Distinct androgen formulations have been used as gender-affirming hormone treatment, but little is known about the specific changes that may occur in the ovary depending on the testosterone preparation used. The study aims to evaluate the histological modifications of the ovarian tissue and the hormonal changes after gender-affirming surgery based on the testosterone preparation employed, such as testosterone cypionate or undecanoate. Sixty transmasculine persons before and after gender-affirming surgery. A histological examination of the ovaries was conducted, including the follicular population and the characterization of the ovarian stroma. Hormonal status (testosterone, estradiol, FSH, and LH) were also assessed before and after the procedure. In a cohort of transmasculine individuals using different androgen preparations, histological analysis of ovarian tissue revealed comparable findings. Both groups exhibited similar follicular populations and comparable modifications in stromal tissue. However, significant differences were observed in hormonal profiles, although no modification in testosterone dosage was needed. Volume 15 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1458846 Introduction: Distinct androgen formulations have been used as gender-affirming hormone treatment but little is known about the specific changes that may occur in the ovary depending on the testosterone preparation used The study aims to evaluate the histological modifications of the ovarian tissue and the hormonal changes after gender-affirming surgery based on the testosterone preparation employed such as testosterone cypionate or undecanoate Design: Unicenter transversal cohort study Materials and methods: Sixty transmasculine persons before and after gender-affirming surgery A histological examination of the ovaries was conducted including the follicular population and the characterization of the ovarian stroma and LH) were also assessed before and after the procedure Results: The median age of participants was similar between the two groups (27.9 vs There were no differences in all hormonal determinations before gender-affirming surgery between the groups especially in the testosterone undecanoate group compared to the cypionate group (72.3 vs consistent with LH determinations (43.0 vs no regimen modification was required for any individual No statistical differences were observed in any parameter concerning the follicular population nor were there any variances in the thickness of the tunica albuginea (p = 0.85) or the proportion of luteinized stromal cells there was a tendency toward increased luteinization in the testosterone cypionate group (88.2% vs Conclusions: In a cohort of transmasculine individuals using different androgen preparations histological analysis of ovarian tissue revealed comparable findings Both groups exhibited similar follicular populations and comparable modifications in stromal tissue significant differences were observed in hormonal profiles although no modification in testosterone dosage was needed Hormone treatment is essential for individuals experiencing gender incongruence, as it helps to develop secondary sexual characteristics according to their affirmed gender. Transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people assigned female at birth initiate gender-affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) with testosterone to achieve this goal and maintain sex hormone levels within the normal male range (1) the term transmasculine people is used to describe TGD people assigned female at birth but who identify otherwise There is limited understanding of the specific and differential changes that may occur depending on the testosterone preparation used the study aims to evaluate the histological modifications of the ovarian tissue after gender-affirming surgery (GAS) based on the testosterone preparation employed Secondary objectives involve characterizing the hormonal changes following surgery in transmasculine individuals considering the long-term hormonal treatment preceding GAS We hypothesize that histological changes will be comparable across both groups after two years of treatment with different testosterone preparations discrepancies may exist in hormonal parameters based on the type of testosterone administered This study was conducted as a Unicenter transversal cohort investigation approved by the review board of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (registration number HCB/2021/0250) A cohort of 60 transmasculine individuals undergoing testosterone therapy for over 24 months participated between January 2016 and January 2021 before gender-affirming surgery which included a total laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy No significant side effects were reported during hormone therapy in any of the individuals GAS was performed at the individual’s request to reduce the dysphoria they experienced Transmasculine persons were enrolled in the study when GAS was scheduled Histological examination of the ovaries was conducted post-surgery along with an assessment of hormonal status before and after the procedure None of the transmasculine individuals were using any contraceptives at baseline or during the study all had regular menstrual cycles according to their medical history and hormone determinations compatible with PCOS Tobacco consumption or the presence of other medical comorbidities such as hypothyroidism or chronic pelvic pain were assessed in both cohorts The transmasculine people received intramuscular testosterone therapy with testosterone undecanoate (Reandron® 1000 mg or testosterone cypionate (Testex prolongatum® 250 mg/2 ml Changes in secondary sexual characteristics were observed approximately after 2 months of treatment and amenorrhea was achieved after 3-6 months of GAHT The availability of funding for the drug within the public health system during the study recruitment period primarily determined the choice of testosterone formulation such as the World Professional Association for Transgender Health recommendations (WPATH) laboratory tests were performed every three months after a new testosterone regimen was initiated for a year these tests transition to biannual intervals once the maintenance dose is achieved Testosterone cypionate monitoring was performed between the dosing interval while monitoring treatment with testosterone undecanoate measurement was performed just before the next injection physical and biochemical studies included weight a blood sample was taken to determine serum hormone levels (at any time of the ovarian cycle not specifically in the early follicular phase) and a second blood sample was obtained between 3 - 4 months following the surgical procedure Biochemical parameters were assessed in serum using standard methodologies at the Core Laboratory of our center Results were reported based on cisgender male reference ranges Total testosterone levels were determined via chemiluminometric immunoassay (Testosterone II with a lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of 12 ng/dl and an interassay coefficient of variation of < 5% The normal range for total testosterone was 275.0 – 850.0 ng/dl and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were assessed using chemiluminometric immunoassays performed on the ATELLICA Immunochemistry analyzer (Siemens Healthineers The interassay coefficient of variation was < 5% for estradiol (with a LOQ of 18.8 pg/ml) < 10% for FSH (with a LOQ of 0.55 mIU/ml) and < 5% for LH (with a LOQ of 1.44 