Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker Background: The high incidence of food allergy in childhood points to the need of elucidating early life factors dictating allergy susceptibility. Here, we aim to address in a mouse model how the exposure to a major cow's milk allergen through breastmilk of mothers with different immune status influences food allergy outcome in offspring. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the strong potential of breastmilk to modulate immune response to a major cow's milk allergen in the progeny. It highlights the importance of maternal immune status and of her consumption of the allergen during lactation in dictating the outcomes in offspring. This opens perspectives where modulating maternal immune status might increase the chance of cow's milk allergy prevention in breastfed children. Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01545 Background: The high incidence of food allergy in childhood points to the need of elucidating early life factors dictating allergy susceptibility we aim to address in a mouse model how the exposure to a major cow's milk allergen through breastmilk of mothers with different immune status influences food allergy outcome in offspring Methods: BALB/cJ future dams were either kept naïve or sensitized through the oral route using cholera toxin (“orally sensitized”) or through the i.p or rendered fully tolerant (oral gavage without any adjuvant) to bovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) After mating with naïve males and delivery mothers were orally exposed or not to BLG during the whole lactation eight groups of lactating mothers were considered: naïve In order to specifically address breastmilk effects on their allergy susceptibility pups from naïve-synchronized mothers were cross-fostered by the different groups of treated dams and lactating mothers at delivery mothers kept their own pups to address a possible in utero effect and BLG-immune complexes were measured in breastmilk from the different lactating mother groups Allergic sensitization was monitored in 5-weeks old female offspring (n = 7–8/group of lactating mothers) by determining BLG-specific antibodies in plasma and splenocytes cytokine secretion after i.p Allergic reaction to oral BLG challenge was evaluated by measuring mMCP1 in plasma Results: Offspring was protected from one allergic i.p independently of BLG exposure during lactation Orally sensitized dams conferred protection in offspring solely when exposed to BLG during lactation while naïve mothers did not provide any protection upon BLG exposure The levels of protection correlated with the levels of BLG-specific antibodies and BLG-immune complex in breastmilk There was a trend for decreased sensitization in offspring breastfed by tolerant and exposed mothers which was not associated with transfer of specific antibodies through breastmilk Protection provided by nursing by treated/exposed mothers was not persistent after a boost i.p injection of the progeny and then did not protect them from an allergic reaction induced at this time point No additional in utero effects were evidenced Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the strong potential of breastmilk to modulate immune response to a major cow's milk allergen in the progeny It highlights the importance of maternal immune status and of her consumption of the allergen during lactation in dictating the outcomes in offspring This opens perspectives where modulating maternal immune status might increase the chance of cow's milk allergy prevention in breastfed children While the factors controlling food antigen shedding in breastmilk are poorly identified at low doses and over a long period of time after ingestion (>24 h) This might have a role in the education of the immune system to environmental antigens to which the newborn will be naturally exposed: actually they might correspond to dietary habits of the family In order to expand the knowledge on how to prevent food allergy by breastmilk we aimed to address whether observations obtained with an egg allergen could be extended to the major cow's milk allergen a frequent cause of food allergy in infancy in order to better reflect the human setting we also aimed to assess the role of the immune status of the mother in this protection or highly sensitized mothers who were exposed or not to the food allergen during lactation Female and male BALB/cJ Rj mice, 4 weeks-old, were purchased from CERJ (Centre d'Elevage René Janvier, Le Genest-Saint-Isle, France), and were housed in filtered cages under normal specific pathogen free husbandry conditions, with autoclaved bedding and sterile water. Mice received a diet deprived of animal proteins in which BLG was not detected using specific immunoassays (22) Native BLG (BLG) was purified from raw cow's milk (non-heated, Ferme de Viltain, Saclay, France) using selective precipitation and chromatography, and further characterized, as previously described (23) Lactating mothers were then exposed or not to 1 mg of BLG by gavage (200 μl/administration diluted in PBS) every other day starting 48 h after delivery and until weaning so they and their pups had the same handling/stress as in the group of exposed