Home » VIDEO Inside Carbon Blue Plastic Recycling Plant CARBON BLUE RECYCLES PLASTIC WASTE SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL CONTAINERS AND BOTTLE CAPS INTO UNIQUE FURNITURE the company transforms used plastic sourced from the Marseille area into chairs and tables They plan to replicate this model throughout France and internationally and shape plastic waste into new products using small-scale workshops equipped with different machines The process starts with the free collection of plastic waste from local industries Stéphane collects waste within a 50-kilometer radius.  The plastics are sorted and categorized by color and polymer type which Stéphane developed himself: reduction  The result is the plastic panels from which the finished products will be manufactured A micro-factory like this one can process 30 tonnes of plastic per year It requires 10 kilograms of plastic to make a chair and 35 kilograms for an armchair A table like this costs 230€ and a chair costs 220€ Carbon Blue aims to sell its concept of transforming plastic waste into finished products and create additional micro-recycling factories elsewhere in France Metrics details In adult Lepidoptera the labial palps are best known for their role in CO2 detection but they can also bear sensilla chaetica which function is unknown The number and distribution of sensilla chaetica in labial palps was studied using a bright field microscope To determine if these sensilla have a gustatory function we performed single sensillum electrophysiology recordings from palp and antennal sensilla of adult moths of Cydia pomonella (L.) Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Lobesia botrana (Denis and Shieffermüller) Each sensillum was stimulated with 3 doses of one of four test stimulus (sucrose responses (spikes/s−1) increased with dose and were higher in the palps than in the antennae With sugars the response increased with concentration in the palp but not in the antenna With salts there was a drop in response at the intermediate concentration The number and position of sensilla chaetica on labial palps was variable among individuals Sensilla were located in the most exposed areas of the palp Differences in sensilla distribution were detected between species Such differences among species and between palps and antenna suggest that taste sensilla on the palps have an unforeseen role in adaptation Two sugars (fructose and sucrose) and two salts (KCl and NaCl) were tested at 3 concentrations we tested the response of sensilla chaetica in the antennae In order to determine the biological relevance of sugars in these species we also studied their effect on the adult longevity scales have been partially removed from the right palp (c) close up of "b" showing sensilla chaetica clearly protruding among the scales from the third segment (d) third segment digested with KOH and stained with gencian violet to show the labial pit organ (elongated dark sac inside the palp) and the sensilla chaetica on the surface White arrows in panels “(a)” and “(b)” indicate the apical segment of labial palp Representative single-sensillum recording traces (left) of sensilla chaetica and superimposed spikes (right) detected in the recording (6 ms section) Each group (a–d) shows the response of the same sensillum to increasing concentrations of test stimulus Response of gustatory receptor neurons of sensilla chaetica located on the apical segment of the labial palps and antenna of three tortricid moth species upon a 2 s stimulation with three doses of NaCl N = 16–34 sensilla of 4–6 individuals of each sex Males and females have been combined in this plot the presence of taste receptors on antennae and palps could contribute to the detection of salts and sugars but they may also be specialized on the detection of other stimuli not tested yet the relatively high number sensilla responding to the electrolyte control and the unusual shape of the dose–response curve to salts (with a drop at the intermediate concentration) suggests that palp and antennal sensilla chaetica of tortricids have a water and a salt GRN then other type of sensilla may contain the palp neurons that innervate the SOG further studies are required to determine which other Lepidoptera species have gustatory function in the labial palps Pupae were sexed and kept in separate environmental chambers with unrestricted access to a 10% sucrose in water dilution adults were anaesthetized with CO2 to restrain them inside a modified pipette tip antennae and palps fixed with melted dental wax (ref: R3712-00 All insects tested were between 1 and 3 days old Detached heads were boiled in 10% KOH until the scales fell off and then washed in distilled water and cleared in 2.5% bleach until they became transparent they were immersed in 0.5% crystal violet until the sensilla were clearly visible Samples were placed on a drop of glycerol on a microscope slide under a cover slip The maximum length and width of the apical segment of the labial palp was measured with an eyepiece micrometer. To assert sensilla position, the apical segment was divided in 8 areas (Supplementary Fig. S1) resulting from the intersection of the 3 axes of symmetry (sagittal and the number of sensilla in each area was recorded ref: S9378-1 KG) and fructose (CAS: 50-48-7 Sucrose and fructose dilutions contained 1 mM NaCl as electrolyte 1000 mM) were prepared in 1 ml aliquots and kept at − 20 °C one aliquot of each concentration was defrosted and kept at 4 °C for up to one week two to six sensilla chaetica from either the antenna or the apical segment of the labial palp were tested The antenna was sampled up to the apical segment sensilla chaetica were differentiated from sensilla trichoidea by their morphology (straighter and thicker) their orientation (perpendicular to the surface) and their optical characteristics (brighter under the stereo microscope) On the outside of the labial palp only sensilla chaetica were present Only one stimulus was used for a given individual starting from lowest to highest concentration The contact with each sensillum was limited to 2 s allowing ≥3 min between stimulations to avoid adaptation Sugars stimuli were preceded by stimulation with the electrolyte (1 mM NaCl) as a control Electrophysiological recordings from sensilla chaetica were obtained using the tip recording technique64 Glass capillary recording electrodes (Hirschmann Laborgeräte GmbH & Co Germany) were pulled to obtain a 3.5 μm wide tip (PP-830 which was filled with the test solution and connected to a 0.5 mm-wide platinum wire fitted to a preamplifier probe (Taste Probe The recording electrode was placed over the sensillum tip using a micromanipulator (NMN-25 Japan) under a stereomicroscope (Leica M125 The reference electrode was a sharpened tungsten wire (0.125-mm diameter inserted into the eye with the help of a micromanipulator (UM-3C The recording electrode was filled with the stimulus solution just before stimulation it was discarded after 2 minutes and replaced by a new one if needed We determined the effect of water and sugar on the survival of 20–24 adults in order to assess the importance of these stimuli on adult fitness groups of 4 to 9 newly emerged adults of both sexes picked randomly from the colony were placed in ventilated 100 mL plastic bottles after CO2 anesthesia Four bottles were prepared for each treatment: control (dry cotton swab) water: (a cotton swab soaked in distilled water) and sugar (cotton swab soaked in 10% domestic sucrose diluted in distilled water) Cotton was replaced regularly so that it was never dry Bottles were inspected daily (with sporadic 2 to 3 day gaps for the longest-lived species pomonella) until all individuals were dead For spike counts analysis only the response to stimuli A quasi-Poisson error distribution was used because overdispersion was detected A different model was run to compare the number of spikes between each sugar concentration and the electrolyte control using Dunnett test Model selection started from the simplest model containing no main effects then main factors and interactions were added sequentially the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) were used and models with lower AIC values and significantly different LRT were selected The model with the best fit was used to conduct pairwise comparison between relevant groups of significant factors using estimated marginal means To check the relationship between number of sensilla and labial palp size a Pearson correlation test was conducted between total number of sensilla and the surface of the labial palp The area of the 3rd segment of the labial palp was estimated as the area of a cylinder with diameter equal to the maximum width of the segment and length equal to the length of the segment The comparison of sensilla distribution among the areas of a labial palp was conducted with a “vector GLM” using the package “VGAM” an ANOVA was used to calculate the significance level of species and sexes The effect of diet on survival curves was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method68 and a log-rank test was used to detect overall differences among curves Log-rank test and Benjamini–Hochberg correction was used for multiple pairwise comparisons among curves Raw data and R-script for statistical analysis are available online at https://doi.org/10.34810/data222 In The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference (ed Peripheral and central structures involved in insect gustation Fine-structural characteristics of the antennal sensilla of Agrotis segetum (Insecta: Lepidoptera) Antennal sensilla in adult Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera Sensory coding in the grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) gustatory system Behavioral and electrophysiological investigation on taste response of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis to wood extractives Differential morphology of the sensory sensilla of antennae foretarsi and ovipositor of adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Host plant selection by aphids: Behavioral A taste of the Drosophila gustatory receptors An inside look at the sensory biology of triatomines Peripheral taste detection in honey bees: What do taste receptors respond to? Feeding mechanisms of adult Lepidoptera: Structure Roles and effects of environmental carbon dioxide in insect life Ultrastructural characteristics of the proboscis and the labial palp pit organ in the oriental fruit moth Sensilla on six olfactory organs of male Eogystia hippophaecolus (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Chemoreception