mIU/ml) Regarding the ovarian histopathological study specimens from the hysterectomy and oophorectomy were transported to the laboratory and subjected to macroscopic examination and ovarian volumes were calculated using the ellipsoid formula (length × width × height × 0.523) the ovaries were immediately processed by a gynecological pathologist A section encompassing the ovary’s largest diameter was excised and fixed in 10% formalin for histological analysis This procedure was performed for both ovaries of each individual The sections were then embedded in paraffin and 3-μm-thick sections were prepared These sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin using standard techniques and were examined by a specialized gynecological pathologist The ovarian follicular developmental stages were assessed following the criteria outlined by Gougeon and Chainy (8) Primordial follicles were identified as those measuring 30 – 60 μm in diameter and featuring a single layer of flat granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte Primary follicles were characterized by a layer of cuboidal cells and a diameter exceeding 60 μm Secondary follicles were described as having more than two layers of cuboidal cells with a diameter ranging from 0.12 to 0.2 mm early antral follicles were distinguished by a follicular antrum measuring 0.12 to 2mm in diameter Antral follicles wider than 2 mm in diameter and atretic follicles were also evaluated Follicles were individually counted within each category and were categorized into sections containing the nucleus to prevent duplication in counting Figure 1. Created in BioRender. Borras Capo, A. (2024) BioRender.com/d20i488 Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 (IBM Corp. including medians with ranges for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test Depending on the data type and distribution univariate analysis was conducted using the Student’s T-test or the Mann–Whitney U test to calculate differences between continuous variables Histological characteristics including stromal hyperplasia and thickness of the tunica albuginea were assessed for presence or absence and the ratio of cases exhibiting these characteristics was calculated The number and percentage of follicles at various stages of development were also determined Chi-square analysis was conducted to compare these parameters with the Fisher exact test utilized in case of any infrequent response A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to denote a statistically significant difference along with the analytical parameters before and after GAS Clinical and hormonal characteristics in transmasculine people (before and after gender-affirming surgery) No differences were found in hormonal determinations between the two groups before gender-affirming surgery Similar testosterone levels were observed before surgery: 728.3 ng/dl (IQR 480.4 - 956.6) in the testosterone undecanoate group versus 792.9 ng/dl (IQR 601.3 - 952.1) in the cypionate group (p = 0.45) testosterone levels decreased in both groups lower estradiol levels were observed in both groups after GAS with no differences globally [38.5 pg/ml in the testosterone undecanoate group (IQR 31.2-48.7) versus 40.3 pg/ml in the cypionate group (IQR 31.2-52.5)] Significant differences were observed when comparing estradiol levels before and after surgery in the testosterone cypionate group with a marked decrease in E2 levels following bilateral oophorectomy: 74.4 pg/ml (IQR 52.5-94.5) vs 40.3 pg/ml (IQR 31.2-52.5) No statistical differences were found in pre- and post-surgery estradiol levels in the testosterone undecanoate group but a notable decrease was also observed (p = 0.06) no regimen modification was required in either of the two treatment groups Mean change in laboratory values of FSH (A) and LH (B) levels (Box plot figures) no variances were identified in the thickness of the tunica albugínia (p = 0.85) or the proportion of luteinized stromal cells a clear tendency toward increased luteinization of stromal cells was noted in the testosterone cypionate group (88.2% versus 76.9% Histological ovarian evaluation according to the testosterone preparation in transmasculine people An ovarian hemisection showing follicles in different states of maturation (HE (A) Cluster of primordial follicles in an ovarian tissue sample from a transmasculine person treated with testosterone undecanoate (200x) (B) Histological slide of ovarian tissue from a transmasculine individual treated with testosterone cypionate showing primary and secondary fol·licles (200x) This study provides a comprehensive comparison of ovarian changes observed in tissue following gender affirmation surgery (GAS) depending on the testosterone formulation administered along with hormonal changes assessed before and after surgery It is the first study to evaluate these parameters globally and compare the follicular and stromal ovarian structure There are no randomized clinical trials that rank the different testosterone treatment types so the choice of hormonal regimen in our center depends on the availability of financing within the healthcare system During certain periods lasting several months resulting in distinct populations solely based on the type of testosterone administered The individuals included in the study were similar in terms of their average age and the lack of chronic conditions such as diabetes or immunological disorders no differences were found in the ovarian follicular population or stromal tissue based on the administered testosterone formulation despite variances in the pharmacokinetic profiles of both testosterone esters post-surgical hormonal assessments showed significant differences between both groups although no adjustment in the administered testosterone dose was required This group evaluated the presence of antral and ovulatory follicles in a cohort of transmasculine populations undergoing different kinds of testosterone therapy post-surgery They observed no differences in the presence or number of small antral follicles such as primordial follicles or stromal tissue and the duration of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) was not specified in the study the results of the present study confirm that the quantity and distribution of follicles remain constant regardless of the type of testosterone preparation used the type of testosterone administered was not specified and the modification in FSH and LH levels in the studied population was not evaluated following gender-affirming surgery (GAS) and with the maintenance of a stable testosterone dose an increase in gonadotropin levels (FSH and LH) is commonly observed This rise is likely attributable to the absence of ovarian hormone secretion ovarian estrogens may still contribute to maintaining gonadotropin levels within the normal/low range (reference values for cisgender women) the absence of these ovarian hormones may be sufficient to cause an elevation in gonadotropin levels despite stable testosterone levels compared to pre-surgical values maintaining the dose to keep adequate testosterone levels appears to be independent of the hormonal levels observed after surgery which vary widely depending on the testosterone preparation used have assessed the effects of different testosterone regimens on reproductive parameters the recovery of the menstrual cycle after discontinuation of GAHT or pregnancy rates (both spontaneous and via ART) in transmasculine persons or their partners These aspects require further and in-depth research the present