admixture with early European farmers
Extensive farming in Estonia started through a sex-biased migration from the Steppe
The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region
Almost Gone: Human Skeletal Material from Finnish Stone Age Earth Graves
Käännekohtia Suomen esihistoriassa aikavälillä 5100–1000 eKr
Pohjan poluilla.Suomalaisten juuret nykytutkimuksen mukaan.Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 153
Prehistoric population history in eastern Fennoscandia
Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe
The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene
Early Subneolithic ceramic sequences in eastern Fennoscandia—a Bayesian approach
In Muinaisuutemme jäljet: Suomen esi-ja varhaishistoria kivikaudelta keskiajalle (Gaudeamus
The advance of cultivation at its northern European limit: Process or event
Correlation between genetic and geographic structure in Europe
Genome-wide analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms uncovers population structure in Northern Europe
Paternal and maternal DNA lineages reveal a bottleneck in the founding of the Finnish population
Regional differences among the finns: A Y-chromosomal perspective
Genetic markers and population history: Finland revisited
Vestiges of an Ancient Border in the Contemporary Genetic Diversity of North-Eastern Europe
Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments
Temporal patterns of nucleotide misincorporations and DNA fragmentation in ancient DNA
A new model for ancient DNA decay based on paleogenomic meta-analysis
Schmutzi: estimation of contamination and endogenous mitochondrial consensus calling for ancient DNA
A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes
The western and eastern roots of the Saami—the story of genetic “outliers” told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes
Identification and analysis of mtDNA genomes attributed to Finns reveal long-stagnant demographic trends obscured in the total diversity
Diversity of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in ethnic populations of the Volga-Ural region of Russia
A recent genetic link between Sami and the Volga-Ural region of Russia
Ancient DNA reveals lack of continuity between neolithic hunter-gatherers and contemporary Scandinavians
Origins and genetic legacy of Neolithic farmers and hunter-gatherers in Europe
Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Ancient mitochondrial DNA from the northern fringe of the Neolithic farming expansion in Europe sheds light on the dispersion process
Genomic diversity and admixture differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian foragers and farmers
The genomic history of southeastern Europe
Early Farming in the Northern Boreal Zone: Reassessing the History of Land Use in Southeastern Finland through High‐Resolution Pollen Analysis
cultivation and cultural transformations in the boreal zone of north‐eastern Europe
Neolithic dairy farming at the extreme of agriculture in northern Europe
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281
Early farming in Finland: was there cultivation before the Iron Age (500 BC)
Transition from hunting to animal husbandry in Southern
Western and Eastern Finland: new dated osteological evidence
Ancient X chromosomes reveal contrasting sex bias in Neolithic and Bronze Age Eurasian migrations
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Genomic and Strontium Isotope Variation Reveal Immigration Patterns in a Viking Age Town
Optimal ancient DNA yields from the inner ear part of the human petrous bone
Illumina sequencing library preparation for highly multiplexed target capture and sequencing
Multiplexed DNA sequence capture of mitochondrial genomes using PCR products
EAGER: efficient ancient genome reconstruction
Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA
mapDamage: testing for damage patterns in ancient DNA sequences
HaploGrep 2: mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the era of high-throughput sequencing
Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation
MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability
MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform
New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating
Paleobiological implications of the isotopic sigNatures (13 C
15 N) of fossil mammal collagen in Scladina Cave (Sclayn
Selection and treatment of data for radiocarbon calibration: an update to the International Calibration (IntCal) criteria
MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput
Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows
Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees
Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies
PopART: Full-feature software for haplotype network construction
Finnish Literature Society; English edition
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We are grateful for the Levänluhta project and Elämän historiat hampaissa project for providing us samples from Levänluhta and Luistari
For the Julin’s site samples we would like to thank Benito Casagrande
professor Helena Ranta and University of Helsinki are acknowledged
We would also like to thank Markku Niskanen for providing us the 14C dating for one Renko individual (Renko H29
Ella Reiter and Shweta Venkatakrishnan are thanked for technical assistance
This work was funded by Finnish Cultural Foundation (S.Ö.)
Ella and Georg Ehrnrooth Foundation (E.S.)
