© Maxime VerretThe building is defined by a technical layer to the north which organizes two distinct entrances that visually cross the building The equipment was designed to offer adaptable spaces through the integration of a mobile wall forming a large 230 m2 room or two smaller ones The folding of the façade also makes it easier to integrate the movable wall and to distinguish two volumes within the single space of the large auditorium The internal materials are intended to be as simple and rustic as the exterior The interior vertical walls are treated in two ways to emphasize the horizontal nature of the landscape to control the acoustics and to make the base and cover legible from the inside The mass-stained concrete base is revealed on the inside between the wall separating the technical areas and the hall while the internally insulated peripheral walls are clad with perforated wood panels The facility is designed around three basic bioclimatic principles: the installation of an efficient canadian well to cool or heat incoming air the management of thermal inertia through the mass of the concrete and roof overhangs to protect against direct sunlight in summer Sharply defined by the surrounding infrastructure the site's layout was designed to acknowledge its topographical and hydrological characteristics To minimize the damage to local flora and fauna while reducing the economic impact of the development the simple widening of the local road allowed the building's base to be installed along with a linear parking area planted with trees You'll now receive updates based on what you follow Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors If you have done all of this and still can't find the email Archive Pavilions Volume 11 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1145978 This article is part of the Research TopicMicrobiology of Underground Hydrogen StorageView all 5 articles Underground Hydrogen storage (UHS) is a promising technology for safe storage of large quantities of hydrogen in daily to seasonal cycles depending on the consumption requirements The development of UHS requires anticipating hydrogen behavior to prevent any unexpected economic or environmental impact An open question is the hydrogen reactivity in underground porous media storages there is no consensus on the effects or lack of geochemical reactions in UHS operations because of the strong coupling with the activity of microbes using hydrogen as electron donor during anaerobic reduction reactions we apply different geochemical models to abiotic conditions or including the catalytic effect of bacterial activity in methanogenesis acetogenesis and sulfate-reduction reactions The models are applied to Lobodice town gas storage (Czech Republic) where a conversion of hydrogen to methane was measured during seasonal gas storage When the classical thermodynamic approach for aqueous redox reactions is applied the simulated reactivity of hydrogen is too high The proper way to simulate hydrogen reactivity must include a description of the kinetics of the aqueous redox reactions Two models are applied to simulate the reactions of hydrogen observed at Lobodice gas storage One modeling the microbial activity by applying energy threshold limitations and another where microbial activity follows a Monod-type rate law After successfully calibrating the bio-geochemical models for hydrogen reactivity on existing gas storage data and constraining the conditions where microbial activity will inhibit or enhance hydrogen reactivity we now have a higher confidence in assessing the hydrogen reactivity in future UHS in aquifers or depleted reservoirs Hydrogen as an energy carrier can be used to produce electricity for transport when used as a fuel directly or for producing liquid fuels for different industrial processes (refinery production of electronics or glass or food-processing industry) and blended in the natural/town gas distribution network different UHS sites exist based on a seasonal storage of hydrogen for use in chemical or petrochemical industrial processes and for which rentability is proven These reviews point out the need for a better understanding and quantification of hydrogen reactivity in UHS The hydrogen injected in a reservoir will change the chemical equilibrium between the formation water The resulting geochemical reactions may lead to: ii) pollution of the hydrogen stored by produced gases - in particular hydrogen sulfide (H2S) iii) precipitation/dissolution of minerals resulting in changes of injectivity in the reservoir iv) changes in the integrity of wells and installations (corrosion) due to the production of hydrogen sulfide v) dissolution of minerals altering the mechanical properties of the reservoir or the caprock vi) dissolution of minerals resulting in the formation of gas leakage pathways through the caprock Although geochemical processes may have a significant impact on technical and economic aspects of hydrogen storage the extend and rates of reactions are subject to high uncertainties There is currently no consensus on the effect or absence of effects of geochemical reactions in storage operations This uncertainty