study thoroughly assesses ovarian histology including both follicular and stromal components in a significant group of transmasculine individuals It takes into account the different testosterone preparations used in our environment and relates this follicular population to pre- and post-surgical hormonal levels it is crucial to acknowledge that further studies are imperative to corroborate and refine these findings it is important to highlight that in our country fertility preservation before GAHT is currently an option but there are still a significant number of transmasculine individuals undergoing hormone therapy who do not wish to discontinue it but may consider their fertility in the future this study provides valuable and necessary information In a cohort of transmasculine people using different androgen preparations who underwent gender-affirming surgery no differences were observed in the ovarian follicular population or the stromal tissue significant differences were observed in the hormonal status after surgery although testosterone levels were maintained in the reference range and no modification dosage was needed The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors The studies involving humans were approved by Review board of Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (registration number HCB/2021/0250) The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article FF: Writing – review & editing MiM: Writing – review & editing MaM: Writing – review & editing The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research DM for pushing me to improve and persist in research on transgender people and expanding existing knowledge The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/ gender-incongruent persons: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people A prospective comparison study of subcutaneous and intramuscular testosterone injections in transgender male adolescents Testosterone therapy with subcutaneous injections: A safe Gonadal suppressive and cross-sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults Quality of life of treatment-seeking transgender adults: A systematic review 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Metrics details An Author Correction to this article was published on 06 October 2020 This article has been updated Sauropodomorpha were herbivorous saurischian dinosaurs that incorporate Sauropoda and early-diverging sauropodomorphs The oldest sauropodomorph remains are known from Late Triassic deposits The Laurasian record comprises some Triassic forms Among the 14 Jurassic non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs from Laurasia described in the past Here we describe a new non-sauropodan sauropodomorph from the Early Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of China Nearly all of the non-sauropodan sauropodomorph genera currently known from China were first reported from the Lufeng Formation The Fengjiahe Formation is its Southern equivalent bringing a fauna similar to that of the Lufeng Formation to light The new genus is defined based on an incomplete but unique maxilla with a premaxillary ramus higher than long prior to the nasal process a large and deep neurovascular foramen within the perinarial fossa and a deep perinarial fossa defined by a sharp rim Phylogenetic analysis places Irisosaurus at the very base of Sauropodiformes as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean genus Mussaurus This specimen adds to a growing assemblage of Chinese Jurassic non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs that offers new insight into the Laurasian evolution of this clade one hotspot for non-sauropodan sauropodomorph diversity was Southern Asia and particularly the Province of Yunnan and its many Lower Jurassic strata is an optimal location to study sauropodomorph Jurassic paleobiodiversity and the underlying evolutionary processes Field photograph taken near Irisosaurus yimenensis gen showing the village of Zhanmatian on the left and the Early Jurassic reddish argillaceous siltstones surrounding it (a) Outline; (b) Tooth; (c) Left maxilla; (d) Middle cervical; (e) Posterior cervical; (f) Anterior dorsal; (g) Middle dorsal neural spine; (h) Right scapula; (i) Right humerus; (j) Right ulna; (k) Right manus Scale bars = 1 m (a);1 cm (b); 5 cm (c–g); 10 cm (h–k) The generic nomen refers to the famous iridescent clouds of Yunnan Province (彩云之南) The specific epithet refers to Yimen County strongly asymmetrical proximal half of metacarpal V* Irisosaurus yimenensis left maxilla (a–d) and isolated tooth (e–h) (a) Lateral view; (b) Medial view; (c) Dorsal view; (d) Ventral view; (e) Labial view; (f) Mesial or distal view; (g) Lingual view; (h) Mesial or distal view the perinarial fossa incorporates a large and deep neurovascular foramen opening anteriorly This feature is not present in any other early-diverging sauropodomorph for which appropriate material is known We therefore consider it an autapomorphy of Irisosaurus eight alveoli are preserved on the anterior of the maxilla Five alveoli show replacement teeth preserved in situ The dentary is only represented by a small fragment from the right side The dorsal margin of the preserved part diverges from the ventral margin so that the posterior dorsoventral depth of the fragment is approximately twice its anterior dorsoventral depth The fragment is identified as the posteriormost part of the dentary close to the articulation with the surangular and angular several longitudinal small blunt bulges are visible at the base of the crown the best-preserved tooth bears two central and apicobasally oriented ridges A very slight constriction is visible at the base of the crown the root has an oval cross-section with a large pulp cavity Irisosaurus yimenensis cervical vertebrae in (a–d) Anterior cervical (C3-C5?); (e–h) Middle cervical (C5-C7?); (i–l) Middle cervical (C6-C8?) centrum; (m–p) Posterior cervical (C9?); (q–t) Posterior cervical (C10?) centrum The parapophyses are low and located in the anteroventral corner of the centrum on middle cervical vertebrae parapophyses are large tubercles overlapping the anterior margin of the centrum subtriangular processes on the anterior cervical vertebra like in most non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs On the middle cervical vertebra they rise at the level of the neurocentral suture the diapophysis is more developed and located more posterodorsally and on either side of it two blunt laminae can be identified: the anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (acdl) and the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (pcdl) The neural arch below the neural spine is low on anterior and middle cervical vertebrae and high on posterior cervical vertebrae The neural spine base goes from transversely compressed on the middle cervical vertebra to shorter and transversely thick on the posterior cervical vertebra Irisosaurus yimenensis dorsal vertebrae in (a–d) Anterior dorsal (D2-D6?); (e–h) Middle dorsal (D5-D9?) neural spine; (i–l) Middle dorsal (D5-D9?) centrum Parapophyses of the anterior dorsal vertebra are oval-shaped and low They are located in the dorsomedian area of the centrum where they overlap the neurocentral suture the diapophyses base is bordered posteroventrally by a posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (pcdl) and by an anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (acdl) anteroventrally The isolated dorsal neural spine preserves both postzygapophyses one being still articulated with the