mothers Experimental protocol: BALB/cJ future dams were either kept naïve and Cholera toxin) or highly (intra-peritoneal administration of BLG/alum) sensitized to BLG or rendered tolerant to BLG (intra-gastric gavage with BLG alone) before mating with naïve males pups of treated mothers were replaced by pups from naïve-synchronized mothers in order to prevent interferences from in utero effects Lactating mothers from each group then received BLG or PBS by i.g Breastmilk was collected 10 days post-partum by pooling stomach contents from 6 to 10 male pups per mother group to assess BLG The female progeny was then experimentally sensitized by i.p injection of BLG and Alum when 5 weeks-old and BLG-specific IgE A boost injection was performed 21 days after the first i.p all mice were orally challenged with 15 mg of purified BLG both to assess allergic sensitization and elicitation of the allergic reaction Mice were then sacrificed and spleens were pooled to assess ex vivo BLG-specific cytokine secretion In order to assess any additional in utero effect another experiment was conducted in which pups were kept by their respective mother and protocol then performed as before Breastmilk was collected 10 days post-partum from the stomach of 6–10 male pups per mother group Males were sacrificed 4 h after gavage of the mother with BLG (or PBS) and stomach content was collected and pooled per mother treatment (2–3 mothers per treatment group) Content was weighted and diluted in two volumes of PBS After vortexing and centrifugation (10,000× g supernatants were collected and stored at −20°C until analysis Enzyme immunometric assays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates (Immunoplate Maxisorb Microfill dispenser and spectrometer equipments from BioTek instruments BLG antigen and BLG-specific IgG1, IgA, and IgE were quantified in serial dilution of breastmilk samples (from 1/5 to 1/625) as previously described (22, 25, 28) As no standard is available for BLG-specific IgA results are expressed as absorbance measured at 414 nm A positive control of IgG1-BLG immune complex was provided by mixing purified anti-BLG IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (10 ng/ml) with purified BLG (1 ng/ml) No specific IgA-BLG or IgE-BLG immune complexes were detected whatever the group of lactating mothers considered the female offspring nursed by the different groups of mothers (e.g. orally sensitized exposed during lactation tolerant exposed during lactation) was sensitized to BLG by i.p immunization with alum (7–8 mice/group of mothers) Plasma samples were collected 20 days later to assess allergic sensitization a boost injection was performed 21 days after the first i.p BLG specific IgG1, IgE, and IgG2a were quantified on plasma samples collected from progeny using BLG-coated microtiter plates (25, 26, 29). Due to high IgG concentrations that might mask epitopes for IgE binding after the i.p. boost (25) a reverse assay using anti-mouse IgE coated plates and AChE-labeled BLG was also performed Results are then expressed as mAU414nm (no standard available) Non-specific binding was assessed using plasma samples collected from naïve progeny (non-sensitized progeny from naïve and non-exposed mothers) a specific marker of intestinal mast cell activation (Moredun Scientific Limited was assessed on plasma samples collected 60 min after BLG oral challenge following provider recommendations spleens were harvested and pooled within each mother treatment group After lysis of red blood cells (180 mM NH4Cl splenocytes were resuspended in RPMI-10 (RPMI supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum 100 μg/mL streptomycin—all from Gibco) Cells were incubated in 96-well culture plates (106 cells/well) in the presence of BLG (20 μg/mL) positive control) for 60 h at 37°C and 5% CO2 Each culture conditions were performed in duplicates 10 min) and supernatants were collected and stored at −80°C until further assay for cytokines using multiplexed kits and apparatus from Biorad (Bio-Plex Pro™ Mouse Group I and Bioplex100™ apparatus; Marnes la Coquette Due to the number of animal included per group (n < 30) and as data were not normally distributed Presence of differences between groups was first tested using non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test and p-values calculated using Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 permutations) Pairwise multiple comparison was then performed using Conover-Iman testing including Bonferroni correction for multiple testing Mann Whitney test was additionally performed between two specific groups All statistical analysis were performed using XLSTAT™ 2019 (version 2.3 Using a BLG-specific sandwich immunoassay, we detected BLG in milk collected from naïve or tolerant mothers who had been exposed to BLG during lactation (Figure 2A) we could not detect BLG in milk collected from orally (moderate sensitization) or i.p (high sensitization) sensitized mothers orally exposed to BLG during lactation IgA (white bars) and IgE (gray bars) and (C) IgG1-BLG immune complexes detected in milk collected 10 days post-partum from naïve sensitized or tolerant mothers exposed (+) or not (–) to 1 mg of BLG every other day during lactation