Volume 7 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00173 Lower-limb intersegmental coordination is a complex component of human walking Aging may result in impairments of motor control and coordination contributing to the decline in mobility inducing loss of autonomy Investigating intersegmental coordination could therefore provide insights into age-related changes in neuromuscular control of gait it is unknown whether the age-related declines in gait performance relates to intersegmental coordination The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of aging on the coordination of lower limb kinematics and kinetics during walking at a conformable speed We then assessed the body kinematics and kinetics from gait analyses of 84 volunteers from 25 to 85 years old when walking was performed at their self-selected speeds Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to assess lower-limb intersegmental coordination and to evaluate the planar covariation of the Shank-Thigh and Foot-Shank segments Ankle and knee stiffness were also estimated Age-related effects on planar covariation parameters was evaluated using multiple linear regressions (i.e. without a priori age group determination) adjusted to normalized self-selected gait velocity Colinearity between parameters was assessed using a variation inflation factor (VIF) and those with a VIF < 5 were entered in the analysis Normalized gait velocity significantly decreased with aging (r = −0.24; P = 0.028) Planar covariation of inter-segmental coordination was consistent across age (99.3 ± 0.24% of explained variance of PCA) Significant relationships were found between age and intersegmental foot-shank coordination Lower-limb coordination was modified with age particularly the coordination between foot Such modifications may influence the ankle motion and thus This observation may explain the decrease in the ankle plantar flexor strength mainly reported in the literature We therefore hypothesize that this modification of coordination constitutes a neuromuscular adaptation of gait control accompanying a loss of ankle strength and amplitude by increasing the knee power in order to maintain gait efficiency We propose that foot-shank coordination might represent a valid outcome measure to estimate the efficacy of rehabilitative strategies and to evaluate their efficiency in restoring lower-limb synergies during walking this study aimed to evaluate the impact of aging on the coordination of lower limb kinematics and kinetics during walking at comfortable speed using the planar covariation of elevation angles We hypothesized that the planar covariation of elevation angles should be modified throughout the lifespan in order to adapt the locomotor pattern to the constraints of aging we assessed effects of walking speed and age on the pattern and variability of lower limb intersegmental coordination in a cohort of healthy subjects from 25 to 85 years old Eighty-four volunteers (51 women and 33 men) from 28 to 85 years old were recruited from a previous asymptomatic cohort (clinical trial registration: NCT02042586) to participate in this prospective study and any inability to understand the procedures The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (CPP Est I The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki and all patients gave their informed consent Marker trajectories were recorded by the optoelectronic camera allowing to reconstruct embedded coordinate systems associated to each rigid body segment (pelvis, femur, tibia, and foot) defining then a complete 3-dimensional model of the lower limb. To access kinetics data (i.e., joint moment and power), ground reaction forces were also recorded with two force platforms (AMTI®, USA) sampled at 1,000 Hz (Figure 1A) (A) Representation of the 3D recording of locomotion with the marker set with the extracted markers trajectories (Top) and the recorded ground reaction forces (Bottom) (C) Details of joint power and moment for computing stiffness this method defines the heel-strike and the toe-off as the instant where the foot begins to move backward and forward in the pelvis frame accounting for almost 99% of data variance correspond to the “covariation plane” (VarCovPlane) The temporal coupling between the elevation angles of the shank and the thigh segments (μ1) is illustrated with the first eigenvector and its projection on the thigh axis The temporal coupling between the elevation angles of foot and shank segments were given by the third eigenvector (μ3) normal to the plane All these parameters were obtained for each gait cycle allowing to obtain two values per subject (mean and standard deviation) those variables were then removed from the model Data from the gait analysis were entered as follows into the multivariate stepwise linear regression model: - Gait instability parameters (Standard deviation of step length and step width) Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. The parameter estimates, 95% confident interval and partial R-square are given and compared to Cohen's suggestions (Cohen, 1992) The characteristics of participants are summarized in Table 1 Multivariate linear regression model between kinematics and kinetics variable and age (A) Mean (solid lines) and standard deviation (dotted lines) waveforms of sagittal ankle joint excursions for people of 25–49 (light gray)/50–64 (medium gray)/65–85 (dark gray) years old (B) Mean waveforms of knee power for people of 25–49 (light gray)/50–64 (medium gray)/65–85 (dark gray) years old (C) Mean waveforms of sagittal ankle power for people of 25–49 (light gray)/50–64 (medium gray)/65–85 (dark gray) years old Relationships between age and ankle range of motion (D) We choose to represent 3 classes of age in order to highlight change due to age (A) Representation of the mean planar covariation of the lower-limb segments for people of 25–49 (light gray)/50–64 (medium gray)/65–85 (dark gray) years old (B) Relationship between the orientation (index) of the covariation plane and the age for people of 25–49 (light gray)/50–64 (medium gray)/65–85 (dark gray) years old (C) Relationship between the variance of the covariance plane and the age for people of 25–49 (light gray)/50–64 (medium gray)/65–85 (dark gray) years old The present study aimed to assess the impact of non-pathological aging on the coordination of lower limb kinematics and kinetics