lies in the complex kinetics of redox reactions involving hydrogen and its strong coupling with the bacterial dynamics The uncertainty results from the low number of experimental studies in the laboratory and the scarce and often poorly documented feedback from the hydrogen storage operations modelling approaches still need to be improved to account for the kinetics of hydrogen reactivity at the reservoir scale These calculations allow for a discussion on the adequate ways to model hydrogen-induced redox reactions and on the associated uncertainties in the light of the environmental conditions favorable to microbial activity Dihydrogen (H2) is a gas with a high energy density per mass (≈120 MJ/kg) but with a low density (0.081272 kg/m3 at 25°C and 1 bar) a higher storage volume is required for hydrogen to store the same amount of energy Its storage efficiency increases with depth due to an increase in the density of hydrogen with pressure that is higher than the decrease in density of hydrogen with temperature within the range of pressure and temperature of common storages The negative of the free energy of formation ∆Gf0 listed for each reaction is the energy released using 1 mol of H2 at standard conditions where all substances have activities or fugacities of 1 Redox reactions involving oxidation of hydrogen relevant for underground hydrogen storage in sandstone reservoirs the upscaling of laboratory determined rates to storage scale rates is also poorly constrained Methanogenic bacteria were observed to develop when sulfate concentration was lower than 0.08 mM Optimum pH for most microorganisms is 6.5–7.5 with an acceptable pH range of 4–9.5 Several sulfate-reducers and acetogens can grow at pH values slightly higher than 10 Pressure has less effect on microbial activity and increasing the pressure is often associated with the simultaneous increase of temperature Although ceasing growth under aerobic conditions methanogens are reported to present some tolerance to oxygen It is also worth mentioning the importance of nutrient availability and the complexity related to the presence of hotspots or heterogeneously distributed reactions in pore networks or The chemical equilibrium between the formation pore water the dissolved gases and the rock minerals is expected to be changed by the injection of large amounts of hydrogen The dissolution of hydrogen induces redox reactions in solution that form species such as HS− or uses inorganic carbon that will impact the pH Mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions that can occur because of hydrogen injection are driven both by redox and acid-base reactions In the literature, only few studies report interaction experiments between hydrogen and rocks in the context of underground hydrogen storage in porous reservoirs (Flesch et al., 2018; Yekta et al., 2018; Shi et al., 2020; Haddad et al., 2022; Hassanpouryouzband et al., 2022). A review of these experiments, their conditions and main results is given in Table 2 The observed changes in mineralogy are minor and consist in the dissolution of minerals of high solubility located in the natural cementing minerals rather than in the rock matrix These different experimental studies converge on their conclusion of a lack of abiotic reactivity or a very low reactivity of hydrogen with rock minerals Review of studies on the reactivity of hydrogen with rocks under conditions relevant for underground hydrogen storage in sandstone reservoirs whether hydrogen was consumed or not in Fe(III)-smectite suspensions in laboratory experiments at 40°C and a partial pressure of H2 of 0.6 bar depended on the presence or absence of iron-reducing bacteria The reduction of pyrite to pyrrhotite is a reaction involving hydrogen that may be significant at low or mid-hydrothermal temperatures (Bourgeois et al., 1979; Truche et al., 2010; Truche et al., 2013). The formation of pyrite from pyrrhotite corresponds to a coupled dissolution-precipitation reaction at the pyrite surface (Truche et al., 2010) and writes: The hydrogen sulfide formed during the pyrite to pyrrhotite reaction will modify the redox potential and the pH of the formation water potentially destabilizing other minerals. Truche et al. (2010) observed that under pH conditions buffered by calcite the kinetics of the pyrite to pyrrhotite reduction increased with temperature (from 90°C to 180°C) partial pressure of H2 (8–18 bar) mineral surface area and the water/solid ratio but decreased with the increase of hydrogen sulfide concentration These authors established a kinetic rate law dependent on time specific volumes of aqueous species are calculated as a function of the dielectric properties of water and the ionic strength of the solution which allows calculation of pressure effects on chemical reactions and on solution density potentially significant at the high pressures relevant for hydrogen storage The kinetic rate expressions for mineral dissolutions and precipitations are taken from the database of kinetic rates established by Marty et al. (2015) The preceding review of hydrogen reactivity in UHS showed that the main and limiting reaction is the oxidation of hydrogen the