Finnish Foundations’ Professor Pool Grant (Paulo Foundation
the University of Zurich’s University Research Priority Program “Evolution in Action: From Genomes to Ecosystems” (V.J.S.) and the Mäxi Foundation Zurich (V.J.S.)
decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript
Sanni Översti and Kerttu Majander contributed equally
Palo and Päivi Onkamo jointly supervised this work
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Peter the Great Museum of World Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera)
Jussi-Pekka Taavitsainen & Anna Wessman
provided archaeological material and related information
processed the sequence reads and generated the mtDNA genotypes
wrote the manuscript with input from all co-authors
The authors declare no competing interests
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51045-8
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the project featuring NIGHTWISH mainman/keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen and his wife
has entered the studio to begin recording its third album for a 2025 release
Laying down the drums on the effort at the Petrax facility in Hollola
best known as the drummer of NIGHTWISH and WINTERSUN
January 8),AURI shared a short video from the studio in which Holopainen said: "Good evening and greetings from the legendary Petrax studios in Hollola
where we just finished recording drums and percussion for the third AURI album by the legend himself
who will also join us for the tour later this year."
I'm really thrilled to be part of the live shows and hope to see you all there."
The effort was the follow-up to AURI's self-titled debut LP
which came out in March 2018 via Nuclear Blast
united through their shared need to hear a kind of a music which can't be described by words alone
while Holopainen and English composer and multi-instrumentalist Troy Donockley (also of NIGHTWISH) cast their spells with various other instruments
Now complemented by the dynamic percussive talents of Kai Hahto (NIGHTWISH),the threesome carves fantastical worlds entirely their own
Johanna Kurkela: Voices, violaTuomas Holopainen: Keys, backing voicesTroy Donockley: Acoustic and electric guitars, bouzouki, uilleann pipes, low whistles, aerophone, bodhran, keys, voices
Holopainen and Kurkela have been married since October 2015.
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a Finnish company serving the concrete industry
so does the demand for technologies that can reduce CO2 emissions and/or efficiently remove CO2 from the atmosphere
Proposed solutions for sequestering CO2 are plentiful
but there are serious issues around how to verify the claims made by the promoters of these innovations
Accurately measuring the veracity of claims has become a key issue in the private sector’s Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM)
which is increasingly emphasising the need to monitor
and report the amount of CO2 that is actually captured and stored
Carbonaide has a clear answer to this challenge – and it’s market-ready
Carbonaide’s technology utilises CO2 to produce a carbonate mineral
With support and cooperation from the measurement technology company Vaisala
Carbonaide’s solution is practical and straightforward
Carbonaide’s expertise is in the transformation of concrete from a large emission source into a carbon storage sink
an analytical chemist by training with more than 20 years of experience in the concrete sector
He is one of the co-founders of Carbonaide
“Our goal is quite focused – to create a more sustainable future with cutting-edge tech that doesn’t just reduce the carbon emissions of concrete
but also stores more CO2 than it emits throughout its lifetime.”
“As experts in both carbon curing and sustainable carbon dioxide value chains
we offer an effective and robust decarbonisation technology for pre-cast concrete manufacturers
a concrete manufacturer can reduce cement consumption in daily production and also decrease the carbon footprint of its products by mineralising CO2 into concrete.”
Carbonation is traditionally considered as a degradation mechanism of hardened concrete
carbonation is reversed into beneficial mineral formation during the concrete hardening process
Carbonate mineral formation enables the utilisation of CO2 as a supplementary cementitious material and provides permanent storage of gaseous CO2
Carbonaide COO Jonne Hirvonen is eager to talk about the advantages of their production-ready innovation and the ways his team has benefitted from Vaisala’s advanced measurement tools
“Our unique advantage is that we accurately measure and control the carbon-curing process
we have pushed our product to be as easy as possible to install and start using
The majority of our measurements are CO2 levels – and the quality of online measurement data is a top priority for us.”
our carbonation can be efficiently and accurately verified by process measurements
without the need to constantly sample the concrete products
One early challenge we faced was that CO2 is usually measured in either ppm levels or for workplace safety purposes – but our range requirement is very wide
we needed new solutions that did not impose risks on the quality of our measurements
At this point it became clear that Vaisala could play an important role in our solution.”