during walking at conformable speed using the planar covariation of elevation angles We showed the adaptation of planar covariation of lower-limb segments throughout the lifespan and the related kinematics and kinetics during walking and step width previously reported as gait instability surrogates did not reach significance in our model One possible explanation is that the confortable walking velocity might have optimized balance during gait Further study implementing more complex balance constraints need to explore the contribution of these parameters in the aging process They found potential evidence that muscle-activation changes dominantly contribute to the reduced walking speed the alteration of ankle power with aging could be one of the primary symptoms of the physiological decline due to aging Further work should investigate muscular activation along lifespan in order to corroborate this hypothesis A particular attention has to be done on prevention programs specifically designed to enhance the strength and coordination of lower-limb muscles and determine its potential effect of ankle power the power of the multiple regression was limited by the number of volunteers the advantage inherent in this limitation is that only very strong relationships could be demonstrated Despite the linear relationship between age and walking parameters this study did not provide longitudinal data of volunteers We provide in this study data from young adults to aging people that may highlights changes during the whole lifetime the absence of the maximal strength of the volunteers to quantify the functional capacity and possibly the related gait performance should be noted this study showed age-related effects on gait performance the modification of shank-foot coordination could constitutes a neuromuscular adaptation of the changes (biomechanical our results might have implications for clinical research and practice these four specific parameters could be relevant outcomes to measure efficacy of rehabilitative strategies and to evaluate their efficiency for restoring lower-limb synergies during walking it may be interesting to focus gait rehabilitation on the improvement of ankle amplitude and power as well as foot-shank coordination with healthy and pathological elderly people The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of Good Clinical Practice and the Declaration of Helsinki and all patients gave their informed consent and PO critical revision of the article for important intellectual content All authors give final approval of the version to be submitted The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The studies included in this paper were supported by the Dijon-Bourgogne University Hospital Authors are grateful to Hospital research staff and to all participants The Coordination and Regulation of Movements Google Scholar Individual characteristics of human walking mechanics Age-related relative increases in electromyography activity and torque according to the maximal capacity during upright standing adult and elderly subjects: is gait control influenced by age Kinematic determinants of human locomotion Systematic review and meta-analysis of gait mechanics in young and older adults Ankle muscle strength discriminates fallers from non-fallers Effect of walking speed on inter-joint coordination differs between young and elderly adults Aging modifies joint power and work when gait speeds are matched CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Net ankle quasi-stiffness is influenced by walking speed but not age for older adult women A gait analysis data collection and reduction technique Google Scholar Leg stiffness primarily depends on ankle stiffness during human hopping Interactions of sex and aging on spatiotemporal metrics in non-pathological gait: a descriptive meta-analysis Intra-limb coordination while walking is affected by cognitive load and walking speed Age related differences in segment coordination and its variability during gait Do spatiotemporal parameters and gait variability differ across the lifespan of healthy adults Effect of hopping frequency on bilateral differences in leg stiffness Lower limb coordination patterns in hemiparetic gait: factors of knee flexion impairment On the origin of planar covariation of elevation angles during human locomotion Coordination impairments are associated with falling among older adults Effects of age on the biomechanics and physiology of gait A refined view of the determinants of gait: Significance of heel rise Reduced hip extension during walking: Healthy elderly and fallers versus young adults Knee and ankle joint stiffness in sprint running CA: McGraw-Hillf/Irwin series Operations and decision sciences Google Scholar doi: 10.1152/physiologyonline.1999.14.4.168 Biomechanical effectiveness of a distraction-rotation knee brace in medial knee osteoarthritis: preliminary results Kinematic adaptation of locomotor pattern in rheumatoid arthritis patients with forefoot impairment Planar covariation of elevation angles in prosthetic gait Walking with increased ankle pushoff decreases hip muscle moments Age-related changes in lower trunk coordination and energy transfer during gait Changes in mechanical properties of human plantar flexor muscles in ageing Three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limbs in hip osteoarthritis during walking Body segment inertial parameter estimation for the general population of older adults Biomechanical and physiological aspects of legged locomotion in humans Strength and range of motion in the ankle in two age groups of men and women Predictive neuromechanical simulations indicate why walking performance declines with ageing CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar van den Bogert “On optimal filtering for inverse dynamics analysis,” in Proceedings of the IXth Biennial Conference Canadian Society of Biomechanics (Vancouver Google Scholar “Control of balance of upper body during gait,” in Multiple Muscle Systems CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Two simple methods for determining gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data Ornetti P and Laroche D (2019) Age-Related Adaptations of Lower Limb Intersegmental Coordination During Walking Received: 13 February 2019; Accepted: 04 July 2019; Published: 17 July 2019 Copyright © 2019 Gueugnon, Stapley, Gouteron, Lecland, Morisset, Casillas, Ornetti and Laroche. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Davy Laroche, ZGF2eS5sYXJvY2hlQGNodS1kaWpvbi5mcg== Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Metrics details three-dimensional motion analysis is considered as the gold standard in the biomechanics field The proposed dataset has been established on 30 asymptomatic young participants and to run at comfortable and fast speeds on overground and treadmill using shoes Three dimensional trajectories of 63 reflective markers 3D ground reaction forces and moments were simultaneously recorded A total of 4840 and 18159 gait cycles were measured for overground and treadmill walking 2931 and 18945 cycles were measured for overground and treadmill running The dataset is presented in C3D and CSV files either in raw or pre-processed format The aim of this dataset is to provide a complete set of data that will help for the gait characterization during clinical gait analysis and in a sportive context This data could be used for the creation of a baseline database for clinical purposes to research activities exploring the gait and the run and 3D ground reaction forces and moments were recorded (overground only) 2931 and 18945 cycles were measured on overground and treadmill In order to allow the scientific community to be able to process data as they wish the dataset was presented in C3D and CSV files with and without post-processing 68.2 ± 11.1 kg) were recruited from September 2021 to January 2022 in the Dijon University Hospital (France) The inclusion criteria were: healthy subjects who was able to understand simple orders and instructions for locomotion and who lived within a maximum radius of 50 km from the investigation site The major exclusion criteria were persons who were not affiliated to a national health insurance diseases or disabilities that have an impact on walking or with comorbidities that potentially affect the gait pattern All participants included in this study provided their informed oral consent in accordance with the French law The study protocol was developed in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice It was approved by the ethics committee (CPP Ile-de-France X n°RCB: 2021-A01058-33) and authorized by the French National Agency for Drug Safety This study was referenced on Clinical Trial registration (NCT05104645) the entire data collection was recorded in two sessions which lasted approximately 2 hours The following procedure was adopted for the first session: Consent information to the participant: An investigator of the study introduced the laboratory and explained the procedure and how to conduct the two sessions Medical interview: The interview aims to gather demographics (age height and weight) and to verify the inclusion/exclusion criteria Calibration of the systems: The calibration was performed following the instructions available in the manufacturer’s documentation including the definition of the inertial coordinate system Calibration file/static record: The participant was standing upright with lower limbs outstretched upper limbs bent at 90° with palms facing the floor Five seconds without any movement were recorded A new record was performed if any marker was missing or misplaced regarding the Conventional Gait model This file is named “Calibration” in the dataset and included in each volunteer folder Walking (Fig. 2): Overground walking trials: The participant was asked to walk along a line drawn on the ground (~10 m) at their spontaneous walking speed No directive was given about the force plates to avoid a conscious adaptation of the walk A minimum of 3 platform steps per leg were recorded for each condition Treadmill walking trials: The participant was asked to walk with shoes The comfortable walking speed was selected by the volunteer after a 2-minute familiarization trial The slow speed was then calculated by removing 1 km/h from the comfortable speed and the fast speed was calculated by adding 2 km/h Each speed condition was performed for 2 minutes Running trials (Fig. 2): Overground running trials: The participant was asked to run with shoes provided for the experiment along a straight line drawn on the ground (~6 m) while running The size of the room makes it possible to start the race and finish it with sufficient space (at least 5 meters on either side) at a comfortable then fast speed Treadmill running trials: The participant was asked to run with shoes provided for experimentation on a motorized treadmill at comfortable and fast speeds The comfortable running speed was selected as treadmill walking trials and fast speed was calculated with the same way as in walking trials Session ending: All markers and electrodes were removed Additional explanations about the records were given to the participants while showing some videos and 3D animations For each session, a complete list of volunteers’ metadata is available and included: ID of volunteers, demographic parameters (age, sex, height, weight) and anthropometric parameters related to the Conventional Gait Model. Position of the markers on the anatomical landmarks following the Conventional Gait Model (version 2.5). Illustration of walking and running trials All these systems were synchronized using Vicon Giganet® hardware and Nexus® software (Vicon System® Gait cycle was defined using two successive foot strike of the same leg The full contact of the left or right foot on the force platforms was defined by an experimental operator and confirmed using the numerical camera post-processed measurements were cropped to obtain two files for each back and forth they were stored in a c3d and CSV file and renamed incrementally video was only available for overground walk and run no videos were recorded for subject GM001 for all trials during the first session and for subject HN021 for walking tasks during the first session This file format is a public binary file format supported by all motion capture system manufacturers and biomechanics software programs synchronized 3D markers coordinates and analog data as well as a set of metadata (e.g custom parameters specific to the manufacturer software application) This file format can be read with any text data reading tools Trial files are referenced in our dataset in hierarchical folders ID/Session/Trial/Speed/Data/Files.extention with: ID (Folder): unique identifier for the volunteer