aqueous redox reactions of methanogenesis sulfate-reduction and acetogenesis need to be correctly modeled The occurrence of these reactions is not captured by assuming thermodynamic equilibrium but requires a description of the kinetic control To explore the simulation of hydrogen reactivity four different approaches of considering the aqueous redox reaction are implemented water/rock interaction models usually consider the aqueous speciation reactions including the oxidation and reduction reactions occur so that thermodynamic equilibrium is obtained As a first approach in the simulations evaluating hydrogen reactions no constraints are considered on redox reactions so that they may occur to obtain thermodynamic equilibrium Note that mineral dissolution and precipitation reactions are controlled by kinetics if the redox reactions involving hydrogen are not catalyzed by bacterial activity these reactions are almost negligible at the time scale of gas storage operations it is reasonable to consider hydrogen as being non-reactive The first type of hydrogen is the classical hydrogen system The second type of hydrogen is a chemically inert hydrogen that is only involved in gas-liquid dissolution equilibrium the decoupled unreactive type of hydrogen is called “Hdg” To simulate a kinetic control on the reactions of sulfate-reduction methanogenesis and acetogenesis using PHREEQC it is necessary to use a thermodynamic database where oxidized S (+VI) and reduced S (-II) sulphur as well as CH4 CO2 and acetate are uncoupled so that the transformations are controlled by kinetics thermodynamic database was adapted for this context Only the formation of methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide was included in the model Kinetic rates used for sulfate-reduction reaction acetogenesis and methanogenesis in the different PHREEQC simulations a constant bacteria concentration of 104 cells/mL was considered corresponding to 10−7 molC/L assuming 1 cell contains 10−14 mol of Carbon The study of Berta et al. (2018) reports kinetics for the consumption of hydrogen by the acetogenesis and sulphate-reduction reactions measured in the laboratory under conditions corresponding to UHS Methanogenesis was not observed in this study Under conditions where the H2 partial pressure is high (2–15 bar) and much higher than the natural H2 content in a reservoir the kinetics of hydrogen consumption turn out to be similar regardless of the H2 partial pressure or salinity of the solution Although probably catalyzed by bacterial activity the kinetics of consumption of hydrogen does not depend on bacterial dynamics in these experiments These results can be simulated using a 0-order kinetic law where only the reaction rate is considered without any specific dependence on substrate concentrations as long as the Gibbs thermodynamic energy available is above the threshold The fourth way of simulating aqueous redox reactions applied in this study is by considering a microbial kinetic control. A Monod-type rate equation, including cell concentration and a thermodynamic potential factor (Jin and Bethke, 2005) was used. The rate, Eq. 1 expressed per mol of Carbon in bacteria molC) B is the concentration of bacteria (molC/L) mA and mD are the concentrations of the electron acceptor and electron donor limiting substrates KA1/2 and KD1/2 are the half-saturation constants for the electron acceptor and electron donor substrates ΔGr is the Gibbs free energy of the reaction (J/mol/K) ΔGcrit is the critical energy used for ATP synthesis during the reaction (J/mol/K) R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K) and T is the temperature (K) Model input parameters for application at Lobodice gas storage Since the gas evolution (injected and produced) is the information available from Lobodice gas storage, the presentation of simulation results is primarily focused on the evolution of the gas composition. Comparison between the different model results and field data for hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide contents and the evolution of the relative gas volume is shown in Figure 1 Gas composition evolution (A–C) and variation of gas volume (D) simulated and observed at Lobodice gas storage Simulations made using the reactivity model for hydrogen assuming: (A) thermodynamic equilibrium for redox reactions (Model A) and assuming abiotic conditions (Model B); (B) a 0-order kinetic rate model with thermodynamic threshold limits (Model C); and (C) considering a kinetic model depending on substrate concentrations and thermodynamic energy yield and concentration of bacteria (Model D) The assumption made in the abiotic model (model B) is that redox reactions involving hydrogen are not catalyzed by microbial activity implying that hydrogen is inert. Accordingly, gas evolution simulated with the abiotic model shows no changes, with the hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide contents remaining at their initial value (Figure 1A) This scenario is presumably only relevant for environments that are very hostile to microorganisms This non-reactive hydrogen (model B) and the complete thermodynamic equilibrium (model A) simulations