corresponding prezygapophysis circular and oriented strictly dorsally and ventrally for the prezygapophysis and postzygapophyses small spinopostzygapophyseal laminae (spol) are visible on the posterior aspect The dorsal surface of postzygapophyses bears no epipophysis The neural arch to vertebra height ratio of the anterior dorsal vertebra is low in comparison with the posterior cervical vertebra The dorsal neural spine are much longer than wide Irisosaurus yimenensis right scapula and coracoid in ridge surrounding the attachment area of the muscle serratus superficialis; sb The lateral and medial surfaces of the blade are smooth but the medial surface bears a blunt posteroventral ridge The transversely thinnest part of the coracoid is on its anterior part The lateral surface of the coracoid is slightly convex and bears a laterally projecting The posterior margin of the bone bears a posterodorsally oriented glenoid cavity the angle between the coracoid component of the glenoid and the scapular component is approximately 100° Proximal and distal views on the last line (a–d,m,p) Humerus; (e–h,n,q) Ulna; (i–l,o,r) Radius The arrow indicates the anterior surface of bones for (m–r) The transverse distal extension of the humerus equals 85% of the proximal extension The anterior surface of the distal humerus bears the cuboid fossa and the posterior surface bears a shallow olecranon fossa as is often the case in non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs while the ulnar (lateral) condyle is more oval-shaped the posterodistal corner of the ulna is projecting posterodorsally and is located more dorsally than the anterodistal corner The distal articular surface is subrectangular with a distal convexity The radius represents 60% of the humerus length with both ends more extended than the diaphysis The distal end of the radius is more extended than the proximal end The posterodistal corner of the radius projects further than the anterodistal corner The distal articular surface is flat and subtriangular in distal view The torsion between the proximal and distal ends is slightly marked The distal condyles are large and dorsoventrally deep and the distal lateral condyle projects more anteriorly than the medial condyle Metacarpal II is more elongated than metacarpal I with strongly concave lateral and medial margins The distal condyles are not as prominent as on metacarpal I and are dorsoventrally lower than the proximal end of the bone Metacarpal III is short and appears more gracile than metacarpal II The proximal end of metacarpal III is more extended transversely than the distal end Metacarpal IV is shorter than metacarpal III Medial and lateral margins of the bone are concave and the proximal end is markedly transversely wider than the distal end the proximal articular surface shows a 100° angle between the articulation with the carpus and the facet for metacarpal IV It is the first Chinese taxon to present such a feature The phalangeal formula of the right manus is 2–3–(4)–?–? Digit I is abnormally enlarged compared to the others to fit the asymmetrical shape of metacarpal I the condyles are rather large and bear marked collateral fossae The ginglymus is more extended ventrally than dorsally The sharp and hooked ungual of digit I is the largest element of the manus Non-ungual phalanges of digit II are almost as long as wide Collateral fossae and intercondylar processes are observed on all non-ungual phalanges Irisosaurus yimenensis incomplete ischia (a) Left ischium in lateral view; (b) Articulated ischia in dorsal view; (c) Articulated ischia in distal view Only one partial left ungual phalanx is preserved with the nutrient groove visible on the lateral surface The dorsal process and flexor tubercle are prominent The proximal articular surface is strongly concave dorsoventrally and is subdivided into two depressions by a median crest cervical vertebrae longer than most dorsal vertebrae a deltopectoral crest extending half of the total length of the humerus and a unique carpal-metacarpal complex Strict reduced consensus at the genus level of the most parsimonious trees recovered following the phylogenetic analysis The original dataset is based on the matrix and scorings of Zhang et al 2019 (except for Irisosaurus) and includes 62 taxa for 364 characters It is based on 2 MPTs of 1,300 steps each (CI = 0.33 Dashed lines mean that the exact age of the genus is uncertain The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Irisosaurus belongs to non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs A combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic features places this new genus among Sauropodiformes between early-branching (“core prosauropods”) and late-branching (“sauropod-like”) members of non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs we considered unambiguous changes along branches Sauropodiformes are diagnosed by two unambiguous synapomorphies: minimum transverse shaft width of metacarpal I less than twice the minimum transverse shaft width of metacarpal II (character 229 state 0) and position of the lateral margin of the descending posteroventral process of the distal end of the tibia set well back from the anterolateral corner of the distal tibia (character 315 The clade including Mussaurus and Irisosaurus is diagnosed by only one unambiguous synapomorphy: humeral head slightly-developed and rounded in anteroposterior view (character 209 Irisosaurus yimenensis life reconstruction The denticle loss in Yunnanosaurus and Irisosaurus can be interpreted as an evolutionary trend to adapt to a specific kind of vegetation and therefore occupy a different ecological niche than the bulk of sauropodomorph populations it was originally described as a Plateosauridae and thus is relatively distantly related to Irisosaurus given that these two taxa are both from the Fengjiahe Formation of the same geographical area Because we were not granted permission to examine the Yimenosaurus specimens to collect first-hand data we had to use the information from the original publication for comparisons our comparisons demonstrate that the two taxa are clearly different from each other probably representing two relatively distantly placed lineages on sauropodomorphan trees The most obvious difference between Irisosaurus and Yimenosaurus is the larger body size of Yimenosaurus (length is estimated around 9 m The maxilla of Yimenosaurus has a relatively long premaxillary ramus while it is relatively short in Irisosaurus The premaxillary ramus does not bear any structure in Yimenosaurus while it bears a ridge associated to a deep perinarial fossa including a large foramen in Irisosaurus The premaxillary articulation surface is dorsally developed and square-shaped in Yimenosaurus while its preserved part in Irisosaurus is less developed dorsally (making it unlikely to have a square process) The maxilla nasal process is particularly gracile with a thin base in Yimenosaurus the maxilla lateral surface of Yimenosaurus shows a series of irregularly sized nutrient foramina The maxillary dentition has denticles in Yimenosaurus Yimenosaurus axis has an important length over height ratio and proportions of the axis centrum are always retained along most of the cervical series anterior to middle cervical vertebrae of Yimenosaurus share a high length over height ratio while corresponding vertebrae in Irisosaurus have a much lower ratio due to the short and tall morphology of centra Despite an already high diversity of early-branching sauropodomorphs in the Early Jurassic