of mouthparts: Sensilla morphology and discovery of chemosensory genes in proboscis and labial palps of adult Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) tarsal and ovipositor chemosensilla in the African stemborer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Electrophysiological characterization of responses from gustatory receptor neurons of sensilla chaetica in the moth Heliothis virescens Function and central projections of gustatory receptor neurons on the antenna of the noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis Morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla of two tortricid moths Response profile of pheromone receptor neurons in male Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Antennal morphology and localization of a pheromone-binding protein of Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller)(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Chemical ecology and management of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Integrated management of tortricid pests of tree fruit In Integrated Management of Diseases and Insect Pests of Tree Fruit (eds Xu M.) 377–424 (Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Sexual dimorphism of adult labial palps of the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) with notes on their sensilla Labial palps of the butterfly Prestonia clarki (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Ultrastructure of sensilla and sensory organs Mouthparts and associated sensilla of a South American moth Synempora andesae (Lepidoptera: Neopseustidae) CO2 sensitive receptors on labial palps of Rhodogastria moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae): Physiology An accessory olfactory pathway in Lepidoptera: The labial pit organ and its central projections in Manduca sexta and certain other sphinx moths and silk moths Morphology and distribution of sensilia on the cephalic appendages tarsi and ovipositor of the European sunflower moth Mouthparts of Heliconius butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): A search for anatomical adaptations to pollen-feeding behavior Fine structure and primary sensory projections of sensilla located in the labial-palp pit organ of Helicoverpa armigera (Insecta) type and distribution of the labial-palp pit organ and its sensilla in the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Ultrastructure of the sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of larval and adult Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Fine structure and olfactory reception of the labial palps of Spodoptera frugiperda The mouthparts and sensilla of the adult tomato leafminer moth Relative air humidity influences the function of the tarsal chemoreceptor cells of the cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi) Effects of artificial and natural diets on success in tip recording and on galeal chemosensillum morphology of European corn borer larvae Role of availability of food to the adult Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in its reproductive performance Peach extrafloral nectar impacts life span and reproduction of adult Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Apple and sugar feeding in adult codling moths Do floral resources affect fitness of adult Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)? Chemical analysis of peach extrafloral nectary exudate Tansy flowers attract European grapevine moth females Incidence of apple fruit and leaf surface metabolites on Cydia pomonella oviposition Oviposition by Lobesia botrana is stimulated by sugars detected by contact chemoreceptors Response of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to levels of sugar and protein in artificial diets Effect of sugars and non-nutritive sugar substitutes on consumption of apple leaves by codling moth neonates Life-history traits and flight capacity of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) using artificial diets with varying sugar content Approaches in the search for the flower-visiting needles in the Lepidopteran haystack Salt an essential nutrient: Advances in understanding salt taste detection using Drosophila as a model system Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Experimental analysis of the role of the sex pheromone and associated stimuli Courtship behavior of the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta): Experimental analysis and consideration of the role of sexual selection in the evolution of courtship pheromones in the Lepidoptera Cuticular hydrocarbons: Their evolution and roles in Drosophila pheromonal communication Cuticular hydrocarbons discriminate cryptic Macrolophus species (Hemiptera: Miridae) host plant selection and population regulation in Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera) Three-dimensional antennal lobe atlas of the oriental fruit moth Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Comparison of male and female glomerular organization Revisiting the labial pit organ pathway in the noctuid moth The chemoreceptive organs: Structural aspects In Insect Chemoreception: Fundamental and Applied (ed Techniques simples pour un elevage permanent de la Tordeuse orientale and ultrastructural differences of sensilla trichodea and basiconica on the antennae of the oriental fruit moth Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Physiology of a primary chemoreceptor unit Un-filtered recordings from insect taste sensilla Display and analysis of electrophysiological data under windowsTM R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2022). https://www.R-project.org/ Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations Download references fellowship BES-2017-081131 from the Ministerio de Economía Spain) joint financing by the European Social Fund This study was supported by research grants AGL2016-77373-C2-2-R MINECO and PID2019-107030RB-C22 MICINN We thank Carla Gomez for the labial palp 3D models University of Lleida-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center performed the electrophysiology and statistical analyses wrote the initial manuscript and all the authors contributed in the final manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21825-w Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Home » Carbon Blue: Micro Factories for Plastic Recycling Carbon Blue aims to recycle plastic waste the company transforms used plastic sourced from the Marseille area into unique furniture Carbon Blue’s microplastic recycling factories are already being set up in Bordeaux and maybe soon in Africa We visited the Testa family at their pilot micro-factory in Gémenos Sébastien Killian contributed to this report Plastic a cornerstone of 20th-century industrialization The UN warns of a “toxic tidal wave” with 400 million tonnes of plastic waste generated annually posing a significant environmental threat alongside global warming The Single-Use Plastic (SUP) Directive targets plastic pollution by mandating all packaging be reusable or recyclable by 2030 plastic production continues due to its utility in packaging Stéphane Testa addresses plastic waste by giving it new life through his company They collect plastic packaging from Marseille-area businesses and transform it into wood-like panels then craft it into colorful furniture sold locally This concept isn’t entirely new, as recycled plastic furniture is appearing in decor stores. Stéphane himself comes from MP Industries, a company that has been working with plastics for 70 years and with recycled plastics for the past 30 years.  Carbon Blue’s unique goal is to create additional micro-recycling factories like the one in Gémenos Carbon Blue aims to sell its concept of transforming plastic waste into finished products with a focus on local management of plastic waste Stéphane’s son and Director of the Gémenos micro-factory believes effective plastic waste management requires local treatment countering the trend of mega-factories:  “We believe that the problem with plastic waste management worldwide is that it is handled too globally plastic needs to be managed locally.” We visited their pilot factory in Gémenos to learn about their recycling process and the benefits of local micro-factories in combating plastic pollution we observe the delivery of large blue containers from a nearby perfume factory along with colorful plastic caps already collected will undergo an on-site transformation process to soon become tables and chairs These will then be sold locally as final products The process starts with the free collection of plastic waste from local industries like Sartorius and Decathlon Stéphane Testa developed this micro recycling factory concept: “The idea behind this workshop is to collect waste within a 50-kilometer radius We believe that 50 kilometers is a reasonable distance for plastic waste collection allowing a micro-factory like this to process 30 tonnes of plastic per year.” Collected post-consumer plastics include caps but exclude contaminated items due to the absence of a washing process.  “We don’t use any water for washing we only accept products that aren’t dangerously soiled containers that contained chlorine are pre-washed by the industries before we collect them The factory also requires labels to be removed before processing Carbon Blue provides a receipt confirming its commitment to recycling the materials The main polymers are HDPE (high-density polyethylene) “The plastics we receive come with technical documentation identifying their composition affecting the process due to varying melting points We followed Stéphane as he detailed the various stages of transforming raw plastic material into sheets and then into furniture the first reduction step consists of reducing the material This involves first shredding the plastic waste into pieces measuring two centimeters by fifteen centimeters This step is carried out using a conventional shredder The workshop has two types with different teeth and points to handle all types and sizes of waste The shredded container is then ground in a grinder to obtain six to eight millimeters of plastic chips If there is no water washing of the plastic waste Carbon Blue has nevertheless provided a system for cleaning with hot air this metal damages the teeth of our grinder to suck with hot air most of the products that could interfere with the final material And we installed a magnet at the exit of this suction to recover all the metal so that it does not end up in our plastic sheets.” The shredder is capable of handling approximately 150 to 180 kilograms of plastic per hour involves heating the shredded plastic to make the famous plastic sheets from which the finished products will be manufactured the shredded plastic is placed in a mold measuring 1.20 x 1.20 meters and 25 millimeters thick It takes 45 minutes to an hour to heat to 250 to 300°C the sheets are as rigid as wood and ready to be worked According to pull-out tests conducted on-site a sheet made from pallets will withstand a pulling force of 290 kilograms 3 pieces of equipment are involved: a planer to refine the thickness of the sheet a combined machine to cut the sheets and work on the edges (for example and a CNC cutting machine to optimize the cuts and thus be able to produce both the backrest and frame of a chair from the same 1.20 x 1.20 sheet.” It requires 10 kilograms of plastic to make a chair while an armchair necessitates 35 kilograms of waste The plastic obtained is recyclable once again Carbon Blue even tells us that they systematically recycle scraps and even plastic sawdust “We assume that all plastics are recyclable and can be recycled indefinitely.” They also have requests for recycling products made of PET or PVC the company can only recycle the three polymers mentioned earlier Polyvinyl chloride indeed releases hydrochloric acid when heated making its transformation incompatible with the current process The company tells us they are working to find solutions to transform these other polymers Stéphane assures us that they apply no treatment or additive to the plastic at any point in this process “We don’t change the chemical aspects at all The output product has the same characteristics as the initial plastic waste we are currently working with the port of La Ciotat to transform plastic tarps used to protect yachts Since we don’t alter the molecular structure of this polymer the products we produce will also be categorized as M0.” This is notably the case with a white table that is for sale at the workshop Dorian tells us that they are working to add composite elements to their sheets The company is particularly working with Decathlon to manufacture sheets made from crushed rubber tennis balls mixed with pallets The advantage of the new material is a greater load capacity “It adds rigidity in the central torsion while reducing weight because bamboo is lighter This allows us to have a new material with different characteristics while remaining recyclable Because when we grind it again for recycling the bamboo will be sucked in by the global suction system we talked about earlier.” Dorian explains that Carbon Blue is working on a traceability solution to trace every plastic waste entrusted to them that has been used in a finished product “The idea is to be able to say that this table was produced with 70% PEHD from a certain location and 20% PEBD from another location.” Stéphane and Dorian have chosen to manufacture furniture French nuclear company EDF bought several tables to equip one of its sites Carbon Blue also sells shredded plastic for 20€ per kilogram “Plastic material is available in all our territories and for free or metal are subject to market fluctuations and the law of supply and demand Every day we can create new products with recycled plastic to prevent it from being buried or burned.” fire doors… The possibilities are endless the future of Carbon Blue lies in duplicating its concept Instead of selling various recycled plastic products all over France why not install turnkey micro-factories everywhere in France to locally transform used plastic into new finished products The idea is for each local micro-factory to collect around 30 to 40 tons of locally sourced plastics to manufacture and then sell new finished products that address local issues “The finished products will not be the same depending on the geographical area and the available raw materials.” When asked if the franchise model would be suitable “We tried to imagine a franchise principle we realized that the issues are different in Nice It’s difficult to franchise the concept Carbon Blue has already installed the first micro-factory at the port of La Ciotat equipped with a shredder and a grinder and an agglomerator that allows for the processing of flexible plastics such as tarps The goal: to collect and shred on-site the white tarps that protect yachts The shredded material will then be used elsewhere to manufacture fire doors or impact protection elements for boats Another micro-factory is being deployed in Bordeaux This one will be used to manufacture lockers from carpets The company is also working on projects in Africa (Chad Mali) to create the same types of micro-factories but in containers The team has also developed a 3-axis 3D printer capable of printing recycled plastic they have made round basins similar to African baskets some are already interested in the concept Stéphane wants these micro-factories to be adapted to local issues but also modular The idea is for customers to choose the machines they want For a turnkey workshop based on the Gémenos model The price includes project study (understanding the local ecosystem assistance in learning to recognize plastics and installation of equipment up to the manufacture of finished products) The basic equipment includes two shredders our concept would be between eight and ten times more expensive The idea is to develop the concept to recycle as much plastic as possible and create employment We estimate that 10 tons of plastic can generate a full-time job For a complete installation of the micro-factory 3 people are needed to operate the workshop the return on investment for companies is 3 to 4 years they plan to enhance their equipment by offering new machines such as a compactor Carbon Blue currently has a turnover of €200,000 but Stéphane hopes to reach €400,000 this year Stéphane envisions several other outlets for his concept “In the case of a trade show like the Cannes Film Festival we could set up a mobile micro-factory on-site the organizer would be able to collect the waste generated there (carpets the goal is to be as mobile as possible to go where the waste is.” Another project is to install a Carbon Blue micro-factory directly in recycling centers and waste disposal sites the ultimate concept would be to install a micro-factory next to a city responsible for collecting all its plastic waste the local Carbon Blue factory would manufacture urban furniture and other public benches would be shredded The very concept of circularity designed at the local level On a breezy Sunday morning, families walk hurriedly into Marseille’s Armenian Cathedral. A miniature replica of Etchmiadzin – the seat of the Armenian Apostolic Church – The Church of the Holy Translators on Prado Avenue was built in 1928 to receive refugees fleeing a Turkish onslaught in Asia Minor the place is teeming with immigrants from the Republic of Armenia And though the metropolis has long hosted a diaspora recent arrivals have invigorated the community “Marseille is the cradle of our diaspora,” said Pascal Chamassian a politician whose grandparents came from Anatolia “Everyone who escaped from the genocide passed by here.” Numbering about 100,000 people of Armenian descent are said to make up close to 10 percent of Marseille’s denizens.  The first major influx came in the early 1920s when throngs of refugees from a crumbling Ottoman Empire disembarked onto Marseille’s port Around 60,000 of them were settled into squalid camps causing unease among Marseillais at the time “The Armenian is like a plant that grows between the pavements of a city,” wrote the journalist Albert Londres in a 1927 travelogue.  these émigrés blended into the city and contributed much to its character A local pizza was even baptized l’arménienne in their honor captured the journey in his autobiographical Mayrig.  a few thousand of these exiles heeded a call from Soviet dictator Josef Stalin who urged the diaspora to help build the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic Around 3,000 Armenians decamped from Marseille seeking a cherished motherland But faced with dismal living standards and the brutish reality of Stalinist socialism many flocked back to the Mediterranean metropolis as soon as they could “It took them three days to get to Armenia but 40 years to come back,” quipped Jean Kéhayan sitting in his apartment overlooking a Provençal garden abundant with olive and cypress trees Kéhayan served for a brief stint as an advisor to Levon Ter-Petrosyan Armenia’s first president following independence in 1991 the Marseillais diaspora grew with the arrival of Armenians escaping anti-Christian pogroms in Turkey and Marseille has attracted a continuous flow of economic migrants from the Republic of Armenia “This immigration has enlivened Armenian culture in Marseille,” contended Chamassian with the distinctive twang of southern France “It is a new breath that has revived our identity churches and schools are filled with recent migrants.” said he has also witnessed the community’s expansion “There is a great mix of provenances in our club we have Armenians from all horizons,” he maintained “More and more Armenian restaurants are opening all with regional specificities: Armenian-Russian Lebanese-Armenian.” Aynedjian himself came from Beirut in 1976 many of these newcomers received a tepid reception from their established counterparts “It was very difficult when we arrived here,” said Lida Badalyan an accountant who left Yerevan in 1999 with her parents and brothers because of poverty “We didn’t know anyone and the historic Armenian community accused us of having turned our backs on the homeland But it’s not as if they wanted to live there themselves!” Such tensions reflect a broader conflict between a nationalist diaspora that pushes for recognition of the 1915 genocide at all costs and the citizens of a small Caucasian republic that are more concerned about bread-and-butter issues “The Armenian community here was built by successive waves of immigration integration into the local networks was not easy,” said Kéhayan who has written several books about connections between Marseille and Armenia the Lebanese-Armenians who came here were a lot more militant than we were,” he added “And whereas the Armenians from Turkey [who arrived in the 1950s] were regarded as collaborators with the Turkish enemy for having continued to live there after the genocide Armenians from Armenia were rejected as they were seen as having betrayed the motherland.” the only barrier with recent immigrants was the language differences between eastern and western dialects His own parents were among those