can be considered two extreme end-members In this application of the kinetic model on methanogenesis the reactions are taking place far from thermodynamic equilibrium and the threshold limits have little influence on the reactions The rate of methanogenesis is the fitting parameter of first order while the rate of acetogenesis needs to be lowered to match the evolution of the H2/CH4 ratio The coefficients multiplying the maximal reaction rate and the bacteria concentration remain at a value of 1 FIGURE 2. Simulation using the microbial kinetic model (Model D) on the experiment by Smigan et al. (1990) of methane production (squares) from hydrogen and carbon dioxide in presence of Lobodice rock and formation water containing bacteria (37°C The reservoir rock at Lobodice is a sandstone with about 60% quartz, 30% carbonate minerals (dolomite and calcite) and 10% aluminosilicate minerals (feldspars and micas). The mineralogical analysis available for the reservoir (Labus et al., 2016) also reports 0.2% of gypsum Such a low content of gypsum in a sandstone suggests gypsum could have been formed from the porewater ions during the drying of the rock sample gypsum is considered in the mineralogical assemblage of our simulations since it is not possible to discard its presence based on the available information The simulated mineral evolution is similar regardless of the models used to represent the redox reactions. No significant changes in mineral content are simulated (Figure 3) The main mineral reaction is a progressive dissolution of gypsum (0.1% in 7 months) Carbonate minerals obviously participate in the pH buffering and the presence of two carbonate minerals in the simulation leads to a minor conversion of dolomite to calcite Quartz and aluminosilicate minerals remain stable during the duration of the simulation Mineral evolution simulated for the Lobodice reservoir during the seasonal storage of town gas pH values obtained using the different models range between 5.6 and 6 (Figure 4) It reflects that the pH initial value and evolution is mainly buffered by the carbonate system equilibrium including the CO2 partial pressure and the carbonate minerals The expected increase of pH because of the hydrogen consumption reactions is reflected by the initial pH increase from 5.7 to 6 simulated using the model with redox reactions at equilibrium (Model A) pH then slightly decreases because of hydrogen sulfide production from sulfate derived from kinetically controlled gypsum dissolution In the models with a kinetic control of redox reactions (Models C and D) pH decreases during the first 2 months of the simulation and then increases This pH decrease is due to gypsum dissolution which occurs at a higher rate in the first part of the simulation pH increases because of hydrogen consumption pH only increases and tends towards a value of 6 pH remains stable as it is not influenced by hydrogen consumption and hydrogen sulfide production Simulated pH evolution during the seasonal storage of town gas at Lobodice using the different models for describing redox reactions with the oxidation of hydrogen In addition to the crucial role of bacteria methanogenesis also occurred at Lobodice town gas storage because of the presence of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the stored gas In absence of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide the methane formation rate would presumably be lowered when the dissolved carbonates had been used The rate of methanogenesis would be limited by the rate of carbonate dissolution which would presumably decrease as the Ca concentration and pH increased Sulfate-reduction and formation of hydrogen sulfide appear to be less important than methanogenesis at Lobodice mainly because of the small quantity of sulfate available for hydrogen consumption the production of hydrogen sulfide is not able to induce significant losses of hydrogen but this “souring” may imply a need for anticorrosion treatments for the surface equipment or gas treatment after its seasonal storage Iron-reduction was identified in the literature as a potential mechanism using hydrogen but in absence of Fe-bearing minerals in Lobodice reservoir With the exception of some geological formations Fe(III) contents are low in most reservoirs and iron-reduction is not expected to lead to significant H2 consumption Negligible amounts of minerals are simulated to precipitate or dissolve during the seasonal gas storage and therefore no impacts on general mineralogy nor on reservoir hydro-mechanical properties are expected if these minor amounts of dissolution and precipitation are extrapolated for longer time periods The limitations of the thermodynamic models for redox reactions involving hydrogen have already been addressed (Lassin et al., 2011) and our calculations applied at Lobodice reservoir demonstrate that this modeling approach is inappropriate for simulating hydrogen reactions in UHS When redox reactions are considered at thermodynamic equilibrium and some studies inappropriately reach conclusions of catastrophic effects of hydrogen storage in reservoirs such as the dissolution of the reservoir carbonate cements