Session (Folder): the session (Session1 or Session2) Trial (Folder): overground walking (Overground_Walk) treadmill running (Treadmill_Run) or Static record (Calibration) Data (Folder): post-process c3d/CSV file (Post_Process) raw c3d/CSV file (Raw) or videoshow compressed AVI files (Video) a total of 4840 and 18159 gait cycles were measured for overground and treadmill walking The optoelectronic system was calibrated before each session following the instructions available by Vicon’s documentation average of the different residuals of the 2D marker rays that belongs to the same 3D point) were below 0.20 (Arbitrary Units of Vicon) and the standard deviation of the reconstructed wand (i.e calibration tool) length remained below 1.5 mm (less than 1% of the wand length) 3D trajectories of cutaneous reflective markers were not reconstructed and gaps may be present 3D trajectories of cutaneous reflective markers were fully reconstructed without gap using pattern fill Error = Mean difference ± standard deviation (SD) between mean curves of each dataset the dataset is constrained by a relatively young population (from 21 to 41) the sport level of each participant was not evaluated (e.g using questionnaires) which could complicate the comparison in a sportive context the spontaneous speed during overground walk/run could be different during treadmill walk/run which may restrict the comparison between these two tasks A custom Python code used to read data is freely available on the dataset (Python Folder). All processing code used by Vicon are available for free on Vicon website (https://www.vicon.com/) kinetic and EMG data during different walking and stair ascending and descending tasks Quantification of human motion: gait analysis—benefits and limitations to its application to clinical problems Summary measures for clinical gait analysis: A literature review A review of observational gait assessment in clinical practice Armand, S., Moissenet, F., Coulon, G. de & Bonnefoy-Mazure, A. Identifying and understanding gait deviations: critical review and perspectives. Mov Sport Sci/Sci Mot 77–88 https://doi.org/10.1051/sm/2017016 (2017) Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 16 Gait analysis dataset of healthy volunteers and patients before and 6 months after total hip arthroplasty A full-body motion capture gait dataset of 138 able-bodied adults across the life span and 50 stroke survivors A multimodal dataset of human gait at different walking speeds established on injury-free adult participants A biomechanics dataset of healthy human walking at various speeds A dataset of asymptomatic human gait and movements obtained from markers Effects of walking speed on gait biomechanics in healthy participants: a systematic review and meta-analysis The effect of walking speed on the gait of typically developing children The influence of walking speed and footwear on plantar pressures in older adults Knee loading patterns of the non-paretic and paretic legs during post-stroke gait The comparison of normative reference data from different gait analysis services Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies Is treadmill walking biomechanically comparable to overground walking The Use of Embedded IMU Insoles to Assess Gait Parameters: A Validation and Test-Retest Reliability Study Modular Control of Human Movement During Running: An Open Access Data Set Assessment of Local Dynamic Stability in Gait Based on Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019 Baker, R., Leboeuf, F., Reay, J. & Sangeux, M. The Conventional Gait Model - Success and Limitations. in Handbook of Human Motion 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_25 (Springer International Publishing an open-source implementation that reproduces the past but prepares for the future Does Time of Day influence postural control and gait Automatic detection of gait events using kinematic data Riglet, L. et al. 3D motion analysis dataset of healthy young adult volunteers walking and running on overground and treadmill, figshare, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7056797.v1 (2024) A practical gait analysis system using gyroscopes NONAN GaitPrint: An IMU gait database of healthy young adults Database of lower limb kinematics and electromyography during gait-related activities in able-bodied subjects and kinematic open-source data for comprehensive locomotion activities A new anatomically based protocol for gait analysis in children Quantitative comparison of five current protocols in gait analysis The reliability of three-dimensional kinematic gait measurements: A systematic review Reliability and Accuracy in Three-Dimensional Gait Analysis: A Comparison of Two Lower Body Protocols Changes of kinematic parameters of lower extremities with gait speed: a 3D motion analysis study Biomechanical ToolKit: Open-source framework to visualize and process biomechanical data Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 114 Download references Authors would like to thank all volunteers for their kind participation and the CHU Dijon for the funding Innovative Strategies and Artificial Intelligence for Motor Function Rehabilitation and Autonomy Preservation revised the manuscript to bring important intellectual content The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03420-y Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science 13 motivated teams showed a magnificent racing day The Belgian team with Hendrickx–Van den Bogaart won the last race and with their team mates Adriaenssen Daiders and Vanluchene–Kurpnieks they won the overall The team from the Netherlands Bax–Bax managed to score a personal win and a second place in the overall With two second places the Czech Cermak brothers placed the team in the third place of the overall Twelve Quadcross teams took part to the race After two of the three races everything was still possible Estonia and Great Britain were fighting for the win in race three The race was stopped after 2 laps because of a false start All possible winners changed positions several times during the race France was on top followed by the Netherlands and Estonia The personal overall win went to Latvian Edgars Mengelis | Copyright 2025 FIM Europe | Terms of use - Privacy statement | The "Pont Gauthey," a bridge in Guegnon is a good place to tell La légende du passeur—the legend of the ferryman The bridge in