who followed Stalin’s exhortations only to return in the 1980s the street fills up with the clamor of people chattering away in Armenian it feels like we are in Armenia itself,” beams Irena Had it not been for the nearby Mediterranean coast and bougainvillea trees the scene could have been a village in the Caucasus Killian Cogan is a freelance journalist based in Istanbul Sign up for Eurasianet's free weekly newsletter. Support Eurasianet: Help keep our journalism open to all Tandis que le tramway marseillais poursuit sa route vers le sud et le nord de la cité phocéenne les projets de mobilité suivent également leurs cours dans l’Est métropolitain C’est le cas de la future ligne de Bus à haut niveau de service (BHNS) entre la gare d’Aubagne et le parc d’activités de Gémenos. Ce projet de Bus+, inscrit parmi les 15 projets prioritaires du Plan de Mobilité de la Métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence est destiné à remplacer l’actuelle ligne 1 du réseau urbain aubagnais en 2025 Une nouvelle phase de travaux a débuté ce mercredi 17 janvier 2024 sur la route reliant Gémenos à Aubagne entre le rond-point de la Planque et celui de Lamagnon Les aménagements vont être effectués sur la moitié de la voie entraînant l’installation provisoire d’un sens unique sera planifiée ultérieurement des travaux seront également réalisés sur l’avenue du Pic de Bertagne entre l’avenue du Garlaban et l’avenue de la Sainte Baume Une déviation sera donc mise en place la route du Vaisseau et l’avenue de la Sainte-Baume D’un montant total de plus de 32 millions d’euros cette future ligne de BHNS de 6,5 kilomètres est financée par la Métropole Aix-Marseille-Provence le Département des Bouches-du-Rhône ainsi que par l’État Le projet vise à proposer une alternative à la voiture pour les 12 000 salariés de la zone des Paluds 12 stations accessibles aux personnes à mobilité réduite 3 kilomètres en site propre et 8 kilomètres d’itinéraire cyclable doivent voir le jour Pour des informations en temps réel sur les réseaux de transports publics impactés par le chantier en cours et des mises à jour sur les travaux du Bus+ Aubagne-Gémenos, le public peut consulter les sites lepilote.com, lignes-agglo.fr et ampmetropole.fr Metrics details Oviposition is essential in the life history of insects and is mainly mediated by chemical and tactile cues present on the plant surface Oviposition deterrents or stimulants can modify insect oviposition and be employed in pest control Relatively few gustatory oviposition stimuli have been described for tortricid moths fructose and neem oil on the number of eggs laid by Cydia pomonella (L.) Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Lobesia botrana (Dennis & Schifermüller) was tested in laboratory arenas containing filter papers loaded with 3 doses of a given stimulus and solvent control salts increased oviposition at the mid dose (102 M) and sugars reduced it at the highest dose (103 mM) Neem oil dramatically reduced the number of eggs laid as the dose increased but the lowest neem oil dose (0.1% v/v) increased L botrana oviposition relative to solvent control Our study shows that ubiquitous plant chemicals modify tortricid moth oviposition under laboratory conditions and that neem oil is a strong oviposition deterrent The oviposition arena developed in this study is a convenient tool to test the effect of tastants on the oviposition behavior of tortricid moths To perform multiple-choice oviposition tests under laboratory conditions a convenient oviposition arena was developed Two aspects that had to be considered in the design of the oviposition arenas were: (1) choosing a suitable oviposition substrate material and (2) discouraging oviposition on the remaining areas of the arena Several oviposition arena arrangements were tried before settling on a definitive one Our first choice of oviposition substrate was waxed kitchen paper because it is used in our rearing facility Stimulus was applied with an atomizer on the waxed paper but upon drying the highest sugar concentrations droplets became solid and being hygroscopic their consistency varied from crystalline to sticky depending on ambient humidity On the filter paper the stimulus distributed evenly and did not form droplets making it a suitable oviposition substrate our preliminary observations indicated that females laid as many eggs on untreated filter paper as they did on waxed paper so filter paper was chosen as the oviposition test substrate for the final tests PCV-pipe sections (1) were stopped with polymethyl methacrylate (2) and closed on the other side with a lid made of a short section of PVC (3) covered with nylon mosquito screen (4) The walls were lined with kitchen scourer (5) or black felt (6) to discourage oviposition (grey marks indicate 1 mm each) The four oviposition filter papers (7) were placed either a) on the ceiling in the EGVM (L to maximize egg laying on the target substrate Effect of stimulus and concentration on the number of eggs laid by female EGVM (L pomonella) on filter papers loaded with different concentrations of salts a different letter among treatments indicates significant differences (Tukey´s test first and third quartile (box) and 1.5*inter-quartile range (vertical bars) The final oviposition cage configuration in our study was optimal in terms of number of eggs laid as well as in the handling aspects of insects and stimuli Future tests should explore the effect of shape size and texture on the oviposition of these tortricid moths Oviposition arenas provide an oversimplified environment where many of these natural cues are either absent or greatly modified they offer a convenient tool to screen many gustatory compounds under controlled conditions and provide information useful in further tests under more natural conditions in a similar way as the wind tunnel and olfactometer serve to screen volatile compounds our simplified oviposition arenas allow for dose–response curves which are a lot more informative than single-dose tests as shown by the increased oviposition of EGVM to the lowest neem oil concentration Since this increase happened on the internal plant tissues it is not clear how the females had access to this information where nonanoic acid (a 9-carbon carboxylic acid) loaded on filter paper in a petri dish strongly stimulated oviposition by C fumiferana at the lowest of two doses (78 nmol/cm2) whereas it strongly inhibited it at the 10-times higher dose (780 nmol/cm2) and the opposite effect occurred with decanoic acid it is possible that EGVM females could not detect the repellent ingredients at the lowest concentration but they were still able to detect oviposition stimulants present in the neem oil This finding highlights the importance of testing more than one dose of test stimuli in chemostimulation tests interpunctella using 17 types of oil-treated whole-wheat kernels OFM and EGVM pupae were sexed and kept in 1-L containers provided with 10% sucrose in water in separate male and female environmental chambers and the adults were collected every 1–3 days CM adults emerged in the larval cages and were collected daily 1- to-3-day-old males and females were mixed in a ratio of 1.5:1 starting at least 5 h before the onset of the scotophase the now 2 to-4-day-old females were placed in the oviposition arenas sugar water solution) was provided in the oviposition arenas Water soluble stimuli (salts and sugars) were diluted in deionized water 100 and 1000 mM) were prepared in 5-ml aliquots A sample of the same water stock was also kept as a control Neem oil from cold pressed seeds (Batch no 9344732 Germany) was diluted in absolute ethanol to obtain 0.1 A sample of the same ethanol stock was also kept as a control Dilution and solvent vials were kept at − 20 °C The oviposition arenas (Fig. 1) were adapted from the mating boxes used for insect rearing A 138-mm-high × 117-mm-internal diameter (i.e. 1.48 L) section of solid grey PVC pipe was stopped in one end with a clear polymethyl methacrylate (PMMC) plate glued into it The other end of the cylinder was covered with a lid made with a 40-mm section of a 125-mm inner diameter solid gray PVC pipe with grey nylon mosquito screen (mesh size = 1 mm) glued on it The walls were lined with 5-mm thick green kitchen scourer protruding 5-mm outside the cylinder to ensure a good sealing with the mosquito screen lid The blind side of arena was lined with either green kitchen scourer (CM and OFM) or 2-mm-thick black felt (EGVM) The oviposition substrate consisted of filter paper (Whatman No.1 Global Life Science Solutions Operations UK Ltd In the CM and OFM arenas four 50-mm × 75-mm (37.5cm2 each) filter-paper pieces were pinned onto the scourer lining the walls with the long-side vertical and spaced 30 mm from each other 10-mm below the mosquito screen lid and 53-mm from the floor of the cage In the EGVM arenas four triangular filter paper pieces were cut from a 110-mm radius disc (19.63 cm2 each) and were stapled to the black felt lining the end of the arena This difference in arena orientation maximized the number of eggs laid on the filter papers relative to the other arena surfaces (i.e. A different pipette tip was used for each compound the control treatment was loaded first and then the test stimuli from the lowest to the highest concentration using the same pipette tip for a given compound Latex gloves were exchanged when handling filter papers of different stimuli Filter papers were left at room temperature until they dried out and then were kept inside plastic bags at 4 °C until used Females were introduced in the test arenas at least 5 h before the onset of the scotophase. The arenas were placed in the same environmental chamber (Supplementary Fig. S3) where the colony was kept 17-cm-diameter household ceiling LED fixture (Brass & Fittings S.L Spain) was placed 27-cm above the area were the arenas where A fluorescent light bulb attached to the door on the other side of the environmental chamber and 80-cm away from the experimental arenas provided additional chamber illumination (Philips White filter paper placed on a shelf 20 cm underneath the arenas reflected light to the arenas from below The amount of light entering the arenas varied according to their position on the shelf CM and OFM arenas received between 110 and 1390 lx and LOB arenas received between 80 and 103 lx inside and near the mosquito-screen lid respectively Arena positions were randomized between days to account for positional effects The number of eggs laid on the filter papers was recorded 24 h after females were released in the oviposition arenas Females