of China this study reveals yet another new species adding to the known dinosaurian diversity and highlighting an unprecedented evolutionary mechanism that would have led some Chinese forms to a specialized herbivorous diet We added Irisosaurus to operational taxonomic units and did not change the number of characters or their scorings The current matrix has 62 taxa and 364 characters that is 22% of the total number of characters The traditional search method was employed with 1,000 Wagner trees replicates of additional sequences and a tree bisection reconnection (TBR) swapping algorithm with 10 trees per replication The analysis resulted in 2 most parsimonious trees a consistency index of 0.33 and a retention index of 0.69 An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper et al.) 232–258 (University of California Press A complete osteology of Lufengosaurus huenei Young (gen a new Prosauropoda from the Red Beds at Lufeng a new genus of Prosauropoda from Yimen County Yuxiwenbo (Yuxi Culture and Scholarship) 1 A New Complete Osteology of Prosauropoda in Lufeng Basin China (Yunnan Publishing House of Science and Technology Lü, J., Kobayashi, Y., Li, T. & Zhong, S. 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Rep. 8, 5045. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23451-x (2018) Dinosaurian Faunas of China (China Ocean Press Jurassic Red Bed in the Central Yunnan of China (Geological Publishing House Stratigraphy (Lithostratic) of Yunnan Province (China University of Geosciences Press Kutty, T. S., Chatterjee, S., Galton, P. M. & Upchurch, P. Basal sauropodomorphs (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Lower Jurassic of India: their anatomy and relationships. J. Paleontol. 81, 1218–1240. https://doi.org/10.1666/04-074.1 (2007) Zhang, Q. N., Wang, T., Yang, Z. W. & You, H. L. Redescription of the Cranium of Jingshanosaurus xinwaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation of Yunnan Province, China. Anat. Rec. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24113 (2019) A new juvenile specimen of Yunnanosaurus robustus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from Early to Middle Jurassic of Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture Hendrickx, C., Mateus, O. & Araújo, R. A proposed terminology of theropod teeth (Dinosauria, Saurischia). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 35, e982797. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.982797 (2015) Pol, D., Garrido, A. & Cerda, I. A. A new sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia and the origin and evolution of the sauropod-type sacrum. PLoS ONE 6, e14572. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014572 (2011) McPhee, B. W., Bonnan, M. F., Yates, A. M., Neveling, J. & Choiniere, J. N. A new basal sauropod from the pre-Toarcian Jurassic of South Africa: evidence of niche-partitioning at the sauropodomorph–sauropod boundary?. Sci. Rep. 5, 13224. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13224 (2015) The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs Chure, D., Britt, B. B., Whitlock, J. A. & Wilson, J. A. First complete sauropod dinosaur skull from the Cretaceous of the Americas and the evolution of sauropod dentition. Sci. Nat. 97, 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-010-0650-6 (2010) nov.) and additional finds of Lufengosaurus huenei Young Prosauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Zhanghe Formation of Yuanmou Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum Bothriospondylus madagascariensis: new data on carpus morphology in Sauropoda Basal Sauropodomorpha: historical and recent phylogenetic hypothesis Étude morpho-fonctionnelle de la main des dinosaures sauropodomorphes : implications évolutives et apport de l’analyse en éléments finis Sertich, J. J. W. & Loewen, M. A. A new Basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Navajo sandstone of Southern Utah. PLoS ONE 5, e9789. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009789 (2010) Otero, A., Allen, V., Pol, D. & Hutchinson, J. R. Forelimb muscle and joint actions in Archosauria: insights from Crocodylus johnstoni (Pseudosuchia) and Mussaurus patagonicus (Sauropodomorpha). PeerJ. 5, e3976. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3976 (2017) Yates, A. M., Bonnan, M. F., Neveling, J., Chinsamy, A. & Blackbeard, M. G. A new transitional sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and the evolution of sauropod feeding and quadrupedalism. Proc. R. Soc. B. 277, 787–794. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.1440 (2010) Pol, D. & Powell, J. E. Skull anatomy of Mussaurus patagonicus (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Patagonia. Historical Biol. 19, 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960601140085 (2007) Otero, A. & Pol, D. Postcranial anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Mussaurus patagonicus (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha). J. Vert. Paleontol. 33, 1138–1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.769444 (2013) Wilson, J. A. Anatomical nomenclature of fossil vertebrates: standardized terms or ‘lingua franca’?. J. Vert. Paleontol. 26, 511–518. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[511:ANOFVS]2.0.CO;2 (2006) Wilson, J. A. 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Cladistics 32, 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12160 (2016) Download references The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive criticism and discussions for providing advices to the artist; and Q.L for drawings Support for this research is from the Double First-Class joint program of Science & Technology Department of Yunnan and Yunnan University (2018FY001-005) and the National Science Foundation of China (41728003) is also supported by a postdoctoral international exchange program of the postdoctoral scientific foundation of China Centre for Vertebrate Evolutionary Biology Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment recovered and conducted the first examination of the specimen helped for the preparation and drawings of the specimen tables and figures and performed the phylogenetic analysis Fossil interpretation and analyses were performed by C.P.D.F All authors provided final approval before submission The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67754-4 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science SaveLog in or Subscribe to save articleShareCopy link His showcase is on in Melbourne until May 2 at Criteria in South Yarra Yovanovitch restored the Château de Fabrègues over three years The Château de Fabrègues is now a showcase for Yovanovitch’s furniture Andréa à la morgue by Yan Pei-Ming sits above the stairs Share via...License articleIntroducing your NewsfeedFollow the topics, people and companies that matter to you. Paleontologists in China have found the fossilized fragments from a new genus and species of non-sauropodan sauropodomorph dinosaur that walked our planet approximately 195 million years ago (Early Jurassic epoch) Life reconstruction of Irisosaurus yimenensis Irisosaurus yimenensis is a small, early member of Sauropodomorpha a group of long-necked herbivorous dinosaurs that incorporates sauropods — such as Diplodocus Brontosaurus and Titanosaurus — and their ancestors The dinosaur’s partial skeleton was found in the Fengjiahe Formation near Zhanmatian village in China’s Yunnan province in 2018 The specimen was analyzed by Yunnan University paleontologist Claire Peyre de Fabrègues and