Assays were performed on stomach contents collected from pups 4 h after the exposition of their fostered mothers For BLG-specific IgA and IgG1-BLG immune complexes absorbance signals (mAU414nm) obtained at the 1/25 dilution are reported A positive control of IgG1-BLG immune complex was provided by mixing purified anti-BLG IgG1 monoclonal antibodies with purified BLG (right bar) BLG-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgA (Figure 2B) and BLG-IgG1 immune complexes (Figure 2C) were undetectable in milk from naïve or tolerant mothers whether they had been exposed or not to BLG during lactation BLG-specific Ig and immune complexes were detected and their levels increased with BLG exposure during lactation sensitized mothers had the highest levels of BLG-specific Ig and BLG immune complexes They were not further increased by BLG-exposure during lactation The susceptibility of offspring from various mothers' group to be sensitized to BLG was first assessed by measuring BLG-specific antibodies after one i.p. sensitization with BLG in Alum. Mice fostered by naïve mothers exposed or not to BLG during lactation demonstrated comparable sensitization levels, as evidenced by comparable concentrations of BLG-specific IgE and IgG1 (Figure 3) A trend in decreased BLG-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies concentrations were evidenced in progeny fed by tolerant and exposed mothers (p = 0.06 and p = 0.01 using Mann-Whitney test and when compared to naïve non-exposed mice) whereas no effect was evidenced in absence of exposure Progeny fostered by orally sensitized mothers were significantly protected from sensitization only if mothers were exposed to BLG during lactation although a trend in decreased BLG-specific IgE concentrations was also noticed without this exposure (p = 0,01 vs sensitized mothers were fully protected from sensitization as evidenced by the nearly absence of specific IgE and the very low concentrations of BLG-specific IgG1 Plasma BLG-Specific IgE (A) and IgG1 (B) antibodies induced after one i.p sensitization with BLG/alum in pups fostered by naïve or pre-natally sensitized or tolerated mothers further orally exposed (+) or not (–) to BLG during lactation Tukey box and whiskers from 7 to 8 mice/groups are shown Statistical analysis evidenced differences between groups (p < 0.0001 Pairwise multiple comparisons were then performed using Conover-Iman testing Groups indicated with different letters are different from each other's (p < 0.05) p-values obtained using additional testing against control (naive and non-exposed mothers) by Mann Whitney test are also indicated between brackets The only group that tended to be protected from the elicitation of an allergic reaction was the progeny fostered by tolerant and exposed mothers (p = 0.06 using the Mann-Whitney test) No difference of IgG2a concentrations was observed between the different groups of sensitized progeny (data not shown) sensitizations and then an oral food challenge with BLG in pups fostered by naïve or prenatally sensitized or tolerized mothers Statistical analysis evidenced differences between groups (p = 0.002 for IgE and p = 0.038 for mMCP1 Pairwise multiple comparisons were then conducted using Conover-Iman testing p-values obtained using additional testing against controls by Mann Whitney test are also indicated (MW) exposure during lactation greatly decreased BLG-induced Th2 cytokine secretion in those groups Feeding by tolerant mothers also rather led to a decreased Th2 cytokine secretion Comparable results were obtained for Th2 cytokines and IL-10 Pups were born and fed by prenatally sensitized (i.p further orally exposed during lactation (in utero + lactation) or pups from naïve mice were fostered by prenatally sensitized or tolerant mothers further orally exposed during lactation (n = 5–12/group) BLG-specific IgE (top panel) and IgG1 (bottom panel) were assayed in plasma from progeny after one (A) and two (B) i.p Specific antibodies are expressed as percentage with the mean value obtained in naive mothers not exposed during lactation used as a reference (100%) Immune response was compared between “in utero + lactation” and “lactation” groups for a same mother pre-treatment and p-values are indicated (Mann Whitney test) This highlights the need to better understand the way to maximize the chance of food allergy prevention we then aimed to determine how both the immune status of the mother and her ingestion of a clinically-relevant cow's milk allergen during breastfeeding will impact the allergic outcome in the progeny we found that these factors do have a major impact on sensitization susceptibility in offspring Effect on sensitization ranged between nihil for naïve mothers exposed to BLG to a very potent protection for i.p sensitized mothers (highly sensitized) ingesting or not BLG during lactation Tolerant mothers and orally immunized (moderate sensitization) mothers induced some protection from sensitization but only when exposed to BLG during lactation No additional in utero effect was evidenced in our experimental set up BLG-immune complexes levels are related with level of protection in the progeny Exposure to the allergen is required to detect immune complex in breastmilk