were placed in ethanol for later determination of mating status by means of spermatophore dissection (N = 50 females/species) scourer and felt were submerged in 60 °C tap water for 20 min and then were rubbed thoroughly and let dry before reuse The mosquito screen was cleaned with a paper towel soaked in 75% ethanol The number of eggs per female was estimated by dividing the number of eggs in a filter paper by the number or females placed in the arena (4–5) Generalized lineal models (GLM) with Poisson error distribution were used to analyze the effect of species The models were compared with each other with the likelihood ratio test (LRT) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) preferring the model with the lower AIC of pairs that were significantly different by LRT The model with the best fit was used to conduct pairwise comparison between relevant groups of significant factors Pairwise comparisons used the Tukeys´s test in the package “emmeans” including the collection and use of organisms and international guidelines and legislation Raw data and R-script for statistical analysis are available online at https://doi.org/10.34810/data588 Evolution of oviposition behaviour and host preference in Lepidoptera Field observations of oviposition by a specialist herbivore on plant parts and plant species unsuitable as larval food Host finding by moths: Sensory modalities and behaviours Chemical basis of differential oviposition by lepidopterous insects Plant chemical cues important for oviposition of herbivorous insects In Chemoecology of Insect Eggs and Egg Deposition (Hilker Plant surface properties in chemical ecology Gustation across the class Insecta: Body locations In: The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference vol Gustation in insects: taste qualities and types of evidence used to show taste function of specific body parts Robust manipulations of pest insect behaviour using repellents and practical application for integrated pest management A mechanistic framework to improve understanding and applications of push-pull systems in pest management Sexual communication and related behaviours in Tephritidae: Current knowledge and potential applications for integrated pest management Exploiting the chemical ecology of mosquito oviposition behaviour in mosquito surveillance and control: A review Arthropod behaviour and the efficacy of plant protectants Physical factors influencing the oviposition behaviour of European grapevine moths Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella In: Integrated Management of Diseases and Insect Pests of Tree Fruit (eds Influence of stimuli from Camellia japonica on ovipositional behavior of generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana Oviposition response of spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to aliphatic carboxylic acids Waxy bloom on grape berry surface is one important factor for oviposition of European grapevine moths Gustatory function of sensilla chaetica on the labial palps and antennae of three tortricid moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Neem oil and crop protection: From now to the future A bioassay to evaluate the activity of chemical stimuli from grape berries on the oviposition of Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) A mechanosensory receptor required for food texture detection in Drosophila Drosophila suzukii preferentially lays eggs on spherical surfaces with a smaller radius Oviposition and calling behaviour of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the presence of codlemone Oviposition behaviour of Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) at different temperatures Ovipositional behaviour of the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on stone fruits in the field and an improved oviposition cage for use in the laboratory The influence of tactile and other non-chemical factors on the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana Importance of plant physical cues in host acceptance for oviposition by Busseola fusca Effects of physical and chemical factors on oviposition by Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Host plant stimuli affecting oviposition behavior of the eastern spruce budworm Oviposition in Yponomeuta cagnagellus: The importance of contact cues for host plant acceptance Comparative survival rates of oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae on shoots and fruit of apple and peach Distribution characteristics of eggs and neonate larvae of codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Butterflies do not alter oviposition or larval foraging in response to anthropogenic increases in sodium Nutrient acquisition across a dietary shift: Fruit feeding butterflies crave amino acids Mosquito oviposition behaviour and vector control Natural Enemies & Control (eds van der Geest ecology and control of oriental fruit moth Resistance of apple trees to Cydia pomonella egg-laying due to leaf surface metabolites Foliar application of microdoses of sucrose to reduce codling moth Cydia pomonella L (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) damage to apple trees Increase of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) oviposition induced by a treatment of maize plants with maleic hydrazide: Role of leaf carbohydrate content Oviposition deterrents in herbivorous insects and their potential use in integrated pest management Effects of neem on oviposition and egg and larval development of Mamestra brassicae L: Dose response repellent effect and systemic activity in cabbage plants development and reproductive potentials of Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Behavioural and electrophysiological investigation on taste response of the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis to wood extractives Chemoreception of oviposition inhibiting terpenoids in the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella Inhibition of oviposition by volatiles of certain plants and chemicals in the leafhopper Amrasca devastons (distant) Oviposition bioassay responses of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus to neem products containing azadirachtin Effect of methanolic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss) and bakain (Melia azedarach L) seeds on oviposition and egg hatching of Earias vittella (Fab.) (Lep. Oviposition response of Lobesia botrana females to long-chain free fatty acids and esters from its eggs Extract of Nicotiana tabacum as a potential control agent of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Ovipositional responses of the Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to oils Flight and oviposition behavior toward different host plant species by the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Oviposition behaviour of the eastern spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2022). https://www.R-project.org/ Download references Spain) with joint financing by the European Social Fund RP was supported by project “Next Generation Technologies in Adaptive Agriculture” (World Bank This study was supported by research grant AGL2016-77373-C2-2-R (MINECO) to CG performed the statistical analysis and figures Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51972-1 Sign up for the Nature Briefing: Anthropocene newsletter — what matters in anthropocene research A community celebrating Black voices, Black art, and Black folx. Latines learning, remembering, healing, and finding joy in our diverse stories. Beautycon is a global platform that brings together beauty enthusiasts, brands, and industry leaders to explore the latest trends, innovations, and conversations shaping the future of beauty. because we've already cracked ours open This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Stéphane Testa a fondé Carbon Blue dont l’objectif est de proposer un site d’accueil et de développement pour les porteurs de projets travaillant dans le domaine du recyclage plastique « Nous souhaitons traiter la problématique du plastique recyclé de manière artisanale et en circuit-court générateur d’économie et de travail pour les menuisiers de demain » Le plastique est au cœur des priorités de cet entrepreneur et de sa famille depuis de nombreuses années « Mon arrière-grand-père est arrivé d’Italie en France en 1940 Il a commencé à travailler dans le bois avant de basculer dans le plastique mon père a repris l’activité en s’axant sur une démarche de recyclage avec MP Industries » MP Industries traite près de 300 tonnes de plastiques par an qui servent ensuite à la fabrication de mobilier urbain « Mais nous souhaitions créer quelque chose de plus proche des gens au cœur des villes et capable de proposer des solutions de recyclage plastique utile au bien commun C’est de cette idée qu’est né le projet Carbon Blue avec l’envie non pas de créer une grande société mais plusieurs ateliers à travers la France capables de créer de l’emploi et des produits de qualité » un premier atelier de 300 m2 a ainsi vu le jour dans la petite zone d’activités de la vallée de Saint-Pons On y retrouve le matériel nécessaire à la récupération des plastiques usagers ainsi qu’à leur broyage Ils sont ensuite transformés en plaques puis découpés pour devenir « des objets de haute qualité L’ingénieur Laurent Perrin y est installé Il est en train de mettre au point les machines Des designers travaillent également sur les prochaines gammes de produits qui seront bientôt commercialisées » Ce projet fonctionne sur un système de franchise afin que n’importe quel créateur puisse devenir propriétaire d’un atelier et bénéficier de l’accompagnement de Carbon Blue « Il suffit de nous contacter et d’être motivé je peux utiliser une matière sous-exploitée et en faire des produits finis Stéphane Testa espère aussi pouvoir mettre en place un aspect éducatif afin de sensibiliser les plus jeunes à la collecte et au recyclage des déchets Un partenariat pourrait prochainement être noué avec des écoles de la région comme celle de la Valbarelle (11e) à Marseille nous viendrons en classe expliquer aux enfants ce qu’est le recyclage Puis nous leur demanderons de commencer à collecter des bouchons Ils pourront ensuite amener leurs bouchons à l’atelier et les voir transformés en plaques puis en objets » Un deuxième aspect formation permettra aux jeunes de venir se former « aux voies d’avenir à ces nouveaux métiers de menuisier à base de plastique recyclé » Le fondateur de Carbon Blue a déjà fait appel à plusieurs industriels basés à proximité pour récupérer leurs déchets plastiques comme Décathlon situé à Bouc-Bel-Air