The Blaye Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) is set to undergo substantial modifications following the homologation of its updated production specifications The appellation has officially adopted a name change to “Blavia,” referencing the ancient name of Blaye, a decision approved by the regulatory body according to Terroirs du Monde Education This move honours the region’s history while signalling a fresh direction for its future The geographical area now includes the commune of Val-de-Livenne formed by the merger of Marcillac and Saint-Caprais-de-Blaye Vineyards must be situated on parcels identified based on criteria established by the National Institute of Origin and Quality (INAO) as of 30 November 2023 The previous provision for an immediate proximity area has been removed Significant changes have been made to the grape varieties permitted Cot N (Malbec) has been elevated from an accessory to a principal grape variety The combined proportion of principal grape varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Cot) must now constitute at least 85% of the vineyard an increase from the previous requirement of 50% Restrictions on the use of accessory grape varieties Vineyard planting regulations have also been updated The spacing between rows is now set at a maximum of 2 metres The requirement for spacing between vines in the same row has been removed Each vine must occupy a maximum area of 1.67 square metres calculated by multiplying the distance between rows by the distance between vines within a row The updated specifications prohibit substantial modifications to the subsoil morphology or elements ensuring soil integrity and sustainability Chemical weeding of headlands and total chemical weeding of parcels are banned Operators are now required to calculate and record their Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) enrichment (chaptalisation) is now prohibited; previously The release date for consumption has been adjusted to 1 April of the second year following the harvest Transitional derogations concerning planting densities and the appellation area have been removed Control measures have been strengthened at various levels granting the INAO increased oversight to ensure compliance with the updated specifications We are using cookies to give you the best experience on our website You can find out more about which cookies we are using or switch them off in settings This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings we will not be able to save your preferences This means that every time you visit this website you will need to enable or disable cookies again ShareSaveCommentLifestyleSpiritsUncorking Vintage 2022—Bordeaux Right BankByTom Mullen Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights travel and lifestyle from a base in FranceFollow AuthorSep 29 07:41am EDTShareSaveComment@font-face{font-family: "Schnyder"; src: url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/schnyders/schnyders-bold-webfont.woff2") format("woff2") url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/schnyders/schnyders/schnyders-bold-webfont.woff") format("woff"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal;} @font-face{font-family: "Merriweather"; src: url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/merriweather/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff2") format("woff2") url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/merriweather/merriweather-bold-webfont.woff") format("woff"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal;} @font-face{font-family: "Euclid"; src: url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/euclidcircularb/euclidcircularb-bold-webfont.woff2") format("woff2") url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/euclidcircularb/euclidcircularb-bold-webfont.woff") format("woff"); font-weight: 700; font-style: normal;} @font-face{font-family: "Schnyder"; src: url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/schnyders/schnyders-light-webfont.woff2") format("woff2") url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/schnyders/schnyders-light-webfont.woff") format("woff"); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal;} @font-face{font-family: "Merriweather"; src: url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/merriweather/merriweather-regular-webfont.woff2") format("woff2") url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/merriweather/merriweather-regular-webfont.woff") format("woff"); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal;} @font-face{font-family: "Euclid"; src: url("https://i.forbesimg.com/assets/fonts/euclidcircularb/euclidcircularb-regular-webfont.woff2") format("woff2") #article-stream-0 .headline-embed .color-accent{color: #000000;} #article-stream-0 .headline-embed.bg-accent 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.quote-embed.bg-base #article-stream-0 .quote-embed .bg-base{background-color: #000000;} #article-stream-0 .quote-embed.font-accent #article-stream-0 .quote-embed .font-accent{font-family: Schnyder,"Noto Sans","Droid Sans","Helvetica Neue",Corbel,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;} #article-stream-0 .quote-embed.font-size p #article-stream-0 .quote-embed .font-size p{font-size: 36px;} Vineyards in Sainte-Colombe commune in Castillon The 2022 wine vintage from Bordeaux in southwestern France is renowned for exceptional balance and quality I was outside of France for months during the spring of 2023 when these wines were initially tasted Now that wines from this vintage have been initially aged and bottled I recently tasted more than 90 wines from multiple appellations to provide this broad overview Growing conditions in 2022 were typical for Bordeaux with regards to unpredictability A cool April was followed by dry days after July Yields were average or diminished with relatively Vintage Bordeaux 2022 red wines are generally of a consistently elevated quality elegant tannins (not as spectacularly creamy as some from the 2023 vintage) bright acidity (not as prominent as the majority of wines from the 2021 vintage) with shining fruit (although only a small percentage having the deep dark flavors of the 2018 vintage; and few with the brightness and energy from the sun drenched 2015 vintage) The tannin/acidity combination provides aging potential that may comparable to Bordeaux wines from vintages 2016 Many wines from this vintage can be enjoyed now and will also still shine with quality and bright acidity decades into the future For the sake of article brevity, some tasting notes are referenced to my VinoVoices website A 65/35 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc aged 14 months in amphorae as well as in new barrels and concrete vats with soft and creamy tannins and acidity as fresh as a windswept shoreline red cherries and Christmas cake with vanilla Pair with lamb with mint sauce or even angel food cake with chocolate frosting 14.5% alcohol in this 75/25 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc A statured set of initial dark aromas of cinnamon crisp Brilliant and deft acidity enveloping lush plums Pair with wagyu beef or a chocolate parfait dessert Petit Verdot blend that aged for 18 months in oak farmers from central France who successfully forayed into the Bordeaux wine world with prowess at rapidly learning how to produce quality wines crackling first aromas that include maple syrup A full and easy Grand Cru mouthful that is rich easy to drink and with a range of flavors—including red cherries and peppermint on the finish 15% alcohol in this Merlot dominant wine which also includes Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon On the nose this is a steaming blackberry tart fresh from the oven neat and subtle acidity and flavors that include fudge raspberries and molasses as well as some black pepper Pair with a pepper steak or a poke bowl with ginger and cilantro A rollicking assemblage of flavors that include black fruits or a vegetarian risotto with mushrooms and black peppers delicate fruit flavors that include raspberries An elegant stream of light juice with low key tannins flavors that include raspberries and sparky acidity but also consider tuna sushi for an unusual but delicious combination For the following wines, see the tasting notes at my VinoVoices website 14.5% alcohol in this Cabernet Franc/Merlot blend From a vineyard that is surprisingly located within the city of Libourne and yet also within the Pomerol appellation and named after the family of producers who also own Château La Dominique in Saint-Émilion full-bodied wine with flavors that include strudel cherry tart and even some mint lozenge on the finish Pair with roast duck and applesauce or cous-cous with mango chutney with less than 10% of Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon gravely and slight petrol initial nose followed by aromas of dark plums Initial attack is brisk with sharp acidity followed by a mid-palate of dark strudel and meatloaf flavors Elegant finish in a complex dense wine that can be paired with pumpkin muffins or butternut squash and rosemary risotto A Merlot dominant wine that includes Cabernet Franc and Petit Verdot that aged 16 months in French oak syrupy rich aromas of red and black licorice rounded and agreeable set of fruit flavors with citric acidity flavors of brownies and devil’s cake—fluffy light in the mouth with a keenly persistent length and a finish that endures Pair with wild game or with Asian fare that includes both ginger and soy 80/20 Sauvignon Blanc/Sémillon blend fermented in oak barrels rich mouthful with honey mid palate and a silky finish 60/20/20 Sauvignon Blanc/Sauvignon Gris/Sémillon blend aged 30% in French oak and 70% in stainless steel for seven months Crisp acidity on a slightly tart mid palate with flavors of honeydew melon Pair with vanilla ice cream to provide contrast between acidity and creaminess 80/20 Sauvignon Blanc/Sémillon blend aged five months in stainless steel Mouthful is contrasting—both rounded and sharp Flavors include green apples and applesauce Pair with a creamy risotto to gain contrast between the wine’s acidity and creaminess 45/55 Sauvignon Blanc/Sémillon blend aged nine months in partially new French oak A honey and pine assembly of aromas that also includes bruised pears Slightly tart but also creamy in the mouth Pair with ice cream lathered with butterscotch sauce 14% alcohol from a wine estate that began producing in 1802—two years before Lewis and Clark set off on their trans-America exploration journey launched by President Thomas Jefferson who visited Bordeaux and raved about its wines Holy Smoke aromas of cherries and molasses and pine nuts followed by flavors redolent of rounded red cherries from the Merlot fresh and with a sliver of complexity on the finish and a mid palate that includes red plums Pair with an array of cheeses that include compté Vineyards at Chateau Marquis de Vauban near the town of Blaye this 75/20/5 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Malbec blend aged one year in tanks and kicks out a bucketful of red and black and orange fruit aromas—think raspberries—as well as balsamic and sage Brimming with generous fruit flavors that include black and red cherries and blood oranges linear tannins and clean enveloping acidity grilled lamb or a tabouli salad with soy sauce A 14% alcohol and 85/15 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon from 25-year-old vines from Luc Schweitzer and sons Ludovic and Richard Boisterous but focused aromas that include red cherries fresh raspberries mid palate and a voluptuous and sexy caramel apple strudel finish that just keeps on giving and transforms the dimensional attack into a more memorable complex set of flavors grilled shiitake or cep mushrooms or Mediterranean mezze The label says ‘le Vin des Amis,’ or the wine of friends 13.5% alcohol in this wine from 30-year-old vines with aromas of a forest trail bubbling fruit flavors that include black and red cherries milk chocolate and raspberries with slight black pepper on the finish 100% Cabernet Sauvignon from Stéphane Heurlier a pine grove and lusciously fresh red cherries Well balanced mouthful that combines crisp acidity beautiful red fruit and flavors of caramel chunks and some sage and cumin and dark licorice on the finish Pair with a meat stew that includes sliced carrots 70/20/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Malbec from 25-year-old vines from the Baudet family coriander and a slab of cooking chocolate as well as baking spices—nutmeg and cloves A delightfully juicy and easy drinking wine with generous and rounded acidity as well as flavors of German chocolate cake red cherries and apple strudel on the finish Pair with four cheese lasagna or an orange sorbet dessert A 70/30 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon blend aged in cement and steel tanks for a year A bright broth and froth of persnickety flavors that jump out from the glass and a bottle labels that contrasts to the traditional images of a château Aromas of minestrone and mocha and melted hot chocolate; red cherries and salt water taffy and toffee A rounded mouthful of suave tannins embracing red fruits and chocolate with menthol and anise on the finish; complex and elegant This could be taken for a Saint-Émilion Grand Cru during a blind tasting this 100% Merlot is made just over a mile away from the town of Blaye Aged in older oak barrels as well as in stainless steel and concrete tanks Aromas dripping with red cherries and a touch or orange peel A fresh and chirpy monofilament of delightful Merlot—well balanced with suave tannins and sizzling but not boisterous acidity Pair with melon and ham or grilled sirloin steak A 70/30 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon blend that is 13% alcohol from sixth generation winemakers A beautifully delicious and well-integrated red wine that is bristling with red fruits and dark licorice and spices and waiting to be paired with steak with peppercorn sauce 100% Sauvignon Blanc aged nine months in barrels from Vignobles Raguenot Slick and slippery oily mouth feel with flavors of honey Match with a slab of albacore tuna and sliced yellow peppers The maker recommends pairing with foie gras and fried scallops A blend of fourths of Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Franc/Malbec/Merlot that aged for 18 months in French oak sultanas and black cherries with a hit of peach Easy drinking though somewhat tart acidity on the finish Mid palate churns with red and black fruits and a rounded tannic profile 80/20 Merlot/Malbec blend from 35-year-old vines aged 12 months in both French and American oak A bramble patch of fresh and varied aromas that include cedar Beautifully balanced and well-rounded mouthful of red plums Bright acidity sticks to your cheeks and tongue and will incite you to pour another glass Pair with meatloaf or Asian cooked beef with sesame seeds or with scoops of vanilla and butterscotch ice cream 90/10 Merlot/Malbec blend with 14% alcohol Aged in non-new French oak as well as amphorae Robust and generous aromas pumping out of this juice—toffee yet also a light and precise wine with mid palate flavors that include red cherries and vanilla with a unique butterscotch finish and acidity bathes the assembly with lip licking energy Pair with bulgur and with either comte or cheddar cheese Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec aged 18 months in French oak A meld of sweet fruits and tobacco aromas with a hint of melted butter well balanced acidity with attractive mid palate flavors that include black licorice Compact tannins in this complex wine that will grow on you after the first mouthful Pair with pumpernickel bread and fresh butter or a Nordic smorgasbord 70/20/10 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Malbec blend from 25+ year old vines aged for a year or more in French oak Bright and light as a spring morning aromas—crisp and delicate—including roses A balanced mouthful billowing with rich flavors that include red fruits Pair with cous-cous and mandarin slices or with a hot gooey brownie Zinging semi acrid aromas of limes and gooseberries and white plums here well integrated flavors—almost syrupy with honey-tinged richness 45/45/10 blend of Sauvignon Blanc/Sémillon/Colombard A delightfully light and rich balanced medley of subtle flavors from this biodynamic wizard producer Pair with vegetables and cous-cous or with light cod with butter and roasted parsnips Producer recommends pairing with ravioli with foie gras or marinated fish 50/50 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon from 50-year-old vines from this large right bank Bordeaux appellation Classic Bordeaux profile here that could be right or left bank because of the constituent percentages of grapes—rounded from the Merlot and taut with tannins from the Cabernet Smoky aromas include juicy red cherries and a slice of blackberry tart Balanced on the nose and including a full mid palate though tannins are still young and needing more age Pair with pepperoni pizza or noodles with teriyaki sauce For the following wines—see the tasting notes at my VinoVoices website Gironde River flowing past the ancient town of Bourg An 85/15 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon blend from 25 year old vines rounded mouthful of billowing red fruits that includes red plums a well as mint brittle and sultanas Creamy tannins and classic balance and poise from vintage 2022 Pair with meat lasagna or even a dessert of apple strudel 14.5% alcohol in this wine from 25-year-old vines from Lucie and Stephane Donze in Lansac Rounded and almost tropical strength aromas that include lychee generous and juicy mid palate with lush and bright red and orange fruits with some mocha on the finish Pair with hummus and tabouli or bulgur and red peppers who tends his vines according to phases of the moon red cherries and slight menthol on the finish A 13.5% alcohol blend from the commune of Tauriac Plump plums and a cherry bitter delight in the mouth This wine is fruity with energetic acidity and low key tannins Like drinking an Italian cherry breakfast tart fruit and vegetable combination will both contrast to and complement this wine’s acidity An 70/30 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon blend from the hills of Bourg and aged in oak for one year Low key notes of a dusty trail with some sage An unusually silky wine with brisk acidity rambunctious fruit and dark licorice with a long finish of raspberry tart flavors Pair this with lightly cooked red meat or goat cheese A 60/30/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Franc from 35-year-old vines that aged one year in barrels of which a third were new oak smoky bacon crisps and a juicy blackberry pie fresh from the oven A deliciously compact and balanced wine with firm tannins and oozing with berry flavors—including blueberries—as well as coconut and raspberry jam mid palate with a long black cherry finish Pair with peppery spicy meat balls or a creamy vegetarian four cheese lasagna with some Asian spices An 80/20 Merlot/Malbec blend from Lansac commune in the beautifully hilly Côtes de Bourg appellation from 35-year-old vines An emissary for the quality of some Bourg wines with a chewy meaty and Malbec spicy mid palate (Malbec is the signature grape of this appellation) with a confident blend of firm but succulent tannins dripping fresh fruit and quiet but binding acidity Pair with a wiener schnitzel and brussels sprouts 80/20 Merlot/Malbec blend from Bourg—the ‘spicy side of Bordeaux.’ Aged nine months in concrete Amazing aromas of sesame and peanut butter Pair with a vegetarian poke bowl with varied flavors and sweet sesame sauce or with lamb shish kebab with red and green peppers A 75/25 blend of Sauvignon Blanc/Sauvignon Gris from 17-year-old vines green grass and limoncello and a streak of salinity tingling with acidity but also creamy in texture Needs a few years to better harmonize into a more unctuous delight Pair with foie gras or honey drizzled feta cheese the name is a palindrome and can be read backwards or forwards like all Picoron wines it is made exclusively from Merlot grapes maple syrup and boysenberries and a hint of red cherries fresh red and dark fruits and some chocolate/cherry cake on the finish Pair with a plate of charcuterie and cheeses or a plum clafoutis dessert Stellar value from Frank and Glenda from Down Under and their stellar team in Castillon on the right bank 80/20 Merlot/Cabernet Franc blend in this 14.5% alcohol wine that aged for one year in 30% new oak and the balance in stainless steel plump and rounded with delightful flavors of red plums and black cherries mid palate; oily mouth feel Pair with blackened grilled meats or mushroom risotto 70/15/15 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon from 40 year old vines in this 14% alcohol wine that aged both in covered vats and new French oak barrels Almost antiseptically clean aromas of red licorice easy drinking with signature silky 2022 tannins and buoyant acidity that is less conspicuous than that of vintage 2021 delightful drinking with a mouth tingling finish Pair with hummus and pita bread or butternut squash soup sprinkled with sesame seeds 80/20 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc aged in small conical stainless steel tanks for better parcel management 15% alcohol from fruit grown over blue clay parcels Royal aromas akin to a Grand Cru Classe from Saint-Émilion Beautifully soft in the mouth with deft but well-structured tannins Assembled in a bath of brisk acidity with a lingering red cherry tart finish that will have you reaching to pour seconds for yourself and friends Pair with lentil and beetroot salad or cheese ravioli with a white sauce A 70/30 Merlot/Cabernet Franc blend 30 years old vines from the Meynard family Aged for six months in barrels and stainless steel billowing fruit in this well integrated package that highlights the merits of vintage 2022—balance Pair with cheese such as comté or cheddar or even with linguini and marinara sauce this 85/15 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon aged for 12 months in oak Luscious and heartening aromas that are textured and evocative—think memory of a dark woodland trail cinnamon and black pepper with an oily mouth feel and a finish that is lip tingling with mocha and strawberry jam Pair this with a smorgasbord of charcuterie meats A 60/40 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon blend from 45-year-old vines; biodynamic methods used to produce this wine that aged for 12 months in oak swirling aromas—some petrol and anise and roasted chestnuts and bitter cherries Lovely soft mouthful of well integrated flavors with rounded tannins and light and a finish that includes dark caramel and black pepper Pair with sharp cheeses or a spicy stroganoff to complement this wine’s dark complex flavors 70/25/5 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon aged in new oak barrels as well as demi-muid 600-liter barrels as well as clay amphorae before the juice is blended in cement vats Clouds of soft aromas of red fruit and an evergreen forest classic Bordeaux profile that blends fruits with an enhanced tannic backbone from the oak aging A sharp bitter cherry attack followed by a soft pillow of beautifully juicy acidic red fruits that include the lightness of raspberries with the succulence of dark plums Some chocolate and black licorice and soy on the finish Pair with beef cooked in dark red wine or a salad of roma tomatoes sliced soft cheeses and sweet basil leaves—Caprese style—but doused with black pepper 80/15/5 blend of Merlot/Cabernets/Malbec from 35-year-old vines succulent and promising aromas that include red and black cherries dorp licorice and a hint of balsamic and stroganoff rounded mouthful of beautiful dark fruits such as blackberries as well as mocha and Asian spices; powerful finish of mint brittle and toffee Bright acidity and low key but well structured tannins Pair with a well balanced and complex dish such as a curry or mezze 75/25 Merlot/Cabernet Franc blend aged 16 or more months in new or one year old oak Billowing dark fruit aromas of cranberries A joyful Friday afternoon mouthful with a dark fruit mid palate and a creamy Tongue tingling acidity and huddled tannins that keep this flavor matrix intact Pair with andalouse sausage or a vegetarian minestrone with sliced carrots For tasting notes see my VinoVoices website. The Republic of Albania is a small country which borders the eastern side of the southern Adriatic Sea and looks towards Puglia, the heel of Italy. It has one of the oldest winemaking histories in the world. Well-known for brandy production, Armenia is a small, landlocked country at the southern end of the Eurasian Caucasus – the mountainous region between Europe and Asia. Austria is enjoying a renaissance as a modern wine producing nation. Grüner Veltliner and Riesling are the flag bearers Azerbaijan is a small country located in the Eurasian Caucasus, on the western shores of the Caspian Sea. As in neighboring Georgia winemaking here appears to date back thousands of years. Better known for its vodka and grain spirit-based production than wine, Belarus is a landlocked country in the north of Eastern Europe. Belgium is better known for its traditional abbey-brewed beers than its wines, but this small northern European country does produce a small quantity of wine each vintage, mostly from Bosnia-Herzegovina is a country in the east of southern Europe, also referred to as Bosnia and Herzegovina. It does not produce