in the orally sensitized mothers whereas exposure to BLG in the BLG/Alum model is dispensable This might result from the deposit effect of alum allowing progressive release of the antigen then available for forming immune complexes independently of oral exposure Although we did not absolutely prove the direct causal role of Ig and immune complex on protection from sensitization oral exposure to the allergen during breastfeeding might be critical to form the Ig-immune complexes necessary to induced efficient protection in the progeny This might then imply that all mothers are actually excretors of allergens in their BM but as a free and/or complexed form depending on the levels of exposure This should be taken into account in the association studies relating allergen concentrations in breastmilk and allergic outcome in the progeny tolerant mothers tended to protect offspring from sensitization when exposed to BLG during lactation and this protection was not associated with Ig levels or presence of immune complexes in breastmilk such as transfer in breastmilk of specific immune cell or immuno-suppressive cytokines might also be involved in the transfer of protection The actors and mechanisms involved in the protection provided by tolerant and exposed mothers clearly need additional studies It is worth noting that sensitization levels and mMCP1 concentrations after the OFCs were not directly correlated This may be explained by difference in mast cell density and FceRI expression and will require further investigation our study demonstrated the strong potential of breastmilk to modulate in the long term the immune response to food allergens in offspring This protective effect is associated with the excretion of the food allergens and immune factors in breastmilk some of which are increased by exposure to the allergen during lactation Future studies will need to address whether early immune modulation to cow's milk allergen by exposure through breastmilk might lead to a more successful cow's milk allergy prevention by early introduction in child The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article are available from the corresponding author to any qualified researcher on reasonable request All animal experiments were performed according to European Community rules of animal care and with authorization N° 91–368 of the French Veterinary Services All experiments were covered by agreement no 2009-DDSV-074 from the Veterinary Inspection Department of Essonne (France) HB and SH help to perform some experiments and critically revised the manuscript FF and CJ critically revised the manuscript All authors approved the submitted version This study obtained a financial support from INRAE (Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture l'Alimentation et l'Environnement) and received a grant from French National Alliance for Life Sciences and Health (Aviesan) Multi-organization Thematic Institutes—Immunology and Hematology and Pneumology (call Asthma and allergy) The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest We would like to thank Jean-Charles Robillard and Sandrine Ah-Leung for their excellent care to animals and their suitable help in animal experiments The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01545/full#supplementary-material Food allergy: a review and update on epidemiology Human milk and allergic diseases: an unsolved puzzle Immunologically active components in human milk and development of atopic disease Shaping the gut microbiota by breastfeeding: the gateway to allergy prevention Breast milk and its impact on maturation of the neonatal immune system and homogenized/pasteurized cow milk: a comparison A double-blind placebo-controlled study in milk allergic children Beta-lactoglobulin secretion in human milk varies widely after cow's milk ingestion in mothers of infants with cow's milk allergy Consumption of cow milk and egg by lactating women and the presence of beta-lactoglobulin and ovalbumin in breast milk Presence of high levels of non-degraded gliadin in breast milk from healthy mothers Detection of peanut allergens in breast milk of lactating women Effect of cooked and raw egg consumption on ovalbumin content of human milk: a randomized Effect of maternal egg consumption on breast milk ovalbumin concentration Peanut allergens are rapidly transferred in human breast milk and can prevent sensitization in mice Effects of maternal dietary egg intake during early lactation on human milk ovalbumin concentration: a randomized controlled trial Prospective investigation on the transfer of ara h2 Detection of the peanut allergens ara h2 and ara h6 in human breast milk: development of 2 sensitive and specific sandwich ELISA assays Long-term reduction in food allergy susceptibility in mice by combining breastfeeding-induced tolerance and TGF-beta-enriched formula after weaning Breast milk-mediated transfer of an antigen induces tolerance and protection from allergic asthma Breast milk immune complexes are potent inducers of oral tolerance in neonates and prevent asthma development Oral tolerance induced by transfer of food antigens via breast milk of allergic mothers prevents offspring from developing allergic symptoms in a mouse food allergy