Carbonaide’s initial requirements were quite simple
they understood that significant measurement needs would arise
so they were eager to go with a partner who really understood this
Hirvonen is also keen to emphasise that partnering with Vaisala was not only useful in the initial development stages
you should only work with partners that are able to help at both the early stages
As Vaisala’s Product Manager Antti Viitanen states
“Sustainability is less about grand claims
reliable measurement data is an absolute must.”
Regarding Carbonaide’s own plans for the future
“Our goal is to sequester 500 megatons of carbon dioxide by 2050
and we don’t see any major obstacles preventing that from happening
We now have industrial scale processing capabilities
and there is a clear demand for our product
if the world’s entire cement production were to use our production process
1.5 Gigatons of carbon dioxide could be captured
This is hugely significant because global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2022 were just over 36.8 Gigatons.”
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It’s usual to see the strawberry fields of Finland dotted with labourers in the first weeks of July
What’s unusual the village of Hollola is that
"We've only had foreign workers for the last 22 years
But because of the exceptional coronavirus situation
we couldn't get enough pickers from Ukraine – so as soon as coronavirus came to Finland
we started to recruit Finnish workers," said Vesa Koivistoinen
owner of Finland's largest strawberry farm in the southern village of Hollola
Kati Kuula of the agricultural union MTK told AFP news agency
When travel restrictions were imposed in the spring
farmer representatives and authorities feared a labour shortage and launched a recruitment drive
and calls for "every available pair of hands" to "secure domestic food on Finnish dinner tables"
Many of those answering the call were otherwise facing financial hardship because of the pandemic – like Sari
a 52-year-old self-employed masseuse whose own business dried up
"I'm the daughter of a farmer and I've been working in strawberry fields when I was young so this is the first time after a long
Struggling to find work these days is 29-year-old Janne Erola
who also turned to fruit-picking: "I've got a lot of work on my CV
I've got a full two-sided paper after a ten-year work history
Farmers have had to raise their piecework rates
to make up for the fact the new recruits are much slower than professional migrant workers
And while Finns are coming to the rescue of the country’s strawberry harvest
a small European variety of wild blueberries
The berries are usually picked from Finnish forests by workers flown in from Thailand
but pandemic travel restrictions mean none will be admitted this year
Tokmanni Press release 11 October 2019 at 12:35 p.m
Tokmanni will open refurbished and expanded stores in Hollola and the Skanssi shopping centre in Turku on Thursday
The Hollola store will open at 8 am and the Skanssi store at 9 am
These refurbished and expanded stores will offer significantly wider selections and improved shopping experiences
the store openings will feature special offers and free buckets filled with product gifts
Tokmanni will offer a wider assortment of home and decoration products
The Tokmanni store in Hollola will also offer a wider range of clothing products
while the Skanssi store has expanded its assortment of tools
both stores will offer a comprehensive assortment of non-perishable foods
the Hollola and Skanssi stores will serve as collection points for items purchased from the online store
the Hollola store will have a recycling point for small waste electrical and electronic equipment
Both stores will also serve as points of sale for Veikkaus games
In line with the newest Tokmanni store concept
pleasant and modern shopping experiences will be supported by spacious aisles and clear and informative signage
the new shelf layout enables products and product categories to be displayed better than before
the store has been made more accessible: shoppers can now also enter the store directly from the escalator from the first floor
The energy efficiency of the Skanssi store has been improved by replacing traditional store lighting with LED technology
Tokmanni’s solar power plant consists of 504 solar panels
The Hollola store uses solar energy for ventilation
A solar power plant consisting of 504 solar panels was recently installed on its roof and is expected to generate about 114 MWh of electricity per year
This corresponds to the annual electricity consumption of about 57 small apartments or about 568,000 kilometres driven with an electric car.* The electricity generated by the solar power plant is expected to cover about 10–15% of the store’s total annual electricity consumption
The expansion will significantly increase the stores’ retail selling space
from about 3,100 to 4,400 square metres in Hollola and from 1,000 to 1,800 square metres in Skanssi
the separate garden department of the Hollola store will expand from about 150 to 700 square metres
“The Tokmanni stores in Hollola and Skanssi are delightfully spacious
and they’ll have even more diverse selections than before
Most of the improvements are based on customers’ wishes
and we are certain that the shopping experience will now be better in all respects,” says Mathias Kivikoski
The renewed stores will have plenty of special offers from Thursday
free buckets filled with product gifts will be handed out
A total of 700 surprise buckets will be given to the first customers on the opening morning in Hollola and 500 in Skanssi in Turku
Store Manager Veeruska Salmela will be in charge of some 20 employees
customers will be served by a team of about ten employees
The stores are open during the renovation period and will continue to have long opening hours. The Hollola store will be open from 8 am to 9 pm on weekdays
The Skanssi store in Turku will be open from 9 am to 9 pm on weekdays
The Hollola store is located at Keskikankaantie 4
The Skanssi store is located at Skanssinkatu 10
Two more new Tokmanni stores to be opened this year
Tokmanni’s target is to expand its store network to include more than 200 stores and to increase its new retail selling space by approximately 12,000 square metres in net terms every year, which means around five new or relocated stores. Currently, Tokmanni has 189 stores throughout Finland.