a significant quantity of wine, although it does have a few thousand acres of productive vineyards. Bulgaria has a long history of viticulture, and its modern wine industry is introducing regions, grape varieties and wine styles. The Crimea is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. It has a very long history of winemaking, dating back at least to the classical Greek period. Croatia has been making wine for well over two thousand years. More recently, the last three decades have seen a steady rise in quality. The Mediterranean island of Cyprus lies 50 miles off the coast of Turkey. In wine terms it is best known for the dessert wine Commandaria. However, a wider range of styles and grape varieties are coming to the fore. Czechia (or The Czech Republic), the western half of the former Czechoslovakia, is better known for its beer than its wine, though the latter is also produced in reasonable quantities. Denmark is one of the three northern European countries which make up Scandinavia. The brewing of beer dominates production of alcoholic beverages. The wine industry is in its infancy. Estonia is a country in the Baltic region of northern Europe, far north of the latitudes in which grapes can reliably ripen. Estonian wine is a rarity, and the nation is better known for its beers and vodkas. Finland is a northern European country located on the eastern side of the Scandinavian Peninsular. The majority of alcoholic beverages produced in Finland are beers and spirits distilled from grain, principally vodka. France is arguably the wine world's most important country, and home to famed regions such as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Champagne. For centuries it has produced wine in a wide variety of styles in greater quantity than any other country. Georgia is one of the world’s oldest winemaking countries. The red grape Saperavi and the white grape Rkatsiteli are the key varieties grown here Germany's best Rieslings are some of the greatest whites in the world, while fine wines are also made from a number of other red and white grape varieties. Beer brewing is also a key part of the culture here. Greece has been home to a winemaking industry for at least three thousand years. Nowadays it combines tradition with modernity, using both native and international grape varieties. Hungary's wine industry is best known for Tokaj and Bull's Blood. But its wine portfolio is much broader in terms of wine styles, grape varieties and regions. Iceland is an island nation in the North Atlantic Ocean, located around 900 kilometers (550 miles) north of Scotland's Orkney Islands. There is little chance of successful viticulture being carried out on the volcanic island, and few have tried. Ireland is an island off the west coast of Britain, and is divided into two distinct parts. The following description majors on the beverages produced in the Republic of Ireland. Italy is the home of Chianti, Prosecco, Barolo, and more. It has a rich and diverse wine heritage and a bewildering diversity of both grape varieties and wine styles. Kosovo is a region of south-eastern Europe, once an autonomous province within the former Yugoslavia. Until the outbreak of civil war, Kosovo had a substantial acreage of productive wine-bearing vineyards. Latvia is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. The country once held the Guinness World Record as the world's most northerly commercial, open-air vineyard known as Vina kalns ('wine hill'). Liechtenstein is a tiny country hidden away among the Alps. In keeping with its dramatic geography, the country's most noteworthy vineyard is terraced into a rocky outcrop topped by the 1000-year-old Schloss Gutenberg Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe between Belarus and the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north and Poland to the south. The country's best known alcoholic produce is its vodka. Luxembourg (officially the 'Grand Duchy of Luxembourg') is a small nation in northern Europe covering just over 2,500 square kilometers (960sq miles). Only 1 percent of this is given over to viticulture. Malta is a small island (25 miles / 40m long) in the central Mediterranean Ocean just 80km (50 miles) south of Sicily. Viniculture here dates back to the early 16th Century, when the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem arrived on the island, bringing with them centuries of winemaking tradition. Moldova is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, and one of several former Soviet states in this region. Although relatively small, Moldova ranks among the most significant wine regions of Eastern Europe. Montenegro is a small country on the western side of the Balkan Peninsula, with a coast on the Adriatic Sea. The wine industry here is best known for its intense, deeply colored red wine made from the Vranac grape variety. The Netherlands is a country in northern Europe, often referred to as "Holland". The latter is the name of the ancient county in the western Netherlands, where the key cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague are located. Norway is a Nordic country located on the western side of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Its eastern neighbor is Sweden, but it also borders Finland and Russia at its far-northern edges. Poland, in Central Europe, is a new and perhaps surprising addition to the list of wine-producing nations. Although viniculture is very much in its infancy here, and has yet to make any mark on international markets, it is nonetheless under way. Portugal has long been famous its Port, Madeira and Vinho Verde. But in the last decade or two it has gained acclaim for its new wave of rich, ripe, table wines, with reds from the Douro Valley particularly prominent. Romania lies at the crossroads between Central Europe and South-eastern Europe. Its wine industry makes use of a broad portfolio of indigenous and international red and white grape varieties. Russia is the largest country in the world, covering over 17 million square kilometers (6.5 million square miles), although only the country's southernmost lands are capable of supporting quality viticulture. Serbia, in the south-east of Europe, is geographically the largest of the former Yugoslav states, and the most productive in wine terms. Serbian wine is not often seen on international markets, although there is no question that the country has the potential to produce world-class wines. Slovakia's vineyards are mostly clustered around Bratislava and scattered eastwards along the border with Hungary. The eastern fringe of the Tokaj wine region lies in Slovakia Slovenia is a small European country with a long history of wine production. Despite the cultural and political turmoil that has besieged the Balkan states over the past century, Slovenia has maintained its wine industry, one which has been particularly successful since the country gained independence from former Yugoslavia, in 1991. Spain is home to more hectares of vineyards than any other country, and has a national wine output exceeded only by France and Italy. Though a wide range of wine styles are made, Tempranillo is by far the dominant grape variety. Sweden is a country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in northern Europe. Winemaking here is very much in its infancy making up a fraction of one percent of the nation's total alcohol production. Switzerland is not widely known as a wine-producing nation, largely because the Swiss keep much of their output to themselves. The white Chasselas grape is the specialty here, though Pinot Noir, Syrah, Merlot and Chardonnay all feature. Turkey may well be where wine production first began, more than 6000 years ago, Today the country grows more grapes than almost any country on earth, though few are made into wine. The United Kingdom is best known for its beer, cider, whisky, gin and other spirits. It also has a small wine industry which has undergone recent expansion, particularly with respect to sparkling wine production. Ukraine is a large Eastern European country with a long but potted history of wine production although the country is more readily associated to the production of grain-based spirits (horilka). Canada is famous for its high-quality ice wines, but powerful Cabernet blends and aromatic dry Rieslings are also key features in the country's wine portfolio Mexico is renowned for its Tequila, Mezcal and beer. But wine has been made here for longer than anywhere else in the Americas. The Vitis vinifera vine came to Mexico with the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th Century. The United States is home to many quality wine regions, though its global reputation still rides on the success of California and the Napa Valley in particular. Whiskey distilling and beer brewing are both integral parts of American culture. Argentina is the largest producer of wine in South America. It is very closely associated with Malbec, its principal grape variety; in recent decades they have together risen to global prominence. Bolivia has an extreme high-altitude wine industry, in which around 75 percent of production is devoted to red wine. Like other South American countries, its winemaking origins date back to the 16th Century arrival of the Spanish. Brazil has a burgeoning wine industry led by its sparkling wines, though Cachaça is still its best known export beverage Chile occupies a thin strip down the western coast South America and is home to an enviable variety of wine terroirs and styles. Capable of both quality and volume, it is best known for Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, and its USP, Carmenère Colombia is situated at the north-western corner of South America. Wines is produced, though the country's rum has a higher profile. Ecuador lies on the Pacific coast of northern South America. There are only a few hundred hectares of vineyards; rum and beer are produced in much greater volumes. Guyana is a country located on the Atlantic coast of northern South America. It is well-known for its production of rum and cultivation of sugarcane. Paraguay is a landlocked, Spanish-speaking country in central South America. The country is more famous for its rum than its wines alhough it does produce more than seven million liters (1.85 million US gallons) of wine each year. Peru is a Spanish-speaking nation in western South America. Pisco, a grape brandy, is the national drink. Table wine is produced in cooler areas. Suriname is a country on the north-eastern coast of South America. Rum production dominates, but a small amount of winemaking does in fact take place, using fruits other than grapes. Uruguay is the fourth-largest wine-producing country in South America, best known for red wines from Tannat. Wine grapes have been grown here for more than 250 years, although commercial vineyards were first established in the second half of the 19th Century. Venezuela is, in terms of production of alcoholic beverages, very much a rum specialist. The bottlings from Diplomático and Ron Santa Teresa have gained particular acclaim around the world. Belize is a small country on the eastern (Mediterranean) coast of Central America, bordered by Mexico and Guatemala. Its primary alcoholic product is, unsurprisingly, rum. The Caribbean is not known for its wines (grape vines do not thrive in the tropical climate), though the region is the undisputed home of rum. Costa Rica is a country in Central America, and sits on the isthmus between Panama (to the south) and Nicaragua (to the north). The country's key alcoholic beverages are beer and rum. Guatemala is a small country in Central America, bordered by Mexico to the north and west, and Honduras, Belize and El Salvador to the east. Although it is far from competing with Jamaica, sugarcane and the rum produced from it are some of Guatemala's main exports. Nicaragua, the largest country in Central America, is famous for its coffee, sugar, tobacco and bananas, and its rum. Given Nicaragua's location at the western edge of the Caribbean, it is hardly surprising that its key alcohol production comes from sugar, rather than grape or grain. Panama is a long, thin country in Central America, famous as the land link between North America and South America. It is also home to one of the world's largest tropical rainforests, prolific banana plantations and, of course, the Panama Canal. Australia is a leading wine producing country, both in terms of quality and scale. Vast in size, its climatic and geographical range offers versatility, though Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay lead the way Fiji is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean. There are over 330 islands (110 are inhabited) plus many hundreds more islets. In the sphere of alcoholic beverages, it is best known for its rum. New Zealand is known globally for its aromatic Sauvignon Blanc whites, but it also makes a range of acclaimed cool-climate wines, from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay to Bordeaux blends and Syrah. Norfolk Island is a tiny island located in the Pacific Ocean, located almost exactly half-way between New Caledonia and the northern tip of New Zealand. Although technically part of the Commonwealth of Australia, (Sydney lies 1050 miles / 1700km to the south-west), the island has a high level of self-governance. Tahiti, in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, is one of the world's least-known wine regions. As unlikely as it might seem, grape wine is made on this tropical island, albeit in tiny quantities China vies with several countries as the world's sixth largest producer of wine by volume. Its best producers are gaining international recognition, and its domestic market continues to grow India is a rapidly emerging wine economy in terms of both production and consumption, with the potential to become a significant player. Whisky and spirits distillation has a longer history. Indonesia is a Southeast Asian country made up of 33 provinces spread across more than 13,000 individual islands. Unlikely as it might seem, there are wines made in Indonesia: not from imported must or juice but from grapes grown in the island's small number of vineyards. Israel has ancient wine connections, though its modern industry has mostly developed in the last few decades. The Judean Foothills and Galilee are the largest regions Japan is famous for sake rice wine, though grape wine has been made there for several centuries. Beer and whisky production have also become established in the last hundred years Jordan is a country in the Middle East (or Western Asia, as it is officially labeled by the UN) bordered by Iraq and Iran to the east, Syria to the north and Israel to the west. The country takes its name from the Jordan river, which since biblical times has been a vital source of water in this desert area. Kazakhstan is a large trans-continental country: the vast majority of it lies in Asia, but its western extremities cross over into eastern Europe. Though it has a very long history of wine production, vodka is the principal alcohlic beverage here. Lebanon has an ancient wine culture and a modern industry dating from the 19th century. Its vineyards are concentrated mostly in the Bekaa Valley, home to leading wineries Chateau Musar, Chateau Ksara and Chateau Kefraya The Republic of Myanmar (or Burma) produces a minute quantity of wine, unlikely as that might seem to the outsider in this hot, humid part of South-East Asia. Nepal, the land-locked country in the Himalayas, has been home to tiny plantings of wine-producing vines since the late 20th Century. The high-altitude Himalayan climate is not particularly suited to Vitis vinifera vines, so local wines are made from a combination of honey, plant roots, fruits and herbs. The Philippines is a complex group of islands in Southeast Asia. While grapevines are not abundant, indigenous wines are produced from a variety of fermented crops including fruit, rice and honey. South Korea is a country at the far eastern extremity of East Asia, situated on a large peninsula which juts southwards from north-eastern China. Sri Lanka is an island off the southern tip of India, a satellite of the vast Asian continent. Syria is a mid-sized country in the western Middle East (also known as the Near East), situated between the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea and the deserts of Iraq. Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is located at the centre of the Indochina Peninsula. Perhaps better known for its beer, with brands such as Chang and Singha, there are also a number of rum producers with the wine industry beginning to gain international notice. Vietnam is one of a number of East Asian countries which have appeared on the wine radar since the turn of the century. Although its growth is far from rapid and nowhere near as dramatic as that of neighboring China, Vietnam's wine production is steadily increasing. Algeria is a large country in the Maghreb geographical region of north-west Africa. Though an Islamic nation it has a remarkably extensive area under vine. Though today much of this focuses on table grape production, it is still the second largest wine producer in Africa. Cape Verde (officially Cabo Verde) is a small archipelago nation off the coast of West Africa originally colonized by settlers from Portugal in the 15th Century and has a long history of wine production. Egypt is home to some of the oldest winemaking traditions on Earth, dating back to the third millennium BC, though the modern industry, confined to the Nile Delta, is very small. Madagascar is a large island off the south-east coast of Africa. Spanning 13 degrees of latitude, from 12 degrees to 25 degrees, it lies almost entirely within the southern tropics creating an ideal climate for sugarcane cultivation and rum maturation. Mauritius is an island nation located in the Indian Ocean about 2000 kilometers off the south-east coast of Africa. Known for its sugarcane crops, the country has a long history of rum production.  Morocco's wine industry retains a strong French influence over six decades from independence. Key grapes are Syrah, the Southern Rhone red varieties, plus Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. Namibia is a country in southern Africa, bordered by the southern Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, South Africa to the south and Botswana to the east. Nigeria, on the west coast of Africa, produces only very small quantities of grape wine. Wines made from pineapples or palm sap are more common in this tropical nation. South Africa is a key wine nation, despite its isolated position. Pinotage and Chenin Blanc have been its signatures, but Shiraz, the red Bordeaux varieties, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc are also widely planted. Tanzania, despite not having an international reputation as a wine producer, is actually home to the second largest wine producing region in Sub-Saharan Africa (after South Africa). The history of wine production in the country is relatively recent and roughly grew in tandem with the independence of Tanganyika and its merger with Zanzibar in the 1960s. Tunisia is a North African country with a long (if not consistent) history of wine production. Despite being a predominantly Muslim country, the wine industry here makes over 40 million liters of wine per year.  Uganda, in eastern Africa, produces little or no wine from grapes. The climate here is simply too hot, and there is no cultural tradition of winemaking. It does, however, have at least one producer making wine from hibiscus flowers. Zimbabwe is rarely cited as a wine region of note, yet, since the middle of the 20th Century, the southern African nation's wine industry has been gradually growing and evolving. This page is currently under development as we change its function. Read about the best known regional styles and find the most popular signature style wines. The atypical form of the parcel gives multiple orientations and organized the different spaces. The building has four levels offering two terraces with privileged landscape views. On the ground floor, the wide reception area invites tourists to enter. On the upper floors, the offices are bathed in natural light and a large terrace extends the meeting room. The top floor offers a public viewing area that allows tourists to contemplate the Vauban Citadel.
 © Arthur PequinThe stone blocks are delivered to the site ready to be laid. As this material, the installation technique is traditional: the stones are laid with a lift strap and a traditional mortar of lime and sand is applied between two blocks. the architects wanted to demonstrate that it is possible to build while taking account of the social You'll now receive updates based on what you follow Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors If you have done all of this and still can't find the email Blaye as a sub-region impressed our DWWA judges for the second year running and this year the zone made it into our top 50 Best In Show with this excitingly deep flavoured 2018 blend of Merlot with 15 per cent Cabernet Sauvignon This unoaked wine is a saturated deep purple-black in colour timeless aromas of warm blackcurrant and black cherry fruits and sweet it is every bit as generous as the colour and aroma suggests it will be: a torrent of pure fruit and there’s an Atlantic nuance and freshness coming from the soils and skies which brings its own nascent complexity to this exciting young wine No part of this publication may be reproduced distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of Decanter Only Official Media Partners (see About us) of DecanterChina.com may republish part of the content from the site without prior permission under strict Terms & Conditions. Contact china@decanter.com to learn about how to become an Official Media Partner of DecanterChina.com Sign in to comment Italy’s sparkling wines are the perfect match for the celebratory gatherings that abound at this time of year, and the breadth of their food pairing possibilities might just surprise you. Half a century of passion and commitment for a project that set a new benchmark in Rioja... Good wine is something to celebrate but as any wine lover knows, good wine just gets better with age, so proper storage is vitally important... Search for the Decanter China translation for the popular wine regions. Volume 5 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00831 This article is part of the Research TopicDevelopment of Executive Function During ChildhoodView all 39 articles Based on the Dual Mechanisms of Control theory (Braver et al., 2007) this study conducted in 5- and 6-year-olds tested for a possible shift between two modes of control which differ in the way goal information is retrieved and maintained in working memory we developed a children-adapted version of the AX-Continuous-Performance Task (AX-CPT) Twenty-nine 5-year-olds and 28-6-year-olds performed the task in both low and high working-memory load conditions (corresponding Analyses suggested that a qualitative change in the mode of control occurs within the 5-year-old group more graded changes were also observed both within the 5-year-olds These graded changes demonstrated an increasing efficiency in proactive control with age The increase in working memory load did not impact the type of dynamics of control but had a detrimental effect on sensitivity to cue information These findings highlight that the development of the temporal dynamics of control can be characterized by a shift from reactive to proactive control together with a more protracted and gradual improvement in the efficiency of proactive control the question of whether the observed shift in the mode of control is task dependant is debated The authors graded the transparency of task-cues (i.e. the degree of association between cues and goals) and found that arbitrary cues made it more difficult for 5- and 6-year-old children to activate a representation of what to do next the effect of cue transparency decreased in older children and adults thereby suggesting that preschoolers’ struggle to translate arbitrary cues into task goals might reflect lower flexibility in comparison to older children The nature of the changes contributing to the development of both the activation and maintenance of goal representations remains to be explored The DMC theory makes a qualitative distinction between two modes of control engaged under conditions of interference It is noteworthy that interference can be induced by either irrelevant stimulus information or irrelevant dominant responses called “proactive” and “reactive” have different temporal dynamics and neural substrates The use of a proactive mode of control involves not only the retrieval of a representation of the goal in advance of the stimuli requiring a response but also the active maintenance of this representation in working memory in order to bias processing towards task-relevant information the goal is retrieved “just in time,” after the occurrence of the stimulus and its representation is transiently maintained in working memory is to reveal the pattern of differences between these two trial types This pattern is considered as an index of the degree to which participants’ attention is drawn to the cue Participants who use a proactive form of control engage in active preparation of their response to the probe when they see the cue as the high proportion of AX trials creates a strong expectancy to give a target response it is detrimental to performance when the A cue appears and it is not