Bordered by expansive stretches of landscape which include the Parks of La Villette and Butte du Chapeau Rouge as well as the Square de la Marseillaise and major facilities such as the Robert Debré Hospital the Jean-Jacques Rousseau et George Rouault secondary schools and the Blanluet swimming Pool Brunet and Pré Saint-Gervais raise structural local and neighbourhood challenges on both sides of the Boulevard Périphérique ring-road The collaborative reflection carried out at the request of the City of Paris the administrative Department of Seine-Saint-Denis and in liaison with the Town of Pré Saint-Gervais and Est Ensemble proposes a strategy for the gradual transformation of the public spaces included in the Green Belt based on an urban analysis of the sector and discussion workshops with pupils from the Jean-Jacques Rousseau et Georges Rouault schools The study to jointly redefine these three local city gateways -Portes- proposes new calm connections between Paris and Pré Saint-Gervais so as to adapt the area to climate change and make the access points for crossing the Boulevard Périphérique more pleasant for those who use them: Apur processes your data to manage sending out the newsletter. For more information on the management of your personal data and to exercise your rights, please click here announces that 1,000 listings with step-free accessibility features1 are now available on the platform in the Paris region alone with many still bookable for the Paralympics This milestone is the result of a number of initiatives launched by the platform and its partners ahead of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Paris 2024 and beyond.  Airbnb is committed to making travel more accessible and has introduced a number of innovations to help guests book listings that meet their needs, including a detailed set of search filters for specific accessibility features, like step-free bedroom access and accessible parking spot, and the Adapted category a collection of homes that at a minimum have step-free access to the home and step-free access to at least one bedroom and bathroom plus at least one accessibility feature in the bathroom.  To support the goals of the International Olympic Committee the International Paralympic Committee and the Paris 2024 Organising Committee and with the expected growing demand for accommodations with accessibility features for the Olympic and Paralympic Games Paris 2024 Airbnb prioritized increasing the number of homes with accessibility features in the Paris region with a focus on listings with frequently requested step-free features2 These initiatives include educational content and free 3D scans to help new and existing Airbnb hosts showcase the accessibility features of their homes on the platform Those collaborations have been instrumental in identifying and adding homes with verified accessibility features on Airbnb more than 1,000 listings with step-free accessibility features are now available on the platform in the Paris region alone including nearly 300 with at least one accessibility feature in the bathroom2 many of which are still bookable for the upcoming Paralympic Games.  Discover homes with step-free accessibility features in Paris region: “Making travel more accessible is an important priority for Airbnb The Olympic and Paralympic Games Paris 2024 are a catalyst for change and we wanted to help enable as many guests with mobility needs as possible to attend this once-in-a-lifetime event I’m incredibly proud of the progress we have made with the help of our Hosts and AFP France handicap to reach this significant milestone and we hope this supply will have a long lasting legacy on accommodations for people with accessibility needs in the Paris region going forward We will continue working to add more listings with accessibility features and improve the travel experience for guests with accessibility needs in France and abroad” “We have been working with Airbnb for over a year to prepare for Paris 2024 which will help meet the accommodation needs of people with reduced mobility for the Olympic and Paralympic Games We are seeing the results of this collaboration and we look forward to continue working with the Airbnb teams on this topic!” “I am a firefighter and helping others is my calling I did not hesitate to follow the process to reference my home as a listing which is suited for people with a disability It’s important for me to offer the opportunity for everyone to benefit from comfortable and quality accommodation ahead of the Olympic and Paralympic Games and beyond!” close to Vaires-sur-Marns nautical stadium which will host the rowing and canoe-kayak events This initiative marks a significant step forward for the inclusion of people with disabilities Thanks to the Olympic and Paralympic Games  Paris 2024 with 1,000 accommodations with step-free accessibility features now available in the Paris region This new offer increases the number of beneficiaries and we are proud to have contributed to this thinking I am convinced that this represents the first step towards a new era of inclusive travel” Learn more about accessibility during the Games by visiting the Paris 2024 page For more information about Airbnb’s commitment to making travel more accessible, please visit our dedicated accessibility page Listings including step-free path to the guest entrance and step-free access to a bedroom and a bathroom Airbnb prioritized increasing the number of homes with accessibility features in the Paris region with a focus on listings with step-free features for those with reduced mobility You don't have permission to access the page you requested What is this page?The website you are visiting is protected.For security reasons this page cannot be displayed These initial results will be consolidated by the summer 2025 and form the basis of a study on the subject Apur processes your data to manage sending out the newsletter. For more information on the management of your personal data and to exercise your rights, please click here. Northern Transmissions is a music website started for music lovers, by music lovers. We feature interviews, album and live reviews from today’s most influential independent bands and artists. Northern Transmissions also features music news from around the world everyday. Hailing from Le Pré Saint Gervais and Ivry-sur-Seine’s winding rues La Femme have made a huge mark on modern Paris’s cultural landscape with the two sides of the city – the glamour and the grit – engrained in their music La Femme return with a more psychedelic sound and a range of guest vocalists that slice through the starkest of electro beats La Femme is a solar system,” explains Sacha of his band’s all-inclusive philosophy “We don’t like the idea of having a leader or a chief: everyone brings to the band what they can and want…. It also suggests that the woman is a mystery.” The rest of the album was recorded between a castle in Brittany and a Paris basement before being finished up with Sonny Diperri (Animal Collective) in LA Mystère once again sees backgrounds blurred and worlds collide The band’s retro-futurist surf-pop sound possesses the same dose of glamorous punk stomp as before but this time around its layered with a fusion of influences from Ennio Morricone Marie Et Les Garcons’ disco-rock touch and the lysergic romanticism of The Velvet Underground Through increased use of strings and further exploration of sound Mystère also incorporates the band’s new love of oriental sounds medieval psychedelia to mainstays Brian Eno and Pink Floyd The Night of Solidarity is an operation that counts the number of homeless people in a particular area on a given night The seventh Night of Solidarity in Paris took place during the night of the 25th to 26th January 2024 mobilising over 2,000 volunteers and professionals of the social fields the Greater Paris - Grand Paris Metropolis - coordinated their third Night of Solidarity with nearly 2,000 volunteers and 120 partner non-profit associations in the 32 volunteer municipal Communes: Alfortville 785 people were met on the same night in the 32 volunteer municipal Communes of Grand Paris Metropolis By Maria HalkiasStaff writer raising the