model Maternal IgG immune complexes induce food allergen-specific tolerance in offspring Two-site enzyme immunometric assays for determination of native and denatured beta-lactoglobulin Update on optimized purification and characterization of natural milk allergens Peanut- and cow's milk-specific IgE Th2 cells and local anaphylactic reaction are induced in Balb/c mice orally sensitized with cholera toxin Evaluation of a high IgE-responder mouse model of allergy to bovine beta-lactoglobulin (BLG): development of sandwich immunoassays for total and allergen-specific IgE Oral tolerance and Treg cells are induced in BALB/c mice after gavage with bovine beta-lactoglobulin Immunomodulatory potential of partially hydrolyzed beta-lactoglobulin and large synthetic peptides Induction of mucosal immune response after intranasal or oral inoculation of mice with lactococcus lactis producing bovine beta-lactoglobulin Evaluation of the efficiency of hydrolyzed whey formula to prevent cow's milk allergy in the BALB/c mouse model Timing of allergenic food introduction to the infant diet and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis The canadian childhood asthma primary prevention study: outcomes at 7 years of age Reduced risk of peanut sensitization following exposure through breast-feeding and early peanut introduction Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants Early exposure to cow's milk protein is protective against IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy The ingestion of cow's milk formula in the first 3 months of life prevents the development of cow's milk allergy Oral tolerance is inefficient in neonatal mice due to a physiological vitamin A deficiency Maternal-fetal interaction: preconception immunization in mice prevents neonatal sensitization induced by allergen exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding Maternal allergen-specific IgG might protect the child against allergic sensitization Role of maternal elimination diets and human milk IgA in the development of cow's milk allergy in the infants Junot C and Verhasselt V (2020) Prevention of Allergy to a Major Cow's Milk Allergen by Breastfeeding in Mice Depends on Maternal Immune Status and Oral Exposure During Lactation Received: 27 March 2020; Accepted: 11 June 2020; Published: 21 July 2020 Copyright © 2020 Adel-Patient, Bernard, Fenaille, Hazebrouck, Junot and Verhasselt. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Karine Adel-Patient, a2FyaW5lLmFkZWwtcGF0aWVudEBjZWEuZnI= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish The Inside Press Magazines serving the communities of Northern Westchester June 23, 2015 by you often wonder about the need for so much work Will the endless hours of studying actually pay off I was worried as I began my freshman year that I would be overwhelmed by the workload but I soon found myself more than able to handle not only the work but extracurricular activities as well arguably one of the most important skills one could have All of this would not be possible without some incredible teachers and Greeley is fortunate to be home to many And so I salute a great number of them –11 teachers to be exact—who retired at the end of this past school year and Michele Glenn–have all had an incredible impact in their combined 294 years at Greeley Former Greeley English teacher and assistant principal and new Seven Bridges Middle School principal Andrew Corsilia feels that this is an incredible loss for the district and Chadwick – were English teachers with whom he worked for many years welcoming spirit” upon their first meeting back in 1997 and Chadwick’s constant support of him throughout their years working together these teachers are taking with them “decades of teaching experience and an incredible wealth of content knowledge,” says Corsilia “They defined the [English] department when I started teaching He also elaborates on the many contributions the retiring teachers have made to the Greeley community beyond the classroom which helps form a community with some of the freshmen I was fortunate to work individually with Mr Furey as one of his Independent Literary Analysis students where we shared our love of books and the deeper meanings within them always excited to see me and hear about my college experiences (and give me new books to read!) an example of how many teachers in this district care so deeply about their current and former students Furey has touched the lives of thousands of students and has enjoyed working with his wonderful colleagues He says one of his favorite things about the English department at Greeley was that “the teachers all teach differently but in the end it all comes together,” creating students with varied and exceptional writing skills Furey and the other retirees have shaped Greeley over the past few decades and their impacts will continue long after their retirements was fortunate to have some truly phenomenal teachers during high school who instilled in me important lessons and skills that eased my transition to college While the retirees have all been so important to Greeley Greeley and the Chappaqua community have also been important to them “It’s more than leaving a job,” explains Corsilia about the