leading to mechanical failure sulfate-reduction and acetogenesis reactions were both controlled by kinetics Their simulations indicate that methanogenesis is the main mechanism able to consume hydrogen but it is difficult to conclude on the extent of this consumption because of the range of uncertainty on the methanogenesis kinetic rate Formation of hydrogen sulfide appeared to be secondary in these simulations but hydrogen sulfide could still reach concentrations implying corrosion or safety concerns When triggered by methanogenesis and acetogenesis small amounts of calcite were simulated to dissolve The main limitation of these simulations and predictions is the uncertainty on the rates of methanogenesis acetogenesis and sulfate-reduction reactions in hydrogen rich environments since relatively few experimental data are available and none of these realistically reproduce the unsaturated conditions in a porous medium partially filled with gas is the scale effect between rates determined in laboratory experiments and the rates to consider in a reservoir where effects of localized biofilms heterogeneous water availability and limitations in transport must also play a role with different limitations of which some are coupled to the transport and availability of the involved substrates is also a source of uncertainty it was noted that environmental factors such as temperature pH and nutrients availability can significantly influence microbial activity accurately quantifying hydrogen reactivity can be challenging due to the potential uncertainty introduced by these changing environmental conditions Before envisaging a geochemical model of hydrogen reactivity accounting for the effects of the environmental conditions on the rates of sulfate-reduction it remains necessary to better understand and calibrate these effects it will also be necessary to put these processes and limitations in coherence to obtain a model sufficiently descriptive but simple enough to be implemented in reactive transport applications This study was devoted to the evaluation and the numerical simulation of hydrogen reactivity during underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in porous media such as saline aquifers or depleted reservoirs Our conclusions can be summarized as follows: negligible reactivity of hydrogen is predicted in the case of UHS • Hydrogen can be consumed in UHS when catalyzed by microbial activity by methanogenesis sulfate-reduction and acetogenesis reactions Under unfavorable conditions (microbially favorable) reactions induced by hydrogen will affect the gas composition and/or dissolved species but the effects on mineral dissolution and precipitation appear as minor • Methanogenesis can lead to losses in hydrogen when carbon dioxide dissolved carbonates or carbonate minerals are available • Sulfate-reduction has few impacts on the hydrogen content but can lead to hydrogen sulfide production and associated corrosion issues • Our study highlights the importance of considering the effect of microbial kinetics on the aqueous redox reactions using hydrogen as electron donor to properly simulate hydrogen reactivity Different ways of considering methanogenesis sulfate-reduction and acetogenesis were investigated through different reactive models and showed that a reasonable level of hydrogen reactivity could only be captured when kinetics controlled these reactions • There is a need of calibration of the kinetic rates and of the upscaling of the aqueous laboratory based redox reaction rates to the reservoir scale • Observational data from other hydrogen storage operations is necessary for better constraining the reactivity of hydrogen in UHS and how it relates to the environmental conditions The models of hydrogen reactivity were applied to Lobodice town gas storage that contained hydrogen but also large amount of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide without carbon reactants for methanogenesis It needs to be confirmed by devoted simulations considering pure hydrogen A next step could be the adaptation of the reactive model to a reactive transport model or reservoir model to more fully account for the hydrogen behavior and fate in reservoirs The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author writing–original draft; RJ: Conceptualization writing–review and editing; YLG: Conceptualization This work was made within Hystories Project which received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Partnership) under Grant Agreement No 101007176 This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research and Arnaud Réveillère (Geostock) are acknowledged for fruitful discussions on the microbial risks for underground hydrogen storage Three reviewers are thanked for their constructive comments that improved the manuscript Authors JT and YLG were employed by the company Geostock The remaining author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1145978/full#supplementary-material 1 https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-hydrogen 2 https://www.underground-sun-storage.at/en/ Toward a fundamental understanding of geological hydrogen storage CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Critical knowledge gaps for understanding water-rock-working phase interactions for compressed energy storage in porous formations CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Geochemical effects of millimolar hydrogen concentrations in groundwater: An experimental study in the context of subsurface hydrogen storage PubMed Abstract 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storage Received: 16 January 2023; Accepted: 28 March 2023;Published: 10 April 2023 Copyright © 2023 Tremosa, Jakobsen and Le Gallo. 