This has been a very busy year for Tokmanni
Tokmanni opened eight Ale-Makasiini chain stores
two TEX chain stores and one Säästökuoppa store under the Tokmanni brand name
along with new stores in Loppi and in Tesoma
Tokmanni relocated to new premises in Hanko and Juuka
and reopened a refurbished store on Kehräämötie in Kajaani and a refurbished and expanded store in Turenki
Tokmanni centralised all its store operations into the Tokmanni store that has been in operation in the town for many years by closing the Ale-Makasiini located in other premises nearby.
Tokmanni will expand its store network to two new locations: Vääksy and Virrat.¹)
¹) https://ir.tokmanni.fi/en/investors/tokmanni-as-an-investment/new_stores * The calculations use the figure of 2,000 kWh as the annual electricity consumption of an apartment and the figure of 20 kWh as the electricity consumption of an electric car for every 100 kilometres driven
Mathias Kivikoski Sales and Marketing Director Tel
+358 20 728 6045 mathias.kivikoski(at)tokmanni.fi
Harri Koponen Store Network and Concept Director Tel. +358 20 728 6030 harri.koponen(at)tokmanni.fi
Maarit Mikkonen Investor Relations and Communications Manager
+358 40 562 2282 maarit.mikkonen(at)tokmanni.fi
Tokmanni is Finland’s leading discount retailer chain
Some 3,600 Tokmanni employees make customers’ everyday life and special occasions easier by offering a versatile and up-to-date assortment of Finnish and international brand-name products and other high-quality products at prices that are always affordable
With nearly 200 stores around Finland and an online store
Tokmanni’s revenue in 2018 amounted to EUR 870.4 million
Tokmanni shares are listed on Nasdaq Helsinki.
HELSINKI FINLAND
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People waiting for a tram in Helsinki on 24 February 2021
THE OUTLOOK for Finnish producers of face masks is fairly dim despite the demand stemming from the coronavirus epidemic
Iltalehti on Sunday wrote that at least two producers will be forced to wind down production unless they manage to find new clients
Over a half of the jobs are located at the manufacturing facility of Finntack in Hollola
a municipality located some 10 kilometres west of Lahti
told the tabloid daily that the company has temporarily laid off some personnel and asked others to work minimum hours due to the sluggish demand
“We’re now knocking on doors both domestically and internationally to be able to utilise our production capacity
we’ll have to put the machines up for sale,” he said
The situation is interesting as the demand for face masks should be unprecedentedly high
given their use not only by health and social care professionals but also by ordinary citizens
A domestically produced face mask costs about five times as much as one produced in China
“Producing masks isn’t so much fun that we’d do it at a loss
This is business after all,” said Peter Nordlund
Both the companies viewed that the public administration seems not to appreciate domestic producer
despite the spike in demand for personal protective equipment witnessed during the first wave of the epidemic
The arrivals of equipment shipments were followed closely by members of the media
while politicians stressed the importance of domestic production
we should’ve made sure that public entities can buy [the products] also once the supply has normalised
It shouldn’t have come as a surprise to anyone that domestic small-scale production can’t compete in prices against masks imported from Asia,” stated Jukka Kuosmanen
the development director at Varkaus-based Lumi Dental
“It’s surprising that we aren’t building preparedness on domestic production,” echoed Nevanlinna
The National Emergency Supply Agency (HVK) has spent roughly a fifth of its appropriations for personal protective equipment procurements on domestically made products
HVK last autumn moved from direct to tendered procurements last autumn
but its procurement costs have varied primarily as a result of fluctuations in equipment prices during the pandemic
“Face masks now cost about a tenth of what they did a year ago,” Mikko Matikkala
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Finland: Thousands of Finns have answered a desperate call from farmers to save the summer’s berry harvest
it’s a very unusual situation,“ Vesa Koivistoinen