feeling at the June retirement dinner “You understood the impact that they have had on the school and how Greeley has become a home for them.” Lindsay Hand has been writing and editing for Inside Chappaqua since eighth grade She is now a sophomore Communication major at Cornell University Editor’s Note: A list of retirees from all the schools in the district will be posted soon too Filed Under: New Castle News For a full reading of our current edition, or to obtain a copy or subscription, please contact us Opinions and information presented in all Inside Press articles such as in the arena of health and medicine expertise and/or views of those interviewed and are not necessarily recommended or endorsed by the Inside Press Please consult your own doctor for diagnosis and/or treatment or a subscription is a great present idea for an elderly parent for a neighbor who is moving or for your graduating high school student or any college student who may enjoy keeping up with hometown stories Subscribe Today Copyright © 2025 The Inside Press, Inc. · Log in You don't have permission to access the page you requested What is this page?The website you are visiting is protected.For security reasons this page cannot be displayed 22-year-old Ceratizit-WNT rider takes first elite title Cédrine Kerbaol (Ceratizit-WNT Pro Cycling) won her first elite time trial title at French Road Championships on Thursday holding off six-time champion Audrey Cordon-Ragot (Human Powered Health) by 19 seconds who finished runner-up to Cordon-Ragot the past two years completed the 31.3km course from Hazebrouck to Cassel in 46:24 Coralie Demay (St Michele-Mavic-Auber 93) earned the bronze medal Marie Le Net (FDJ-SUEZ) was 51 seconds back in fourth and the only other rider to finish under a minute behind Kerbaol Results powered by FirstCycling a sports marketing and public relations agency which managed projects for Tour de Georgia a Georgia non-profit to promote safe cycling She is proud to have worked in professional baseball for six years - from selling advertising to pulling the tarp for several minor league teams She has climbed l'Alpe d'Huez three times (not fast) Her favorite road and gravel rides are around horse farms in north Georgia (USA) and around lavender fields in Provence (France) daughter of Tadeus and Aurelie Maciejewski of North Smithfield son of Christopher and Mary Craven of Blackstone took place at the Cranston Country Club Aug Marissa Hendrickson was the maid of honor and Jennifer Zion was the matron of honor Andrea Gramolini and Samantha Salois were bridesmaids and Alicestasia Derrick was the flower girl Jon Garboski served as the best man and Craig Kluchevitz Kevin Hazebrouck and Kyle and Patrick Craven The bride graduated from Bryant University and the University of Rhode Island and is with Retail Solutions in Providence a graduate of Blackstone-Millville Regional High School The couple honeymooned in the Dominican Republic and live in Woonsocket A SNCF Regional Express Train is seen at Hazebrouck's train station in northern France on Thursday France's train operators admit they made a mistake in ordering new trains that will require millions of dollars to modify station platforms Some 2,000 new trains that were meant to help France expand its regional rail network are instead causing headaches and embarrassment as officials have been forced to explain why the trains aren't compatible with hundreds of station platforms The new trains are just a few centimeters too wide to fit The country's rail operators say they're spending millions of dollars to modify platforms to accommodate the new trains A French newspaper reported on the mix-up Tuesday saying the platforms were too narrow for the trains to pass through The story emerged in Le Canard Enchaîné, a satirical newspaper that blends humor with investigative pieces. As The Wall Street Journal has reported, the paper is both profitable and only minimally available on the Internet The train platform episode is a black eye for a French rail system that's often cited as a success But officials say there was a disconnect between RFF and that now some 1,300 platforms must be modified France 24 explains: "The mix-up arose when the RFF transmitted faulty dimensions for its train platforms to the SNCF which was in charge of ordering trains as part of a broad modernization effort The news agency says the RFF's data only included platforms built less than 30 years ago and that many others had been built more than 50 years ago "Repair work has already cost 80 million euros ($110 million)," France 24 reports Both RFF and SNCF say the new trains were built to international standards and that the platforms will now observe those same standards Become an NPR sponsor Who bought that house? Greater Brockton property transfers from April 26 to 30The EnterpriseThis list of recent real estate sales was compiled from registries of deeds by The Warren Group and was published in Banker & Tradesman This list is copyrighted and is reprinted with permission Nicole Joyce to Matthew Harkins and Michaela Collins Whalen to Rockwood Realty Trust and Jason Kennedy Est and Stephen Cairns to Elizabeth Mccarthy Jasmine Bonanca to Bryanna Derocha and Megan Derocha Colwell to 180 Main St unit D91 Realty Trust and Matthew C Gouthro to Jean Dibattista and Robert Dibattista to Island Marketplace Limited Liability Co. Gerc Realty Trust and Gary Epstein to Michael P J&E Liberty St Realty Trust 2 and Jeffery R Lindsey to 1382 River Street Limited Liability Co. Smith to Delilah Gorman and Michael Soremekun Brown to Christopher Jean-Michel and Francesca J Est and Deborah Dahlquist to Cruise Properties Limited Liability Co. 