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two indications can be provided that on the air vehicle and that on the command signal origin If a suspect indicator is identified among the RF noise but does not correspond to those in the data base new algorithms based on artificial intelligence are being developed that allow to establish the identity of the incoming drone with a good degree of probability “Our systems are effective against what NATO defines Class 1 drones,” Lucas Le Bell explains adding that although unknown drones might use different links nonetheless these have some rules in terms of protocol frequency hopping and size of information packages all those allowing identifying with good approximation if a signal is a drone data link or not Electronic warfare is a key element in countering drones especially considering potential confrontations with peer adversaries The company has developed digital as well as analog systems both for fix installations as well as for vehicle mounted systems The two companies have already worked or are working together at least on three major programmes The first led to the deployment of antidrone systems in some 15 French prisons while the second aims at protecting the sea lanes leading to the Brest naval base which among other hosts French Navy nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines The third is still running; known as Parade this programme launched by the French DGA aims at providing a 360° protection to military or civil sites in France or downrange Each system will include at least a command and control system Cerbair and KEAS are part of the Sky Warden team led by MBDA which by the way is a minority shareholder in Cerbair But this are only the starting points that led to the organic partnership made official at Milipol Although this does not include any financial operation the two companies have very clear ideas on what this operation might target “First of all we decided common strategic development directions and counter-UAS both in the civil and military arena,” David Morio says The two companies also agreed on the technological roadmap at medium and long term Other key areas that will benefit from synergies between Cerbair and KEAS are commercial and marketing organisation the two companies having already decided to participate with a common stand at Eurosatory the Paris land and security exhibition that will take place in June 2022 the same scheme inaugurated at Milipol 2021 According to the two managers the teams of both companies already work hand in hand The close links to major defence industrial groups some having shares in the capital of the two companies Cerbair and KEAS aim at aggressively compete n the international market while remaining open for increasing the number of players in this partnership announced in mid-October 2021 Indo Defence – Jakarta – 11-14 June DSEI – London – 9-12 September PARTNER – Belgrade – 23-26 September Seafuture – La Spezia – 29 Sept.-2 October ADEX – Seoul – 29 October-2 November Dubai Air Show – Dubai – 17-21 November Milipol Paris – Paris – 18-21 Novenber Expodefensa – Bogotá – 1-3 December Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" And the Yvelines region has plenty to offer budding historians with its many medieval remains and traces of the passage of French kings King Henri II presented the entire estate to Diane de Poitiers particularly during the Hundred Years' War it became a place for strolling and relaxation it was abandoned and turned into a stone quarry before being bought back and listed as a Monument Historique in 1959 the moat is a popular destination for visitors le programme est mis à jour en fonction des annonces officielles Enjoythe Journées du Patrimoine in Yvelines were seeking to develop automated combat systems the German Goliath (based on a prototype seized from a French engineer in 1940) marked an important step: this kamikaze tracked wire-guided vehicle carried explosive charges and exploded with them once it had reached its target it's in France itself that an army engineering unit is proving itself as a pioneer in robotics: the Paris fire brigade saw its first example enter service in 2017 It is used when there is a risk of collapse this robot is indispensable to the way we intervene," says Warrant Officer Benoît head of the Issy-les-Moulineaux emergency service "It would be hard to go back to the way things were Colossus carries out 65 rescue operations a year Equipped with sensors that "see" 360 degrees day and night it can also transport victims and equipment with a carrying capacity of more than 200 kilos and