question: Could this happen in the U.S. Major food companies are more likely to be put “in the penalty box” in the U.S a partner with consulting firm Oliver Wyman One of Europe’s largest grocery chains pulled Pepsi cola Frito Lay chips and Doritos snacks off its shelves Notes to customers were added to the empty shelves saying the U.S food company’s price hikes were “unacceptable.” D-FW Retail NewsThe latest on retail openings GoogleFacebookBy signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy They may say we’re carrying your product but we’re not going to promote it much,” Sargent said “It won’t be featured in the grocery ads or on endcaps Space can be limited and given to another brand Stores can also play with pricing in the category.” It’s an easier proposition for European grocers to delist a brand “Large European grocers are potentially more willing to drop brands as a bold negotiation tactic because they have higher private brand penetration and may face less disruption from missing items.” are more hesitant to pull a brand completely “because Americans aren’t likely to switch a soda,” Sargent said PepsiCo’s collection of brands is broad-based and includes Gatorade Other major food companies such as Unilever Kraft Heinz and WK Kellogg control as many brands PepsiCo said in a statement that it has “been in discussion with Carrefour for many months and we will continue to engage in good faith in order to try to ensure that our products are available.” and the double-digit percent increases in the U.S were just as prevalent in France and throughout Europe where packages and/or their contents shrink to keep prices from rising even more Carrefour last year began calling out food suppliers over the practice of applying shrinkflation labels to certain products European supermarkets have occasionally resorted to the more aggressive step of dropping products amid heated price disputes — such as when UK grocer Tesco notably removed Unilever’s Marmite spread from shelves in 2016 Mars stopped supplying two of its pet food brands to Tesco grocers have all beefed up their private labels in the past few years even before inflation inspired more shoppers to try them out grew at nearly twice the rate of national brands — 11.3% versus 6.1% — in 2022 according to the Private Label Manufacturers Association During the pandemic’s most severe supply chain disruptions and hoarding by consumers Some consumer packaged goods makers have since scaled back their selection “Consumers will make tradeoffs and switch brands in cases like that but it’s in the interest of product makers to innovate and grow with new flavors and package sizes,” Sargent said TD Cowen research analysts said in a report this month that Walmart and Costco will be winners in the current environment of consumers in a “tug-of-war” between needs and wants and units versus pricing These retailers can attract higher-income consumers while retaining lower-income households through a competitive price-quality balance Walmart CEO Doug McMillon said during a November conference call to review earnings that the retailer is looking for deflation across more categories in 2024 “While that would put more unit pressure on us because it’s better for our customers,” McMillon said Costco is known to reject items or replace them with a Kirkland brand product to keep prices lower suppliers have fared better than retailers in passing prices through to the consumers Big food makers passed on prices and increased profits “I must say the grocery industry is not looking at deflation in 2024,” said Gary Huddleston grocery industry consultant to the Texas Retailers Association a few categories have seen some reduction in costs like dairy We will be fortunate if we can just remain flat.” Retailers have been at a disadvantage because suppliers know their costs for making a product but now retailers are more interested in costs and will be proactive “This price increase is no longer fair and I can prove it.” X: @MariaHalkias Looking for more retail coverage? Click here to read all retail news and updates. Click here to subscribe to D-FW Retail and more newsletters from The Dallas Morning News. Thank you for reading. We welcome your thoughts on this topic. Comments are moderated for adherence to our Community Guidelines. Please read the guidelines before participating. PARIS (AP) — As France prepares to start letting public life resume after eight weeks under a coronavirus lockdown, many parents are deeply torn over a question without a clear or correct answer: Should I send my child back to school? The French government is easing some of the closure and home-confinement orders it imposed March 17 to curb infections, with businesses permitted to reopen, residents cleared to return to workplaces and schools welcoming some students again starting Monday. Only preschools and elementary schools are set to start up at first, and classes will be capped at 10 students at preschools and 15 elsewhere. Administrators were told to prioritize instruction for children ages 5, 6 and 10. Due to the slow startup, as well as ongoing fears about COVID-19 in hard-hit France, school attendance will not be compulsory right away. Parents and guardians may keep children at home and teachers will provide lessons like they have during the nationwide lockdown. Students with parents who want or need to send them to school are not guaranteed places in the smaller classes and only will be allowed to attend if their school can accommodate them. Education Minister Jean-Michel Blanquer estimated that 80% to 85% of France's 50,500 preschools and elementary schools will open this week. Junior high schools in regions with fewer virus cases are expected to reopen on May 18. A target date hasn't been scheduled yet for for high schools. Given the ambiguous education guidance and uncertainties over spreading coronavirus, French parents are conflicted as they puzzle over making the most responsible decision. Cecile Bardin, whose two sons are 6 and 2, said she thinks it is “too soon” to put them back in their nursery and primary schools in Paris. “I am not reassured at the moment, because it will be very difficult to keep safe distance at school, especially for the little ones, who will want to play together,” Bardin said. Mathilde Manaud and her partner are raising their 3-year-old and 7-year-old in Le Pre Saint-Gervais, in the French capital's eastern suburbs. They agreed to send the children kids back to school if there are spaces. “Truth is, we don’t know whether we are right to do so or no, we don’t know if it’s a mistake. We ask ourselves this question every day, and we change our mind every day,” Manaud said. “We are trying to convince ourselves that if they are reopening, they assume they can handle the situation.” Returning students will find their classrooms running differently. Teachers will wear masks and remind children to social distance from each other and to wash their hands several times a day. School director Mathieu Morel warned the president that “children remain children. There are spontaneous moves which are hard to prevent." The school expects about 50 children out of an enrolled 181 to come back this week. Some mayors in France have refused to reopen local schools just yet. Michele Berthy, mayor of the town of Montmorency north of Paris, sent parents a letter saying the government's health guidelines were “unenforceable.” “Although I’m for the relaunch of our economy, I am certain that public health must remain our priority,” Berthy wrote. Mayors in other areas set local restrictions on enrollment, such as limiting school access to children of essential workers such as police officers and health care providers, and to families whose living conditions are precarious. That's the situation in Paris, where Ingrid Rousseau hoped to send the youngest of her two children, who is 6, back to school. She doesn’t know if her son will be allowed to go, even though both she and partner are working. Rousseau noted the fatigue of parents who have been overwhelmed with homeschooling, work and domestic duties for almost two months. “I don’t feel quite up to the job of teaching,” she said. “We are swamped. We don’t have enough