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Cynthia Schlatz RET and Cynthia Schlatz to David E Roast and Todd Roast to Richard Seligman and Helen Seligman Toll MA Land LP to Albert Roppolo and Jacqueline A Pierce to Nathan Collins and Katie Collins Le and Mau Le to Vanisia Rodrigues and Kevin Payne Silva to Agnes Guillaume-Heymann and Kimberlky O Alixon Vincent and Berline Florestal to Benjamin A Mercedes Garcia and Joseline Espanda to Irma Correa and Thomas Nguyen Joyce Williams and Patrick Williams to Patrick O Bredy and Bank Of New York Mellon to Eva&Ivy Realty Hldg Limited Liability Co. Caliri and Theodore Fitopoulos to Mitchell A Lauren Neville and Tyler Neville to Dam Sabina Mussari-Russell and Jackie Russell to Amanda E Olex to NY Cap Invs Grp Limited Liability Co. Joshua Hussey to Chelsea Faria and Brandon Filippini Patrick Higgins and Allison Higgins to Amela Hadziahmetovic and Mark Vautour Donovan to Venkatachalam Athiseshan and Naga R Leavey to Vernon 2 Realty Trust and Maureen Mahon Wayne Tuggle and Antonia Tuggle to Mauricio Ramos and Juliana Ramos Robert Samuels to Garrett Dever and Tina Snow Peter Saich and Elizabeth Saich to Sean Saich Justin Brown and Alexandra Brown to Jiani Hong Mclaughlin to Monique Goodin and Sergi Hernandez-Pallares Gennadiy Nemtsev and Nina Nemtsev to Chukwudi Udeh and Vivian Udeh Diana Lynch to Theodore Tran and Miriam Avila Giana Deacetis to Hasan Rajabi and Ariba Khwaja Clement to Stephani Castillo-Barnes and Shakeen Barnes Pattavina to Gerard Potts and Marie Petropolous Christopher Ranero to Yan Tang and James M Noble to Chimera Hldg&Invs Limited Liability Co. Freedom Cap Solutions Limited Liability Co and Elliot Schneider to Mark Clarke and Kathryn E Melvin Ramirez to Xavier Abreu and Serena Viveiros Christopher Bastien to Ashwa Marshall-Taitt and Jesse Taitt Botelho to Francisca Gomes and Rudivoller DaCruz Krystal Cardoso and Derek Rocha to Laura M Bairos to Michael Leoncello and Melissa Leoncello Craig Eaton and Stefani Eaton to Maxo Clermont and Mirlande Prosper Joseph Smith and US Bank NA to Thomas Stryjewski Medeiros to 569 Bay Street Limited Liability Co. Colleen Guzman and Alissa Rodriguez to Kristina M Temitope Shodunke and Adekemi Shodunke to Carlos Gomes Run Brook Development Limited Liability Co Cubellis to East Boston Mgmt&Dev Limited Liability Co. Ladner to Neil Broderick and Christa Hutchinson Goncalves to Joseph Falabella-Freden and R Graf to 2856 Cranberry Hwy Limited Liability Co. Santos Drive Realty Trust and Rebecca Moore to Homestead Realty Trust and Elizabeth R Benoit to Repurpose Properties Limited Liability Co. Gendron to Dennis Fasano and Makenzie Dupont Russell to Zachary Gorman and Christine Gorman Zachary Gorman and Christine Gorman to Gabriel Foster Palardy to Darren Gibson and Mackenzie Gibson J Giovannangelo and Leone Giovannangelo to Kliton Jani and Gerta Jani Armirail finishes second while Latour takes third Rémi Cavagna (Soudal-QuickStep) regained the elite men’s time trial title at the French Road Championships on Thursday finishing 33 seconds faster than last year’s winner Bruno Armirail (Groupama-FDJ) Pierre Latour (TotalEnergies) trailed 1:13 behind Cavagna for third keeping Benjamin Thomas (Cofidis) off the podium by three seconds Cavagna set the best times over the uphill time checks on the back half of the race by a few seconds over Armirail and then dominated the final kilometre for the win Armirail was the last rider on the course but after recording the fastest time on the opening 7.5km he then began to lose time to Cavagna.  To have this jersey again means a lot to me It’s an honour to wear the colours of my country in the time trials for the next twelve months it’s something that makes me very proud," Cavagan said after taking back the national jersey I made some recons this week and was aware that on the final hill I needed to still have some power left so I put in a solid ride from the beginning but kept some energy to increase the tempo there.” The race against the clock began in Hazebrouck riding across the cobbles on the General de Gaulle square with mostly flat terrain for the opening three-quarters of the 31.3km course two short climbs averaging between 5.2% to 6.2% led to the final 900-metre climb on more cobblestones to the finish Baptist Gilet (OC Locmine) of Brittany landed in the hot seat with a time of 42:23 His time was eclipsed by 27 seconds when Mathias Ribeiro da Cruz (Laval Cycling 53) stormed across the course with the substantial time gains over the three final time checks While the heavy favourites were on the early part of the course Jérémy Cabot (total Energies) and Ewen Costiou (Team Arkéa-Samsic) briefly held the top times Cabot finished fifth with 1:33 and Costiou sixth with 1:34 had not been tested in many races