Toutes leurs palettes plastiques en fin de vie seront bientôt « surcyclées »: « Nos designers sont en train de travailler sur des lampes faites à partir de ces palettes Le Décathlon de Caen serait aussi intéressé pour travailler avec nous ces produits surcyclés pourraient être revendus chez leurs fournisseurs » les particuliers pourront eux aussi venir déposer leurs déchets plastiques Stéphane Testa espère pouvoir sortir ses premiers produits finis « Un deuxième atelier devrait aussi voir le jour dans les mois à venir sur Marseille Nous sommes en réflexion pour l’implanter dans le quartier du marché aux Puces près de l’entrepôt d’ICI Marseille » Carbon Blue prévoit de s’implanter à Cannes puis Arles pour atteindre une centaine d’ateliers à travers la France « Chacun pourra récupérer près de 30 tonnes de plastique par an et créer 1 000 plaques en employant localement au moins deux personnes » l’implantation d’ateliers nomades aménagés dans des containers est en discussion : « Nous souhaitons passer des accords avec des villes pour pouvoir y installer nos ateliers nomades leur faire découvrir le métier et aussi révéler de nouveaux entrepreneurs » Sian © Caroline DutreyModifier articleOKEt non MP2018 n’a pas fini de régaler les Marseillais on part sur un sentier urbain insolite avec le GR2013 qui nous invite déjà à la deuxième saison de ses 1001 NUITS pas question d’explorer le monde arabe les 1001 NUITS du Bureau des Guides du GR2013 sont plutôt une programmation culturelle organisée entre février et septembre 2018 pour faire voyager les amoureux de culture au travers de rendez-vous insolites à Marseille et dans ses alentours la saison 2 des 1001 NUITS débarque dès ce week-end avec 7 nouvelles choses insolites à voir Assister à un concert électroacoustique 1001 NUITS #8 - Coucher du soleil à 20h44 - PétroleOù Christian Sebille et Philippe Foch invoquent turbines Samedi 5 mai Macap, Aix-en-ProvencePlus d'infos Entendre le récit d'un héros 1001 Nuits #9 - Coucher du soleil à 20h50 – Les 7 ascensions d’ElzearOù Christine Breton et Clémentine Henriot nous emmènent sur les traces de l’ermite Elzear Jeudi 10 mai La Maison Sainte Victoire du plateau du Cengle (Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon / Beaurecueil)Plus d'infos Admirer une installation au coeur d'un quartier abandonné 1001 Nuits #10 - Coucher du soleil à 20h52 – Le chant du signeOù les tracés d’Alias IPIN naviguent de ruines en ruines en quête d’harmonie Samedi 12 mai Plage de la Romaniquette, IstresPlus d'infos Faire une veillée musicale avec des détenus 1001 Nuits #11 - Coucher du soleil à 20h59 – Les agneaux sont dans labergerieOù Stéphane Massy & la Troupe Secrète nous proposent une rave tendre et un concert sauvage pour humains civilisés.  Samedi 19 maiParc départemental de Saint-Pons, GémenosPlus d'infosDécouvrir le plateau de l'Arbois 1001 Nuits #12 - Coucher du soleil à 21h12 – Nos voisins américainsOù Hendrik Sturm explore et raconte les petits conflits de voisinage avec le camp de soldats américains installé sur le plateau de l’Arbois Samedi 2 juinPlateau de l’Arbois, CabrièsPlus d'infosMarcher 1001 Nuits #13 - Coucher du soleil à 21h20 – Camper sous la bonneétoile MorandatOù Nicolas Mémain et le Collectif Etc. invitent à dessiner à plusieurs la constellation Morandat.Samedi 16 juin Puits Y. Morandat, GardannePlus d'infos Traduire ses sensations lors d'une promenade 1001 Nuits #14 - Coucher du soleil à 21h22 – Une visite de circonstancesOù Mathias Poisson se glisse silencieusement dans le paysage pour souligner le visible et l’invisible à coups de pinceaux tremblants. Samedi 30 juin Village Saint SavourninPlus d'infos Metrics details The prevailing use of neonicotinoids in pest control has adverse effects on non-target organisms relatively few studies have explored the effect of sublethal neonicotinoid levels on olfactory responses of pest insects and thus their potential impact on semiochemical surveillance and control methods We recently reported that sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid thiacloprid (TIA) had dramatic effects on sex pheromone release in three tortricid moth species We present now effects of TIA on pheromone detection and navigational responses of pest insects to pheromone sources TIA delayed and reduced the percentage of males responding in the wind tunnel without analogous alteration of electrophysiological antennal responses treated males exhibited markedly slower flights and with an increased susceptibility to wind-induced drift All these effects increased in a dose-dependent manner starting at LC0.001 - which would kill just 10 out of 106 individuals - and revealed an especially pronounced sensitivity in one of the species Our results suggest that minimal neonicotinoid quantities alter chemical communication and thus could affect the efficacy of semiochemical pest management methods animals navigating in a changing flow must sample and integrate chemical and do so swiftly in order to generate the necessary locomotor responses that will direct them towards an odor source have examined if neonicotinoids affect navigation manoeuvres of pest insects to odour sources we explore the influence of TIA on male perception of and response and orientation to sex pheromone The behavioral response of males treated with extremely low doses of TIA is compared to the performance of control males in wind tunnel assays considering several parameters related to flight speed and direction with respect to the wind line including thrust and deviation from intended course due to the airflow electroantennograms (EAG) are used to assess the effect of TIA on pheromone detection at the antennal level We speculate on the consequences of our findings in the context of pest management programs that combine the use of insecticides and sex pheromones Effect of thiacloprid (TIA) on percentage of C and contacting the stimulus) to sex pheromone in wind tunnel (left) and the time to start these behaviours (right) Males treated with acetone or 4 lethal concentrations of TIA (LC0.001 to LC20) were released individually and observed for 2 minutes or until contact with the pheromone dispenser The shadowed areas around the mean trend line in the times graph indicate ± SEM Different letters indicate significant differences among TIA LCs within a given behavioural category (Tukey’s test after GLM or ANOVA Effect of thiacloprid (TIA) on flight track parameters of males of C botrana responding to sex pheromone in the wind tunnel Males treated with acetone or 4 lethal concentrations of TIA (LC0.001 to LC20) were released individually and observed for 2 minutes or until contact with the pheromone dispenser The concentrations LC10 and LC20 were omitted in G molesta due to insufficient number of responding males The flight track is divided in three sections (inserts) corresponding with the distance to the pheromone source: 130–100 cm (section 1 and each section was analysed individually The shadowed areas around the mean trend line indicate ± SEM Different small letters indicate significant differences among TIA LCs within a given behavioural category and flight track section Different capital letters indicate significant differences among species for individuals treated with control acetone (Tukey’s test after ANOVA Comparison among species using control (acetone-treated) individuals showed acute differences in flight track parameters (Fig. 2a,b, Supplementary Table S5 experienced less drift and performed wider turns than the other two species LB exhibited higher turn frequency and shorter inter-turn distances than the other two species Effect of thiacloprid (TIA) on electroantennogram (EAG) responses of males of C Males treated with acetone or 4 lethal concentrations of TIA (LC0.001 to LC20) were stimulated with n-hexane and 3 concentrations (1 ng to 1 µg) of the major pheromone components of C Three EAG parameters were measured: maximum response and the duration of the downward and upward phases The only significant TIA effect was a reduction of maximum response with LC1 in L different letters indicate significant differences among TIA doses The percentage of responding males decreased with increasing TIA concentration and their flights became slower differently angled in relation to the wind line and more susceptible to wind drift (depending on the species) all of which could render them less capable of odour source location Together with our previous finding that similar low doses of TIA reduce pheromone release behaviour in females the hypothesis that residual neonicotinoid levels could affect semiochemical pest-management control in these species is reinforced especially when synthetic lure-finding is involved (i.e This supports the hypothesis that TIA altered pheromone perception in our test insects This neural system could be a target subject for future studies of neonicotinoid effects on flight performance so we cannot completely rule out a larger impact of TIA at the peripheral level so the effect of sublethal TIA intoxication could still be amplified when considering source location efficiency in the field The concentrations (ng a.i./µl) applied to CP Control insects were treated with acetone from the same stock used to make the insecticide dilutions males received 1-µl topical application of a test treatment on the ventral side of the thorax after 10-sec CO2 anaesthesia and were placed in 150-ml polypropylene bottles (3 to 10 individuals per bottle) with 10% sugar solution Insecticide effect was assessed 24 h post-treatment and scored as alive if apparently unaffected moribund if clearly affected but still moving Mortality was estimated with the sum of moribund and dead insects Alive insects were used in the experiments on the same day (age 24–48 h) [(E,Z)-7,9-Dodecenyl acetate; E,Z-7,9-12:Ac] in EAG tests Two 25-watt incandescent bulbs covered with a white fabric for diffusion provided illumination 150 cm above the insect flight plane Visible light intensities (mean ± SEM) were set at 20.2 ± 0.2 lux during photophase and 3.1 ± 0.1 lux during scotophase Image contrast of both daytime and night time flight track recordings was enhanced by means of four lateral infrared illuminators (peak frequency 850-nm) equipped with 96 LED lights each of either 30° or 60° beam angles (Scene Electronics The odour source consisted of 100 ng of pheromone blend (GM and CP) or 1 female equivalent (LB) applied in 10 μl loads onto 10 × 15 mm n-hexane-rinsed filter papers (Whatman® No readily prepared every day and kept until use in a sealed vial after solvent evaporation (10 min) The filter paper stood flat against the wind