followed by an X probe (i.e. this situation is specifically costly in terms of inhibition because participants have to reject the tendency to give a target response to the Y probe The high AX trials’ frequency also induces a bias to produce a target response when an X probe is not preceded by an A cue (i.e. responding correctly to BX trials requires participants to actively maintain the B cue: because orienting attention towards B cue through active maintenance has the effect of inhibiting goal-irrelevant information it aids participants to reject the strong tendency to give a target response to the X probe The reverse pattern is expected in participants who have difficulty using goal-related information (i.e. who exercise reactive control): they do not anticipate their response to the probe according to the cue and make their decision only after the probe display Because participants using reactive control do not actively maintain the cue during the cue–probe delay they do not need to overcome the strong bias that an A cue is followed by an X probe the use of reactive control should lead to higher performance on AY trials in order to produce a correct non-target response to X probes which follow an invalid cue (i.e. participants have to retrieve the cue that they did not actively maintain in order to inhibit their tendency to give a target response when seeing the X probe proactive control is typically evidenced by better performance on BX trials than on AY trials while reactive control is reflected by better performance on AY than BX trials It should be noted that performance on BY trials is not expected to differ between proactive and reactive participants as neither the cue nor the probe is associated to a target response on this kind of trial The authors used an adapted version of the AX-CPT paradigm with pictures instead of letters Pupillometry measures and behavioral observations both revealed that 8-year-olds children engaged in intense mental efforts during the cue–probe interval thereby suggesting that they struggled to actively maintain the cue in working memory Younger children (3.5 years old) did not show any maintenance-related effort during this interval but instead showed a reactive peak during probe display on BX trials Although these data suggest a shift from reactive to proactive control during childhood the turning point of these qualitative changes is unclear due to the large age gap (i.e. the task used differed from the standard AX-CPT task in ways that might affect interpretations of the patterns of behavior Not only did the task involve only two cues and two probes instead of the great diversity of letters referred to as B and Y in the standard AX-CPT in contrast to the arbitrariness of the cue–probe associations in the standard task here it was contextualized in a story (e.g. a press on happy face is expected when Spongebob appears followed by the watermelon) it is unclear whether performances on this task are directly comparable to those obtained with the standard AX-CPT further data using a task closer to the standard one is then required to enable a comparison between performance in young children and data previously obtained on older ones we expected to pinpoint the qualitative shift form reactive to proactive control Following Lorsbach and Reimer’s (2010) observations in older children we expected the differences between the two age groups to increase under conditions of high working memory load (long cue–probe delay) we used an index of context sensitivity (d′) susceptible to provide a more graded picture of the extent to which children make target response to the X probe according to the cue presented ahead One may hypothesize that sensitivity to cue information increases from the age of 5 to 6 As sensitivity to cue information can rely on proactive maintenance or reactive retrieval of the cue to guide response to X probe we hypothesize a reduction of this sensitivity when the cue–probe delay increases because the high working-memory load in this case may hinder cue maintenance SD = 0.26; 60% female) and twenty-eight 6-year-olds (M = 6.70 SD = 0.24; 56% female) were recruited from two French preschools and two French primary schools Parental consent was given for all children and the experiment was administered individually in a quiet room at the school Most children were Caucasian and came from middle-class backgrounds although no data were collected on race and socioeconomic status Two additional preschoolers and one first-grader also began the experiment but were excluded from analyses because they were disturbed by an unexpected event in the room or they decided to stop the task while in progress we made sure that all the participants could name each of the animals used as stimuli AY and BX non-target trials consisted in 12 possible combinations of animal pairs and BY non-target trials consisted in 132 possible combinations of animal pairs Task instructions were provided to children as follows: “You will see animals on the screen; these animals run in pairs one after the other (“ces animaux courent deux par deux l’un après l’autre”).” In one set of animals children were given the following instruction: “when you first see the hen (A cue) and then the cat (X probe) otherwise press the red one.” For the other set of animals they were told “when you first see the frog (A cue) and then the donkey (X probe) otherwise press the red one.” Children were instructed to respond as quickly and accurately as possible To ensure that they had memorized the instructions they were twice shown 4 pairs of sheets of paper mimicking four successive displays of cue and probe combinations on the screen (i.e. once before moving on to the computer training children were questioned about the correct response button to press and were asked to justify their answer to test whether they remembered the rule All children succeeded in recalling the instructions (showing the correct response button and justifying their response by recounting the rules) All probes were framed by a fine black line in order to help children differentiate between cues and probes and decide unambiguously when a response was expected a warning tone was played when responses exceeded a 1500 ms time limit Seventy percent of trial were AX target trials and each of the three kinds of non-target trials (AY The pairs of pictures were presented pseudo-randomly; the number of AX trials in a row never exceeded four Each delay condition involved a training phase followed by an experimental phase The training phase included three blocks of 20 trials (14 AX trials and two BY) and the testing phase included four blocks of 30 trials (21 AX trials analyses on error rates are reported first correct RTs and z-scores by age group and trial type Two similar analyses of variance were run on error rates and mean z-scores 6-year-olds) as a between-subjects variable and delay (1500 ms short vs 5500 ms long) as a within-subjects variable Age was found to have a significant main effect on error rates indicating more errors in 5-year-olds (M = 7.4%) than in 6-year-olds (M = 4.8%) The results also revealed a main effect of delay with higher error rates at the long delay (M = 7.8%) than at the short one (M = 4.4%) indicating faster response times for the short delay (M = -0.17) than for the long delay (M = 0.88 ms) the Age × Delay interaction was not significant error rates on AX trials significantly decreased with age while latencies on correct trials remained stable between the two age groups longer delays had a detrimental effect on accuracy and latencies on AX trials following the same design for both error rates and z-scores 6-year-olds) as a between-subjects variable and delay (1500 ms Because two 5-year-olds and four 6-year-olds produced wrong responses to all trials of one type (i.e. all AY or all BX trials) in the long delay condition their z-score for this type of trial was replaced by the mean z-score for their age group to increase statistical power A main effect of age was observed on error rates only revealing that 5-year-olds committed more errors (M = 23.2%) than 6-year-olds (M = 15.7%).Trial type had a significant effect on both performance measures Children committed more AY errors (M = 31.9%) than BX errors (M = 17.8%) thereby revealing their use of a proactive mode of control BY trials (M = 8.7%) led to fewer errors than AY planned comparisons indicated that latencies were longer on AY trials (M = 0.77) than on BX (M = -0.15) Analyses of response time patterns thus confirmed the above conclusion on error rates The results also revealed a main effect of delay on error rates revealing higher error rates at the long delay (M = 22.3%) compared to the short delay (M = 16.6%) A main effect of delay on z-scores was also observed with shorter latencies at the short delay (M = 0.07) than the long delay (M = 0.23) only two interactions revealed significant The interaction between age and trial type was significant on error rates A Delay × Trial Type interaction was obtained both on error rates and on z-scores no significant difference was observed between AY and BX trials (M = 31% and M = 25.9% planned comparisons revealed that both 5- and 6-year-olds presented longer latencies on AY than on BX trials the difference between latencies on AY and BX trials increased from age 5 to 6 The larger difference between AY and BX trials performance was due a difference between age groups latencies on AY trials: on this trial type 6-year-olds produced slower latencies (M = 0.90) than 5-year-olds (M = 0.63) Latencies on BX trials (M = -0.09 and M = -0.21 respectively) and BY trials (M = -0.10 and M = -0.19 respectively) did not differ between the younger and the older age group Performance of 5- and 6-year-olds on AY and BX non-target trial types Considering that the lack of difference between performance on AY and BX trials in the 5-year-old group could not be interpreted we explored their performance on these trials further in order to investigate whether there might be two subgroups with differing modes of control We performed a median split based on the critical difference between the error rates observed in these two kinds of trials It was plausible that none of the subgroups used a reactive mode of control and that the average difference between AY and BX trials error rates would remain close to zero in both subgroups the subgroups could differ in their mode of control: one could have performed the task using reactive control in which case their AY-BX average should be significantly negative while the other used a proactive mode and thus should have a significantly positive AY-BX average below the median difference score) as a between-subjects factor and trial type (AY We also tested whether this contrast between the two subgroups would persist when considering z-scores A significant interaction between trial type and group was obtained Both groups were slower on AY trials than on BX trials planned comparisons revealed that the difference between latencies on AY and BX trials was larger in the above-median-group than in below-median group in order to gain a better understanding of children’s proactive vs reactive characteristics; we compared children’s speed of processing of the two subgroups through latencies on BY trials This trial is considered as a baseline condition because both cue and probe are associated to non-target responses Children shown to use reactive control were marginally slower in the more demanding condition (i.e. in the long delay) than children engaging proactive control (M = 0.22 Performance of the two groups of 5-year-olds on AY and BX non-target trial types age-related differences were found both on error rates and on z-scores Error rates analyses revealed important inter-individual differences within the 5-year-olds group and altogether these findings shaped a developmental path towards an increasing efficiency of proactive control with age Planned comparisons revealed more errors with the long delay than with the short one on AY trials (M = 36.9% and M = 26.9% whereas error rates on BY did not differ between the two delays (M = 8.6% and M = 8.8% planned comparisons showed longer latencies on AY trials with a long delay than with a short delay (M = 0.88 and M = 0.65 whereas z-scores on BX trials did not differ between the two delay conditions (M = -0.17 and M = -0.14 In order to assess the development of children’s sensitivity to the preceding context when presented with an X probe, the signal detection index d′ was computed (Lorsbach and Reimer, 2008, 2010) corresponding to a ratio between the proportion of correct responses on AX trials (hits) and the proportion of incorrect target responses on BX trials (false alarms) It should be noted that this index does not indicate whether participants use reactive or proactive control to perform the task since false alarms on BX trials can be either due to failures in actively maintaining the B cue or by a failure to retrieve B cue after the occurrence of X probe the more efficiently the participant used previous goal-related information (A or non-A) to produce a target or a non-target response in response to the X probe To compare whether 5-year-old children differed from 6-year-olds in their sensitivity to cue information we ran an ANOVA on d′ values with age (5-year-olds vs with larger d′ scores in 6-year-olds than in 5-year-olds (M = 0.39 and M = 0.31 showing larger d′ scores in the short than in the long delay condition (M = 0.37 and M = 0.33 the interaction between these two variables was not significant results on d′ scores revealed an increase in children’s sensitivity to cue information between the ages of 5 and 6 all age groups showed reduced sensitivity to cue information under the long cue–probe delay condition our findings reveal that the improvement between the ages of 5 and 6 reflects both qualitative and quantitative changes in control the two groups of children demonstrated the engagement of proactive control both on error rates and latencies when contrasting their performance on BX and AY trials We recall that proactive control is reflected by worse performance on AY trials since maintaining cue information is detrimental in this condition due to the high frequency of AX pairs in the task that induces a strong expectation of a target response which then needs to be inhibited when the Y probe is displayed Whereas this pattern was maintained when considering the older group of children the picture was less clear-cut in 5-year-olds who produced similar performance on both types of trials revealed that this mixed picture was probably the consequence of inter-individual differences among this age group quantitative differences were observed between younger and older children 6-year-olds appeared more sensitive to cue information in deciding whether or not to produce a target response corresponding to an increased sensitivity index and less errors on BX trials They also took longer than 5-year-olds in selecting the non-target response on AY trials these results suggest that context information was better maintained and guided more closely responses in 6-year-olds Further studies are thus required to investigate the extent to which proactive control in children is subserved by neural substrates similar to adults’ proactive control the two subgroups contrasted here revealed marginal differences in terms of speed of processing children shown to use reactive control were slower in the more demanding condition (i.e. Although further investigation of their working memory capacities would be necessary this finding offers a convergent pattern with the error rate analysis We will discuss further the relations between mode of control and working memory when considering the effect of the delay between cue and probe We now examine recent results published independently while this study was run that suggest that a shift between reactive and proactive control might occur one year later that is a new question must be raised: could the differences between the two tasks used to contrast the two modes of control account for the one year difference to observe a shift across the two tasks We contend that the 3-DCCS is more demanding in terms of active maintenance since the tridimensional stimuli trigger not only the currently relevant rules but also the two irrelevant ones By contrast the AX-CPT makes proactive control easier to engage since participants do not encounter any stimuli during the cue-maintenance delay as arising from difficulties to transform the cue into a complete representation of the goal A more parsimonious interpretation of the lack of shift from one mode of control to another when contrasting the two cue–probe delays could be that the two delays are either too much or not sufficiently demanding in terms of maintenance The overall proactive control observed in the two age groups does not support the hypothesis of two delays that would be too demanding; however this might be at least partly the case for the 5-year-old subgroup that was found to use a reactive mode of control in both delay conditions one may assume that increasing the cue–probe delay without any additional information to process in the meanwhile is not sufficiently demanding to induce qualitative changes in control It could be worth testing the effect of another form of WM load manipulation namely varying the demand of a concurrent processing task during the cue-probe delay the absence of a shift in the dynamics of control when lengthening the cue probe delay does not mean a lack of impact of this manipulation More graded measures revealed quantitative changes suggesting that manipulating the delay does affect the working memory load Children’s efficiency in using the cue information to guide their response to the probe appeared to be lowered with longer delay when goal-related information has to be actively maintained preschool age children can encounter difficulties to use it without demonstrating the use of a pure reactive mode of control These authors observed this transition one year later using a different task originally designed to assess flexibility This décalage raises the question of the extent to which this reversal in the temporal dynamics of control depends on the task demand in terms of active maintenance of goal information Future investigation of this question should lead to a more complex picture of the development of executive control than the probably too simplistic view suggesting that these two modes of control correspond to two developmental stages Joanna Lucenet and Agnès Blaye designed the Experiment Data collection was carried out by Joanna Lucenet Joanna Lucenet drafted the manuscript and Agnès Blaye provided critical revisions Joanna Lucenet and Agnès Blaye have all approved the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The present research was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) through grants to Agnès Blaye (ANR-07-FRAL-015 and ANR-ANAFONEX-BLAN-1908-02) Special thanks to Maria Ktori and Sebastiaan Mathôt for helpful comments Working memory and the control of action: evidence from task switching Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Developmental trends and individual differences in brain systems involved in intertemporal choice during adolescence Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Working memory span development: a time-based resource-sharing model account Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Costs and benefits linked to developments in cognitive control Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The role of goal representation in preschoolers’ flexibility and inhibition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Context processing in older adults: evidence for a theory relating cognitive control to neurobiology in healthy aging Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text “Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: dual 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and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development CrossRef Full Text Objective age-of-acquisition (AoA) norms for a set of 230 object names in French: relationships with psycholinguistic variables CrossRef Full Text Pupillometric and behavioral markers of a developmental shift in the temporal dynamics of cognitive control Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Setting goals to switch between tasks: effect of cue transparency on children’s cognitive flexibility Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text What Visual Information Do Children and Adults Consider While Switching Between Tasks Eye-Tracking Investigation of Cognitive Flexibility Development Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Qualitative change in executive control during childhood and adulthood Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Underpinnings of the costs of flexibility in preschool children: the roles of inhibition and working memory Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Switch detection in preschoolers’ cognitive flexibility Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Longitudinal associations between executive control and developing mathematical competence in preschool boys and girls Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Using finite mixture of GLMs to explore variability in children’s flexibility in a task-switching paradigm CrossRef Full Text The development of cognitive flexibility and language abilities CrossRef Full Text Not quite as grown-up as we like to think – parallels between cognition in childhood and adulthood Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Intelligence and the frontal lobe: the organization of goal-directed behavior Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Emotion-related self-regulation in children Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The role of inner speech in task switching: a dual-task investigation CrossRef Full Text Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Executive control emerging from dynamic interactions between brain systems mediating language Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Developmental changes in switching between mental task sets: the influence of verbal labeling in childhood CrossRef Full Text Cognitive control and conflict adaptation similarities in children and adults Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Dimensions of executive functioning: evidence from children CrossRef Full Text Context processing and cognitive control in children and young adults Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Developmental differences in cognitive control: goal representation and maintenance during a continuous performance task CrossRef Full Text Use it or lose it: examining preschoolers’ difficulty in maintaining and executing a goal Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Goal neglect and working memory capacity in 4- to 6-year-old children Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text How theory of mind and executive function co-develop CrossRef Full Text The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Longitudinal development of prefrontal function during early childhood Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Active versus latent representations: a neural network model of perseveration Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Developing cognitive control: three key transitions Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Control networks and neuromodulators of early development Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cognitive control in context: working memory capacity and proactive control CrossRef Full Text Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching CrossRef Full Text Development of attentional networks in childhood doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.12.012 Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text and genetic influences on the development of executive attention Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text When knowledge is not enough: the phenomenon of goal neglect in preschool children Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text A new Stroop-like measure of inhibitory function development: typical developmental trends Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text An age-related dissociation between knowing rules and using them CrossRef Full Text The development of executive function in early childhood: VI The development of executive function: cognitive complexity and control–revised CrossRef Full Text Citation: Lucenet J and Blaye A (2014) Age-related changes in the temporal dynamics of executive control: a study in 5- and 6-year-old children. Front. Psychol. 5:831. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00831 Copyright © 2014 Lucenet and Blaye. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Joanna Lucenet, CNRS, Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, UMR 7290, Aix-Marseille Université, Pôle 3C, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France e-mail:am9hbm5hLmx1Y2VuZXRAZ21haWwuY29t Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Don’t miss the latest drinks industry news and insights Sign up for our award-winning newsletters and get insider intel and trends delivered to your inbox every week The five appellations under the Côtes de Bordeaux umbrella may be small they are also well-made wines from historic vineyards on sunny hillside slopes Boasting some of the highest elevations in Bordeaux blending tradition and unique terroir—as individual as the families who work the land for generations those are young winemakers with worldly training and knowledge and a thoroughly modern attitude that gives this region its nickname First created in 2007 with four appellations—Blaye Côtes de Bordeaux and Francs Côtes de Bordeaux—the Côtes de Bordeaux region added a fifth appellation Though originally formed as a collective for promotion purposes each appellation has become known for its own distinctive personality “Côtes de Bordeaux winemakers have the opportunity to mix things up play and experiment,” says Yannick Benjamin sommelier/owner of Contento Restaurants in New York City and himself the son of a Bordelaise mother “They are part of the pedigree of Bordeaux but are family wines with a unique story and identity to each one,” says Jeff Harding but proper first wines of an actual estate—often family-owned The combined Côtes de Bordeaux cover 25,900 acres compared to the greater Bordeaux region of 272,000 acres it produces 9 percent (512,400) of Bordeaux’s 5,300,000 hectoliters The combined Côtes de Bordeaux boast 989 small-production growers to Bordeaux’s 6,460 The Côtes de Bordeaux are known for agriculture on a human scale “The light has historically been shined on the bigger properties but there’s a humility and an honesty in the Côtes de Bordeaux—something soulful about the place and the wines.” While ancestral methods inform the process the vignerons combine tradition and modernity “Farming is at another level here: They respect the traditions The role of water dominates: Situated along the right banks of the historic Gironde the appellations are also influenced by their proximity to the Atlantic Ocean The five appellations take their names from “côte”—French for hill or slope—for good reason: the hillside vineyards are the highest in the greater Bordeaux area which results in fresh wines with high acidity the Côtes de Bordeaux feature clay-limestone soils and some with sandy gravel that along with generally maritime climate conditions and southern and/or southeastern exposures there is abundant sunshine and less rain than the more Atlantic-facing appellations to the west the Côtes de Bordeaux see 240 days of sun annually With vineyards planted by the Romans in the second century The boom for the Côtes began in the Middle Ages with the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry Plantagenet which opened up the English market for the wines Wine was transported by waterway to England and Holland and heralded as luxury wines long before the Médoc vineyard was established With the end of the English occupation and ensuing wars as imports capable of enduring transport to the Colonies Viticultural development of appellations began in the 18th century nestled among those remnants of French history family-owned estates define the wine landscape with an eye toward scalable agriculture that respects the ancient lands Côtes de Bordeaux is the umbrella appellation they are known by their regional names with “Côtes de Bordeaux” appended to each The largest of the Côtes, and situated on the Gironde Estuary facing the Médoc area, Blaye occupies 6500 hectares across 41 communes the soils are predominantly clay-limestone and to the north maritime influence creates humid conditions With 430 winegrowers and three cooperatives Annual production is predominantly red with 250,000 hectoliters—about 90 percent of production; 15,000 hectoliters are devoted to white wine Red grape varieties include 70 percent Merlot The whites are dominated by 90 percent Sauvignon Blanc followed by 10 percent Muscadelle and Sémillon thin strip (60km long and only 5km wide) lines the Right Bank of the Garonne River and traverses from north of Bordeaux to Langon The hillsides slopes feature limestone soils covered with pebbly gravel on the peaks clay-limestone at the middle and fine gravel mixed with silica at the foot of the slopes The appellation is comprised of 2,200 hectares in 39 communes, with 230 winegrowers, and one cooperative. The average estate is 11 hectares, and total production here is 105,000 hectoliters of red wines. Cadillac Côtes de Bordeaux is one of the only Bordeaux appellations requiring bottling at the château Merlot is the dominant variety (55 percent) followed by Cabernet Sauvignon (25 percent) Nestled above the Francs Côtes de Bordeaux Castillon is located 45km east of Bordeaux Castillon is bordered by Saint-Emilion on the west Castillon wines were called “près Saint-Emilionnais” its 2,300 hectares are spread over nine villages Three cooperatives and 230 growers produce 100,000 hectoliters of red wines and 25 percent of the vignerons practice organic or biodynamic agriculture An altitude difference spanning more than 100 meters gives Castillon a more varied climate and soil mix than its sister appellations Alluvial soils on the edge of the Dordogne River transition to sandy-gravel-clay mixes and then clay-limestone or marlstone on the higher hillsides Microclimates here range from a humid maritime to continental on the higher elevations Castillon is a Merlot-driven appellation with 70 percent of plantings devoted to the grape followed by 20 percent Cabernet Franc and 10 percent Cabernet Sauvignon Sharing the same limestone plateau as Saint-Emilion AOC-designated in 1967, Francs was the smallest and most eastern of the Côtes and its proximity to Saint Emilion means it shares the renown fossil-rich limestone of its neighbors Francs is small but impressively diverse: 435 hectares traversing three communes with some of the highest altitudes of the five appellations Due to its inland and relatively northern position it experiences a dry continental climate—cold in winter and hot in summer the conditions are ideal for grape growing It shares a limestone-clay soil profile with its southern neighbor It is one of only two Côtes de Bordeaux appellations that produces red and sweet wines made from botrytized grapes managed by 41 growers and three cooperatives Red wines dominate here—26,000 hectoliters of Merlot-driven (60 percent) wines followed by 144 hectoliters of dry white and 50 hectoliters of sweet wines Other reds include Cabernet Sauvignon (25 percent) and Cabernet Franc (15 percent) with Muscadelle and Sauvignon Blanc each at about 20 percent of production The newest, smallest, and most far-flung of the Côtes, Sainte-Foy, nonetheless has great diversity. Covering 350 hectares, with an average estate size of nine hectares, the 21 growers and two cooperatives cover the full gamut of red, white, sweet, and dessert wines.  Anchored by an intact medieval village, Sainte-Foy-La-Grande—a name that both belies and suits this small appellation—the vineyards are spread out over the communes, allowing for a diversity of microclimates, both maritime and continental. Côtes de Bordeaux uses the same grapes as the greater Bordeaux region—Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Malbec, and rarely Carménère—though Merlot is the dominant grape here. Approximately 97 percent of its production for all combined appellations is devoted to red wines, as detailed individually by appellation (see above). Just three percent of the region’s production is white, crafted from Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Muscadelle, and Sauvignon Gris.  For the Côtes de Bordeaux umbrella designation, winemakers can make blends from different terroirs while respecting the AOC rules. The wines are packaged in traditional Bordeaux bottles, with many producers modernizing their labels to appeal to newer wine drinkers.  Wines from the Côtes de Bordeaux offer rich aromas with ripe fruit, roundness on palate with the velvety tannins characteristic of Merlot. They can be enjoyed young, but have enough structure for keeping in the cellar. The styles are versatile, Harding says, noting “Merlot is genius at pairing with vegetable dishes, as a bridge component for spices, root vegetables, nuts, lentils, and mushrooms.”  Part of the new focus on the Côtes is due to the energy infused into the region by its dynamic young winemakers. In this globally and progressively trained generation, enterprising young winemakers work alongside renowned oenologists, and with a growing number of women leading wineries, the future is bright—especially for female-centric wineries in this region. “There has been an incredible resurgence in the last 20 years with a new generation of farmers who have come after working with other winemakers,” says Benjamin. “You get incredible terroir and the sophistication of the winemaker who has traveled, has been to oenology school, and has very strong global reference points.” SevenFifty Daily is a Provi publication. Learn more about how Provi simplifies the complex process of ordering, selling, and promoting wholesale alcohol between buyers, distributors, and suppliers. SevenFifty Daily is an award-winning online magazine about the business and culture of the beverage alcohol industry covering all three tiers of the alcohol industry. Nestled up against some of the more famous appellations in Bordeaux the Côtes de Bordeaux is a union of five appellations on the Right Bank that is known for making fruit-forward red wines crisp refreshing whites and delicious sweet wines What they all share is good value and an unfussy the Côtes de Bordeaux includes wines made from the five separate appellations of Blaye Francs and (most recently) Sainte-Foy as well the general Côtes de Bordeaux brand that allows winemakers to blend wines from different terroirs All of the appellations lie on the Right Bank of Bordeaux along the Dordogne and Garonne rivers and their 950 wine producers account for half a million hectolitres of wine every year – that’s one in 10 of every bottle made in Bordeaux making Côtes de Bordeaux the fourth largest red AOC in the whole of France small properties that average around 10 hectares each What this means is that as the younger generation takes over they are bringing with them an enthusiasm and an attitude that sits well with contemporary tastes – and with an increasing amount of certified sustainable viticulture That’s not to say these wine producers are new the Côtes de Bordeaux has some of the oldest viticultural terroir in Bordeaux with many châteaux dating back to the 12th century and earlier There are Roman remains to be found around the city of Blaye along with an UNESCO World Heritage citadel overlooking the Gironde estuary Cadillac and Francs are full of historic châteaux and ancient churches that date back to the Middle Ages the Côtes is largely a red wine-producing area with 97% of the wines produced here being red with Merlot the dominant grape which can be blended with Cabernet Sauvignon The whites tend to be Sauvignon Blanc blended with Sémillon and Muscadelle the red wines being made predominantly with Merlot allows them to be more approachable at an earlier stage than if Cabernet Sauvignon was the dominant grape The wines we have selected range in age from the 2015 vintage through to the 2019 vintage; but one of the beauties of the blending model favoured by Bordeaux appellations is that as vintages vary so a consistent style and level of quality can be achieved by varying the components of the blend and the winemaking process From its aromas of raspberry and blackcurrant through to its rounded well-made Blaye red with summer pudding flavours and a lick of cream A blend of 70% Merlot and 30% Cabernet Sauvignon that is unoaked and aged in steel allowing the fresh fruit flavours to dominate Buy from Jeromes Wine Bar Elegant nose of red cherries and plums with fresh flowers a hint of spice The palate is rich and with a good deal of concentration but nicely balanced by the smooth tannins and acidity that comes from the largely limestone soils on the property A blend of 85% Merlot and 15% Cabernet Sauvignon Buy from Fareham Wine Cellar medium-full bodied Cadillac blend of 60% Merlot and 20% each of Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc vinified in steel with staves vanilla and smoky notes; the palate is structured with fruits of the forest flavours Buy from Made in Little France From the top 2016 vintage this attractive Castillon has fruits of the forest on the nose with vanilla and nutshell coming through from the 18 months ageing in two-year-old French oak barrels On the palate the wine is delightfully light on its feet precise and detailed with red and black fruits a wash of citrus and fine-grained ripe tannins that will suit drinking with food A blend of 80% Merlot and 20% Cabernet Franc Buy from Clos Vieux Rochers direct An elegant nose with mulberry and wild mint; the medium weight mouthfeel has real purity and elegance A small percentage of barrel ageing gives this wine texture to allow for more cellar ageing although it’s an excellent choice for food-pairing as it is 30% Cabernet Sauvignon and 20% Cabernet Franc Buy from Wadebridge Wines A complex bouquet of black fruits with toasty notes and spice – cardamon black pepper and liquorice – entice you in; the medium-to-full-weight palate is juicy Oak ageing makes this excellent drinking now or for keeping for the long haul and 15% apiece of Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon Buy from Red Fox Wines fruity 100% Merlot with a bouquet that boasts red berry fruit (strawberries red cherries with a touch of cinnamon spice all helped along by the steel ageing that allows the fresh fruit to sing Buy from Absolute Organic Wine ripe cassis nose of this fascinating blend of 90% Cabernet Sauvignon with 5% each of Cabernet Franc and Carménère you know that something different is going on here well balanced with ripe dense tannins and bags of juicy black berry fruit Buy from Château de Claribès direct Ageing in a mix of Italian amphorae and French barrels gives this biodynamic modern claret a twist and a good deal of complexity both on the nose and the palate where it has a fine-grained texture that makes it superb for food pairing A rich blend of 60% Merlot and 40% Cabernet Franc you pick up red and black fruits dry Morello cherry finish that balances it perfectly Buy from Majestic Restored to its original splendour in 1996 this reliable estate consistently produces value-driven everyday wines like this hugely enjoyable blend of 70% Merlot Nice register on the palate which will make it a winner with food light on its feet too – you don’t feel the 14.5% abv alcohol Buy from The General Wine Company The Buyer TVClick below to watch The Buyer's library of online debates, videos and webinars. The Local Europe ABVästmannagatan 43113 25 StockholmSweden Please log in here to leave a comment With the excellent 2000 vintage now available Ignored by the media and neglected by the trade over the last decade the regions of Bourg and Blaye have been calmly improving their product and fine-tuning its value for money This quiet revolution is exemplified by a new quality appellation in Blaye and Bourg is likely to adopt a similarly enhanced winemaking code in the near future in real terms they are hardly higher than a decade ago https://www.decanter.com/features/premieres-cotes-de-blaye-248401/ The port of Bourg lies on a sleep slope at the point where the Garonne and Dordogne rivers meet to form the Gironde estuary The compact vineyard of the appellation Côtes de Bourg stretches out behind it with more than 15 communes in a single canton occupying some 3,850ha (hectares) This countryside is more severely accentuated than the gently undulating Blaye but it’s more intensely planted with vines The soils are largely clay-limestone mixed with gravel over harder limestone rock The essential variety is Merlot (55%) but blended with Cabernet Sauvignon (35%) rather than Cabernet Franc or Malbec (10%) as might be thought appropriate for these soils Some 50ha produce a Sauvignon-based white wine North and east are the vineyards of Blaye which The vineyards of the local appellations that cover the districts around the town are on clay and limestone soil the clay-limestone and clay-gravel hillsides alternate with plateaux of clay and flint though the vineyard plantation has grown from 3,480ha in 1991 to 5,800has in 2001 but a meagre 200ha of Sauvignon-based white wine vineyard exists today The basic appellation is Premières Côtes de Blaye and the red vine encépagement is similar to that of Bourg both Bourg and Blaye were major contributors to négociants’ branded Bordeaux reds Most production never saw casks and was sold off in bulk but as the better domaines have moved to château-bottling most vineyards in both regions have been machine harvested and most of the wine reared in tank but today cuvées are increasingly produced Many of these are highly commendable and remain good value although they cost a pound or two more on the shelves higher quality appellation for the Côtes de Blaye To be labelled Blaye tout court the grapes will must come from a reduced harvest (a base of 51hl/ha in 2000 rather than 61hl/ha) and in new plantations from a higher concentration of vines per hectare (6,000 rather than 4,500) A similar move is under discussion for white Blaye and Bourg is expected to follow While the wines of Bourg and Blaye are largely similar there is nevertheless a difference between the two although this is more marked when one compares basic blends rather than special cuvées The Blayes are less tannic and mature sooner – today the 1998s are drinkable but they have more definition and more interest https://www.decanter.com/features/cotes-de-bourg-248404/ can be quickly exploded by the reality of samples In both areas there has been an influx of new owners from the outside and changes of generation on the inside leaves are stripped to allow the fruit to ripen more efficiently the date of the harvest has been postponed the fruit is sorted to reject the substandard new equipment and temperature controls have been installed and new oak has been introduced but much of this is very recent and a comparison of the 1998 vintage with the 2000 is telling Apart from Châteaux Grand-Barrail and Haut-Bertinerie good whites include Château Charron and Cuvée Acacias Clive Coates MW is author and publisher of The Vine Metrics details Working memory is a key component of human cognition and its development throughout childhood a major predictor of cognitive development and school achievement preschoolers exhibit poor performance in working memory tasks The present study aimed at testing different means to improve working memory performance in preschoolers we tested the effect of abstract and transparent goal cues in a Brown-Peterson task performed by 4- and 5-year-old preschoolers If the transparent goal cue helps to better maintain the instructions it should lead to better memory performance the goal cue during the retention interval If the motor activity favors the active engagement of the children in the task the finger tracking should lead to improvement in memory performance Our findings were that 5-year-old children benefitted from a transparent goal cue when they acted on it while 4-year-old children did not show any improvement These results suggest that working memory performance can be improved in 5-year-old children when the task embeds elements that can scaffold the task goal its potential role in working memory has been subject to much less investigation Yet working memory tasks involve potentially costly goal maintenance during the delay between encoding and recall of the memory items in particular when a secondary task has to be performed Inspired by the literature in goal maintenance in task-switching the aim of the present study was to examine how to improve working memory performance in preschoolers preschoolers are known for their poor working memory performance and finding ways to help them performing working memory task can inform us on the mechanisms that support their achievement our study aimed at testing two types of manipulations we examined how the degree of transparency of a goal cue (i.e. contrasting an abstract to a transparent cue) that was introduced between encoding and recall can affect recall performance we varied the active engagement of the children in the task by introducing a visual or a motor activity between encoding and recall These manipulations lead to four different conditions performed by 4- and 5-year-old preschoolers to examine how working memory performance was improved depend on the efficiency of goals maintenance This may be particularly difficult for young children mostly compatible lists favors goal neglect hence an increase of the compatibility effect suppressing the need for a verbal translation were even more efficient at supporting goal maintenance than visual ones Less than a handful of studies have explored the role of goal maintenance in working memory tasks It is all the more surprising given that studies on executive control suggest that participants who are the most sensitive to the proportion of goal-reminding trials (i.e conflict trials) are those with the poorest working memory capacity it seems plausible that preschoolers’ poor working memory capacity might partially result from difficulties in maintaining goals In an already old study, Istomina19 compared two settings of assessment of free recall to 3-to-7 year-old children Children were either involved in a situation similar to a laboratory test condition lists of items were presented and children had to recall them the lists of items were presented as shopping lists and children had to go to a toy shop and asked for the items to another child playing the merchant Preschoolers have better recall performance in the play condition than in the laboratory condition It can be then suggested that the shopping game context have emphasized the task goal (memorizing for further recall) through the provision of a pragmatic relevance to recall the overall context of the task can then provide some cueing that would help to maintain the task goal In a similar game situation, Bertrand and Camos20 tested preschoolers’ verbal working memory The task was also a shopping game in which 4- to 6-year-old children had to memorize lists of verbal items for further recall either immediately after the presentation of the items or after a delay children had to walk straight to the toy shop or to wait seated in the front of the shop during the delay Results indicated an increase in recall performance at all ages in the walking condition compared to the waiting condition Among the different interpretations put forward by the authors one is suggesting that walking being a goal-oriented motor activity it may have improved goal maintenance in preschoolers and led to better recall performance in line with studies on the development of executive control suggest that when children’s memory capacity is assessed in a goal-supportive context asking children to perform a motor activity oriented toward the goal may be critical in helping them to better maintain the goal because children would be more actively engaged in the task The present study tested this hypothesis by contrasting conditions in which children had or not to perform an action on the goal cue in the retention interval This working memory task required to maintain information during a retention interval while doing another task We deliberately chose a secondary task that captures attention (as in most working memory tasks) thereby making the retention interval meaningful as the retention delay corresponded to the time needed by the cue to follow its path towards the location of recall of the memory items (i.e. display of a question mark on the right side of the screen) tracking the cue transformed a void and meaningless delay into a time necessary to accomplish a task-related meaningful activity One of our aims was to assess whether a visual tracking was enough for children to be engaged in the memory task or whether a stronger engagement through the finger-tracking of the goal cue was preferable Series of drawings were visually presented one by one on a computer screen with their auditory name Children had to remember these series for further recall after a retention interval of a few seconds a shape appeared on screen and moved from left to right the end of its movement corresponding to recall time The moving shape was either a geometric shape with no explicit link to the memory task or a transparent goal cue (i.e. a school bag to carry the pictures to the recall point) children had to track the moving shape either visually or with their finger the latter requiring a more active motor involvement The orthogonal crossing of these two variables (cue: abstract vs finger) defined the four experimental conditions Each child was tested in one of the four conditions and a control condition similar to the visual tracking of the geometric shape served as baseline to allow cross-condition comparisons due to the between-subject design of our experimental manipulations Extrapolating from findings in executive control tasks we expected that a transparent cue favors goal maintenance preschoolers should exhibit better recall performance in the conditions involving a transparent cue Regarding the way of tracking the moving shape finger tracking requires more active motor involvement than visual tracking This should be specifically critical in the transparent goal cue condition Finger tracking is more demanding than visual tracking and it should then be more detrimental for memory performance because attention is more distracting away from the memory items the finger tracking could be more beneficial than a visual tracking recalling) through the virtual “transport” of the pictures (i.e Finger tracking was thus