time. And we cannot do a big part of the activities they do in class.” Paris officials estimate about 15% of the city's students will be able to go back to school. Other towns and cities think they can serve about half of the children normally in preschool and elementary school. Scientists are still split on the role that children play in transmitted the new coronavirus, which has infected over 176,000 people in France, killing at least 26,300 of them, according to government figures. Health officials have repeatedly said that children appear to be the demographic that is among the least-affected by COVID-19. The World Health Organization has reported that children seem to mostly suffer only mild symptoms, although some severe cases and deaths have been recorded as the virus continues to spread globally. Several studies published earlier this year suggested that closing schools has a negligible impact on reducing the spread of the coronavirus and that children are less easily infected and not responsible for the cases within families. Other infectious disease experts say while children can acquire the virus and may be infectious, it’s clear they are not super-spreaders of COVID-19 as they are believed to be with influenza. The United Nations educational, scientific and cultural agency, UNESCO, estimated that up to 87% of pupils and students across the world have seen their schools being closed, affecting more than 1.5 billion young people in 195 countries. Oleg Cetinic in Paris and AP Medical Writer Maria Cheng in London contributed to this story. Follow AP pandemic coverage at http://apnews.com/VirusOutbreak and https://apnews.com/UnderstandingtheOutbreak Copyright 2020 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission. Global Lead Partner By Rob Hopkins, originally published by Rob Hopkins blog What would It feel like to live through an era-defining A tipping point beyond which nothing felt the same and everything felt possible Clearly such things don’t come along very often So rare in fact that we usually don’t allow ourselves to believe that they are possible But then I arrived in London and realised I had an hour to kill before the Eurostar check-in I emerged from the Tube station into a kind of parallel universe I can’t imagine there were many even half-full classrooms in London that day Whole organisations come en masse as part of the Climate Strike (Lush had shut all their stores and all their staff had gone) and even one slightly preposterous climate skeptic stood in the middle of the passing throng with a loudhailer telling everyone they were wrong She said “there is more political leadership on the streets of London today than I have ever seen in the Palace of Westminster” The ‘Red Brigade’ engaging the police in some sustained a government was elected that set 2030 as their climate change target that introduced a National Imagination Act that created a context in which urgent and rapid change was set loose At the fifth birthday of Le Pre-Saint-Gervais en Transition in Paris the group created this beautiful record of the highlights of all the projects they have created during that time What if this were all underpinned by the belief that communities have a huge role to play in this What if town and city authorities created ‘Civic Imagination Offices’ to facilitate a recognition of and an unleashing of the imaginations of communities What if a deep rethink of agricultural policy led to a rapid roll-out of rewilding schemes What if we started to see natural systems rebounding the sound of birdsong started to drown out the noise of the dwindling numbers of cars A rather bedraggled new road sign I saw in Paris during Car Free Day where a street was re-christened ‘The Street of Improbable Meetings’ What if the young people striking for the climate today became the rewilding managers the oat milk milkmen that this new world will need What if TV soap operas told the stories of how their characters were embracing the challenges of the climate emergency and their imagined community was rediscovering itself as a result What if every obstacle in the way of a huge acceleration in renewable energy was removed What if all the oil companies redesigned their business model to become 100% renewable by 2025 leading most of their reserves in the ground and plans were drawn up to close one runway every year What if public transport was hugely scaled up What if all fossil fuel advertising were banned What if every new house built were built to a passivhaus standard and generated more energy than it used and every existing house were brought up to sufficient levels of insulation What if the Department of Education were redesigned around the need to minimise the mental health crisis in young people to maximise their imagination and sense of possibility and to produce a generation of inspired young people ready to take on the climate emergency What if schools and hospitals generated more energy than they used planted more trees than they could imagine like when people build those things with dominoes that get slightly bigger and slightly bigger and just pushing the first tiny one generates the momentum to topple the huge ones at the far end of the line the impacts of climate change already being felt around the world the communities and nations already hit hard And what about the likelihood that a degree of climate change is now locked into the system But those of us in the most affluent nations need to lead the change especially in the UK where we started the whole fossil fuel age in the first place My point is that unless we can create a deep longing for something else there is a risk we end up arguing for change with one hand and talking ourselves out of it with the other As Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote in the song ‘Happy Talk’ we are seeing the birthing of What Comes Next And a part of this is our being able to imagine Here is my initial attempt to bring this to life In a brilliant article by the brilliant Jeremy Lent is “a crucially important moment in the system’s life cycle for those who wish to change the predominant order … as things begin to unravel we see increasing numbers of people begin to question foundational elements of neoliberal capitalism: an economy based on perpetual growth and the pursuit of material wealth as paramount” He argues this is a time when the current system is crumbling before our very eyes and where “innovative policy ideas previously considered unthinkable begin to enter the domain of mainstream political discourse” Ideas that grab the collective imagination Moments when you cross the brow of the hill Each step feels like a step closer to where you’re headed Your aching muscles fill with new energy and belief The people who’ve been arguing to that point that it can’t be done begin to look faintly ridiculous I certainly intend to live and work and dream and breathe as though it is And to anyone who might dismiss the above as a delusional fantasy I have to say that standing there in Parliament Square it felt to me that it would be a belief that this wasn’t possible that would actually be the delusional fantasy he was voted one of the Independent’s top 100 environmentalists and was on Nesta and the Observer’s list of Britain’s 50 New Radicals Hopkins has also appeared on BBC Radio 4’s Four Thought and A Good Read in the French film phenomenon Demain and its sequel Apres Demain and has spoken at TEDGlobal and three TEDx events An Ashoka Fellow, Hopkins also holds a doctorate degree from the University of Plymouth and has received two honorary doctorates from the University of the West of England and the University of Namur. He is a keen gardener, a founder of New Lion Brewery in Totnes and a director of Totnes Community Development Society He blogs at transtionnetwork.org and robhopkins.net and tweets at @robintransition By Rupert Read, Ed Jarvis The recent Climate Change Committee report on the UK government’s lack of preparedness for climate breakdown reveals negligence at a historic scale By Kurt Cobb, Resource Insights Our political discourse is actually far narrower than our total public discourse which makes addressing big problems such as climate change very