When AFP visited Koivistoinen’s 100-hectare farm two weeks into the strawberry harvest
crouching down to pick strawberries then putting them in crates to be weighed and loaded in a lorry
“who mainly come from abroad,“ Kati Kuula of the agricultural union MTK told AFP
But when coronavirus travel restrictions were imposed in the spring
agricultural associations and the government feared a labour shortage and launched a number of recruitment programmes
and calls for “every available pair of hands” to “secure domestic food on Finnish dinner tables”
replied to the job advert after her own business dried up during the spring
“I’m the daughter of a farmer and I was working in strawberry fields when I was young,“ she told AFP
who has worked in a number of seasonal jobs but never before in fruit-picking
said he intended to stay until the strawberry season ends in late August
Filling one seven-kilogramme (15.5-pound) crate takes “a bit more than an hour”
earning him 1.2 euros ($1.36) per kilogramme
Koivistoinen said that as the Finns aren’t able to pick as fast as the experienced Ukrainian workers
but Koivistoinen says he will gladly employ home-grown workers in future
“We wanted to be able to employ Finns because lots of other firms can’t offer summer jobs this year,“ Koivistoinen said
and it’s quite far from my home,“ said 17-year-old Laura
but then they said they couldn’t take me because of corona,“ Mohammed added
Yet while domestic labour has come to the rescue of Finland’s strawberry harvest
Finnish industries from food to cosmetics require 20 million kilogrammes of bilberries -- a small
European variety of the blueberry which is not cultivated in fields but grows abundantly in Finland’s vast forests
and have said they will import their bilberries from Poland or Russia this year
Tel: +603-7784 6688 Fax: +603-7785 2625
Open image viewerSome of the pickers have worked on berry farms in Päijät-Häme
but some also collected wild berries in Kainuu and North Karelia
Image: Juha Kivioja / YleYle News13.10.2023 11:28•Updated 13.10.2023 11:36Police say that dozens of Thai nationals who came to Finland to pick berries for commercial operators were subjected to conditions comparable to forced labour
It is suspected that the Thai berry pickers were recruited to work in Finland
but after deductions by employers they were without earnings
There are currently 20–30 individuals thought to be victims
The incidents allegedly occurred in Päijät-Häme
they have been in a situation similar to forced labour," Hannu Kortelainen of the Helsinki Police's national Human Trafficking Unit told Yle
Kortelainen said that there are several suspects
and the matter is still being investigated
Four people have been arrested and are being held
Some of the pickers have worked on berry farms in Päijät-Häme
The Arctic Group is based in Hollola but has operations in different locations around Finland
Open image viewerArctic Group CEO Janne Naapanki photographed at the edge of a strawberry field in Hollola in July 2023
Image: Juha Kivioja / YleFour in custodyOn Sunday
the District Court of North Savo ordered Naapanki and one other person to be held on suspicion of human trafficking
Two others were ordered to be held on the same charge by the Päijät-Häme District Court on Tuesday
These four are not the only suspects in the police investigation
police have reason to believe that similar exploitation of workers took place in pervious years
came to the attention of police in interviews with arriving workers
Possible victims were referred to the human trafficking assistance system and some of them are still in Finland
Deputy Director of the Joutseno reception centre
who leads the operations of the assistance system for victims of human trafficking
declined to comment directly on the Arctic Group case
saying only that workers in berry picking operations are one risk group
In a typical case of criminal labour exploitation in Finland
a foreign worker comes to the country for seasonal work
or the employer pays travel costs which are then deducted from the worker's pay
"Working days can be long and work becomes all there is to life
and may not know how to ask anyone other than the employer about employment conditions," Lyijynen explained
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