Gueugnon is an arched bridge of 60.87 meters length it was one of the first buildings of Émiland Gauthey the word "gueugner" means whining or moaning In the old times there was no bridge over the Arroux in this place People had to wait for the ferryman and his boat the people groaned and moaned—hence the origin of the town name, Gueugnon An indoor botanical garden for tropical plants looks like a giant cylinder lying on its side A unique Baroque bridge preserved in Madrid's largest public park One of the last remaining pedestrian suspension bridges in North Carolina these three clustered bridges were just one part of a Slovenian architect’s grand vision A historic highway suspension bridge on the old Fraser River highway has been preserved for non-motorized traffic A rare surviving set of early 17th-century bronze finials remain on this bridge A first-of-its-kind circular bridge for cyclists C’était en troisième division Puis il se rappela de l’après Gueugnon Retranscription Girondins4Ever Jake Pinhancos is already a sensation in U.S The 12-year-old from Rochester won two gold medals at the FIM Junior Motocross World Championships with the first-ever Team USA standing above all others for the team gold "I didn't even try to talk with the other riders." Pinhancos also won the gold in the 65cc class "I was working my way up through the pack in the first moto and eventually I got all the way to first," Jake said making it rockier and harder-packed than the American courses Jake is used to riding Jake also said that the bikes from outside the U.S have longer swing-arms that allow them to go faster down the straight-aways so there were a number of factors for him to overcome in his first overseas racing experience Having already won 11 national championships here in the United States the two gold medals make a nice addition to his floor-to-ceiling trophy case at home "Now I think it was just another race," he said "There will be more challenging and important races to look forward to It's another win I can be happy about for a little while but then I've got to move on to focus on the next race." Jake was invited to attend the Southwick Nationals last weekend where he was honored for his accomplishments and had a chance to meet many motocross pros His dream is to join them once he turns 16 "I didn't really get to talk to them much," he said of meeting some of his idols they could be seeing a lot of him — or at least his back tire With four 4th-category climbs and plenty of riding on the open plains of Burgundy it offers arguably the best chance so far for breakaway specialists With the first medium mountain to follow the next day it might even be a breakaway rider who takes the yellow jersey if the overall contenders decide to hold back for stage seven and the sprinters’ teams have lost the will or energy to chase Letting a less fancied rider and team take yellow on this stage could be a smart move as they’d do all they can to keep the race together in the days that follow He writes for The Oregonian as a professional cyclist revealing his unique perspective from the inside peloton before A pro rider since 1995 who is now a member of Lance Armstrong's Team RadioShack Horner has been part of four Tour de France teams is a four-time USA Cycling national racing calendar champion and has won stages or overall titles in some of the sport's biggest races around the world Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, (updated 8/1/2024) and acknowledgement of our Privacy Policy, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/1/2025) © 2025 Advance Local Media LLC. All rights reserved (About Us) The material on this site may not be reproduced except with the prior written permission of Advance Local Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site YouTube's privacy policy is available here and YouTube's terms of service is available here Ad Choices Family: Three children (Luke David 1999, twins Isabelle Rose and Grace Elisabeth 2001) with wife Kristin Richard. Divorced in Sept. 2003. Two children (Maxwell Edward 2009 and Olivia Marie 2010) with Anna Hansen. Seven time Tour de France winner from 1999 through 2005. Unretired in 2009 and finished third with teammate Alberto Contador winning the race. August 23, 2012: USADA announced plans to strip Lance Armstrong of the seven Tour de France titles and ban him from cycling for life. 1996: Diagnosed with stage three testicular cancer. The tumors had spread to his abdomen, lungs, and lymph nodes. Began aggressive chemotheraphy, but more tumors were found in his brain. After having the tumors removed from his brain and more chemotheraphy he was declared cancer-free in 1997. Created yellow “Livestrong” bracelets to raise funds for cancer research. 2006: Ran in the NYC Marathon and finished in 2 hours, 59 minutes and 36 seconds. At age 16, Armstrong became a professional triathlete, was the national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990. Won Half Ironman triathlon in Florida 2012. Author of two best-selling autobiographies, “It’s Not About the Bike: My journey Back to Life” (2000) and “Every Second Counts” (2003). 1999 ABC Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. 2002 Sports Illustrated magazine name him Sportsman of the Year. 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year. 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 ESPN’s ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete. 2003 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality. Volume 8 - 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01078 This article is part of the Research TopicDynamics of Joint-Action, Social Coordination and Multi-Agent ActivityView all 30 articles Joint-improvisation is not only an open-ended creative action that two or more people perform together in the context of an artistic performance (e.g. Joint-improvisation also takes place in daily life activities when humans take part in collective performance such as toddlers at play or adults engaged in a conversation joint-improvisation has been looked at from a social motor coordination perspective the nature of the social motor coordination characteristics of joint-improvisation for either the creative aspect or daily life features of this motor performance remains unclear both solo-improvisation and joint-improvisation need to be studied conjointly to establish the influence of