difficult By Helena Norberg-Hodge, Henry Coleman, Local Futures we need to condemn globalization loud and clear And we need a cohesive strategy that moves us sensibly and sanely in the opposite direction Resilience is a program of Post Carbon Institute a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping the world transition away from fossil fuels and build sustainable Reposting Policy | Privacy Policy A soberly moving drama about displacement and identity the Palme d’Or–winning Dheepan follows three Sri Lankans as they flee their island’s civil war and seek to start anew in France The seventh feature by A Prophet’s Jacques Audiard stars novelist and onetime child soldier Jesuthasan Antonythasan as a former Tamil Tiger who hastily recruits a “wife” and “daughter” to match the set of documents he’s procured at a refugee camp—all to bolster their case with the French immigration authorities the twentysomething Yalini (Kalieaswari Srinivasan) and the 9-year-old Illayaal (Claudine Vinasithamby) who have all long since lost their actual families might be nothing more than strangers thrown together by circumstance But as they ship out for Europe under the cover of darkness Dheepan hawks light-up baubles and bubble guns on the street before landing steadier work as a janitor at a run-down housing project in the Parisian suburb of Le Pré-Saint-Gervais where the majority of the film takes place Audiard (working with cinematographer Éponine Momenceau) displays a remarkable visual ingenuity with the deliberately drab setting: We watch Dheepan watch out the window as drug-cartel members who have the run of things in the neighborhood and we huddle in close as the handyman tinkers with all manner of devices in his shop As Illayaal enters school and Yalini and Dheepan it seems that the ersatz family is finally developing into a real one even as Yalini bristles at the whole arrangement (she still has hopes of joining her cousin in London and maintains she would leave Dheepan and Illayaal in the lurch to do so) only winds up bringing these three into the heart of another kind of war zone altogether Audiard resists making neat—and reductive—parallels between the scorched-earth political violence in Sri Lanka and the sporadic gun battles that erupt in and around the housing estate One might look the other way and hope for the best as the block’s complacent residents appear to have been in the habit of doing Yalini winds up befriending the local kingpin (Vincent Rottiers) a calculating organized criminal who nonetheless seems to reserve some kindness for her; to him bloodshed itself is not itself desirable but just another cost of doing business Dheepan himself doesn’t become a target until he elects to take a stand against the drug traffickers As the previously hushed Dheepan flares into gunfire and other explosions The Sri Lankan backstory of the protagonist is mostly limited to a few dreamy flashbacks the result being that the protagonist’s motivations become a bit of a muddle How much does the man’s resistance have to do with a desire to protect his would-be wife and daughter and how much of it is just him lapsing back into a berserker state Dheepan too often seems like a vigilante psych evaluation that’s been left partially incomplete to stop Audiard’s film from being admirable on the whole—as a study of tenuous family dynamics and as a humanist drama that brings home the sheer loneliness of the asylum seeker Ski holidays don’t have to be all about pushing yourself to conquer the steepest piste or master the sharpest turns; they can also be an opportunity to treat yourself to a relaxing massage or bliss out in a bubbly jacuzzi Where to pamper yourself with spas and massages in the Chamonix valley Here are our favourite ways to pamper ourselves after a hard day on the hill - go on Lots of Chamonix hotels have their own private spas; luxurious cocoons of relaxation in tranquil surroundings If you’re not fortunate enough to be staying in a plush hotel you can still enjoy the facilities by paying on entry Most charge a basic fee for access to the pool sauna and steam room with the option to pay extra for treatments and massages Right in the heart of Chamonix is the Grand Hotel des Alpes; their spa features a swimming pool with wave machine steam room and a tempting menu of massages and relaxation treatments to choose from The hotel also has a lovely bar area with an old-fashioned elegance to it where you can unwind with a drink afterwards Hotel Aiglons does a particularly good deal that incorporates access to the spa with a two course lunch in their excellent restaurant The spa includes an outdoor swimming pool and hot tub with a magnificent view of Mont Blanc and two wooden cabins housing a steam room and a sauna; you have to be quick on your toes as you dash through the snow from one to the other Hotel Heliopic has a rather liberated open-plan thing going on so you can migrate from spa to bar and enjoy a glass of wine in your bathrobe while the band plays The spa is the height of luxury with all the usuals as well as an ice grotto If you're really pushing the boat out, give Le Bachal Spa at Hameau Albert Premier a try Not only is it incredibly chic and soothing with it's indoor/outdoor swimming pool and fitness suite but you can also combine it with lunch at the hotel's double Michelin starred restaurant - ooh la la Tucked away behind Super U on the high street is a little hidden gem; Hotel Le Faucigny Despite not being one of the biggest or fanciest hotels in Chamonix they have an excellent spa designed like a vaulted mineral cave with jacuzzi sauna and relaxation room where you can indulge in a variety of massages If you're at the Vallorcine end of the valley, you can avail yourself of the excellent spa and gym facilities at Mont Blanc Spa - as well as a large indoor pool there is also a steam room The spa by Cinq Mondes offers various treatments including waxing this immense and very grand old building houses countless steam baths sensory rooms and other treats - both inside and outside If you get peckish you can help yourself to fresh fruits a traditional spa set in landscaped gardens with all sorts of bubbling whirling waters both inside and outdoors it has long been a popular place for people to benefit from the therapeutic properties of the natural thermal waters As well as enjoying the relaxation aspects you can also book appointments to see specialists in dermatology For a completely unique experience, you can even be massaged in the mountains! Step inside Snow Angel’s tent for a natural high and enjoy a Thai Hawaiian or deep tissue massage at over 2000m with the peaks of the Mont Blanc massif surrounding you The cold dry air of the Alps can leave skin feeling less than radiant and as for helmet hair, pfff… There are a number of salons in Chamonix offering haircuts and beauty treatments; one of our favourites is Le Salon Swedish-run with an international team of super friendly staff the main salon on Rue du Lyret and a smaller drop-in salon on Avenue Michel Croz Book My Spa SeeChamonix.com is a SeeTheWorld destination World Subscribers only 'A Pope in the tradition of Francis': From New York to Ghana Catholics hope for continuity at the Vatican World Subscribers only Chancellor Merz's diplomatic first week 2025."