hypothesized to enhance the benefit from a transparent cue in that the motor activity on the cue should provide continuous support to goal maintenance during the full retention interval Performance was measured by the number of words correctly recalled One 4-year-old and seven 5-year-olds were excluded from the analyses due to ceiling performance Three 4-year-olds and two 5-year-olds outliers (+/− 2 SD) were also excluded from the analyses Before analyzing recall performance in the experimental conditions we checked that the groups assigned to the four different conditions did not differ a priori by performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA) in each age group on children’s performance in the control condition it was important that the groups created by random assignation did not differ from each other to assess the effect of our experimental manipulations To take into account this between-group difference we introduced the score in the control condition as a covariate and analyzed the recall performance in experimental conditions through ANCOVAs Mean number of words correctly recalled in 4- and 5-year-old children according to cue (abstract vs we suggested that actively engaging children in the task by asking them to act on the goal cue during the retention interval could increase the beneficial effect of cue on goal maintenance and recall performance the goal-oriented motor task may have oriented 4-year-olds attention away from the recall goal maintenance the working memory improvement observed in 5-year-olds with a goal-oriented tracking echoes findings in the literature on gestural production interpretation of our findings can also be put forward The contrasted pattern of results between the 4- and 5-year-olds in recall improvement may inform us on differences about the working memory strategies the two age groups are able to implement Actively tracking a transparent goal cue seems to provide an optimal context to trigger item maintenance strategies (such as verbal rehearsal or attentional refreshing) in 5-year-olds It could be proposed that these children have these strategies in their repertoire outside a context that scaffold the recall goal this context was not enough to trigger item maintenance strategies This could be due to these strategies still not yet available in the 4-year-olds’ repertoire The alternative hypothesis of finger-tracking being too demanding for younger children must however be eliminated before any final conclusion Although a methodological constraint of the present study does not allow direct age comparisons (see Method section) the contrasted patterns obtained in 4- and 5-year-olds suggest age-related differences in preschool years older preschoolers can improve their working memory performance with adequate manipulations A goal-oriented motor activity involving a transparent goal cue that remains present during the full retention intervals allows to increase memory performance the first to test the conjunctive impact of goal cues and motor activity on preschoolers’ performance in a working memory task It showed that a transparent goal cue can positively impact working memory performance insofar as it is associated to a motor engagement that requires its continuous tracking proposing a goal-oriented gesture on the cue is crucial to boost recall performance This could have implications for educational settings which could integrate some motor goal-oriented activity to scaffold memory in young children One hundred and seventy preschoolers of 4- (83 children Children were schooled in 6 different schools in Marseille (France) and surroundings Informed consent was received from a parent or legal guardian for each child Children also gave verbal assent to participate Although individual demographic information was not collected most children were Caucasian and from middle to high socioeconomic status backgrounds reflecting the demographics of the geographical area Data were collected from January to June 2016 The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Aix-Marseille and was performed in accordance with relevant regulations The experiment was organized in two 15-minute sessions a 15-minute pause was introduced between the two sessions one was dedicated to the control condition and the other to one of the four experimental conditions experimental) was counterbalanced across participants Three different experimenters (2 women and 1 man) collected data two of them being blinds to the aim of the experiment The experiment was built on E-Prime 2.0.10 (Psychology Software Tools) and ran on laptops in a quiet room in the children’s school Control condition and the four experimental conditions in which the presentation of memory items was followed by the animation of either an abstract form the cue is tracked visually or with one finger Elements in the animation are not drawn to scale The name of each memory item was recorded by a male voice and presented simultaneously to its drawing two lists of items were created and each of them was assigned to one session The presentation order of the lists was counterbalanced and the presentation order of the items within a list was randomized This animation was different across condition The abstract form and the question mark remained on screen until the end of the recall To make clear that the card represented the memory items the experimenter used real playing cards in the instruction phase with the same card back and the same initial dimensions than in the animation and some drawings akin to the memory items on the other side the experimenter told the child that she was going to see pictures on the screen and that the game was to keep them in her head to recall them later to the experimenter the experimenter further specified during the instructions phase that these pictures were on cards similar to the ones placed in front of her different instructions were given on how to track the cue as children had track the cue either visually or with their finger During the instructions phase in the transparent cue condition with visual tracking the experimenter described the animation while it was running The experimenter then asked the child to tell him what pictures was in the bag If the child has some difficulties to answer the experimenter helped by asking what the child had seen before In the transparent cue condition with finger tracking the experimenter also described the animation and told the child that she had to touch the bag and to follow it with her finger the animation was triggered by the experimenter when the child touched the bag In the abstract cue condition with visual tracking the experimenter only told the child to look at the movement of the black rectangle (the term “square” was used to facilitate children’s understanding) and did not further comment on the animation the experimenter asked the child to tell him the pictures she had seen before In the abstract cue condition with finger tracking the experimenter indicated to the child to touch and follow the rectangle with a finger In the same way as in the transparent cue condition with finger tracking the animation was triggered by the experimenter when the child touched the cue We presumed that the time to touch the cue after its presentation on screen would differ across age groups and especially in the transparent cue condition for which there were several elements on screen to be explored We then tested first children in the transparent cue with finger tracking to evaluate their time to touch the cue 4-year-olds took longer (1800 ms on average) than 5-year-olds (1100 ms) to match the retention interval across the 4 experimental conditions these average durations were added to the 6000 ms of animation resulting a total delay of retention of 7,800 ms in 4-year-olds and 7,100 ms in 5-year-olds Such a design with different retention intervals between age groups would not allow to assess any age-related difference in working memory capacity as ample evidence has been already gathered on the fact that old children outperformed younger in working memory tasks The aim of the study relied on the comparison between cue conditions according to the requirement to act on the cue hence asking for same retention intervals between conditions but within an age group Each experimental session was preceded by a training phase Children had two trials of one memory item and one trial with two items children involved in the finger tracking conditions received additional training during five trials where they tracked with their finger one object (different in each trial) moving in different directions Data can be asked to the corresponding author La représentation du but dans le contrôle exécutif chez l’enfant Executive Function Development: Making Sense of the Environment to Behave Adaptively Individual and age-related differences in children’s working memory Verbal and visual-spatial working memory: What develops over a life span The role of goal representation in preschoolers’ flexibility and inhibition Setting goals to switch between tasks: effect of cue transparency on children’s cognitive flexibility Use it or lose it: Examining preschoolers’ difficulty in maintaining and executing a goal: REPORT When knowledge is not enough: The phenomenon of goal neglect in preschool children The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect Switch detection in preschoolers’ cognitive flexibility Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals: The effects of cue type and articulatory suppression in the random task cuing paradigm The development of voluntary memory in preschool-age children The role of attention in preschoolers’ working memory The role of goal cueing in kindergarteners’ working memory Motor skills in Australian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder lighten working memory load when explaining math Goldin-Meadow, S. What modern-day gesture can tell us about language evolution. In The Oxford handbook of language evolution (eds. Gibson, K. R. & Talleman, M.), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199541119.013.0057 (Oxford University Press Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition Revisiting Snodgrass and Vanderwart’s object pictorial set: The role of surface detail in basic-level object recognition A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement BD2I: Normes sur l’ identification de 274 images d’objets et leur mise en relation chez l’enfant français de 3 à 8 ans Download references This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [Binational grant SNSF-100019L_156521 & ANR-14-CE36-0011-01 to V We thank the Inspecteur de l’Education Nationale of Marseille The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51869-4 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science France - Mark Cavendish nearly lost a shoe in the final stretch but kept his cool to win a rainy 11th stage of the Tour de France in a mass sprint Wednesday easily beating Andre Greipel of Germany at the line to seize the leading sprinter's green jersey French rider Thomas Voeckler kept the race leader's yellow jersey after the 104.1-mile trek from Blaye-les-Mines to Lavaur Cavendish made the most of the last stage designed for sprinters before the race reaches the Pyrenees to claim his 18th stage win at the Tour It's the most beautiful jersey in the world," said Cavendish who got an assist from HTC-Highroad teammate Mark Renshaw Cavendish's efforts were almost ruined toward the end when he hit the front wheel of Frenchman Romain Feillu's bike "There were 10 of us close together and my shoe banged into his front wheel," Cavendish said "My foot technically came out of the shoe - I had to reach down and slide the ratchet and redo it with 600 meters to go I was lucky there were no swerves in the peloton who took the green jersey from Philippe Gilbert of Belgium Despite his impressive tally of stage wins at the Grande Boucle the coveted sprint champion's jersey has so far eluded the 26-year-old Cavendish 11 points behind Alessandro Petacchi of Italy and second by 10 points to two-time sprint champion Thor Hushovd in 2009 Cavendish pulled out before the Alpine stages in 2008 to conserve energy for the Olympics Voeckler said he was expecting to lose his yellow jersey during today's 12th stage which takes the riders on the first of a three-day trek across the Pyrenees with a punishing 131-mile ride over the legendary col du Tourmalet and finishing on top of Luz-Ardiden The stage is likely to be a key moment of the race a 6.15-mile ascent with an average gradient of 7.5 percent With their minds already on the big mountain battle to come three-time champion Alberto Contador and his rivals stayed comfortably in the pack and didn't take any risks who has been hampered by crashes this year trails Cadel Evans of Australia and Andy Schleck of Luxembourg by 1:41 and 1:30 which might be more united than Contador's one," Voeckler said and his teammates are doing an amazing job for him." The stage came alive after 8 miles when six breakaway riders - Ruben Perez Moreno Lars Boom and Andriy Grivko - pulled away under a light rain The bunch started the chase before the intermediate sprint halfway through the stage where Cavendish took seventh place ahead of Rojas HTC-Highroad manager Bob Stapleton said intermediate sprints tired out Cavendish this year after race organizers changed the rules There is only one intermediate sprint in each stage with 20 points available to the rider who wins - as opposed to six points in previous years when there were more intermediate sprints ShareSaveCommentBETAThis is a BETA experience. opt-out hereLifestyleSpiritsVintage 2023: Bright, Creamy Right Bank WinesByTom Mullen travel and lifestyle from a base in France Wine appellations below are listed generally from north to south View from new terrace at Château Petit-Village 80/10/10 blend of Merlot and cabernets from old vines Malolactic fermentation carried out in barrels and wine aged 24 months in oak Easy drinking with creamy mid palate flavors of red fruit and even oranges A 79/17/4 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Malbec from 35-year-old vines A yin/yang dark/light assembly with flavors of dark chocolate and molasses oscillating with mint crisp and raspberry juice A wholesome full mouth assembly that is satisfying and balanced Somewhat linear finish and a few more years will make it optimal for drinking a 60/30/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon fresh and elegant aromas of dark chocolate Somewhat creamy and exceptional tannins and crackling acidity A 70/30 Merlot/Malbec blend from Corinne Chevrier cassis and red plums with slight pine on finish Tannins tucked below a more prevalent bath of acidity and fruit Pair with a bowl of strawberries and chunks of Toblerone FOR the following, wines, tasting notes are here From the renowned 13th generation winemaking Chéty family of Bourg a 60/25/5/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Franc/Malbec 14% alcohol from this appellation that tags itself the ‘spicy side of Bordeaux’ due to its higher inclusion of Malbec than any other Bordeaux appellation A bright mouthful that combines red fruit with eucalyptus tones A satisfying drop from the beautifully undiscovered hills of Bourg Very drinkable now and will age well for decades An 80/10/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon Light and fresh spring aromas of bramble bushes raspberries and some scents from an herb garden Mid palate a rollicking fun and joyous assembly of red and black fruit lusciously creamy tannins and zipping acidity Creamy and balanced and harmonious with a long red fruit length Classic wine that helps elevate Canon-Fronsac to an admirable and respected status Winemaker Damien Landouar at the top of his craft here A 90/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc to be aged 18 months in oak Only 13.4% alcohol although the power may give a sense of more Snappy first nose and aromas of raspberry juice Full bodied mouthful of dark pleasure here—chewy licorice slabs of grilled lamb coated in balsamic and textured spices that include black pepper and red pepper on the finish Somewhat extracted and layered with tannins that are bare and forthright and flushed in an acidic bath A 74/20/6 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes selected from the edge of the plateau of Pomerol with dense planting over deep gravel soils with clay subsoils Quite the gentle and harmonious floral aromas that include roses and lilacs as well as aromas of red and black cherries A harmonious and succulent beauty with a textured and meaty mid palate with flavors of figs Squeaky acidity that prods your salivation in this tasting rodeo Blend of 65/25/10 Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon from the second highest point in Pomerol with ample clay Includes a precise and clean first nose and radiant complex and layered multiple aromas that include those of blueberries This vintage aged mostly in 400 and 500 liter barrels to provide better roundness and better flavor integration crisp and vibrant acidity with flavors of tangerine slices toffee and licorice in a full bodied wine with a creamy length Slight eucalyptus as well as crunchy acidity and blueberries on the finish Consider pairing with a T-bone steak or a blueberry pie Fresh raspberry aromas as well as a creamy fudge cake and saltwater taffy A dense and compact chocolate layer cake embedded with red and black cherries and chewy brownies Delicious three layer assembly here with creamy tannins tingling acidity and a cocktail with maraschino cherries on the finish 88/12 blend of Merlot /Cabernet Franc that ages for 14 months in oak (15% new) from six coopers This second wine is made from the younger vines on the estate Sparky and balanced aromas also include dark plums Coherent package of dense dark fruit flavors that include cassis and plums as well as some flavors of morels textured tannins in this wine with heft and excellent structure with a chewy dark caramel/black licorice tingling finish Drinkable now but even better after 2 years Complex and balanced aromas of spring florals Bounteous and beautiful open flavors of blue fruit and shortbread with glitteringly supple acidity and light textured tannins sparkling mid palate includes the signature 2023 shimmering and commanding acidity Consider pairing with Szechuan beef or a caramel dessert Crisp and mature and structured aromas of figs raspberries and even a sliver of mangos from the acidity coherent delivery of dark mature black fruit chewy fudge and even a streak of pear juice Exceedingly well balanced and with remarkable tannin/acidity tension Pair with lamb chops and mango chutney or a rice pilaf and grilled winter vegetables A dark and formidably delicious elixir mid palate here—with flavors of a honey coated duck breast spicy rum with slices of oranges and a key lime and cherry pie on the finish Tannins are tight and textured and acidity is brisk Not certain if this is more vineyard or cellar we are getting here but the overall effect is layered and attractive fresh aromas of bright young red fruit that includes wild strawberries raspberries and yellow plums as well as tarragon spicy and textured mid palate; a coherent assembly of acid and tannin as well as fruit with a black pepper kick Pair with pasta and tomatoes and ample fresh herbs or with a ghoulash that includes shallots this may even contrast and pair beautifully with oysters doused with Mignonette sauce As bright and as high quality as the same wine from 2020 vintage as layered and fresh as the 2021 vintage and with still firm but even creamier tannins than those of the 2019 70/15/15 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon that ages in barrel for one year A bright and coherent mid palate with a touch of black licorice and black pepper darkness Flavors sail through the finish with spry acidity but the mid palate is gripping and the acidity will have you salivating for another glass A tribute to the Saint-Émilion satellite appellation of Lalande Pair with teriyaki coated shish kebab or tomatoes stuffed with cous cous 80/15/5 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon from decades old vines and aged 18 months in primarily new oak Earthy and black cherry aromas as well as hazelnuts A coherently focused and densely beautiful mid palate with chewy textured tannins full throttle flavors in a wine that is commanding and appears to be sailing to a known destination Even higher quality than 2021 and more tightly focused though with the same meaty mid palate as the vintage 2020 onions and red peppers or a butterscotch parfait dessert Complex and harmonious aromas include roses Crisp and unusually harmonious integration of fruit with tannins and acidity As Hubert de Boürd explained regarding changes to winemaking techniques when necessary: “We are agriculturalists; we are not dogmatic.” 85/10/5 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Franc from Axelle and Pierre Courdurié This couple are no strangers to fending off 3:00 am frost by placing candles between vines Opens up beautifully after minutes in the glass Creamy tannins (signature of many 2023 wines) and sparking acidity are well integrated Coherent strands of flavors include raspberries and Dorp licorice mid palate as well as slight salinity A drop of nutmeg and Swiss roll on the finish 90/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc from 30- to 50-year-old vines As Hubert de Boürd explained during tasting young vines can produce great wines—but not consistently Huge aromas of juicy fruits that include sliced red cherries as well as a hint of blueberries and slight peppers—black and white I was unable to sample the 2022 vintage due to being out of the country then; however this is the best Carillon I have yet tasted A chewy but sleek mid palate with textured tannins Slight well integrated tannic nip at the finish Beautifully prolonged length and vibrant acidity with freshness partially derived from the edge of the Saint-Émiliion limestone plateau “The density of the Cabernet Franc adds freshness vibrancy.” Bring on the grilled steak; for vegetarians Note the 2024 vintage will be certified organic This 60/40 Merlot/Cabernet Franc blend includes commanding and shouldered aromas with pronounced black pepper and a bouquet of herbs as well as tar Soft tannins in this full bodied wine with an unusually full and juicy mouthful mid palate of cherries and cumin with a rainbow and a somewhat attractively chunky finish of black pepper black pepper and a streak of raspberry juice vibrant and tense acidity and an earthy mid palate that will make you salivate for steak au poivre curried lamb or even a bowl of sliced dark plums Monlot comes through again with crisp fruit and elegant tannins From winemaker Denis Pomarède and owner Xavier Jean—an 84/11/5 Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Petit Verdot blend with whole berry vinification used for the Petit Verdot Aromas of a countryside bramble patch as well as cherry juice Well assembled layers of diverse flavors—prunes beautifully structured classic wine with salient acidity and tensely controlled tannins Elegance in stride for this confident winner Perky raspberry and red cherry aromas followed by some orange sorbet A lovely wine—bright cherry and strawberry notes in springy acidity and with deliciously enfolded creamy tannins Pair with a smorgasbord with multiple flavors of meats A happy wine that appears to have been made without effort 100% Merlot vinified in 500-liter barrels and aged for 20 months eventually in the same oak from the Allier/Tronçais/Bertranges forests Spring bouquet of young red fruit including raspberries as well as heather Exceedingly suave tannins and a crunchy mid palate with piment de esplette pepper on the finish The most well integrated Calicem yet (although I did not taste 2022) 75/20/5 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon aged in barrels and steel for 18 months black peppers and the desire to be paired with an open fire grilled duck breast From the creative and industrious and experimental Alloin family Light and creamy mid palate with fresh fruit that includes not only red and black fruit but also a slice of kiwi fruit in the acidity Consider pairing with a fruit compote dessert or a main course of poultry cooked with oranges and Asian spices A well-integrated set of flavors and textures here—grilled cepe mushrooms Pair with a goulash or stir fry vegetables doused in soy and sprinkled with poppyseeds 60/40 Merlot/Cabernt Franc blend to be aged 18 months in new oak from Gregory Naulet A succulent package of nuttiness mid palate with layered flavors of gorgeous black berries and mocha Gripping bright acidity and a delicious raspberry and crunchy dark licorice bite on the finish Pair with cuisse de canard and glazed oranges This 80/13/7 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon includes husky aromas of oranges A lusciously integrated package of aromas and coherent and deep flavors partially originate from a vein of blue clay Coherent flavors of concentrated black and blue fruit and ripe red cherries Complex and well integrated with elegant tannins shining juicy acidity with slight orange flavor that tingles on the finish as well as mocha Tannins envelope the flavors with a taut structure Lush and integrated aromas of red fruit and slight pine Crisp acidity; hearty but restrained tannins 90/5/5 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon from Jean-Francois Galhaud based in the center of the town of Saint-Émilion