her colleagues “Sauropodomorph dinosaurs appeared during the Late Triassic epoch,” the researchers said “The most ancient forms have been recovered in a supercontinent called Gondwana although several Triassic genera were also found in the supercontinent Laurasia.” the group was most likely present on all the continents even though specimens are still to be retrieved from Oceania.” one hotspot for non-sauropodan sauropodomorph diversity was southern Asia.” and particularly the Yunnan province and its many Lower Jurassic layers is an optimal location to study sauropodomorph Jurassic paleobiodiversity and the underlying evolutionary processes.” Outline of Irisosaurus yimenensis displaying the preserved material; the most informative elements are figured: (a) outline Irisosaurus yimenensis was about 5 m (16.4 feet) in length Irisosaurus yimenensis has a body plan close to that of the so-called ‘core prosauropods’ in having a deltopectoral crest extending half of the total length of the humerus and a unique carpal-metacarpal complex,” Dr The team’s phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Irisosaurus yimenensis belongs to non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs The study also indicated that the new dinosaur is as a sister species to Mussaurus a genus of herbivorous sauropodomorph dinosaurs that lived in what is now Argentina some 215 million years ago (Late Triassic epoch) “Despite an already high diversity of early-branching sauropodomorphs in the Early Jurassic of China adding to the known dinosaurian diversity and highlighting an unprecedented evolutionary mechanism that would have led some Chinese forms to a specialized herbivorous diet,” the authors said Their paper was published online in the journal Scientific Reports A new species of early-diverging Sauropodiformes from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of Yunnan Province Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker interior designer Pierre Yovanovitch’s latest mission is a furniture line of his own Take a look at the best dressed celebrities from the 2025 Met Gala The rapper has quickly become a fashion favorite—and at the 2025 Met Gala she cemented her status as the night’s breakout style star The Formula 1 driver took his talents from the race track to the red carpet to co-chair tonight's event The 34-year-old multihyphenate artist collaborated with longtime friend Ruth E Carter on the custom ensemble that quickly earned her a spot on the night's best dressed list Rihanna revealed her latest pregnancy at the 2025 Met Gala The one of four Met Gala co-chairs arrived with a trick up his sleeve Anna Wintour famously has the final word on who gets to join fashion's biggest night saying the defender lied about the supposed free-kick routine We practice it a lot and it came off perfectly." handing Pique the opportunity to turn home Luuk de Jong's consolation goal couldn't deny Barcelona their fourth win in five Champions League contests this term Blaugrana manager Ernesto Valverde was the first to dismiss Pique's comments after the contest .css-1xiyrl{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;aspect-ratio:unset;}The 31-year-old isn't known for his goalscoring exploits as he hasn't netted more than five goals in a season since 2015 Messi, on the other hand, became the Champions League's top scorer for a single team on Wednesday, passing longtime rival Cristiano Ronaldo and his 105 goals for Real Madrid: The Argentinian wasn't aware he was about to break the record before the match: "I found out recently but I am happy to learn about the statistic and happy to win another game." The 31-year-old and his team-mates locked up the top position in Group B with the win and will face Tottenham Hotspur at home in their final group-stage outing While there will be little at stake for the Blaugrana―apart from their unbeaten record in the competition―Spurs will have to equal Inter Milan's performance against PSV to advance Messi and Pique may well sit out that contest as it comes just days after what could be a physical Catalan derby against Espanyol 2022Save this storySaveSave this storySaveAll products featured on Architectural Digest are independently selected by our editors we may receive compensation from retailers and/or from purchases of products through these links the small commune in the South of France that is home to Pierre Yovanovitch’s 17th-century castle (AD lies another abode steeped in French design history: Château de la Colle Noire “Its architecture has always inspired me,” Yovanovitch says of the storied property which is tucked away in the Grasse countryside where the fashion legend mixed his perfumes very simple architecture but strong and austere.” So when Dior Maison tapped the AD100 titan to dream up new home accessories debuting on the heels of his recent adaptation of the brand’s Medallion chair Yovanovitch found ample fodder in these common grounds Musing on Old World necessities that might have existed at La Colle Noire he set out to usher household staples into a modern context The resulting Midi collection includes an elegantly flared table lamp which echoes the curves of Yovanovitch’s hit furniture (Embedded in its lid is a dial to measure humidity.) And a Picassoesque mirror nods to the Fabrègues songbirds that lifted Yovanovitch’s spirit during the pandemic’s early lockdown days These pieces and more just debuted at the Nomad St where Yovanovitch also unveiled new furnishings under his own label Cigar box from Yovanovitch's Dior Maison collection Aux Oiseaux Mirror by Pierre Yovanovitch for Dior Maison Glass-and-Oak Balloon Lamp by Pierre Yovanovitch for Dior Maison “Swedes were encouraged to live a healthy, athletic lifestyle, and, as a result, Sportstugemöbler, or sports furniture—pieces designed specifically for small vacation houses, cottages, or cabins—was born,” explains Kim Hostler, of the New York gallery Hostler Burrows She’s referring to the 1929 collection of rustic pine chairs and more that soon shipped out to fill residences on the Stockholm Archipelago named after one of its most popular islands Axel Einar Hjorth’s Utö Dining chairs in AD100 designer Giancarlo Valle’s Connecticut home who lives with a set at his chateau in Provence “They blend strength and simplicity so well,” the AD100 maestro says “I often use it to strike a balance between opulence and sobriety.” This story appears in AD’s April issue. Never miss a story when you subscribe to AD. saying the two are still learning how to play together He also talked about life in Barcelona: "I am really happy, as are my family. We are enjoying ourselves a lot here."  .css-1xiyrl{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;aspect-ratio:unset;}It was his first goal in La Liga since December 21 when he netted in the win over Deportivo Alaves Griezmann's first season with the Blaugrana has seen its ups and downs but his knack for breaking the deadlock has proved valuable: Griezmann has opened the scoring nine times for Barca this season He has eight goals and four assists in 23 La Liga outings and has added one goal in the UEFA Champions League who has been forced into playing heavy minutes alongside Messi Rising starlet Ansu Fati has also become a regular starter since the Uruguayan's mid-January setback The relationship between Messi and Griezmann has been a topic of conversation in Catalonia. Per Forbes' Tom Sanderson a former coach of the 28-year-old told Esports Cope Griezmann looks "sad" at the Camp Nou France Football said the French international feels isolated at the club His representatives have also denied the claims: Alain Fabregues pours a glass of red wine to have with cheese and bread The French-born master chef has completed his day’s work at his Subiaco restaurant and will be heading to his Toodyay property where duty calls It’s a weekly routine greatly appreciated by Alain’s two big dogs who get to romp in the open spaces and among the lines of trees that Alain has planted in a painstaking process to break new ground in agriculture is proving that the region is truffle territory Alain struck “black gold” with truffles dug from his property the chef who brought a French revolution in fine dining to Australia Battles erupted after Alain chose a new course into Australia’s best French restaurant and selling-out Alain shifted shop to the swank streets of Subiaco But when suddenly lumbered with soaring rents the 69-year-old clashed swords with his landlord over the 66 per cent rent hike The outraged master chef vented his anger across the front windows of his Hay Street restaurant “My landlord Lepley Property is increasing our rent by $70,000 to $279,000 p.a artist and truffle pioneer wouldn’t swallow Alain appealed to the authorities and after a Napoleonic dramatic struggle and sky-high legal bills he pulled-off a victory and the rent came down Alain was required to continue his lease past his retirement date “It means I have four years hard labour in front of me,” Alain says this week despite distractions like a hernia operation and a knee replacement shed his “retirement weight” from 91 kilos to 75 kilos and focused on creating the finest French flavours for his life’s final culinary chapter He will also continue to cook at home for his partner it’s done in five minutes and there’s not going to be a mess,” smiles Alain Twice-knighted for service to French culture through cuisine (from Presidents Mitterand and Chirac) Alain also carries the prestigious MOF (Un des Meilleurs de France) as an outstanding practitioner in his field With a great-great grandmother who cooked for Napoleon’s army and a thoroughly-French foody family Alain took on his chef’s apprenticeship in Bordeaux he took a ship to Australia where his eyes opened to “happy people with big smiles The budding chef sweated on offshore northwest rigs and an oil rig in the Timor Sea in a Darwin hotel and in Perth at the Parmelia Hotel and Mediterranean restaurant there were beautiful girls and drive-ins which we didn’t have at home,” he said Alain had no English but began with tutoring by his girlfriend relating words from children’s books where he knew the stories from home in France a driving force behind WA’s truffle festivals met and married Lizzie and together in 1979 they took on the Loose Box the French fine-dining eatery hit its mark attracting patrons from across Australia and twice-gonged for Best Restaurant in Australia Alain was ‘Chef of the Year’ four times until he was barred from further entry he first draws it and then goes to work creating it His work illustrates a number of cookbooks including his Degustation The glorious hardback of a whopping 384-pages There’s a heading: Sorrel soup with egg wash And recipes like: Salmon and red emperor with a warm salsa of mushroom garlic and thyme served with saffron emulsion “I will have cooked for nearly 60 years so I’ll be ready to paint do some charcoals and sculpt,” says the kitchen master watch over the revolution of West Australian truffles where Alain has been the French connection Make sure you're subscribed to our newsletter today A New App Fights Food Waste With Discounted Goods From Local Bakeries and Restaurants Deadbeat Brings Grunge and a Top Sydney Bartender to Perth’s CBD First Look: Light Years Lands in Perth With Its Most Ambitious Menu Yet Local Knowledge: Teassential Competes for the Caffeine Crown in the Coffee-Obsessed CBD In the August 2020 issue of Decanter, Andy Howard MW delves deep into the appellation and wines of IGP Pays d’Oc stating “Pays d’Oc is actually a treasure-trove of fascinating wines and dynamic producers… Freedom of expression is the mantra adopted by both producers and regulatory bodies with 58 different grape varieties approved for use within today’s IGP.” To add to Howard’s wine recommendations in Decanter magazine below we highlight a selection of DWWA 2019 award-winning white red and rosé wines that provide both great quality and value from IGP Pays d’Oc all receiving 90+ points from our expert judges at the Decanter World Wine Awards Domaine de Castelnau’s 2016 L’Etendoir des Fées received 97 points and a Platinum medal – one of the award’s highest accolades Emmanuel Mollois conducting a cooking class How many West Australians have Emmanuel Mollois to thank – or blame – for introducing them to the pleasures of French pastry beyond the ubiquitous croissant Since arriving in Perth in the ‘90s from the Loire Valley via Melbourne the French-born pâtissière was the driving force behind many of Perth’s more notable French establishments including Paris Brest in Kalamunda and Choux Café in Swanbourne he joined forces with former boss Alain Fabregues – Mollois was head pastry chef at Fabregues’ famous Mundaring restaurant The Loose Box for two years – to open Bistro des Artistes in Subiaco In addition to writing cookbooks and appearing on television Mollois also established Cherry Bombe Catering and was a (smiling well-dressed) presence at the Subiaco Farmers Markets It was here that he helped a pre-MasterChef Jessica Arnott prepare for her time for the show The Broadsheet contributor recalls her time learning from one of Perth’s most accomplished pâtissières There’s this weird time on MasterChef they don’t show you on TV Between when you’re kinda-sorta thinking that you might be going on the show and when you actually get the green light pack-your-things-you’re-going-to-Melbourne announcement you’re encouraged to go and learn all the things that you’re terrible at My fiance’s favourite meal of mine is “Cupboard Pasta” otherwise known as scraps of salami and almost-dead herbs with whatever-the-hell I can find in the pantry Baking is the nerdy cousin of the cooking world that doesn’t do improvisation then at some stage I needed to get through some Adriano Zumbo or Peter Gilmore or – in my case Although I was working down the road at Simon Johnson custardy pastry for me and told me the place was good Ever since I have been working my way through their cake window When I first met Emmanuel he was very distinctive His signature round red glasses might have suggested an eccentric streak He knew more than I did about what I would need to know A very intimidating list was written that made me far more nervous about MasterChef than I had been There was barely enough room for him and his business partner Tracy to fill their orders in there but they let me in and taught me what they knew He told me that the way they taught choux pastry on MasterChef was “complete crap” and proceeded to teach me the “right way” but I can still make a mean profiterole thanks to him I made giant batches of crème pâtissière to fill pastries I learned the French (aka “better”) way of making marshmallows I learned what a “Paris-Brest” was and made them without laughing at the name He taught me that instead of cracking the egg on the edge of a bowl – which will easily break yolks and leave shell behind – you break them by gently smacking the flat side of two eggs together When you have to separate six dozen eggs to bake commercial quantities of choux pastry and custard Emmanuel