> World Trump's proposal to reopen Alcatraz deemed 'absurd' in San Francisco World Subscribers only Founder of Sant'Egidio community fears next pope could undo Francis's legacy Opinion Subscribers only 'Russian gas 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say it from the outset : his name was Minot It took us almost four years to identify him was indeed the mysterious photographer of 700 photos – most of them dated with commentary – taken in Paris and its suburbs perhaps the richest on the French side – excluding propaganda – on the first two years of the Occupation He was determined to bear witness in his own way The enormity of his output – almost 1,300 prints totally different from the work of professionals like Roger Schall or Robert Doisneau The story of how his name emerged from anonymity is worth telling the investigation launched by Le Monde nearly four years earlier based on a strange photo album found at a flea market in southern France and there had been some pleasant surprises but the central enigma – the photographer's identity – remained unsolved You have 95.1% of this article left to read Lecture du Monde en cours sur un autre appareil Vous pouvez lire Le Monde sur un seul appareil à la fois Ce message s’affichera sur l’autre appareil Parce qu’une autre personne (ou vous) est en train de lire Le Monde avec ce compte sur un autre appareil Vous ne pouvez lire Le Monde que sur un seul appareil à la fois (ordinateur En cliquant sur « Continuer à lire ici » et en vous assurant que vous êtes la seule personne à consulter Le Monde avec ce compte Que se passera-t-il si vous continuez à lire ici Ce dernier restera connecté avec ce compte Vous pouvez vous connecter avec votre compte sur autant d’appareils que vous le souhaitez mais en les utilisant à des moments différents Nous vous conseillons de modifier votre mot de passe Votre abonnement n’autorise pas la lecture de cet article merci de contacter notre service commercial I arrived in Saint-Gervais Mont Blanc to an ecstatic atmosphere It was the eve of the opening ceremony for a massive infrastructure project promising to revolutionise transport in the old spa town Saint-Gervais located in the picturesque and authentic Haute-Savoie Mont-Blanc region of France is already one of the most accessible French ski resorts for British skiers It’s a 50-minute drive from Geneva Airport I’d highly recommend the train journey: there’s nothing like seeing those sweeping rock faces and pine forests speed towards you before the first snow of the Alps taking you to the village of Bettex (1,400m) and the bottom of the main slopes as well as the wastewater-powered funicular connecting Saint-Gervais to its world-famous thermal baths (Les Thermes) comprised an 18-month project led by Saint-Gervais’ formidable mayor they’ve transformed the resort experience: cutting journey times Saint-Gervais is now the only resort in the Alps to have a gondola system connecting you straight from the train station platform to the slopes—all in under 10 minutes While I missed the inauguration at the top of Le Valléen the following morning Their efficiency and sleek design were a world away from the rickety chairlifts and cramped cable cars of other resorts and I was intrigued to hear that further renovations of Saint-Gervais’ lift system were imminent With the iconic Tramway Mont-Blanc already in the process of upgrading quite unlike neighbouring Megève and Chamonix Like Gastein in Austria and plenty of others with much of its architecture dating to the late 19th century I was reminded of a Jacquelyn Lawson Christmas card: the whimsical lampposts and gingerbread house hotels giving it a charm amiss from purpose-built ski resorts As Mayor Peillex would later tell me over dinner Saint-Gervais is not a ski resort—it’s an all-around town as much for the local families that live there as the tourists who come to ski My three nights in Saint-Gervais were to be at the Hôtel Coeur des Neiges: a darling three-star lodge tucked away behind the village church and meeting all the criteria of a rare gem the à la carte accommodation feels more like an oversized bed and breakfast; the local owner A roaring log fire greeted me in the little lobby-cum-lounge flanked by boutique cabinets stuffed with purchasable Savoyard fare: fromage and a few healthy bottles of Génépi Hôtel Coeur des Neiges glows with character—much like Saint-Gervais itself Sebastian has done a fantastic job of guaranteeing the guest experience from the Continental breakfast in the morning overlooking the snow-capped Aravis Range available in several sizes with differing balcony views I soon discovered that the lounge’s fur-clad sofa is the perfect place for a pre-dinner café or apéritif perhaps with some complimentary Tête de Moine cheese you’ll hear few footsteps on the ground floor’s Turkish rugs (spare Sebastian’s) and can relax to the soft jazz music playing by firelight the free Facilibus shuttle to Le Valléen/L’Alpin changeover station stops outside Saint-Gervais’ Tourism Office after filling up on cappuccino and Bircher muesli I picked up my kit from the Couer des Neiges’ downstairs ski room and headed out for the slopes Having rented a pair of local Dynastar skis from Blanc Sport a charming family-ran workshop on Saint-Gervais high street I was keen to test them on some freshly groomed snow The relatively low altitude of Saint-Gervais’ three main villages (the eponymous Saint-Gervais and Saint-Nicolas) means that conditions at base camp are remarkably different to up-top I quickly rose out of what I discovered to be a river of fog filling the Arve Valley my first peek at Aiguille d’Aujon’s bold cliff face was to dazzling sunlight I couldn’t help feeling smug to have such good weather compared to just a few hundred metres below the only slopeside village in Saint-Gervais with a few pleasant chalet-style hotels the Saint Gervais red can take you down to the village proper the piste is only open after a heavy snowfall less so the fresh powder (although snow coverage was pretty good) as I was sticking to Saint-Gervais’ well-maintained and virtually infinite 263km of piste (445km with the Evasion Mont-Blanc pass) Also at Bettex is a selection of après-ski restaurants (while I eyed up the grandiose Le Spot I eventually settled on L’Embuscade—a much shorter queue for vin chaud if you can stand sitting outside) and Saint-Gervais’ ESF branch I’d highly recommend booking an ESF guide for the day as I did—they’ll show you the best spots according to the weather conditions that day having an ESF guide allows you to skip those arduous lift queues (few that they were in Saint-Gervais) the only way is up to the summit of Mont d’Arbois (1,833m) Riding the more retro Bettex-Arbois gondola I got my first view of Saint-Gervais’ signature and main attraction: Mont Blanc (4,809m) It’s a fair boast to say that the highest mountain in Europe is on your doorstep and yet it’s one Saint-Gervais is (rightly) keen to make Saint-Gervais and connecting Les Houches (where I skied on day two) offer the best view of Mont Blanc out of any French resort—including Chamonix—and the views kept getting better as my guide and I went further up forested blues and some more challenging reds the higher you climb Intermediates and beginners are king here (experts less so) with a decent range of sub-areas to suit all tastes thanks to its relatively low profile and ample north-facing terrain the resort is a freerider’s dream following a heavy powder dump with a good bowl under the Mont Joly chair and some of the best tree-skiing in the so-called “Magic Garden” between the Lanchettes and Radaz lifts leading up to Côte 2000 (2,014m) Further excellent tree-skiing can be found around Princesse: a long rolling black which was so fun I had to do it several times over Given the location of Saint-Gervais’ La Folie Douce (which isn’t quite the hyper-hedonistic affair of Val Thorens or Val d’Isère) my advice would be to get to the summit of Mont Joly (2,525m)  (Saint-Gervais’ highest point) as soon as possible The Mont Joux chair leading that way is by far the resort’s busiest towards lunchtime thanks to my guide’s queue-cutting privilege the Mont Joly chair (a kick in the keister from the 1980s) is forced to close Epaule (2,137m) is your next-best bet: from there you can see as far as Geneva (60km) on a good day from where many of Saint-Gervais’ weekend commuters come Riding the Epaule chair in Mont Joly’s shadow I disembarked to find myself again face-to-face with Mont Blanc—this time with a full view of its colossal massif I can’t understate its effect on the mountaineer: the ultimate romantic Sublime; one you can lose yourself in for minutes You’ve not seen the Alps until you’ve seen Mont Blanc up close I took the Chevreuil red down from Mont Joly to Mont Joux (1,958m): some nifty twists with mogul fields in between and a final wide section expert skiers and boarders were rocketing down so my guide and I opted for the opposite: the wonderfully tender Finance blue back to Bettex just as golden hour was igniting the trees While the rose-gold sunset lit up Mont Blanc I bid farewell to my