on a 12.5 cm-high metal-wire platform and males were released from a second platform positioned 1.30 m downwind Twenty videos were obtained for each TIA dose and acetone control except for LC10 and LC20 in GM where the number of responding males was too low for statistical analysis Males were restrained with a modified alligator clip (Supplementary Fig. S3) after 10 sec CO2 anaesthesia A glass capillary containing a gold wire electrode filled with 1% NaCl solution was inserted in the mouth (reference electrode) and another contacted the trimmed tip of the left antenna (recording electrode) The signal from the recording electrode was pre-amplified (10 × gain Original data and R codes for statistical analysis are available at the University of Lleida repository, http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/65433 Animal orientation strategies for movement in flows Mechanisms of animal navigation in odor plumes Control of moth flight posture is mediated by wing mechanosensory feedback Antennal mechanosensors mediate sex pheromone-induced upwind orientation in the potato tuberworm moth In Pheromone Communication in Moths (eds Allison T.) 173–189 (University of California Press Combinatorial codes and labeled lines: how insects use olfactory cues to find and judge food and oviposition sites in complex environments Winging it: Moth flight behavior and responses of olfactory neurons are shaped by pheromone plume dynamics Sex pheromones and their impact on pest management Mating disruption for the 21st century: matching technology with mechanism Female detection of the synthetic sex pheromone contributes to the efficacy of mating disruption of the European grapevine moth Pest insect olfaction in an insecticide-contaminated environment: Info-disruption or hormesis effect Pesticide-mediated disruption of spotted wing Drosophila flight response to raspberries Sublethal effects of neurotoxic insecticides on insect behavior Impacts of sublethal insecticide exposure on insects — Facts and knowledge gaps Neonicotinoids and other insect nicotinic receptor competitive modulators: progress and prospects Neonicotinoids interfere with specific components of navigation in honeybees An insecticide further enhances experience-dependent increased behavioural responses to sex pheromone in a pest insect Low doses of a neonicotinoid insecticide modify pheromone response thresholds of central but not peripheral olfactory neurons in a pest insect Sublethal effects of neonicotinoid insecticide on calling behavior and pheromone production of tortricid moths A sublethal dose of a neonicotinoid insecticide disrupts visual processing and collision avoidance behaviour in Locusta migratoria sublethal and transgenerational effects of the novel chiral neonicotinoid pesticide cycloxaprid on demographic and behavioral traits of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Comparative effect of three neurotoxic insecticides with different modes of action on adult males and females of three tortricid moth pests Insect neurotransmission: Neurotransmitters and their receptors Unexpected effects of low doses of a neonicotinoid insecticide on behavioral responses to sex pheromone in a pest insect The effects of pheromone concentration on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth Effects of varying sex pheromone component ratios on the zigzagging flight movements of the oriental fruit moth Rigosi, E. & O’Carroll, C. The cholinergic pesticide imidacloprid impairs contrast and direction sensitivity in motion detecting neurons of an insect pollinator. Preprint at, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/ (2018) Visual ground pattern modulates flight speed of male Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta The neurobiological basis of orientation in insects: insights from the silkmoth mating dance Tools for resistance monitoring in oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and first assessment in Brazilian populations Evaluation of cytochrome P450 activity in field populations of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) resistant to azinphosmethyl Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): Trends Neonicotinoid insecticide interact with honeybee odorant-binding protein: Implication for olfactory dysfunction Physicochemical evidence on sublethal neonicotinoid imidacloprid interacting with an odorant-binding protein from the tea geometrid moth Antennal resolution of pulsed pheromone plumes in three moth species Disruption of mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by chlorantranilipole Effect of larvae treated with mixed biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis - abamectin on sex pheromone communication system in cotton bollworm Sublethal concentration of beta-cypermethrin influences fecundity and mating behavior of Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) adults Sublethal doses of imidacloprid disrupt sexual communication and host finding in a parasitoid wasp Is the combination of insecticide and mating disruption synergistic or additive in lightbrown apple moth Simulation modeling to interpret the captures of moths in pheromone-baited traps used for surveillance of invasive species: the gypsy moth as a model case Role of plant volatiles and hetero-specific pheromone components in the wind tunnel response of male Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to modified sex pheromone blends Plant volatiles challenge inhibition by structural analogs of the sex pheromone in Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in traps baited with host-plant volatiles in Chile A language and environment for statistical computing Behaviour of flying oriental fruit moth males during approach to sex pheromone sources Download references This study was supported by research grant AGL2013-49164-C2-1 MINECO Sanz helped with the initial setup of the video recording system University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia developed the flight track acquisition and analysis system wrote the initial draft of the manuscript and all the authors contributed to the final version Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44581-w Metrics details Female moths emit sex pheromone to attracts males and although they are not attracted to their own sex pheromone they appear to detect it as it affects their behavior In order to elucidate the mechanism of pheromone “autodetection” we compared responses of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of male and female Grapholita molesta a species with reported pheromone autodetection Two concentrations of the major (Z8-12:Ac) and minor (E8-12:Ac) sex pheromone components a plant-volatile blend containing methyl salicylate courtship) pheromone (ethyl trans-cinnamate) were tested in 45 male and 305 female ORNs Hierarchical cluster analysis showed radically different peripheral olfactory systems between sexes that could be linked to their specific roles In males 63% of the ORNs were tuned specifically to the major or minor female sex pheromone components while the remaining 33% showed unspecific responses to the stimulus panel In females 3% of the ORNs were specifically tuned to the male hair-pencil pheromone and no ORN was tuned their own sex pheromone components The lack of sex pheromone-specific ORNs in females suggests that they are not able to discriminate pheromone blends and thus pheromone autodetection is unlikely in this species We discuss our results in the context of the methodological limitations inherent to odor stimulation studies Distribution of sensilla types on the antenna of G (A) Different sensilla types are shown with different colors in the SEM picture of flagellomeres 25th and 26th (B) Distribution of sensilla and scales on a representative flagellomere located towards the middle of the antenna Electrophysiological dose–response curves of G molesta to the major (Z8-12:Ac) and minor (E8-12:Ac) pheromone components Symbols are average response and curves are the predicted values from fitted logistic functions Asterisks indicate estimated dose-50 (ED50) Based on the results of the dose–response curves we chose the 102 and 104 ng concentrations to characterize ORN types (see below) With the low dose (102 ng) Z- and E-ORNs could be discriminated in males but the female antenna was insensitive to this concentration With the high dose (104 ng) the female antenna started to show responses and the male Z- and E-ORNs could still be separated from each other The left panel shows a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouping G molesta female and male ORNs (n = 305 and 45 respectively) according to their responses to 6 odorant stimuli [H: male courtship pheromone (i.e. hair-pencil pheromone) at 10 µg; P: plant blend at 100 µg; E: minor pheromone component E8-12:Ac; Z: major pheromone component Z8-12:Ac each at 2 concentrations (100 ng = 2) and (10 µg = 4)] Each entry in the y-axis indicates a different ORN color-coded by sex (grey for female The horizontal lines separate HCA clusters which have been color-coded in the dendrogram on the right side and represent 5 physiological ORN types The right panel shows average responses for each of the 5 HCA clusters: (A) Major sex pheromone component ORNs (D) ORNs with unspecific responses to the stimulus panel The number of ORNs for each physiological type is indicated (“n”) so the pheromone detection system of males and females may not need to be alike We tested this hypothesis in the Oriental fruit moth G molesta by means of electroantennography (EAG) and single sensillum recordings (SSR) we found that males were approximately 20 and 5 times more sensitive than females to the major (Z8-12:Ac) and minor (E8-12:Ac) pheromone components This indicated that either the female antenna was equipped with a lower proportion of pheromone-responding cells than males that these cells were not as sensitive as those of males the male antenna was about tenfold more sensitive to Z8-12:Ac than to E8-12:Ac whereas the female antenna had similar sensitivity to the two isomers suggesting additional sex differences in pheromone detection In order to uncover the cellular mechanisms behind sex differences in pheromone perception we tested the response of male and female ORNs to the sex pheromone plant volatiles and the male-produced hair-pencil pheromone Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped ORNs in 5 neatly separated response classes ORN responses agreed with the EAGs because in males most of the cells sampled were major-component sex pheromone specialists and correspondingly the male