This red wines includes aromas of red plums elegant tannins and layered and bright red fruit flavors that include raspberries in an envelope of brilliant and sparky acidity Jean-Francois recommends pairing this with a bowl of strawberries and sugar Predominantly Merlot blended with Cabernet Franc This is a fruit patch in the mouth—luscious blueberries and wild strawberries Subduing and sublime acidity in this well integrated wine This second wine from Monlot is now made by a new winemaker in touch with a different team of consultants The aim here was to create a fruity and easy to drink wine Pronounced red plums and blackberries mid palate but consistent in quality from previous vintages A 65/35 Merlot/Cabernet Franc blend to be aged 14 months partially in amphorae as well as in new and used oak as well as concrete Sleek and then billowing aromas of red plums intense package of dark black fruit—reminiscent of vintage 2018—with crisp and brittle acidity and layered flavors that include milk chocolate molasses and fudge mid palate and a mint snap on the finish a deep and resonating set of dark first aromas—some petrol A taut and compact and coherent mouthful of dense and delicious flavors—as concentrated as from vintage 2018 but with creamy tannins and shrieking acidity think lava cake or black cherry tart or even a hit of balsamic marinated chunks of pork A Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon blend from old vines from Coralie de Boüard A spring profusion of soft and catching aromas—red plums balanced mouthful with subtle fruits vying with some acidic tension A catching and keeping finish and balance with signature creamy 2023 tannins even light enough for confit de canard or even apple strudel dessert 70/10/10/3/3/4 blend of Merlot/Malbec/Cabernet Franc/Petit Verdot/Carménère/Cabernet Sauvignon that ages 12 months in barrels and tank Attractive dark fruit aromas—black cherries included—as well as some nuttiness A light bright and well integrated wine that is deliciously drinkable now and includes flavors of dark licorice Well balanced with taut tannins and sleek acidity Pair with oxtail soup or grilled duck breast 80/20 Merlot/Cabernet Franc blend to be aged 16 months in new and used oak Succulent tannins and a gorgeous mouth feel; flavors of dark and red fruit and some milk chocolate Red plums and textured crunchy bar on the finish Pair with shish kebab that includes mangos 100% Merlot from Véronique and Jean-François Julien Perky fresh aromas still bubbling with youth that include some fudge brownie Well balanced rounded mouthful with powerhouse flavors that include licorice and—on the finish—dark fudge Enticing and engaging new face of less tannic Castillon From Glenda and Frank Kalyk this 100% Merlot is made from 30-year-old vines a palindrome that reads the same forwards as backwards.) Four weeks of maceration with pumping over help provide a medium body and gentle extraction to this wine mild and creamy tannins and a mid palate that includes a distinct and attractive melon lilt vibrant wine that can age but is ready for drinking now Consider pairing with butternut squash ravioli 70/20/10 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Franc/Cabernet Sauvignon creamy flavors of milk chocolate ice cream Reasonable tannins make this ready to pair with some dish with an Asian lilt From Jean-Philippe Janoueix—this 50/50 Merlot/Cabernet Franc blend ages in amphorae as well as 500-liter barrels Young sweet aromas that include earth and chestnuts as well as some tangerine juice and sage Rounded dark mouthful of roasted chestnuts and red plum juice strawberries and raspberries as well as some honey Soft attack of plump juicy fruit that is kept by the aging in concrete; slight nuttiness and a pleasant tannic nip on the finish Dripping with an acidity that enhances easy drinking [Tasting notes here.] 60/20/17/3 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Franc/Malbec cherry liqueur bon bons and slight sage/gorse A delicious and delightful package of bright fruit and even some cocoa flavors with a catchy finish that includes a mint/caramel ice cream creamy tannins and beautiful tension in the mouth Truly a cave exploration with sparkling jewels on each passage wall Consider pairing with high grade wagyu beef or a Moroccan tajine with bay leaves 80/20 Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon blend from this right bank producer aged in barrels nine months Jousting aromas of rich red fruit as well as some peaches and oranges from the acidity fruit and rich with silky tannins and bright acidity This is a cherry pie doused with orange juice Vibrant flavors and a long finish that include figs and mocha 100% Merlot from Philippe Nunes to be aged 14 months in new and used French oak as well as a hit of florals that include lilacs Easy drinking plush fresh red fruit mid palate and a slick and textured mouth feel and some spices fresh from the garden on the finish—tarragon Robust but invisible tannins and juicy black cherries and some butterscotch on the finish Wow—a feisty spring wine busting with flavors here and easy to drink with quixotic and springing acidity From Charente-Maritime north of Bordeaux from Fabrice Papin A Merlot/Malbec/Cabernet Sauvignon blend from the right bank Plush initial aromas of red cherries and strawberries and a spring garden bustling with vitality A delicious light combination of bustling energetic red fruit flavors screaming for release inside a swaying bath of crinkly acidity Not complex but coherent flavors focused on bristling red fruit Unexpected surprise from this corner of Bordeaux Pair with onion consommé and garlic bread or a Mediterranean mezze plate From winemaker Damien Landouar comes this 93/7 blend of Merlot/Cabernet Sauvignon with generous and varied aromas including blue fruits harmonious expression of fruit and slight mocha Beautifully integrated and semi complex set of layered flavors with pine on the finish succulent acidity bathes components and integration is overall sleek Consider pairing with mezze Mediterranean fare FOR the following, wines, tasting notes are here. Volume 5 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00565 This article is part of the Research TopicFrontiers in the Acquisition of LiteracyView all 14 articles An important aspect of learning to read is efficiency in accessing different kinds of linguistic information (orthographic in addition to the integrity of such linguistic skills early progress in reading may require a degree of cognitive flexibility in order to manage the coordination of this information effectively Our study will look for evidence of a link between flexibility and both word reading and passage reading comprehension and examine whether any such link involves domain-general or reading-specific flexibility As the only previous support for a predictive relationship between flexibility and early reading comes from studies of reading comprehension in the opaque English orthography another possibility is that this relationship may be largely orthography-dependent only coming into play when mappings between representations are complex and polyvalent 60 second-graders learning to read the more transparent French orthography were presented with two multiple classification tasks involving reading-specific cognitive flexibility (based on words) and non-specific flexibility (based on pictures) Reading skills were assessed by word reading and passage reading comprehension measures Flexibility was found to contribute significant unique variance to passage reading comprehension even in the less opaque French orthography the data also show that flexibility is critical in accounting for one of the core components of reading comprehension the results constrain the debate over whether flexibility has to be reading-specific to be critically involved in reading Executive function (EF) serves as an umbrella term for the control functions that monitor the cognitive processing involved in complex, goal-oriented tasks (Miyake et al., 2000; Best and Miller, 2010). The “unity and diversity” view of EF (Miyake et al., 2000; Miyake and Friedman, 2012) emphasizes a common underlying ability to maintain task goals (unity) together with three distinguishable components (diversity) inhibition of prepotent responses and updating of working memory representations The differences between these outcomes will be explored in the sections to follow by examining the tasks used the type of reading skill and the domain specificity of flexibility skills Cartwright (2002) provided evidence for this latter claim by studying the cognitive flexibility of English-speaking second to fourth graders in relation to their reading comprehension. A general flexibility task (Bigler and Liben, 1992) was administered requiring double classification of sets of line drawings of objects into a 2 × 2 matrix using visual (same color) and semantic (same superordinate category) dimensions simultaneously Cartwright also examined a form of reading-specific flexibility which involved classification of written words into a 2 × 2 matrix according to phonological (same initial phoneme) and semantic (same superordinate category) criteria The results indicated that reading-specific flexibility contributed unique variance to reading comprehension beyond the (significant) contributions of age pseudo-word naming and oral language comprehension demonstrated that a group receiving a short training in reading-specific flexibility using the matrix classification task exhibited a significant improvement in reading comprehension at post-test which was not observed among groups receiving training in general flexibility or in a control task (dominoes) In a later study, Cartwright et al. (2010) showed that general and reading-specific flexibility both improved between 1st and 2nd grades and that this improvement was not explained by increases in decoding ability While each type of flexibility correlated with reading comprehension reading-specific flexibility again proved to be a robust and independent predictor of reading comprehension among these younger children whereas general flexibility contributed no additional variance beyond reading-specific flexibility Cartwright argues that this set of findings constitutes evidence that cognitive flexibility plays an important role in reading development that the component most crucial to progress is domain-specific Recently, Kieffer et al. (2013) found that flexibility in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test correlated with reading comprehension but not with performance in a task measuring letter and word identification among their Grade 4 readers from low-income backgrounds The results of path analyses indicated that flexibility was a significant and independent predictor of reading comprehension beyond the control variables (letter/word identification Flexibility also made an indirect contribution to reading comprehension via language comprehension which the authors interpreted as indicating that higher levels of flexibility may confer advantages in reading for meaning there may be less need for them to resort to other sources of information raising the question of whether flexibility is critical for early reading comprehension in more transparent orthographies such as French A second, and related, objective is to test whether flexibility influences the reading of words in isolation as suggested by Berninger and Nagy (2008). Developmental models of reading comprehension give a central role to recognition of the written words that make up the sentences, paragraphs and text to be understood (Gough and Tunmer, 1986; Perfetti et al., 2005) Text reading comprehension is engaged by accessing the semantic code of words via visual recognition and the language processing mechanisms assemble these words into messages The quality of access to word representations is critical within this framework and this dependence on the activation and manipulation of different codes (phonological semantic) makes it seem plausible that flexibility could play a role in this key aspect of reading comprehension we attempt to answer this question with a single word reading task that requires activation not only of formal codes (phonological allows examination of whether flexibility contributes to reading comprehension via the recognition of words in isolation and access to their meanings While Cartwright’s results could be considered as support for this view the contrast between her reading-specific and general flexibility tasks were not entirely conclusive participants had to sort line drawings of objects by color and by the superordinate category that the objects referred to whereas in the reading-specific flexibility task they had to sort words by their initial phoneme and by the superordinate category that the words referred to two potential sources of difference were confounded: the tasks differ both in terms of sorting criteria (perceptual/semantic versus phonological/semantic) and the kind of stimuli to which these criteria are applied (written words versus pictures) previous work remains inconclusive about which of the two features (stimuli versus criteria) is related to reading our study manipulates stimuli while keeping criteria equivalent (phonological/semantic) the present study aims to investigate three important questions: (1) Is flexibility necessary in learning to read orthographies that are less opaque than English (2) Does flexibility play a role in word reading as well as reading comprehension and (3) Is the flexibility that is associated with reading The participants were 60 second-graders (36 girls and 24 boys) from five schools with a middle-class catchment area in Aix-en-Provence in France (mean age: 7.63 years; SD = 0.30 years) In line with French Institutional and National regulations in which it is explicitly explained that they can refuse to allow their child to participate without consequence for them or their child; and (4) children’s final enrollment was based on their own voluntary participation There were three additional inclusion criteria: (1) native speakers of French; (2) a reading level at least at chronological age on the French standardized test, “l’Alouette” (Lefavrais, 1967); and (3) non-verbal reasoning skills above the 25th percentile using the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (PM47, Raven et al., 1995) The Alouette test is standardized for children aged from 5 to 14 years and involves reading aloud a text of 265 words as quickly and accurately as possible The text contains real words in meaningless but grammatically correct sentences Performance is converted into a reading age according to a standardized procedure taking account both of total reading time and accuracy Sixty pseudo-words between 2 and 6 letters in length (e.g. pirda) were presented on a sheet of paper (10 pseudo-words per line) All were regular with regard to grapheme–phoneme correspondences but 20 contained graphemes whose pronunciation was context-dependent (i.e. s = /s/ or /z/; g = /g/ or /j/; c = /k/ or /s/) The number of pseudo-words read aloud correctly within one minute was recorded Word reading. Both the recognition and comprehension of words was assessed by asking children to read a list of 108 words silently and to circle any animal names (n = 50). Items were selected from the 1000 most frequent words in Manulex (Lété et al., 2004) and distractors came from semantic categories such as fruits The word list was distributed across 18 lines of text (six words per line Animal names increased in difficulty according to length and regularity of grapheme–phoneme correspondences The number of animal names circled correctly within one minute was recorded The error rate was negligible (M = 0.05; SD = 0.02) The first assessed the comprehension of short passages of text Children read each sentence aloud and then traced a route on a map (e.g. Je vais du garage à la poste en passant par le parc [English translation: I go from the garage to the post office through the park]) Children could return to the text as often as they needed to children read aloud sentences referring to action sequences and then mimed what they had just read (e.g. je prends le plus petit rond et je le mets sur le sol [English translation: With the other hand I take the smallest circle and put it on the ground]) This test evaluated comprehension of anaphors (e.g. Je prends le grand carré avec une main et je le mets dans la boîte [English translation : I take the big square with one hand and I put it in the box]) and spatial terms (e.g. Je le pose ensuite entre les deux ronds puis sous la boîte [English translation : Next I put it between the two circles then under the box]) a score was computed as a ratio of the number of correct actions to total time taken (in seconds) Two double classification tasks were derived from those used by Cartwright (2002) with the constraint of avoiding the potential confusion between the two types of differences that were present in the original versions of the tasks: (i) Word Flexibility – this was reading-specific as it involved the classification of printed words; and (ii) Picture Flexibility – this required classification of drawings and did not involve reading Both tasks demanded the simultaneous processing of two dimensions: phonology and semantics The experimenter first demonstrated the sorting of a set of 12 stimuli into a 4-cell matrix explaining that sorting could be accomplished in two ways: According to what can be heard at the beginning of the picture name/word (phonological criterion) and according to the sorts of things the drawings/words referred to (semantic criterion) She then double-classified the 12 cards into the matrix commenting on her performance: As you can see I’m putting all the things starting with /p/ (pear peach) into this row; and all the things starting with /b/into this row … I’m putting all the fruits … and in this one Children then sorted five new sets of 12 cards and were asked to comment on each double classification Two points were awarded for each correct double classification with both criteria described verbally; 1 point for evidence of double classification in either card sorting or verbal justification; and 0 for any other performance4 Response time (in seconds) for each sorting trial was also computed Performance was averaged across the five stimulus sets for each task and a flexibility score was computed as a ratio of accuracy to response time: (Acc/RT)*10 The children were tested in a quiet room within their schools over four sessions as follows: (1) Alouette reading passage reading comprehension; (3) word flexibility pseudo-word decoding; and (4) picture flexibility The order of the last two sessions was counterbalanced Table 1 describes participant characteristics and performance on the reading and cognitive flexibility tasks Although z-scores are used in the regression analyses untransformed scores are presented here for ease of interpretation The children’s mean reading age (M = 94.65 months; SD = 7.34; Range = 85–119) was ahead of chronological age [t(59) = 2.89 picture and word flexibility scores (N = 60) Correlations between variables are also reported in Table 1 As no significant correlations were observed involving chronological age or PM47 these variables were not entered in the final regression analyses A preliminary series of regression analyses was also conducted which established that inclusion of PM47 scores did not alter the pattern of results reported in the final analyses Word flexibility scores correlated positively not only with word reading and passage reading comprehension but also with pseudo-word decoding; whereas picture flexibility scores did not correlate significantly with pseudo-word decoding but showed a positive association with the two reading measures that involved the processing of meaning (word reading Hierarchical regression analyses predicting passage reading comprehension with (A) word flexibility entered before picture flexibility; and (B) with picture flexibility entered before word flexibility Word flexibility explained approximately 10% of the concurrent variance in passage reading comprehension over and above the more traditional linguistic predictors after controlling for picture flexibility in Analysis B picture flexibility failed to explain any additional variance regardless of entry position Two new regression analyses were conducted with word reading as the criterion variable (Tables 3A,B) Decoding was entered as the first predictor accounting for more than 28% of the variance Picture flexibility contributed 4.8% of additional variance when entered before word flexibility did not add any explanatory variance when entered after word flexibility Word flexibility explained an additional 10.4% of the variance when entered before picture flexibility and 5.7% of the variance when entered on the final step; hence confirming the critical role of the reading-specific Hierarchical regression analyses predicting word reading with (A) word flexibility entered before picture flexibility; and (B) picture flexibility entered before word flexibility Our exploration of the concurrent relationship between cognitive flexibility and early reading had three main objectives: (1) to investigate whether flexibility is involved in learning to read an orthography that was more transparent than English the French orthography; (2) to examine the type of reading skills that are associated with flexibility word reading and/or reading comprehension; and (3) to clarify whether domain-general or domain-specific cognitive flexibility mediates any such relationship with learning to read but phonological-semantic flexibility in the specific context of written words our contention is that this simultaneous maintenance of two perspectives may be a critical component of developing reading skills due to the need to coordinate the multiple types of information contained in print Of course, in order to conclude that this task difference is critical, it will be important to rule out the influence of other differences between the two studies. Other differences include the reading measures used. Monette et al. (2011) employed a composite score based on word reading and reading comprehension items from the French version of the WIAT-II administered in a group setting whereas our reading tasks were administered individually and included the standardized Alouette reading test and separate assessments of specific literacy skills Our intention was to obtain as accurate a picture as possible of the literacy skills that were related to flexibility and to exert control for other more well-known predictors of word reading and reading comprehension such as decoding ability; however how far this objective was achieved remains to be established empirically As cognitive flexibility develops relatively late our future work will include a longitudinal component to examine the coordination of phonological and semantic information in reading in relation to emerging flexibility at key points throughout preschool and elementary school which should offer some causal insight into the role of flexibility in reading acquisition these data contribute to the recent and rapidly growing field investigating the role of EF in reading acquisition Flexibility in coordinating the processing of phonological and semantic information emerged here as a significant correlate of second grade word reading and passage reading comprehension in French cognitive flexibility had greatest power as a predictor of comprehension over and above traditional linguistic skills when the matrix classification measures involved the manipulation of written words rather than pictures Further research is required to explore our conclusion that the predictive value of this type of flexibility is a consequence of the need for an orthographic reading procedure that simultaneously generates phonological and semantic codes for subsequent processing to achieve comprehension The authors would like to express their gratitude to the children and staff at the schools who participated in this research Assessment and development of 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development of intentional control of categorization behaviour: a study of children’s relational flexibility working memory and executive functioning in preschoolers: longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Executive functioning as a predictor of children’s mathematics ability: inhibition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cognitive development and reading: the relation of reading-specific multiple classification skill to reading comprehension in elementary school children CrossRef Full Text The contribution of graphophonological-semantic flexibility to reading comprehension in college students: implications for a less simple view of reading CrossRef Full Text Insights from cognitive neuroscience: the importance of executive function for early reading development and education CrossRef Full Text The development of graphophonological-semantic cognitive flexibility and its contribution 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grade-level lexical database from French elementary school readers CrossRef Full Text Développement de la flexibilité catégorielle de 3 à 8 ans: rôle des aspects conceptuels Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text CrossRef Full Text and future,” in Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis CrossRef Full Text Cognitive mechanisms underlying reading and spelling development in five European orthographies Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The role of the executive functions in school achievement at the end of Grade 1 Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The role of negative priming in preschoolers’ flexible rule use on the dimensional change card sort task CrossRef Full Text Executive function and children’s understanding of false belief: how specific is the relation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Beginning readers activate semantics from sub-word orthography CrossRef Full Text A not-so-simple view of reading: how oral vocabulary and visual-word recognition complicate the story Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Manulex-infra: distributional characteristics of grapheme–phoneme mappings and infralexical and lexical units in child-directed written material CrossRef Full Text “The acquisition of reading comprehension skill,” in The Science of Reading : A Handbook The Growth of Logical Thinking: from Childhood to Adolescence Raven Manual: Coloured Progressive Matrices Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text The contribution of executive skills to reading comprehension Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies Pubmed 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meta-analytical study Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The development of conscious control in childhood Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The development of executive function in early childhood Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text and skilled reading across languages: a psycholinguistic grain size theory CrossRef Full Text Statistical analysis of the bidirectional inconsistency of spelling and sound in French CrossRef Full Text Citation: Colé P, Duncan LG and Blaye A (2014) Cognitive flexibility predicts early reading skills. Front. Psychol. 