guide and boarded L’Alpin back to Saint-Gervais Saint-Gervais has many excellent mountain restaurants to pick from—the tragedy of my flying visit was that I couldn’t try them all Over gingham tablecloths on the restaurant’s sunny terrace the serving staff lay dishes of venison and truffle pasta Ran by Michelin star chef Emannuel Renaut (best known for his three-star Flocons de Sel in Megève) Le Boitet exemplifies how Saint-Gervais has changed in the past 15 years what was once a popular pub for pisteurs and local families is now a sleek I encountered photos of the old establishment: pictures of mountaineers past at a bar front that’s no longer there that’s part of the price for becoming an international resort—a bargain I would later discuss with Mayor Peillex my guide and I stopped at the much humbler La Cha: an old-fashioned canteen serving large When the weather’s beautiful in Les Houches (as it was for me) there’s no better spot for a digestif than in the restaurant’s canvas sun loungers: Combloux and the Aravis Range ahead a flock of Alpine chough on the breeze above Be sure to try La Cha’s Sapinette: a spruce-based liqueur sweeter than Austria’s Zirbenschnaps which will keep your chest warm as you hurtle down the mountain Having sampled Saint-Gervais’ plentiful offerings on day one, my guide and I headed to adjoining Les Houches for a Sunday jaunt. This was partly an excuse to ride the Tramway du Mont-Blanc (TMB): the highest railway in France reaching over 2,370m from its origin at Le Fayet to the Nid d’Aigle (the start-point for climbers ascending Mont Blanc) the iconic rack-and-pinion railway is undergoing extensive modernisation Part of the project is already complete—including Saint-Gervais’ TMB station which has a well-stocked gift shop and café kiosk should you need an extra espresso en route I’d recommend pre-planning when you’ll set off (as mentioned you can pick up a coffee and pastry at the station) once past Col de Voza (1,650m) your first glimpses of Mont Blanc appear through the canopies leaving you in full view of the cloud-capped Toblerone Doubling down from the spectacle the day before Les Houches’ ski area is not just face-to-face with Mont Blanc When our tram arrived at the aptly named Bellevue (1,800m) I realised that the ridge we’d been travelling up was Mont Blanc’s northwestern flank you can feel the icy wind tumble off the cyan Bionnassay Glacier Les Houches’ 50km of slopes seems an obvious second choice to Saint-Gervais I couldn’t believe that my guide and I were the only skiers on the piste Les Houches comfortably rests in Mont Blanc’s long shadow which protects any snowfall from the long arm of the sun While there’s even less party than at family-focused Saint-Gervais we began on the Mur des Epines red (which felt more like a short black) before switching to the La Verte black (which felt more like a long red) While Saint-Gervais’ sheer diversity trumped Les Houches’ La Verte trumped any slope I’d tried the day before You may know it as the Kandahar Les Houches held since the early days of Alpine skiing: 3,343m long and 870m in descent I could hardly comprehend the sheer speed and endurance of those athletes who’ve braved ‘The Green’ black Perhaps the only downside of La Verte is the cable car required to reascend you can always skip the next few shuttles with a bite to eat from the Kitsch Inn’s kitchen (pardon the pun) we took a series of gentle blues towards Prarion (1,900m) before skiing the Fontaine red down to the bottom of the Crozat chair This piste crisscrosses the summertime route for the Ultra-Trail du Mont Blanc—Chamonix’s claim to fame and arguably the most famous ultramarathon in Europe While I can’t imagine the pain of sprinting up (and down) the steep slope descending the Col de Voza red as the sunset began and Mont Blanc consumed the sky While it may not be at the top of your list Les Houches is proof that the places that are harder to get to tend to be worth it Riding the TMB back to Saint-Gervais after a day on the slopes I couldn’t help thinking the sweeping vista was some kind of prize: pale golden lights splitting the various seams of a massive valley-bowl I was lucky to have three great dinners and an equally good lunch while staying in Saint-Gervais giving me an excellent view of the resort’s diverse options having checked into Hôtel Coeur des Neiges I went for a pre-dinner drink at Le Nordique and a decent selection of Alpine beers and white wines They also serve cheese and charcuterie platters in case you’ve gone out on an empty stomach Following Le Nordique, I dined at Rond de Carotte: a chic wee dining grotto serving gourmet dishes with a rustic touch In a low-ceilinged backroom with bright white walls I sampled their craft Gin du Mont Blanc—produced by a Scot in Europe’s highest distillery—with a dram of local eau de vie to finish the meal they’ll still be serving the caramelised apple dessert with a mousse and almonds—less melt-in-your-mouth so much as yourself melting into it On night two, after my first day of skiing, I needed a hearty meal. The tourism office recommended Le Galeta—conveniently next-door to my hotel—and I couldn’t be more glad I listened Le Galeta is about as traditional a Savoyard restaurant as you can get filling what looks like a 19th-century barn with a bonfire’s worth of meaty woodsmoke The first sight on entering was a massive stone fireplace over which chefs were grilling local pork and beef; on heavy tables under low rafters French families chortled around raclette sets My final dinner in Saint-Gervais was at the Amancette in Saint-Nicolas the Amancette is Saint-Gervais’ only five-star hotel built on the site of the town’s former bakery (in honour of it the hotel has its own in-house bakery available to locals at a non-five-star price) Combining a sort of timber postmodernism with touches of festive cottagecore and a delicious signature perfume throughout the hotel the Amancette offers by far the most luxurious board in the resort—and dining From my deconstructed bruschetta to a bouillabaisse of fresh char finished with a tray of sweet treats straight out of the Grand Budapest Hotel La Table d’Armante at the Amancette is I could see why Mayor Peillex picked it for our discussion—showcasing the best his resort had to offer Both La Table d’Armante and Le Galeta were a world away from where I stopped for lunch before leaving Saint-Gervais: PlanB, a hotel and restaurant in Le Fayet They’ve pulled out all the stops to be ‘hip’ (an eclectic The place was filled with young locals enjoying a range of quirky dishes from ‘millefeuille’ lasagne to Japanese karaage chicken On the morning of my departure, I figured the best way to ease into a day of travelling was at the spa. Les Thermes de Saint-Gervais are the resort’s original claim to fame—and with good reason Their healing properties have been well-documented since at least 1806 when Swiss notary Joseph Marie-Gontard constructed a small bathhouse on the site the massively upgraded facility was the favoured spot of Janine Charrat the acclaimed French ballerina who suffered major full-body burns in 1961 Charrat visited Saint-Gervais often and thanks to the hot mineral springs For pedestrians, reaching Les Thermes is now easier than ever due to the new state-of-the-art funicular, Ascenseur des Thermes departing from Saint-Gervais’ high street unlike Le Valléen and L’Alpin the funicular doesn’t require a lift pass over 300,000 passengers have used the funicular since its inauguration in August 2024 Exiting the funicular’s elevator-like compartment The great white Art Deco building beautifully contrasts with the verdant gorge formed by the rushing Bon-Nant River As geothermal steam rose from vents in its rooftop the cabins of Le Valléen threaded the narrow slit of sky above visitors are greeted by a massive cosmetics store stocked with exclusive Les Thermes’ products and A large information mural details the waters’ healing properties in French particularly for those suffering from arthritis as well as dermatological and respiratory conditions After paying the three-hour fee (€49 off-season it’s a fairly smooth process to enter; if you don’t have €2 for the locker I’m a big advocate of spas as