can be deployed more quickly in the event of a disaster At the French Armaments Procurement Agency (DGA) the race for robotic innovation is ongoing particularly in the field of mine clearance "As explosive devices continue to diversify we need to use a wide range of sensors to maximise the chances of detecting them" Chief Armaments Engineer and architect of future land combat systems at the DGA Some sensors are dedicated to detecting electronics while others detect changes in the ground.. "We're even trying to merge information from different sensors" This is the case of RSM (robotic sensitive minesweeper(an intelligent mine-clearing robot) from Capacités a company based in Nantes and supported by the French Defence Innovation Agency (AID) This low-magnetic-signature anti-personnel mine detection robot which has a dual military use (during a conflict) and a civilian use (to restore safe land to local populations) combines artificial intelligence and robotics to help deminers make decisions remotely the mine countermeasures system of the future should be delivered in 2024 for the first production vehicles "We're interested in them for the infantry for example to investigate buildings and see if there are any enemies or traps," explains Delphine "What really seems interesting is being able to exploit the complementary capabilities of man and machine Robotics should thus make it possible to improve the balance of power in urban combat a terrain historically unfavourable to the military the major challenge is that robots are more at ease in homogeneous environments such as air or water delimited by natural or artificial obstacles.. These characteristics have a very strong impact on mobility satellite signal reception for geolocation This is why autonomous decision-making is such an important parameter in robotics "It allows the operator to avoid having to focus on the remote operation of a robot and also to be much more fluid in reacting to environmental hazards we'd even like to go as far as natural language interaction like saying to the robot: "Go and stand on the hill and move stealthily" Robots can also be used as tactical pawns: several ground and air robots used at the same time "the other game changer that we are identifying for tomorrow's combat" according to Chief Weapons Engineer Delphine "The idea is to exploit the networking of all the platforms on the battlefield and optimise their collaboration to speed up the tempo of the manoeuvre." The aim is to understand decide and act faster than the adversary on the ground "the field of possibilities is so vast that we had to put in place an approach the corresponding robotics staff officer at the French Army Staff (EMAT) The idea is "to have operational units that use and master the use of automated systems in tomorrow's combat by 2040" but an exploratory approach that should inspire future programmes," explains Army General Pierre Schill "It relies on a robotics community that brings together a wide range of players: the French army small and medium-sized enterprises and academics" This research and development component is accompanied by extensive field trials. The aim is to have "robotic solutions integrated into combat units within 4 to 5 years for the first stages", explained in 2022 colonel Sébastien and responsible for technical and operational innovation The aim is even "to have robotic systems that are part of the operational units" Its aim is to have operational soldiers specialising in the use of robots "The use of drones and robots is changing the way we think about manoeuvres," Lieutenant Mamadou "Missions that used to take an hour are now carried out in ten minutes since the use of drones in advance of the intelligence phase means we can avoid certain missions and anticipate the future." The same concern for operational realism governs the CoHoMa (man-machine collaboration) challenge the second edition of which will take place from 11 May to 7 June just after Robotics Day (10 May at the Beynes camp in the Yvelines) the CoHoMa challenge is "a real operational robotics challenge open to the civil-military world" Robotics raises major ethical and legal issues in 2020 the French Ministry of Defence set up a unique body which approved France's decision to abandon SALA (automated lethal weapon systems) in favour of SALIA (lethal weapon systems with integrated autonomy) This choice underlines the importance of human intervention in assessing the situation and in the decision-making process rather than putting robots in the place of humans Although France has abandoned the use of SALA it is continuing to study them in order to protect itself against those used by potential enemies The Institute for Advanced Studies in National Defence All rights reserved 2025 - Legal information – Privacy policy - designed by CONCILIUM Une belle performance pour une épreuve proposée sur deux jours uniquement contre trois ces dernières années La première épreuve de ce The Mud Day se trouvait avant même l’échauffement Avec jusqu’à 3 heures d’attentes il a fallu aux participants beaucoup de patience avant de se lancer dans l’épreuve Obstacle.fr - Sébastien Desbenoit - 2014-2023