5:565. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00565 Copyright © 2014 Colé, Duncan and Blaye. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Lynne G. Duncan, School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK e-mail:bC5nLmR1bmNhbkBkdW5kZWUuYWMudWs= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. We wanted to diversify and bought a vineyard in Blaye in 1992 It was my husband who first managed the vineyard I took part in it from quite a distance at the time Corinne Chevrier says there is now a lot of “Girl Power” driving winemaking across Bordeaux Why and how did you choose a career in wine We can say that I didn’t really choose this profession I knew the difficulties but also the happiness that we could find there I had no choice but to continue what we had set up and How did you learn the skills you need as a winegrower My husband was an engineer and I had a sales degree We were first followed by an oenologist who taught us a lot I helped my husband in the cellar and in the vineyard for everything that was manual who taught me how to drive the tractor when his father retired in 2010 Explain your current role with regard to the wines you produce the scale of production and the style of wines you make when I took over the controls of the liner I followed the recipes like in a restaurant but very quickly chose to add my own touch we don’t want to drink the same wines anymore We are ageing in vats to recover the fruit and we just invested in amphoras which seem very promising.Our property has 12 hectares in production What do you find most rewarding in your role I’m delighted when customers come to see us and buy some of our wine and recommend it to their friends It’s what gives me the energy for each day Corinne Chevrier and her mostly female team at Château Bel-Air La Royère where she only has one male employee It’s like a sword of Damocles over our heads How have you found it as a woman working in the role you have as a winemaker It was easy for me to settle in well as a woman winemaker in Blaye Bordeaux wines are produced by family-run estates husband and wife work together: she deals with administrative matters sometimes works in the vines; he runs the vineyard and the cellar This scheme tends to disappear as a lot of women settle by themselves I can say that we need to know everything and be able to hire qualified employees if we need It is not always an easy tasks but thanks to modern tools What advice and support would you give to other women who want to work in wine We often lack self-confidence and I think we should do Corinne Chevrier says she has learnt winemaking by working in the vineyards and the experience you get from one harvest to the next What would you like to see the industry in general do to be more inclusive Women are having more and more of a say whether it is in viticulture It may be necessary one day to put on parity policy otherwise there will only be women 😉 We are real people: you have a man or a woman behind the bottles We love welcoming guests as visiting other vineyard and improving ourselves Do you consider that these measures are being taken and Some winemakers have launched informal individual initiatives Do you see yourself in a leadership role as a woman in the trade – if so what steps and influence do you hope to have I think my female colleagues in Blaye and I are part of a great group We can talk about our different points of view; we call our group “Girls Power” I hope this will encourage other young women to become winegrowers and come and meet us What have been the latest steps and innovations that you have introduced in your wines and vineyard to improve their quality It was previously in Integrated Pest Management We are experimenting with Malbec and Merlot I hope to buy others next year I would be delighted to continue to train young people and more particularly young girls to become winemakers It is not always easy but finally what a pleasure to give birth to a new child each year… ShareSaveCommentLifestyleSpiritsThese Siblings’ Wine Brand For China Also Sells Hospitality In FranceByTom Mullen, Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. I write about wine, travel and lifestyle from a base in FranceFollow AuthorJul 08, 2023, 05:21am EDTShareSaveCommentChâteau Borgeat de Lagrange in Blaye, Bordeaux, France On a Saturday afternoon in July I met Estelle Borgeat outside Le Sobre wine bar and restaurant in the city of Bordeaux in southeast France. Estelle—a French woman fluent in English and Mandarin—spent five years living in China where she and her brother Tristan developed a market to sell Bordeaux wines. Three years ago she returned to renovate a château they purchased in the town of Blaye (pronounced BLYE) in Bordeaux in southeast France. This was Château Lagrange—listed in 1872 as producing a wine then classified as a First Growth for the local Bordeaux appellation. We ordered glasses of Bordeaux white wine. Estelle then told her story—essentially one of helping decipher French culture for others. ‘I went to China in 2015 and joined my brother who had been there for seven years. We work well together and had this idea of working in wine. Our family had been involved with wine for generations in the Médoc region—but that stopped at my grandfather’s generation and skipped my parents. So I never knew those wineries, but I think we have that in the blood. ‘The wine brand concept works well in China because it’s a new market. Wine is relatively new to their routine, so people identify quite easily with a brand. Our brand has a range of different wines and prices and styles. We have fourteen wines, so people can select really different kinds. They are still buying a Maison Borgeat wine but can have a light and fruity red, or a bold and oaky Médoc. ‘I arrived in Blaye, Bordeaux, after five years in China. That was quite a culture shock. Just going from very city life to the countryside. But I actually love it. I would not be able to go back to city life now. We bought the château and renovated it quite a lot. We also have an old winemaking building we want to renovate. Our idea is to recreate the original vineyard and winery, because it used to be a very well-known in Blaye. The 2022 ‘1856’ wine is a bright, light, easy drinking wine with flavors of blackberries and raspberries and some oranges on the finish. Maison Borgeat produces up to 80,000 bottles per year. ‘Another wine we do not produce in house, but have been selling for eight years is Maison Borgeat Les Civilles. An explosion of fruits and some violets. Every year we change the label image—each vintage includes a different painting from my grandmother, who painted a lot as a hobby. Seaside scenes usually. The name Les Cevilles is the name of a house we had on the seafront, but is also the name of an ocean and estuary sea food. ‘I actually just got my winemaking degree a couple days ago. I learned everything about vineyard management and enology. Am very excited. I wasn’t expecting the diploma to be so difficult because I don’t have a scientific background. I studied commerce, economics and languages. So going from that to agriculture was quite a challenge. Enology is a lot of biology and chemistry. ‘I feel passionate about the whole idea of the project because of the environment/ ecosystem of having the château with vineyards and the estuary and recreating what it used to be like in the 19th century. Trying to bring it back to its former glory. It’s beautiful.’ January saw some 30 independent French winegrowers come to London for a tasting at the Vinyl Factory in Soho The tasting’s claim was French Independent Winegrowers = Wines with personality And it was definitely true: a roomful of winemakers showing 200 wines with new cuvées indigenous varietals and interesting use of winemaking techniques including low sulphur and carbonic maceration with Carignan From an aesthetic point of view I also loved the tasting booklet looking a bit like a mini Crack magazine or something you might find on the music scene “How does it feel when you find the right one?” Incidentally the French Independent Winegrowers is an association with over 7,000 members promoting the profession of vine growing and creating wines with personality There are five membership criteria that means a grower has to farm their own vineyard bottle on their own estate and sell their own wine Below are some of the wines that I discovered at the tasting and are available in the UK. For a full list of the winegrowers present click here (represented in the UK by French Bubbles) The lovely Mathilde Bouillac presented her wines to me Jean Pierre took over the family property nearly 20 years ago acquiring new land which they were able to plant with their own vines Cold pre-fermentation maceration in stainless steel tanks The palate is intensely fruity with fresh blackcurrants and redcurrants Bouillac creates cuvées that are created from Bordeaux’s slightly more forgotten varietals: Malbec and Petit Verdot Two varietals that are often shoved slightly aside by Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot The Malbec here is allowed to shine in its own right here Les Mains Sales is an allusion to how the wine is made The Bouillac winemakers chose to focus on Petit Verdot and Malbec in their nursery whereas in this region Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon may be popular but aren’t necessarily the correct choices (represented in the UK by Inverarity Morton) that is highly focused on its production in the Côtes-du-Roussillon (also producing wine across the world) with some fascinating wines; I love the direction this company is moving in The climate here is ideal for producing wines without sulphites The schist stores heat at night to ensure homogenous maturation of the bunches figs and lots of herbs with a little spice and some violets on the finish Lovely aromatic wine with a fresh yet rather powerful body (represented in the UK by Yapp Brothers) An exceptional range – every single wine impressed me Violets and zingy frozen raspberries as well as some fresh blackcurrant and a little garrigue on the finish: a very long finish Carignan old vines (100% carbonic maceration) Very impressive wine; a wine that leaves a lasting impression Francs and Sainte Foy bring together a collection of dynamic winemakers at the forefront of Bordeaux’s spirited and environmentally-conscious wine scene Their success on a certification level is to be celebrated as are their efforts with the brilliant 2020 vintage in which there are plenty of wines to recommend in both red and white styles This tasting covered almost 160 wines from the five appellations with the final selection detailing 100 though we could have included many more if space would have allowed This is a vintage that has delivered a generous crop of wines demonstrating fruit purity freshness and aromatic appeal for both the reds and whites A run of great vintages saw 2018 producing full bodied and opulent wines with excellent cellaring potential while 2019 delivered freshness and elegance concentrated fruit and good acidity levels with both approachability and capacity to age Cadillac and Francs produced an array of exceptional wines but there are brilliant examples to be found everywhere A small selection of white wines were also included reflecting the 5% of overall production dedicated to this style While many are mouthwatering and lively on the palate there are a number that are rich and full with unctuous textures perfect to age or to pair with hearty meals Fragrance and aromatic intensity is also at the fore with the vintage providing excellent conditions for slow ripening and perfect grape maturity Vineyard locations on hills (or côtes) provide ideal soils for quality winemaking with a range of terroirs across the five appellations Limestone dominates in Castillon and Francs where Cabernet Franc accents Merlot -the main grape used across all appellations – while clay and gravel feature in Blaye Cadillac and Sainte-Foy where Cabernet Sauvignon is also used in the blend Petit Verdot and Malbec appear in small percentages throughout Proximity to the ocean (Blaye) as well as the two rivers; Garonne (Cadillac) and the Dordogne (Castillon/Francs/ Sainte-Foy) also affects the resulting style The majority of estates in Bordeaux’s second largest appellation – with close to 1,000 producers – are small and medium- sized and often family owned run by multi-generational vignerons or by a collection of new each keen to demonstrate the best of their know-how and reflect their unique vineyard terroirs as well as work as consciously and harmoniously with nature as possible having labels that demonstrate these practices is increasingly important for winemakers as is finding new innovative initiatives to showcase the best of the Côtes sulphur-free bottlings as well as the use of amphora This is a region that is constantly evolving and pushing the limits of respect for the land and quality winemaking This was a thoroughly enjoyable tasting with such an array of fantastic wines representing great value for wine lovers across the Côtes de Bordeaux Turn autoplay off Turn autoplay on Please activate cookies in order to turn autoplay off A comparatively short jaunt around Southern France begins in Blaye-les-Mines a picturesque town situated on the banks of the river Tarn which numbers the Cathedral of Saint Cecilia the Toulouse-Lautrec Museum and a "painfully beautiful" giant crater (the legacy of a a once-thriving open coal mining industry) among its tourist attractions a small medieval town which stands on the left bank of the Agout it boasts a monument erected in memory of Dame Giraude de Laurac who was thrown down a well and stoned to death during the wars of the Albigenses in 1211 "More lumpy roads through the Tarn but not as grim as the day before," writes Guardian cycling correspondent Will Fotheringham in our indispensable interactive guide to the Tour de France "The sprinters and their teams will be eyeing this one It's short and should be fast and controlled and Cavendish will be the favourite." Although magnanimous in defeat after being overtaken by his former team-mate André Greipel in yesterday's closing metres Mark Cavendish is certain to be pumped for revenge in a stage that represents one of very few remaining chances of glory for the Manxman in this year's Tour Video: View highlights of yesterday's stage above Mark Cavendish @markcavendish: "Just took the surgical dressing of my saddle sore #aaaarrrrrgggggghhhhhh Maybe shaving just my legs isn't enough." Mark Cavendish @markcavendish: "Had dinner with warriors I call my teammates Incredible how they stay upbeat after riding so hard all day & I don't finish the job #legends" Greipel rode it perfect & got speed by running up on me" The gizmo above is our link to Citizenside whose goal is "to create the largest online community of amateur and independent reporters where everyone can share their vision of the news by uploading photos and videos for fellow reporters to see." In short it's lots of photographs from the Tour de France so feel free to explore by scrolling through using the arrow keys Thomas Voeckler (France/Europcar) 42hr 06min 32sec 2 Luis Leon Sanchez (Spain/Rabobank) +1min 49sec 3 Cadel Evans (Australia/BMC Racing) +2min 26sec4 Fraenk Schleck (Luxembourg/Leopard) +2min 29sec 5 Andy Schleck (Luxembourg/Leopard) +2min 37sec 6 Tony Martin (Germany/HTC-Highroad) +2min 38sec7 Andreas Kloeden (Germany/RadioShack) +2min 43sec 9 Philippe Gilbert (Belgium/Omega Pharma - Lotto) +2min 55sec 10 Jakob Fuglsang (Denmark/Leopard) +3min 08sec Full standings ... Stage 11 so far: With 79 kilometres down and 88 to go a group of six riders has broken clear of the peloton and opened a gap of 3min 18sec Tristan Valentin (COF) and Jimmy Engoulvent (SAU) the peloton is being pushed along by a tailwind and the intermediate sprint is looming 2.10pm: The escape party pass get their knees pumping for the intermediate sprint 2.11pm: "Not sure I can remember a day in the Tour when the three main jersey holders honoured their jerseys as much as yesterday with the maillot jaune and vert attacking together on the last climb and the maillot a pois fighting through injury," writes Graham Fulcher who is somehow able to see the screen of his computer monitor despite having gone all misty-eyed "Hoogerland will definitely lose the polka dot jersey on Thursday and Vockler will lose yellow in the Pyrenees However Greipel's win yesterday could really compromise Gilbert's chances of keeping the green jersey as well Despite what they said yesterday there has clearly been tension in the Omega team between Gilbert sprinting for points and Greipel for the win Had Greipel lost to Cavendish again yesterday Gilbert would have had justification for asking for the strategy to be switched solely to him When (as I expect) Cavendish takes the stage today the gap between he Rojas and Gilbert could narrow significantly The question will then be how many points does Cavendish lose to the others on intermediate sprints in mountain stages." Today's Tour de France coverage has gone from late to farcical - due to having to field a phone call I managed to miss the bunch as they completed the intermediate sprint I'm fairly certain I saw yesterday's stage-winner Andre Greipel flash past the line first of the green jersey contenders How the green jersey contenders fared in the intermediate sprint: 7th: Cavendish (nine points) In other news: AG2R La Mondiale rider John Cadret failed to sign on for the race today He was the first man to be shelled out the back of the peloton on the final climb yesterday and has not been riding well the gap between the six-man breakaway group and the peloton is 3min 16sec It will be astonishing if this stage isn't decided by a bunch sprint finish @fmk_RoI: "@BGlendenning How bout some news from back of peloton 2day? Last chance 4 lanterne rouge contenders 2 buffer up b4 mtns " Infostrada Sports @Infostrada2012 "Cavendish claims green jersey if he wins today's #TdF stage and if Gilbert does not finish in Top 5 and Rojas does not finish in Top 2." The good news is that my knee was fine this morning when I woke up but it was fine all day and I had no problems I think my easier-than-normal rest day on Monday paid dividends today I would have done almost three hours' riding but the pain in my knee meant I turned back after 20 minutes and spent most of the day in bed reading my book and actually resting About a half an hour before the start today it started lashing hailstones We all dived for the cover of the team bus and were busy changing our sunglasses to clear lenses and putting on rain jackets when Maxime Bouet said he still had to go and sign on some of the big riders would just sit on their buses until the last minute if it was raining and ride off without the crowd having the opportunity to see them in the flesh signing on before the start Article continues ... Omega Pharma-Lotto rider Andre Greipel is now back on more mundane duty at his team car stocking up on water bottles for his team-mates It's always interesting to see how many bidons a rider can stuff down his shirt before heading back to the peloton to hand them out; somebody once told me the riders have an ongoing competition to see who can carry the most and the record is 16 Last year this site was designated a Unesco World Heritage Site." He looked pretty clean over the last week-and-a-half." the gap between the six-man breakaway and the peloton is coming down - it's currently 2min 37sec 3pm: Nothing to do with cycling department: News Corporation has withdrawn its bid for BSkyB there are only some many reeled-in breakaways that a man can watch Tomorrow we'll finally get a chance to see who's in good form and to see the pack being reduced to a dozen riders with everyone going off the back Have a feeling my fellow Evans will struggle and that Andy Schleck should take a big stride towards his first TDF tomorrow." 