après-ski partly for muscle recovery but also as a mental reward I appreciated Les Thermes all the same: from sensory hammams and sauna to a ‘rainforest area’ with various sensory water treatments I filled my hands with fresh fruit and a cup of herbal tisane instead Les Thermes alone are a reason to visit Saint-Gervais Hôtel Coeur des Neige Prices start at €130 per night excluding breakfast La Cha Bistro du Mont Joly Arriving by train travel from London to Paris Gare du Nord with Eurostar. There are then direct trains from Paris Gare du Lyon (a short distance away) to Saint-Gervais Le Fayet from Friday – Sunday. French railways: https://www.sncf-connect.com/en-en/ Arriving by air Geneva is the nearest airport and is served by various airlines including SWISS Car is the quickest option and it takes roughly 45min – 1 hour Ski hire: Blanc Sport Lift passes: https://www.ski-saintgervais.com/en/h1-tarif-evasion-mt-blanc Ski school: https://www.ski-school-saint-gervais.co.uk/adults/ Snow-show walking: https://evolution2.com/en/saint-gervais/snowshoes-hike-in-saint-gervais?v=2520 Thermes Saint-Gervais: https://spa.thermes-saint-gervais.com/en/Tarifs Robert Thorne’s trip was hosted by Saint-Gervais Mont Blanc Tourist Board snow reports and unmissable features direct to your inbox every week with our weekly ski update If you want to subscribe to our monthly newsletter snow reports and unmissable features direct to you inbox with our weekly ski update ShareSaveLifestyleArtsFrench Artist Duo Pierre And Gilles Combine Photography And Hand-Painting In The Very Same ImageByY-Jean Mun-Delsalle ink-jet photograph printed on canvas and painted What was your experience of confinement during the Covid-19 pandemic confinement has not really changed our daily lives because we work from home Then we were a little blocked because the other models could not come to visit us We already had this project in mind for a while so we took advantage of this particular period to achieve it religious iconography and other artists such as Gustave Courbet we are very fond of ancient and modern art We like to discover new references: the artists we liked young are not necessarily the ones we like today We find new references in books or on the Internet we don’t necessarily think of classical masters in particular which made us think of a work by Gustave Courbet what is beautiful in art is what eludes us – we’re not looking to highlight specific allusions We also like what isn’t calculated or obvious Why do you choose to live and work in the same place Then we moved to Bastille; the place was bigger but we really need it to store the objects that we use for the decors the photo equipment and the painting materials you created fantastical scenes from garbage collected on the beaches of Le Havre Is the protection of the environment and the oceans a subject that is increasingly important to you We are both originally from seaside towns and ports, so we grew up near the ocean. It’s a universe that inspires us. We worked on portraits that depicted sailors and castaways in the 1980s. For Galerie Templon but we have always liked plastic – we find it beautiful We gather it from behind the cliffs of beaches like picking flowers it’s possible to discover the world through cheap junk Jacques Audiard’s depiction of Sri Lankans faking family ties to escape war is powerful but highly selective in both the challenges the outcasts meet and its toxic depiction of France’s multiracial suburbs In early scenes the family are shown around their new neighbourhood and Dheepan is told how to do his new job as caretaker of the estate: Yalini and Dheepan constantly ask Illaayal to translate for them because children pick up language quicker than adults This is unclear – and it is equally unclear by the end of the film when everyone’s language has improved to the extent that they are at least able to further the plot In one scene Yalini struggles to communicate with a local crime baron Brahim – but 10 minutes later (perhaps months later in the film’s timeline who knows?) is perfectly able to scream at some of his heavies has lived in France for 50 years and still can’t speak French properly Audiard’s characters speak French when it suits him He isn’t actually interested in adaptation or processes of integration – language is a mere tool to reiterate his dark view of a world in which no one understands each other A further analogy between French suburbs and Sri Lanka occurs when Dheepan watches a BBC report on the ongoing war in his homeland which highlights the difficulty of entering the territory to report on events social workers — are also nowhere to be seen in Le Pré Saint-Gervais The impression given is of a lawless universe left entirely to its own murderous devices Why is Audiard so keen to draw parallels between a gang conflict and open warfare This process robs his film of the sensitivity it shows in a handful of scenes where the family’s arrival in a new and intimidating world is depicted with humanity Audiard supposes himself to be on the side of outsiders but the irony of his film is that everyone in in it is an outsider Read moreAudiard’s film is ultimately irresponsible and politically dangerous is that its many formal achievements – including its lean storytelling exceptional performances (Audiard is among the finest directors of actors now working) often stunningly beautiful images – could blind a viewer to its demagoguery with his story of a grizzled central figure preparing to make one last stand to protect his territory and loved ones – to lift his story out of the social-realist trappings he himself has so painstakingly detailed This handily means that anyone decrying the film’s moral void can be countered with the claim that the violence represented here is highly stylised and therefore does not carry a political charge so much as an artistic dimension and if we are to see murder shown on screen it seems only reasonable to ask that it not burden the underprivileged with the stigma of lawlessness PARIS: Supermarket chain Carrefour has stopped selling Doritos Pepsi and other Pepsico brands at its stores in France Italy and Spain amidst a dispute over price hikes “We no longer sell this brand due to unacceptable price increases,“ say tags on shelves in Carrefour’s French stores where the Pepsico products once stood The source said the move also affected stores in Belgium It means consumers will no longer be able to find the iconic products alongside PepsiCo names such as Lay's potato chips French retailers are locked in annual negotiations with big food industry firms on prices and other conditions regarding their sale in supermarkets “We’ve been in discussion with Carrefour for many months and we will continue to engage in good faith in order to try to ensure that our products are available,“ a PepsiCo spokeswoman said Retailers say they are under pressure from food industry firms to raise prices said in November is was seeking to raise its prices an average of 7 percent PepsiCo reported in October its sales so far in 2023 had risen by 9 percent on slightly lower food sales and steady beverage sales It said it expects to boost profits by 13 percent in 2023 and return around $7.7 billion to shareholders in dividends and share buybacks With European consumers suffering from food price inflation -- the cost of France's reference shopping basket has jumped 20 percent in two years -- many households are watching their spending and shifting to lower-priced supermarket brands the head of rival French supermarket chain E Leclerc said the talks with the food giants had been difficult but said that dropping brand name products was not a satisfactory answer “Consumers don’t want to pay more but if they don’t have their products they won’t be happy and they will go to a rival,“ he told Franceinfo radio Tel: +603-7784 6688      Fax: +603-7785 2625 INSEE has published figures showing that almost 75,000 inhabitants have left Paris between 2014 and 2020 Many interpretations of this figure do not consider its context demographic data must be analysed over the long term It is also necessary to study the precise territory in which it is collected the data must be related to the population density in the area concerned.  