the social element of improvisation in the emergence of multi-agent motor coordination In order to better understand those two types of improvisation we compared three level of expertise – novice intermediate and professional in dance improvisation to identify movement characteristics for each of the groups Pairs of the same level were asked to improvise together Each individual was also asked to perform an improvisation on his/her own We found that each of the three groups present specific movement organization with movement complexity increasing with the level of expertise Experts performed shorter movement duration in conjunction with an increase range of movement The direct comparison of individual and paired Conditions highlighted that the joint-improvisation reduced the complexity of the movement organization and those for all three levels while maintaining the differences between the groups This direct comparison amongst those three distinct groups provides an original insight onto the nature of movement patterns in joint-improvisation situation it reveals the role of both individual and collective properties in the emergence of social coordination Participants were asked to move freely their forearm in the sagittal plane by exploring we found a presence of an individual motor signature expressing the intrinsic dynamic that leads the motor behavior in a specific and limited range of frequencies when two people interacted together in an improvisation task the individual motor signatures changed and were partially modulated to fit each other this emergence of collective properties between participants was observed in terms of frequencies of movements that could lead to coordination The above-mention results reveal the importance of the key role of individual variability when it comes down to understand movement pattern expertise These individual characteristics were also considered in joint-action dance situations in the context of complex actor-environment interaction experts’ better synchronization capabilities seem to play a role in activity of daily living These capabilities would act as facilitator of social awareness and social entrainment as well as adaptive behavior The article investigated the question of expertise in improvisation task in the aim to specifically identify movement characteristics that would reflect expertise in dance improvisation This identification can be done both at individual and collective levels where we expect to observe a modification of the marker of improvisation with expertise We would then be able to question how expertise modifies the joint effect of maintenance tendency and magnet effect The experimental manipulation of two dimensions (both individual and collective characteristics as well as expertise) will allow a double comparison of influence of an improvisation task on each of these dimensions It will also allow us to untangle together the influence of expertise on individual and collective characteristics in improvisation task One would expect to observe a clear difference between the levels of expertise where individual expert dancers’ movement characteristics would perform a wider variety of movements These differences would be magnified in the context of a joint-improvisation where the magnet effect would tend to reduce the variety of movement produced for all levels of expertise while maintaining a clear difference between groups Thirty-six participants were randomly paired in 1 of the 3 specific groups of dance expertise called “Novice Dancers,” participants had no experience of dance other than what most people would have had in their personal leisure time called “Intermediate Dancers,” had 4–5 years experience in contemporary dance they would have attended 2–3 times of week classes while also taking part in public performances as part of a troupe “Expert Dancers,” had at least 10 years experience as professional contemporary dancers Informed written consent was obtained for all participants on the day of data collection All participants were free to withdraw from the study at any stage Full ethical approval was granted by the University Research Ethics Committee Elbow goniometers Biometrics SG 110 (Biometrics England) measured the flexion and extension of the forearm one end of the goniometer was attached to the forearm and the other end on the upper arm Multiple frequencies can be observed at the same time and over time while also considering the relative phase for each of those frequencies This method opens the door to multi-scale signals analyses over finite spatial and temporal domains Representative example of typical movements performed by each of the 3 groups – A = Novices One can observe an increase of the number and spread of frequencies from Novices to Experts as well as more frequent turn over of their movements (c.f one scalogram was analyzed as described above the CWT analysis provides us with two separate scalograms The first one is a scalogram that is a representation of the common frequencies between the two participants The second one represents the relative phase for each of those common frequencies The stopping criterion was set at 90% of the reconstruction level to avoid the inclusion of local maxima that would come up as mathematical artifacts of the WT and CWT analysis Those artifacts are mainly caused by the trade-off between the accuracy in time and the accuracy in frequency that is inherent to such computation the output from those analyses allow us to characterize (iii) the number of atoms which gives us a representation of the number of events occurring during the improvisation as well as (iv) an estimation of their duration in order to assess coordination in the “Paired” Condition we extracted (v) the distribution of the relative phase Five ANOVAs were applied to for the number of frequencies and the distribution of the relative phase Sphericity was assessed for each of these variables the Greenhouse and Geisser’s correction for the degrees of freedom was applied Bonferroni’s correction post hoc analysis was used where necessary to assess the direction of significant effects Number of Frequencies for the 3 Groups (Novice and Expert) and the 2 Conditions (Alone and Paired) ∗Asterisks indicate significant differences P < 0.05 There were no significant differences between Intermediate and Novice Dancers (p > 0.05) or Intermediate and Expert