taught me techniques that I still think about when I knock up desserts at home today Never leave sugar on top of egg yolks without whisking them together because you start to cook the yolk and get a weird texture He really wanted to share his love of pastry He leant me his old copies of Hervé This books to study on the condition I returned them because they were meant for his 10-year-old son who was a budding cook I actually thought he was really ambitious He wanted to be known for his craft and he was making head-way But I still cannot fathom how generous he was with his time and knowledge Emmanuel Mollois passed away on January 6 after a battle with cancer He is survived by his wife Gordana and their three children Inspired by the owners’ personal travels across Europe this sprawling Gidgegannup property has been curated using an eclectic mix of treasured memories Owners Robynne McTaggart and Garry Marzolo purchased the property 12 years ago and embarked on a mission to create a special residence that melds a French Provincial theme and the laidback Australian vibe You would feel like you’re in the South of France at this beautiful property “It was a cheap property when we bought it There was nothing on it except a dam and a small section of the existing house,” said Ms McTaggart “A lot of the vision has come from overseas because we have a house in France The front gates are an exact replica of a chateau that’s near our house in the Pyrenees “Travelling around the world I would see something and apply it to our home “The pool house is inspired from our travels in Turkey There’s Turkish tiles in the spa and there’s the marble surrounds on the floor And all the pool tiles are imported from Bali.” Designed as two wings with central kitchen the main residence has a grand entrance boasting antique cast iron and oak filigree doors imported from France The western wing houses the master bedroom which features a French crystal chandelier and a jaw-dropping dressing room with a shoe closet that would make Imelda Marcos jealous spa and pool house equipped with a full kitchen as well as a tennis court and a 1000 vine vineyard The grand stable yards have been modelled on a complex in Germany complete with a 100sqm boardroom and a large fireplace made from hand-cut stone and recycled brick The equine facilities include a grand three-level stable facility The second floor is a two bedroom residence with a balcony overlooking the dressage and jumping arena at one end and eight indoor stables there are 900 English and French Oak trees a selection of willows and 100 Poplar trees which have been inoculated with Black Périgord truffle and the prized Istrian white truffle Ms McTaggart said the truffles were provided by her friend retired WA chef Alain Fabregues who has truffles on his Toodyay property “We also have a vineyard and we produce our own vintages but we don’t sell it We have shiraz and produce about 3000 bottles a year.” The Gidgegannup property is for sale for $5.885 million third parties have written and supplied the content and we are not responsible for it completeness or reliability of the information nor do we accept any liability or responsibility arising 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By accessing or using our platform, you agree to our Terms of Use. Matthieu V © Fise MontpellierOKToi aussi tu retiens ton souffle  dans quelques jours Le FISE (Festival International de Sports Extrêmes) va démarrer BMX Freestyle sous le parvis de Monsieur Saurel Wakeboard dans les eaux cristallines du Lez ou retour en force du très 90 ‘s Rollerblade les Montpelliérains vont en prendre plein les yeux  on vous dévoile les spots où vous pourrez jouer vos Tony Hawks ou Ryan Williams le skatepark de Grammont est depuis une référence nationale pour les riders grâce à ses dimensions gigantesques : 6 500 m2 de surface totale  Et des modules ouverts à toutes les disciplines : BMX et même trottinette (pour les plus jeunes) Un spot idéal qui a vu passer plusieurs générations de riders montpelliérains le terrain de jeu de Grammont passera de 6 500 m2 à 14 000 m2 dans l’optique de devenir le centre d’entraînement du BMX Freestyle français Domaine de Grammont 34000 Montpellier    La ville n’est pas ton domaine d’expression  Tu préfères envoyer du lourd dans les descentes caillouteuses de notre bonne vieille garrigue  Le Massif de la Gardiole offre des pistes propres composées d’un sol en terre compacte parsemé de pierres calcaires et de petites portions d’asphalte L’occasion de profiter de points de vue superbes sur les étangs de Vic et de Thau le parcours est assez technique et il n’est pas conseillé de s’y pointer avec son vélo pliable… Départ 34690 Fabrègues D114 THE spot montpelliérain pour se la jouer à l’américaine  et il offre aux riders une mini-rampe de 10 mètres de large ainsi qu’une aire de street Pour ceux qui veulent juste regarder sans se faire mail une aire de chill est à disposition pour profiter du coin snack 11 Rue de Mas de Portaly 34000 Montpellier Horaires et tarifs : https://www.facebook.com/pg/MontpellierIndoorPark/about/?ref=page_internal Tu as envie d’essayer l’escalade mais la hauteur te fait peur  Il existe un moyen d’allier vertige et escalade Une discipline bien ludique mais super physique aussi les murs ne dépassent pas les 3-4 mètres de hauteur et il n’est pas nécessaire de savoir assurer ton pote Et vous comprendrez vite qu’il faut énormément travailler pour arriver à franchir les blocs noirs Pour se remettre de ses émotions autour d’un burger et d’une bière le lieu dispose d’un restaurant.Block'out400 avenue Marcel Dassault34970 Castelnau-le-lez Un magnifique Château des sorciers façon Poudlard du XVIe siècle existe en France La Chouette d’Or 2 : une nouvelle chasse au trésor débute à l’échelle mondiale  Une grande chasse aux œufs débarque le lundi de Pâques au coeur de Montpellier chef Paul Bentley has built up a mighty CV the restaurant he’s called home since Covid-19 border closures grounded him in 2020 As of this week, Bentley will be adding Oxford Street to his beat following the launch of Casa, the new neighbourhood bar and organic wine bottle shop he’s opening with Alex Cuccovia, Cale Mason and Sydney-based chef Enrico Tome In addition to feeding and watering the good people of Mount Hawthorn Bentley is excited to show guests what he’s been up to since he completed his apprenticeship at Alain Fabregues’s legendary The Loose Box in Mundaring “The menu is basically a distillation of all the cooking and life experiences I’ve had,” says Bentley “It’s just stuff that we’d want to eat with these sorts of wines.” As mentioned previously, Sydney-based chef Enrico Tome – late of Fratelli Paradiso – is one of the partners involved with Casa he’s been far less hands-on ahead of opening as he would have liked Tome has been checking in via phone and web-based meeting apps as well as a shared Google Drive doc.) Still his influence can be tasted in house-made pastas such as a squid ink spaghetti alla chitarra with sea urchin butter the food at Casa has flavour and imagination to spare: Bentley and Tome know how they might approach the menu it’s now up to guests to decide how they’ll use it “The idea is that you can enjoy the venue on several different levels,” says Bentley “You can come and just have a few snacky things to share with someone or you can come and have a bigger dish or a bowl of pasta There’s no right or wrong way to have a dining experience here September 17 and September 18.) Lunch and breakfast services will be introduced soon @casa_perth