against the clock this season but did finish third in the Critérium du Dauphiné ITT which offered a similar distance as the French National Championships Results powered by FirstCycling The latest race content, interviews, features, reviews and expert buying guides, direct to your inbox! Cyclingnews is the world's leader in English-language coverage of professional cycling Started in 1995 by University of Newcastle professor Bill Mitchell the site was one of the first to provide breaking news and results over the internet in English The site was purchased by Knapp Communications in 1999 and owner Gerard Knapp built it into the definitive voice of pro cycling major publishing house Future PLC has owned the site and expanded it to include top features The site continues to be the most comprehensive and authoritative English voice in professional cycling Valentin Madouas overcame intense heat and a series of tough climbs in northern France to claim a dramatic solo victory in his country’s Road Championships Summing up one of the toughest French National Championships of recent years featuring over 4,100 metres of vertical climbing made a point of thanking the Groupama-FDJ staff and teammates for their contribution to his success Groupama-FDJ began toughening up the race from very early on making the most of their 18 riders present on the startline.  The French squad placed eight riders in a group of 22 Other favourites like Alaphilippe began to struggle in the main peloton and the Soudal-QuickStep leader was eventually dropped with 105 kilometres to go and then abandoned Numerous attacks followed in the second half of the course but none stuck until Gaudu made a decisive move with around 30 kilometres to go but then Molard came across and it briefly looked as if Groupama-FDJ would have a clean sweep of the podium and then after attacking alone and dropping Molard a couple of kilometres later Not even a dropped chain mid-way through his lone effort could stop him from winning and going two spots better in the Nationals than his father whose best ever result in the Championships was a bronze back in 1995.  “The plan was to toughen up the race as soon as possible,” Madouas said “I always had a bit extra left in the tank There were three hours left to race and everybody was already dead Alasdair FotheringhamSocial Links NavigationAlasdair Fotheringham has been reporting on cycling since 1991 He has covered every Tour de France since 1992 bar one as well as numerous other bike races of all shapes and sizes ranging from the Olympic Games in 2008 to the now sadly defunct Subida a Urkiola hill climb in Spain he has also written for The Independent,  The Guardian,  ProCycling 2018 at 7:55 pm ET.css-79elbk{position:relative;}CHAPPAQUA NY — This year's valedictorians and salutatorians in the Chappaqua school district are an extraordinary group of young people Patch asked them to answer a few questions about their high school experience and what they look forward to in the future especially my track team whom I’ve spent so much time with and grown so close with What are you looking forward to in moving on to college What clubs or extra-curricular activities were you involved in Chappaqua School Foundation Student Advisory Council private tutoring through Turning Point Tutoring Company What advice would you give to underclassmen Don’t worry about how much rejection and failure you run into - persistence always pays off in the long run Any teachers/staff who stood out throughout your journey Amy Kaiser - I’ve had her for three years I had her for Ethics and my creative writing independent study and in 12th grade she was my independent study faculty advisor again She’s the absolute best and my constant source of support Louise Hazebrouck whom I had freshman year for English - she made me love reading and improved my writing tremendously the novel I’ve been working on will be published and I’ll be an established author I’m not sure where I’ll be career-wise in 10 years though I was an extra on Season 3 Episode 5 of Orange is the new black Get more local news delivered straight to your inbox. 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Mégane Lourenco Carnaval de Dunkerque © www.jepi-dunkerque.frJ-3 avant les Trois Joyeuses les gars !  enfilez vos plus beaux déguisements et allons festoyer et danser et se marcher dessus car la saison du Carnaval de Dunkerque est lancée  la SNCF brade les billets de train pour que vous puissiez vous y rendre sans encombre Pour vous rendre aux carnavals de Dunkerque vous pourrez donc voyager tranquillement grâce à des pass TER à 15€ Une publication partagée par Dunkerque (@visitdunkerque) Des trains supplémentaires sont même prévus pour vous ramener à Lille les dimanches : - Les dimanches 19/02 et 26/02 : au départ de Dunkerque à 21h06 - arrivée à Lille Flandres à 22h07 (gares desservies : Bergues 21h12 - Le dimanche 19/03 : au départ de Dunkerque à 19h56 - arrivée à Lille Flandres à 21h08 (gares desservies Bergues 20h02 Pour connaître les horaires et prendre vos pass, c'est ici.  Bienvenue dans la ville où ton chien sera (vraiment) le plus heureux Les hobbies qui font le plus craquer à Lille selon happn Lille va voir la vie en couleurs pour une bonne cause