Dancers (p > 0.05) indicating that the Intermediate Dancers behavior is situated between the Novices and the Experts Dancers Spread of Frequencies for the 3 Groups (Novice Also Novice Dancers in the Alone Condition perform each movement for a longer period of time in comparison with the Paired Condition (p < 0.01) there was no significant difference between Intermediate and Expert Dancers (p > 0.05) Duration of the Atoms for the 3 Groups (Novice Number of Occurrences of the Relative Phase Regions for the 3 Groups (Novice The relative Phase is distributed in six regions from 0° to 180° This study had the objective to investigate the movement characteristics reflecting the expertise in dance improvisation Three level of expertise were considered (novice To identify the individual characteristics each of the dancers performed an improvisation on their own dancers performed an improvisation task in pairs The results clearly show a pathway from novice to experts when it comes down to define the type of movement performed by dancers This pathway was found in both individual and collective improvisation When scrutinizing the experts specific behavior, the larger number of frequencies (Figure 2) performed illustrate a richer movement production as they explore a larger and more spread range of frequencies a wider range of actions while also exploring more frequencies within this wider spectrum Experts perform slower movement (lower frequencies) in comparison with novices and intermediates It is important to highlight that in term of “difficulty/complexity” those movements could have been performed by novices and intermediates physiological or neuromuscular constraints that could explain the absence of certain type of movement This observation crystallized the unique capability of expert dancer to produce certain movements that everyone could perform but that only experts actually perform everyone is capable of performing this wide range of action but only expert manage to explore it in the context of this improvisation This trait is central in our understanding of dance expertise and more widely in our understanding of movement expertise in general Expert dancers are able to produce a unique motor performance within the same range of possibilities available to novice and intermediate dancers Experts and Intermediates dancers also tend to move on shorter atom duration) while going though intermediate phases that lead to the next phase of joint-action those findings demonstrate that the amount of experience in moment-to-moment improvisation enhances the capability and capacity of the performers Based on the specific expert behavior observed in this study expert improvisation seems to reflect the conjunction of the individual and collective properties (the alliance of maintenance tendency and magnet effect) rather than a dissociation between the performer’s action capability and their ability in discrimination and anticipating the action of others expert dancers have the capacity to produce unique movements while taking into account the movements proposed by their partner The observed coordinated behavior reflect the combination of their own movement capabilities their ability to discriminate the information of the confederate action while also anticipating future movements discriminating while also having reduced movement capabilities resulting in a reduced variety of movement a lower range of frequencies and a tendency to maintain longer any performed frequency this expertise could also bring a better adaptive behavior in the work place and/or during any type of group physical activities All authors acknowledge ethical responsibility for the content of the manuscript and will accept the consequences of any ethical violation This work received full ethical approval from University of Montpellier (France) JI and LM conceived and designed the experiment JI performed the data collection and data analysis This experiment was supported by the European Project AlterEgo FP7 ICT 2.9 – Cognitive Sciences and Robotics “Pengi: implementation of a theory of activity,” in Proceedings of the AAAI Google Scholar Mimicry and me: the impact of mimicry on self-construal Google Scholar Characterization of seismic waveforms and classification of seismic events using chirplet atomic decomposition Example from the Lacq gas field (Western Pyrenees CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Experts see it all: configural effects in action observation The self-organization of human interaction CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar The acquisition of socio-motor improvisation in the 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited *Correspondence: Johann Issartel, am9oYW5uLmlzc2FydGVsQGRjdS5pZQ== Soni commence sa formation au Centre de Formation de Football de Paris (CFFP) avant d’intégrer le club de sa ville natale le milieu de terrain devient professionnel après avoir rejoint l’île de beauté et le SC Bastia Il participera à 22 rencontres de Ligue 2 avec le club Corse puis rejoindra l’US Orléans en National Soni va tenter une nouvelle aventure à l’étranger et évoluera dans divers championnats professionnels : 5 saisons avec le FC Petrolul puis avec Hermannstadt (1ère division roumaine) où il remportera la coupe nationale 4 saisons à Kansas City en MLS où il soulèvera à deux reprises l’US Open Cup le natif d’Aubervilliers retrouve la saison dernière la France Il prendra part à 11 matchs de National 2 avec l’Entente Sannois Saint-Gratien Soni comptabilise 24 capes avec la sélection haïtienne et 4 avec l’Équipe de France des moins de 20 ans Merci à Christophe Puhl et à Athletics Advisors SARL pour la qualité des échanges entretenus « Ce sera notre dernière arrivée pour cette nouvelle saison nous cherchions à étoffer notre milieu de terrain qui a connu différents championnats professionnels et notamment la Ligue 2 française Soni Mustivar (Entente Sannois Saint-Gratien) Départs : Dylan Mamessier (Paray Foot) Lire la suite[#PrepaFCG] – Les résultats du week-end des forgerons Lire la suite[Groupe Espoirs] Les séniors déroulent face à la JO Creusot Lire la suite[eSport] Lancement de la saison 2022/23 du FCG eSport – nouvelle équipe Rocket League Lire la suite[National 3] Les forgerons poursuivent par un nul face à Andrézieux-Boutheon The ad-free version is ready for purchase on iOS mobile app today we couldn't find that page";var