EAG was about tenfold more sensitive to the major than to the minor pheromone component female ORNs responded very weakly and unspecifically to sex pheromone and thus EAG responses of female antennae to sex pheromone were very small and did not discriminate between the two sex pheromone isomers molesta to sex pheromone is not due to a smaller number of male-equivalent PRN than in males but to the summed response of many unspecific ORNs with weak pheromone responses it is very likely that females experienced acute sensory adaptation and so their capacity to sense or discriminate sex pheromone was probably altered so it is possible that autodetection experiments that use unnaturally high pheromone doses may stimulate non-pheromone neurons (like the unspecific neurons of G This unspecific activation could falsely signal the brain the presence of non-pheromone odors which could then trigger behavioral responses that the sex pheromone at natural concentrations would never do Careful chemical analyses and the use of GC coupled to SSR (GC-SSR) demonstrated that a minute (< 1%) content of plant volatiles in the moth pheromone sample was responsible of the unexpected response of D This study shows that chemicals that are not detected by GC can be hugely magnified in the volatile sample particularly if they are more volatile than the test stimulus they evaporate with It also highlights the importance of using GC-SSR as perhaps the only way to stablish a true causal relationship between volatile stimulus and response The impact of impurities in olfactory behavior studies is probably even greater than in electrophysiological studies due to the larger sensitivity of the former molesta the practical absence of SSR responses of one sex to the sex pheromone of the opposite sex and the high differences in the ED50´s of male and female EAGs suggests that the effect of the inevitable impurities of the samples is not too large But a GC-SSR study would be required to confirm this point This change in behavior is very reasonable evidence of pheromone autodetection if conspecific and heterospecific calling females are not compared alongside then there is no definitive demonstration that females can discriminate their own sex pheromone from similar ones and thus pheromone autodetection cannot be demonstrated Using calling females requires that other sensory modalities (e.g. Females could change their behavior even without detecting the pheromone if they leave the area if males are not attracted to them Further studies on the effect of sex pheromone on female behavior are wanted to establish the effect of mating disruption on females even if this effect is not mediated by pheromone autodetection sensu stricto Male and female pupae were placed in separate environmentally controlled chambers inside 1L polypropylene containers provided with 10% sucrose solution drinkers Adults were collected every 2–3 days after hatching and used when 2–4 days old antennae were dissected from live individuals and the scales were removed mechanically The antennae were mounted on SEM stubs lined with conductive tape and dried at room temperature before gold sputter coating The scale-free (ventral) area of 8 antennae and the scaled (dorsal) area of 5 antennae Sensilla counts were made every 5th flagellomere Total sensilla count per antennae was estimated by extrapolating these counts to the skipped flagellomeres which covers one third of the perimeter of each flagellomere was fully visible in all the samples but the scaled area which covers the remaining of the flagellomere was always partially obstructed from vision due to the cylindrical shape of the antenna Using characteristic landmark structures that indicated the sagittal axis on the scaled area we could extrapolate sensilla counts from the visible section of the scaled area to the section hidden from view Abundance and pattern of distribution of all types of sensilla are reported The sex-pheromone components Z8-12:Ac (CAS 28079-04-1) and E8-12:Ac (CAS 40642-40-8) were provided by Pherobank (Wijk bij Duurstede The Netherlands) with an initial purity of 99% GC-MSD analysis revealed a Z:E isomer content of 100:0.301 in Z8-12:Ac and of 0.633:100 in E8-12:Ac lot and filling numbers 1105301 and 13407214 and the plant odors (E)-β-farnesene (“FAR” did not show significant contamination peaks by GC-MSD Chemicals were loaded in 10-µl aliquots onto n-hexane pre-cleaned and folded over filter paper pieces (0.5 × 1 cm they were introduced into 1-ml disposable plastic pipettes (73-mm long × 7-mm i.d A 40-mm section of silicone plastic tubing (5-mm i.d Sigma-Aldrich product number BR143358) was inserted into the larger opening of the pipette tip and the odor cartridges were stored in glass test tubes with PTFE-lined screw caps to be used within the day A given cartridge was not used for more than 20 stimulations Filter papers formulated with solvent (n-hexane) controlled for puffing effects in the EAG test The test tubes that kept the stimulus cartridges were rinsed with acetone and heated at 250 °C overnight before being reused A 0.5 l/min charcoal-filtered and humidified air flow blew continuously over the insect preparation through an 8-mm i.d PTFE tube placed 15–20 mm from the preparation (air velocity at exit = 0.16 m/sec) The tip of the odor cartridge bearing the filter paper was positioned 8 cm upwind from the insect and perpendicular to the direction of the continuous air flow Charcoal-filtered room air was puffed at 0.2 l/m through the odor cartridge to the continuous flow tube for 200 ms Time interval between puffs was at least 30 s but longer if needed to let the spike activity return to pre-stimulation levels A maximum of 10 cells were recorded per insect and at least 5 min elapsed between recordings from two different cells The air around the preparation was constantly exhausted to minimize contamination Moths were immobilized with CO2 and held in an aluminum block The protruding head was restrained with tape and the antennae either remained free (for EAG) or were fixed to double-sided tape using minute strips of smoking paper (for SSR) Tungsten wire electrodes (0.125-mm diameter England) were electrolytically sharpened with 10% KOH Pulled glass-capillary electrodes were filled with physiological saline solution (1% NaCl in distilled water) and housed 0.5 mm diameter platinum wires A glass electrode inserted through the mouthparts and connected to ground served as the reference electrode For EAG the recording glass electrode contacted the cut tip of one antenna the recording tungsten electrode was placed near the base of a randomly chosen sensillum trichodeum and pushed gently inward with the help of a manual micromanipulator (NMN-25 Japan) until action potentials were observed Sensilla were randomly sampled along the antennae including the scaled region after removing the scales with the help of a tungsten electrode The signal from the recording electrode was pre-amplified (10 × gain) further amplified and band-pass filtered at 0.1 to 3 kHz for SSR and 0.1–100 Hz for EAG (Model 300 AC/DC Differential Amplifier 21 male and 20 female antennae were tested and for SSR 6 Z-cells and 5 E-cells from 5 different males were tested six stimuli were used for ORN classification: 102 ng (“low”) and 104 ng (“high”) doses of the pheromone components E8-12:Ac and Z8-12:Ac; 100 µg of the plant blend (1:1:1 of FAR:MS:TA) Each contacted sensillum was stimulated with each of the six stimuli in random order (305 cells from 50 female antennae Raw data and R-script for statistical analysis are available online at https://doi.org/10.34810/data152 Pheromones: Reproductive isolation and evolution in moths In Pheromone Communication in Moths: Evolution Coding and evolution of pheromone preference in moths In Insect 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volatiles on pheromone receptor neurons of male Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Three-dimensional antennal lobe atlas of the Oriental fruit moth Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae): Comparison of male and female glomerular organization Synergism of pheromone and host-plant volatile blends in the attraction of Grapholita molesta males Close-range attraction of female Oriental fruit moths to herbal scent of male hairpencils Insect olfaction and the evolution of receptor tuning On the relationship between the electroantennogram and simultaneously recorded single sensillum response of the European corn borer Current source density analysis of electroantennogram recordings: A tool for mapping the olfactory response in an insect antenna Physiology and morphology of pheromone-specific sensilla on the antennae of male and female Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Spatial organization of antennal olfactory sensory neurons in the female Spodoptera littoralis 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False positives from impurities result in incorrect functional characterization of receptors in chemosensory studies Fitness cost of pheromone production in signaling female moths Modulation of the temporal pattern of calling behavior of female Spodoptera littoralis by exposure to sex pheromone Conspecific females promote calling behavior in the noctuid moth Controlling and measuring dynamic odorant stimuli in the laboratory Behavioral effects of different attractants on adult male and female oriental fruit moths Detecting host–plant volatiles with odorant receptors from Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Responses to sex pheromone and plant odours by olfactory receptor neurons housed in sensilla auricillica of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) A specific male olfactory sensillum detects behaviorally antagonistic hairpencil odorants When mating disruption does not disrupt mating: Fitness consequences of delayed mating in moths Techniques simples pour un élevage permanent de la tordeuse orientale Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) sur milieu artificiel Superheat: An R package for creating beautiful and extendable heatmaps for visualizing complex data R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020). https://www.R-project.org/ Download references APA was supported by a pre-doctoral JADE scholarship from the University of Lleida CG was supported by Grant AGL2016-77373-C2-2-R (MEYC Present address: Gaiagen Technologies Pvt Ltd (Formerly Pest Control India Pvt Ltd) collected and analyzed the electrophysiological data All the authors participated in writing the manuscript Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10954-x