3.04pm: "Stefan Schumacher 'der Rad-Schumi' also 'looked pretty clean' during his disastrous Beijing Olympics bang to rights for Pantani-esque amounts of doping which he subsequently denied (think he even still does) with a really irritating 'lawyering' of his language," writes David Hindle as several Guardian lawyers with shotguns surround my desk and stare gimlet-eyed down the barrels daring me to divulge any more of the content of David's email 3.10pm: It's raining quite heavily as the six-man breakaway continue on their way to Lavaur with just 1min 38sec between them and the peleton 3.18pm: "I can't get Eurosport over here in Jersey (the new one) so I'm curious how AC Jimbo is doing as presenter of the Tour?" asks Alex Langlois "Handing out sledgehammer puns like a domestique delivering bottles I'd love a break from the Phil N'Paul show every now and then." Well it's funny you should ask. The Eurosport I watch at home has coverage, interspersed with footage of my podcasting colleague James Richardson broadcasting from a studio with a burly German expert and a bloke with a mullet but the Eurosport I watch here in the office just has the coverage because I haven't seen much of AC Jimbo this year I can tell you he got both Nicolas Roche's name and that of the newspaper he writes a column in wrong in the space of one sentence on Sunday 3.23pm: The escape party of Perez Moreno (EUS) Tristan Valentin (COF) and Jimmy Engoulvent (SAU) are going about their business well working excellently together to keep the gap between themselves and the peloton at a fairly steady 1min 25sec with 27km to go 3.25pm: "Have to agree with James Evans," writes Matthew Lysaght I fancy Evans to make light work of Schleck (A) - he just seems to want it a little more this year as if he knows it's his last real chance to win it Cav today - and then he shall be transferred out of my Fantasy Tour team." How fickle you are - I bet he won't be transferred out of Page 3 stunnah Peta Todd's Fantasy Tour team Peta Todd @petatodd: "Well today is a bit different at work.. 3.34pm: Rabobank's Dutch rider Lars Boon pushes the breakaway group down a descent through driving rain Sean Kelly points out that they're about to turn into a headwind which should put a stop to their gallop The gap stands at 1min 16sec with a little over 19 kilometres to go If the breakaway can make it to the 10km To Go banner with the same gap one of them would have a good chance of winning David Harmon reckons they've a 50-50 chance of making it Lampre and HTC-Highroad are all putting men on the front of the peloton the breakaway group are 49 seconds clear - that gap is getting smaller and smaller the peloton drives on through torrential rain with a couple of HTC-Highroad riders putting the hammer down The six riders in the breakaway are continuing to work well together - they could conceivably get away with this if they can delay the inevitable end-of-stage cat-and-mouse games for as long as possible 3.44pm: The peloton is strung out in a long line with the entire HTC-Highroad team leading from the front "Speaking of getting names wrong Barry," writes my smug podcasting chum James Richardson from his plush Eurosport studio "That might be Magnus Backstedt you're referring to 3.47pm: Just 9.4 kilometres to go and the gap between breakaway group and peloton is is down to 30 seconds which almost certainly won't be enough for one of the half-dozen escapees to prevail 3.50pm: "Your commentary is getting as banal as something out of NOTW," writes Anna Corrall "I couldn't care less about Peta Todd; it may be nice to actually get some commentary on the cycling rather than her daily routine." Cheers Anna it's always nice to hear from people who take the Tour de France so seriously they rely on written online reports from websites not hugely renowned for their Tour de France overage for their updates 3.54pm: I'd tell you whether or not it's still hammering down with rain in France but Anna Corrall probably isn't interested in hearing bland pleasantries about the weather All she wants to hear is that some men on bkes are cycling fast Lars Boom makes a break for it and puts a few seconds between himself and his fellow escapees 3.57pm: The riders in the peloton catch up with five of the six escapees and have Lars Boom in their sights but eventually gives up the ghost upon realising the jig is up Garmin and HTC-Highroad get their respective trains doing the locomotion as their riders cycle on in formation A couple of the HTC riders have already hollered "enough" Closing stages: Mark Cavendish takes the stage by more than a bike-length after another excellent lead-out from Mark Renshaw It looked as if he might have shot his bolt too early but it turned out to be a textbook finish when Andre Greipel was unable to pass him despite having got on his wheel That win puts Cavendish in the green jersey 4.04pm: To celebrate Mark Cavendish's 18th stage win on the Tour the TV director cuts to a helicopter shot of a nice French chateau Anna Corrall would be unimpressed with that kind of frippery; they could be showing some cyclists .. Mark Cavendish compliments Andre Greipel on a "technically perfect" sprint-finish yesterday thanks his team-mates for another fine job of work and then explains that he won today by just "going for it after he got such a good lead-out" He also explains that accidental contact he made with Romain Feillu 500 metres from the line meant that his shoe came undone and he had to lean over to tighten it ahead of his stage-winning finish Upon being informed that he's ridden himself into the green jersey he looks genuinely surprised and delighted 4.11pm: "Enough about the cycling Barry," writes Luke Remsbury "There's been no Peta Todd update now since 3.34pm Has the pull-along trolley launched a break Peta Todd @petatodd: "Mid-transformation ..." I can confirm that she is happy with the obligatory donkey/cow shots but only if they last for under 5 seconds," writes Gareth Jones "She did make a comment about the quad-bikes-for-bicycle-wheels shot earlier on in the Tour as not being particularly green Yellow jersey: Thomas Voeckler (Team Europcar) 45hr 52min 39secGreen jersey: Mark Cavendish (HTC-Highroad) 251 pointsPolka dot jersey: Johnny Hoogerland (Vacansoleil-DCM) 22 pointsWhite jersey: Robert Gesink (Rabobank) 45hr 56min 40sec Full standings ... Pesticide use by winemakers is under extra scrutiny in Bordeaux after several school children were briefly hospitalised by suspected exposure to fungicide from a nearby vineyard Vineyards owners in Bordeaux are being reminded to use pesticides carefully near to residential areas A junior school in Bordeaux‘s Blaye region saw 23 pupils affected by nausea and headaches on the morning of 5 May following fungicide spraying in a next-door vineyard Some of them were taken to a local hospital and put under special observation although symptoms faded within 24 hours and all returned to the school An investigation by Aquitaine’s food and agriculture body together with the region’s health agency found the children’s symptoms matched those of pesticide exposure Although the fungicide in question is legal and commonly used it was applied in an ‘inappropriate manner without taking sufficient precaution of the surroundings’ It is thought remnants of the fungicide drifted across to the school on the wind ‘The difficulty is a general one across rural communities in France,’ Francois Hervieu ‘Tensions can arise between the local residents and the agricultural communities who live and work alongside them and mildew and oidium is a serious problem across French vineyards but the difficulty is finding a compromise that works for both sides.’ The Villeneuve case is especially sensitive because one of the two owners of the vines being sprayed is the commune’s mayor There has been no decision yet on whether legal or civil proceedings will follow have agreed to a request by Aquitaine Prefet Michel Delpeuch to redistribute advice on safe vineyard treatments They will also recommend building hedges around vineyards close to schools and that producers spray out of school hours Last month, a former French vineyard worker who sued her chateau employer over illnesses allegedly caused by pesticides won her case, in what her lawyer said could set a precedent billionaire founder of Alibaba and owner of Château de Sours in Bordeaux has added Château Perenne in Blaye Côtes de Bordeaux to his portfolio of wine estates in the region The sale, which was completed last month for a reported €16 million, will see this 64 hectare estate, planted with mainly the Merlot grape Ma, who is China’s second richest person and founder of online retailer Alibaba, caused a stir in Bordeaux earlier this year after announcing he had bought Château de Sours announced in 2015 that that he was looking to sell his 13 non-classified Bordeaux estates while adding to his four classified properties of Pape Clement ‘This continues our strategy of moving our emphasis away from wines that have a consumer price of €8 and below. I am still looking to buy further classified estates within the Bordeaux region,’ Magrez told Decanter.com Perenn is also used for the vines that went into the Gerard Depardieu’s wine Confiance – as a long time friend of Magrez The estate comes with extensive grounds and an attractive château building that dates back to the 1870s Ma did not buy the estate under his own name but through Château de Sours the Entre deux Mers property that he bought in February 2016 Renovations at Château de Sours itself are ongoing with Ma also securing several neighbouring buildings that he is due to turn into his own personal residence Ma has since formed a partnership with several other Chinese owners in Bordeaux to create a négociant company Ma’s personal fortune is estimated at US$21.5 billion according to Forbes the Classified Growths of the Médoc and Saint Emilion showed their 2011 wines at the Petit Palais in Paris following similar tastings at the Covent Garden Opera House in London and numerous cities across the US and Asia Approaching two and a half years since harvest and around six months to one year after bottling it’s always an interesting time to revisit wines to weigh up whether your first thoughts about them were right but the general reaction to the retasting has been positive - not wines for the ages but some great drinking pleasures to fill glasses while waiting for the 2009 and 2010s to open up Decanter's Stephen Brook's said he was 'pleasantly surprised' James Suckling said 'a very good vintage - with some outstanding wines' Brook's drew particular attention to quality in Pauillac and St Julien 'But these are rich estates with the means to ruthlessly select.' He's quite right in this - for classified chateaux what vintages such as 2011 mean is rolling up their sleeves throwing resources at their vineyard workers and harvest teams and discarding substandard grapes when they get them in the cellar The process of blending the wines is more difficult in these vintages in these years where the weather patterns demand vigilance for estates that don’t have such secure bank balances or access to overdrafts It means that to really understand any vintage nothing beats heading to the smaller appellations such as AOCs Bordeaux as I completed a tasting for Decanter magazine of over 150 wines from 2011 across the Cotes de Bordeaux The Côtes comprise 10% of Bordeaux wine by volume with 1,000 winegrowers spread across four beautiful areas lying to the Right Bank of the Dordogne and Garonne rivers around the towns of Blaye Previously bottled as individual appellations the four regions grouped together from the 2009 vintage onwards hoping to increase their economic muscle and brand recognition by sharing resources the Cotes saw just 10% of their wine exported outside of France That figure has doubled today to just shy of 20% we are a world away from the glamour of Classified Bordeaux Visit an estate here and you're likely to be met by a family member (the average property is between 37 to 50 acres meaning that most don't need a large team to take care of things) so you can also hope for beautiful views into surrounding valleys And you'll almost certainly be offered red wine; the production here is 97% red (mainly from Merlot) with the whites concentrated largely around Blaye while those from Francs come from one of Bordeaux’s smallest appellations and offer perfect But all are joined together under the Côtes de Bordeaux umbrella and in good vintages offer easy-to-enjoy wines that can be excellent value There are famous names in these appellations – Domaine de l’A from Stéphane Derenoncourt Chateau Montlandrie by the legendary Pomerol winemaker Denis Durantou home estate of professor and wine consultant Denis Dubourdieu There are also several new Chinese owners in here* – Steve Loo at Chateau Lagarosse in Cadillac Cotes de Bordeaux for one making excellent wines that are largely sold in Asia But the beauty of these regions is in the discovery of little-known names as well - and the view they give to the heart of a vintage That it was a year that was too light on fruit in some instances and so wore its oak ageing too heavily if used as compensation But that many estates produced brilliantly drinkable bottles without the resources of big-name Bordeaux the faults of a vintage are less able to be smoothed over the result offers further proof that many were too quick to write off this vintage in its earliest days Form an orderly queue (I’ll be right there alongside you) for an affordable wine from the legendary Denis Durantou of Pomerol’s l’Eglise Clinet and has been steadily replanting the vineyard ever since but there are still some old vines among the new This is a winemaker who knows how to rein things in but it would benefit from a good half an hour of opening before tucking in everything that you want a petit chateaux to achieve I am a long-time admirer of winemaker Thierry Valette who easily makes some of the best wines of Castillon They are a little more expensive than many other Côtes de Bordeaux but I have found them to over-perform challenging vintages on many occasions aged for 8 months in oak (15% new) and 6 months in cement tanks Stéphane Derenoncourt and Julien Lavenu (who bill themselves on the bottle as Les Trois Origines) alcohol is high at 14%abv but this tastes excellent aged in oak for 16 months (one third new oak) Owned by Steve Loo and his Hong Kong-based company Carlico this Tabanac estate has seen plenty of investments since the new team took over in 2011 Steven Blais is the consultant (from Michel Rolland team) There has been a clear and conscious effort to flesh out the wine perhaps they have overused the oak (staves would be my guess) so imagine this might dry out within five years and this style of wine is not made for sticking in a cellar Clear layers of fruit - ripe blueberries and crushed raspberries It’s a modern with all that is good and bad about that and for me this is more enjoyable than the higher powered Cuvée Princesse from the same team And a white…Chateau Haut Bertinerie AOC Blaye Côtes de Bordeaux 2012 Excellent Sauvignon nose best varietal flavour of any white wine in the tasting The wine offers lovely crisp gooseberry and cut grass flavours *Chateaux owned by Chinese owners in Cotes de Bordeaux: • Blaye: Château de la Salle, 25 ha • Cadillac: Château Bertranon at Sainte Croix du Mont (also has vineyards at Rions), 45ha Château du Grand Moueys at Capian, 170 ha Château du Grand Branet at Capian, 2.8 ha Château Lagarosse at Tabanac, 33 haChâteau de Pic at Le Tourne 44 ha Château Lezongars at Villenave de Rions 39 ha red and 6 ha white Domaine du Tich at Donzac a total area of approximately 48 ha): Château Lucas Château de L’estang Château Bona Fides Jane Anson is Bordeaux correspondent for Decanter a history of the First Growth wines (October 2012 Editions de la Martiniere) the Bordeaux and Southwest France author of The Wine Opus and 1000 Great Wines That Won’t Cost A Fortune (both Dorling Kindersley Anson is contributing writer of the Michelin Green Guide to the Wine Regions of France (March 2010 and writes a monthly wine column for the South China Morning Post in Hong Kong Accredited wine teacher at the Bordeaux Ecole du Vin with a Masters in publishing from University College London Click here to read all articles by Jane Anson>> - Follow us on Weibo @Decanter醇鉴 and Facebook for most recent news and updates - Sign in to comment Italy’s sparkling wines are the perfect match for the celebratory gatherings that abound at this time of year and the breadth of their food pairing possibilities might just surprise you Half a century of passion and commitment for a project that set a new benchmark in Rioja.. Good wine is something to celebrate but as any wine lover knows A unique project from the Ontañón Family that draws both viticultural and poetic inspiration from the voices of the River Duero Namratha Prashanth is one of the handful of women making her own brand of wine in in France But that is exactly what Namratha Prashanth has been doing for the last four-odd years and also sells the Solicantus Blanc from Entre-Deux-Mers Prashanth launched the wines in France in March 2020 can be found in several European cities and are headed towards the United States where they will be available towards the end of this month grew up in Bangalore without the remotest connection to wine Her first tentative exposure to it happened while studying hospitality after high school “It was not a happy marriage,” says Prashanth Her ambitions and attempts to be financially independent were routinely strangled by her husband She says she furtively attended French classes at the Alliance Française in Bangalore to seek respite and to keep herself occupied I became completely immersed in French culture who spoke to this magazine last month over a video call from her home in Bordeaux where she stays with her 15-year-old daughter Shloka The fascination with France grew when she landed a job as a backend specialist in the French language with an IT company in Bangalore which sent her to Paris for a month’s training.  “I was very insistent about this job and persuaded my husband to let me take it up and I really needed to have my own identity.” Prashanth couldn’t stay at her job for long due to pressure at home; in the middle of 2015 when her husband sabotaged yet another employment opportunity that came her way she took her daughter and her dog Casper and left home with the help of her sister and brother-in-law Prashanth signed up for a Wine & Spirits Education Trust Level 2 course in Singapore and then moved to Bordeaux to study wine marketing and management at the business school INSEEC While studying at INSEEC, Prashanth interned for five months as the ambassador of Château Siran in the region of Margaux where she conducted guided tours and tastings for tourists “I was there pretty much the whole growing season and an eighteenth-century castle,” says Prashanth who arrived at the train station on a cold morning in May “I stayed in a small cottage and the windows of my bath opened out to the Margaux vineyards but soon got used to the silence and darkness.” she healed and found a way forward for herself — and that involved setting up a wine investment business with the help of her brother-in-law as she worked her way through the formalities of setting up her company she met Corinne Chevrier of Chateau Bel-Air La Royere at a wine expo is known for making excellent Merlot-Malbec blends “At the time I was working on a private label for a London-based investor, so I knew the ins and outs of creating a brand and designing a label She invited me to taste her wines and visit her vineyard. We just hit it off I asked her if I could learn the ropes of wine making at her vineyard and she said why not,” says Prashanth who would often visit Chevrier’s vineyards in Blaye she asked Chevrier if she could make her own wine at the vineyard and things took off from there Chevrier and Prashanth collaborated to create Solicantus seeking inspiration for the label design and saw this Salvador Dali painting at an exhibition there That kind of provided the foundation for the design,” says Prashanth The name derives from Latin for soil (soli) and melody (cantus) The Solicantus red has been favourably reviewed by several websites dedicated to wine Decanter magazine describes it as “easy to drink and a good example of a Blaye red in an excellent vintage across the Right Bank” textured with density from the mainly Merlot blend.” The wine is a 90/5/5 blend of Merlot Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec and has been aged for 18 months in French oak “The structure of the wine comes from the Cabernet Sauvignon and the elegance from the Merlot,” says Prashanth A woman from India setting up a wine business in France and then making her own wines — how tough was it Everybody thought “she’s a woman with a daughter back home I’d like to think of it as an unlikely achievement.” Ella Billet Yann Arthus-Bertrand BordeauxPour rendre hommage aux hommes et aux femmes qui travaillent le vin et témoigner de son amour pour les vignobles le photographe et reporter Yann Arthus-Bertrand dévoilera une série de portraits dans les Jardins de la Cité du Vin du 2 juin au 30 septembre 2022.  L'exposition "Vignerons" portée par Yann Arthus-Bertrand et par l’appellation Blaye Côtes de Bordeaux sera accessible dans les Jardins de la Cité du Vin de juin à septembre Pour découvrir l’intimité des Vignerons de Blaye Côtes de Bordeaux le photographe français a installé durant trois jours un studio photo géant au cœur du vignoble et plus de 70 portraits de vigneron(ne)s de l’appellation Blaye Côtes de Bordeaux ont été réalisés ils rêvaient de disposer d’une belle galerie de portraits Il a posé dans le vignoble la toile de fond devant laquelle il a photographié tant de célébrités vignerons et vigneronnes du cru sont venus en famille et vous saisiront par leur authenticité et leur générosité VigneronsDu 2 juin au 30 septembreJardins de la Cité du VinEsplanade de Pontac, 134 Quai de Bacalan, BordeauxPlus d’informations sur www.vin-blaye.com Un spectacle gratuit de 500 drones en lumières va éblouir le ciel bordelais cet été Ce musée emblématique fermé au public depuis des mois va rouvrir sur les quais de Bordeaux 3 jours d'animations culturelles et festives à Darwin pour célébrer la littérature à Bordeaux author of The Home Sommelier and wine expert with Classic Drinks Brigid's recommendations are; Cremant de Bordeaux Ballerin Cotes de Blaye ‘The Steps’ Merlot/ Cabernet Sauvignon €20  Developed by Square1 Anne Sophie Tel pourrait être le crédo de cet événement qui investit Bordeaux pour sa 13é édition ce sont quarante-huit vignerons qui s'invitent dans quarante établissements bordelais pour faire découvrir leurs vins pour notre plus grand plaisir Autour d'une première dégustation gratuite on échange à bâtons rompus avec celles et ceux qui ont façonné notre nectar préféré. Pour sûr Blaye au comptoirLes établissements partenaires iciJeudi 7 et vendredi 8 Février de 11h à 00h (selon les établissements)Plus d'infos ici Soirée Tartiflette à volonté Dj sets au comptoir de LuluComment mieux commencer le weekend qu'autour d'une délicieuse tartiflette dans une ambiance hivernale ? tartiflette à volonté et Dj set pour éliminer c'est le programme que propose le Comptoir de Lulu associé à l'association Les Apprentis Chefs Thanks God it's Weekend et où mieux qu'au Wooosh peut-on le débuter Avec un Happy Hour qui ferait partir ton boss en pleine réunion un étage restaurant et un dancefloor underground le petit dernier de la rue de nos sorties nocturnes - Piliers de Tutelle - a su imposer son style et insuffler un vent de fraîcheur sur nos nuits bien trop rôdées on démarrera donc le weekend comme il faut avec le groove les beats additicfs et nappes torturées ce Dj ancien membre du crew toulousain MADfest prend grand soin d’associer Le Wooosh Vendredi 8 Février de 22h30 à 2h00 8 Rue Pilier de Tutelle, BordeauxPlus d'infos ici  ce spécialiste du gâteau cheminée a l'idée merveilleuse de proposer un brunch du lundi au samedi et ce pour le plus grand bonheur des aficionados et des lève-tard un brunch unique à 20€ comprenant : deux boissons chaudes jus pressé ou smoothie de la belle maison Meneau pancakes accompagnés de sirop d'érable nutella ou bien du muesli bio ainsi qu'une pâtisserie maison au choix dont le fameux gâteau cheminée brouillés) accompagnés de bacon ou de saumon. On déguste ensuite les saveurs du moment comme la fondue de poireaux savora au lait de coco et toast ou bien les blettes béchamel à l'encre de seiche à la cardamone pour les audacieux L'atelier Toqué230 Rue d'Ornano, BordeauxBrunch le samedi de 8h à 14h 45e édition du Jumping International de Bordeaux Et c'est une odeur d'écurie qui envahira une nouvelle fois le Parc des Expositions du 7 au 10 février L'émotion sera au rendez-vous avec un programme bien sellé : on assistera à l'incontournable étape Coupe du monde de saut d’obstacles FEI Longines mais aussi à une autre Coupe du Monde avec la finale FEI Coupe du Monde d’attelage. Côté sensations fortes on s'illuminera devant le Devoucoux Indoor Derby on retrouvera le Salon du Cheval de Bordeaux avec plus de 200 exposants et le spectacle grandiose Nuit ibérique dans lequel on retrouvera des chevaux ibériques du Cadre noir de Saumur 45e édition du Jumping International de BordeauxParc des Expositions de BordeauxProgramme ici Billetterie iciPlus d’infos ici Vide dressing musical au café Mancuso Le sous-sol du premier café audiophile de France se transformera en vide-dressing géant ce samedi De Maje à Zara en passant par Ralph Lauren Cette activité se fera dans l'ambiance cosy et musicale de cet ésthétique café hybride dont on dévore chaque miette et déguste chaque goutte. On y court toutes Pour la 7e édition consécutive ce tremplin destiné à valoriser les talents des habitants de tous âges et de tous horizons musicaux s'adresse aux artistes compositeurs interprètes travaillant seuls ou en groupe et n'ayant pas encore signé de contrat avec une maison de disques Du rock à la chanson en passant par le slam tous les styles furent représentés durant ces huit soirées de sélection Il est aujourd'hui temps de nommer les vainqueurs lors de cette dernière soirée à l'inébranlable Rock School Barbey. Entrée libre et gratuite Tremplin musique des 2 rives - Finale à la Rock School Barbey18, cours Barbey, BordeauxSamedi 9 février de 20h30 à 00hEntrée librePlus d’infos ici Direction le soleil des Caraïbes dans le tout nouveau bar à cocktails et tapas de la rue Borie c'est un vent de fraîcheur et de gaîté qui souffle sur le calme et gastronomique quartier des chartrons cosy à souhait parfaitement chiné des cocktails étonnants soigneusement préparés par un duo pétillant la crème des tapas à dévorer ou savourer sur des canapés type ottomane brodée et une programmation endiablée : il n'en fallait pas plus pour que le nombre d'aficionados l'A2 bar se démultiplie on shakera du popotin sur de la sasla et du dancehall jusqu'à en faire fumer le parquet Soirée Caraïbes au bar A2-àd2ux35 rue Borie, 33300 BordeauxSamedi 9 février de 20h à 2hPlus d’info ici Nos Ptits Potes ont un an et pour l'occasion ils invitent Mistthom pour souffler leur bougie et enflammer le bateau des bassins à flot Au programme : l’exposition des dernières productions des scientifiques artistes de la bande les DJs Hazare et Vilmonde pour nous faire frétiller sur des sets groovy house pétillants et bien calibrés Un véritable melting pot(es) de talents. Ça dépote Aperoboat Les Ptits Potes Quai Armand Lalande, 33000 BordeauxSamedi 9 février de 19h à 23h45Entrée librePlus d’info ici Promenade-grand nettoyage sur la presqu'île d'Ambès  découvrir la presque'île d'Ambès En profiter pour réduire les déchets Suite aux grandes marées fin janvier beaucoup de déchets se sont échoués au bord des rivières C'est là que nos amis de Surfrider Gironde proposent de se retrouver pour une nouvelle édition des promenades-ramassages. Au programme : convivialité repas façon auberge espagnole, photos Grand nettoyage au bord de la Garonne AmbèsRDV à 10h30 Route du Burck à la hauteur de l'arrêt bus "Le Marquis"Samedi 9 février de 10h30 à 15h30Plus d’infos ici Pas encore rassasié de ton déhanché du samedi soir Ça tombe bien c'est le Club Dimanche au Krakatoa ! Une occasion d'aller groover comme il se doit avant de commencer une nouvelle semaine Le Krakatoa remet ses habits de lumière pour nous faire une fois de plus danser toute la journée Aux platines, le collectif À l'eau et Super Daronne s'occuperont du son vinyles à chiner et initiations au roller sauront t'occuper Alors chausse tes plus beaux patins et viens kiffer sur la piste une cinquantaine de paires seront disponibles du 37 au 45 en prix libre Au fait, l'entrée est gratuite tout ce qu'il faut pour passer un dimanche "comme sur des roulettes!" Roller Disco KrakatoaDimanche 10 Février de 13h à 18h3 avenue Victor Hugo - Mérignac Tél.05 56 99 60 38Entrée libreInscriptions iciPlus d'infos ici corrosif et loufoque montrant un trio de femmes (dont Emma Stone) qui crèvent l'écran, ou encore Dragons 3 Plus d'infos ici Ce parc de 30 hectares avec lac protégé est le plus beau de la métropole bordelaise Plus de 100 châteaux ouvrent leurs portes tout le week-end pour les JPO de Saint-Emilion Les 5 plages les plus proches de Bordeaux