n=e.querySelector("h2");return n&&n.remove(),{staticContent:e,title:t}},d=function(e){var t=document.createElement("button");return t.innerText=e,t.classList.add("error-page-button"),t},f=function(e){var t=document.createElement("div");t.id="recirculation-404",t.classList.add("brand-hint-bg");var n="\n \n \n Tick here if you would like us to send you the author’s response On Tuesday afternoon Liverpool completed their latest move in the summer transfer window by finalising the move to bring Valencia full-back Aly Cissokho on loan for the rest of the season The 25-year-old only moved to the Spanish side 12 months ago before that he spent three seasons at French side Lyon For everything you need to know about the left-back we asked our French expert Andrew Gibney to give us the inside track The story of Aly Cissokho is an interesting tale with the French league famous for bringing through a barrage of young talent; it is in Portugal that Cissokho’s career really started After moving to Vitória Setúbal in 2008 from FC Gueugnon he quickly moved onto Portuguese giants Porto and then back to France The fourth of five children – his brother Issa plays for FC Nantes - he quickly progressed through the youth sides in Gueugnon’s academy after three years the promising 19-year-old full back made his league debut His promising performances in the 14 games he started couldn’t stop his club going down and Setúbal would take the Frenchman to Portugal After making his debut in the UEFA Cup and 12 league starts the winter transfer window would see FC Porto sign him for €300,000 Showing a great willingness to break forward he was often better utilised as an extra attacker than in defence At Porto the defensive side wasn’t really an issue and soon some of the bigger names in European football were after him Milan famously nearly signed him (we’ll get back to that) but it would be Lyon that would part with €15 million and bring the Blois-born defender back to the country of his birth Another great example of Porto’s famous business model a model that Lyon had successfully mimicked Perhaps he could have stayed and developed at Porto but now at 21 his career was set to take off However this was a Lyon side that were slipping down the ladder Les Gones were struggling to compete with Bordeaux Cissokho had shown glimpses of his potential his energy and determination to get up and down and help at both ends of the pitch was clear to see Chasing back to recover his defensive position he tends to make rash challenges – see Mathieu Debuchy at Newcastle – he is often found out of position and tries to compensate with his space and strength and gives away silly fouls in the pace of the Premier League this could be a problem He is however built ready-made for the hustle and bustle of the English style He will not be overpowered by many on the wing which should also mean he could be a factor moving forward but then Liverpool fans will pick up quickly that he struggled with the passing aspect of being a full-back His deliveries lack any consistency and it was a major grip that both the Lyon and Valencia fans had with Cissokho Liverpool already have Jose Enrique at left-back and it is hard to see Cissokho becoming an instant first choice at Anfield this season The Spaniard is a better defender and much more complete technically than the Frenchman Cissokho is a decent alternative and will provide cover but it’s hard to see him becoming anything more than a back-up In the big physical games Cissokho could provide added size and strength but in the bigger more crucial games that Liverpool have this season you wouldn’t want to see the Frenchman bounding back and causing trouble to his own defence His famous transfer to Milan collapsed when Cissokho failed his medical due to an issue that showed up in the X-Rays of his teeth They spotted a problem that could have posture issues as he developed in later years Lyon took a gamble and lost about €10 million as he never really lived up to his potential Let’s hope for Liverpool’s sake he doesn’t end up causing them (heart) tooth-ache What do Liverpool need to clinch the title Keep up with all the Reds news with our FREE daily newsletter US Edition UK Edition Scottish Sun Irish SunSearchMy Account Malta U-21 have already played three qualifiers in the group phase of the 2011 UEFA Championship Edwin Camilleri's team conceded three upsets but the margin of defeat in those matches was minimal and the performances of the team in general were encouraging Malta U-21 lost at home to Slovenia (0-2) and Belgium (0-1) they produced a gutsy display in a 0-1 reverse to Ukraine in Borodinka the chances of breaking their duck in their next outing look slim for the Maltese as tonight they host group favourites France at the National Stadium with Liverpool's David N'Gog and Jonathan Biabiany threw away a two-goal lead at home as Ukraine hit back for a share of the spoils in a 2-2 draw the French team will want to get back on the winning track and show the partial setback in Gueugnon was only a blip in their progress for qualification Belgium are top of the standings on six points The leaders travel east today for a match against Ukraine in Kiev but one or two of their scouts could be assigned a spying mission at Ta' Qali this evening as Belgium host France in a top-of-the-table clash in Mouscron next Tuesday Camilleri's task was rendered even more difficult as he will have to do without suspended trio Mark Scerri Clifford Gatt Baldacchino and Ben Camilleri who also lost a couple of regulars due to injuries will probably decide in the very last minute on his starting formation to assess the team's fitness levels "This will be a difficult match for us," Camilleri told reporters earlier in the week "France are among the top teams at this level with an impressive array of talent spread in top leagues in Europe "We have some regular starters out but I still think we can give France a good run for their money We've already shown that we can make up for the lack in quality with extra motivation and determination "This is the only way to go for us to keep up the progress and groom more players into the senior squad." Current standings: Belgium (2-0-0) 6; Ukraine (1-1-0) 4; France (1-1-0) 4; Slovenia (1-0-2) 3; Malta (0-0-3) 0 Playing today: 19.00 Ukraine vs Belgium; 20.50 Malta vs France please register for free or log in to your account.