There will be more inhabitants in Paris in 2020 than there were in 1999 the Parisian population constantly decreased then decreased again between 2013 and 2020 Paris had almost 3 million inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century and has therefore lost 760,000 inhabitants in a century a quarter of its initial population (Table 1) Table 1 : Population trends in inner Paris from 1921 to 2020 is explained by a negative migratory balance which is not sufficiently compensated for by the natural surplus of births over deaths Just over half of all households are single-person households and single-parent families have increased from 7.5% of households in 2008 to 8.3% in 2019 The second cause of de-densification is the decrease in the number of primary residences in Paris (Table 2) the number of primary residences fell by 15,194 while the number of secondary residences increased by 103,218 and the number of vacant dwellings by 79,396 the 167,421 new dwellings created between 1968 and 2019 did not benefit Parisians This phenomenon has accelerated over the last ten years with the development of platforms such as Airbnb There has been a spectacular increase (+55%) in second homes and occasional accommodation between 2008 and 2019 the 131,320 dwellings listed as second homes it is as if two large arrondissements (ditricts) of Paris Table 2 : Distribution of the number of dwellings in Paris according to residence status between 1968 and 2018 (in thousands) the question to ask is that of the relevant territory The fact that a family moves from Paris to Pantin is measured statistically because there is an administrative border between the two cities This means that the administrative territory of the city of Paris is not relevant the employment area and the urban continuity that count The significant perimeter is the urban unit of Paris all the municipalities with a continuity of built-up areas around the city of Paris This urban unit will have 10,858,874 inhabitants in 2020 over an area of 2,853.5 km² It is the most populated in the European Union It is the right scale to judge the influence of a territory and the link between economic growth and demographic dynamism population movements are an indicator of the choices or constraints of the residential pathways of families and companies but not of the attractiveness of the territory It is not because Paris Intramuros is losing 75,000 inhabitants that Greater Paris is losing momentum its attractiveness has been growing since 2008 as all the available international rankings show but Seine Saint Denis has gained some (the department will have 1,700,000 inhabitants in 2020) grew by 0.4% per year between 2013 and 2018 (Table 3) Table 3 : Distribution of the Ile-de-France population by geographical area in 2019 (in millions) Table 4 : Population variation 2013/2018 (%/year) but this ranking mixes small and large cities If we look only at large cities (more than 2 million inhabitants) and leave aside the case of the Manila agglomeration the density of Paris is measured without the woods (Boulogne and Vincennes) which makes it the 5th densest city in the world ahead of Calcutta and on a par with Karachi But even in the small area of Paris (105 km2) there are significant differences from one arrondissement to another The 11th arrondissement is the densest with 39,566 ha/km2 – which puts it just behind Manila (46,178) – while the 16th arrondissement is the least dense with 10,111 ha/km2 This diversity is reflected in the neighbouring communes Saint Mandé and Montrouge (from 24 to 26,000 ha/km2 ) Courbevoie and Boulogne are just behind Paris (around 19,000 ha/km2 ) The “Petite couronne” (Inner suburbs) has an average density of 7,077 ha/km2 and the “Unité urbaine” (Urban economic zone) de Paris 3,790 ha/km2 But these averages hide considerable differences This is what makes the issue of densification so complex which is posed differently from one district or suburb to another there is the gap between reality and the feelings of the inhabitants who are already there Table 5 : Density of the different geographical areas of Ile-de-France (in inhabitants/km2) 3,700 (conurbation): these density figures must be kept in mind to understand the issues at stake in the Greater Paris dynamic Paris is very dense and cannot become any denser This is what the INSEE projections show: in 2050 Paris will have more or less the same number of inhabitants as in 2013 or in 1982 On the other hand, stability does not mean immobility7: we must continue to transform Paris by favouring the rehabilitation of buildings rather than demolition-reconstruction And if we wish to give an urban form to Greater Paris it is essential to develop the gates of Paris by transforming them into places of Greater Paris new centralities for a polycentric metropolis the boundary of the Périphérique (Ring Road) must be erased and the monopoly of the car on surface traffic must be broken The development projects around the Périphérique provoke violent conflicts but we must put things in their place: the Bercy-Charenton project which was abandoned because of “excessive densification” planned the construction of 4,000 housing units an increase of 0.0028% of the number of housing units in Paris The density of the project was less than 11,500 ha/km2 compared to the 15,600 ha/km2 of the city of Charenton The question that must be asked is: what is the minimum density to create urban continuity and a living space between Paris and its suburbs and to erase the urban highway that is the Périphérique The paradox is that maintaining the void is tantamount to making the motorway a sanctuary the case of the Porte de Montreuil is exemplary This is an urban space that is about the same size as the Place de la République What would the Place de la République be without buildings around it the density of the inner suburbs is a real mosaic The potential of a territory is often undermined by barriers It is in these border zones that territories suffer This patchwork of the inner suburbs is the result of a lack of connections between territories the multiplication of impassable borders and the absence of coordinating policies at the scale of the dense zone the State ignored the inner suburbs and created five towns in the outer suburbs from scratch: Evry The attractiveness of the Paris Region was described as based on an archipelago made up of Paris La Défense and these new centralities in the outer suburbs these territories were excluded from the agglomeration effects and were treated as servants’ territories whose mission was to accommodate all the urban services that Paris did not want to burden itself with: cemeteries spontaneous urban dynamics eventually caught up with state planning and the inner suburbs experienced spectacular successes such as the development of the Plaine Saint-Denis This history explains the complexity of implementing a policy aimed at better balancing densities between the territories of the metropolis This rebalancing would make it possible to fight against urban sprawl which contributes to the artificialization of land contributes to the breakdown of social ties and ultimately to global warming The yellow waistcoat movement was also a symptom of uncontrolled and even encouraged urban sprawl This means that on the scale of Greater Paris both for the preservation of agricultural land and green spaces and for low-carbon mobility This is as much a matter of urgency for the climate as for social cohesion the solution lies in a simple intensification of the 60 to 100 m2 pavilion without increasing the land area of the building Such a strategy represents a potential of 140,000,000 m2 of building space It seems possible to densify Greater Paris without disfiguring it The implementation of the Grand Paris Express may be an opportunity to improve the porosity and cooperation between the cities of the dense zone as this network is not only a mobility project it will transform the spatial representations and urban practices of millions of inhabitants will be able to be extended to the whole of Greater Paris: The Grand Paris Express station at Bagneux and the Denfert Rochereau station in Paris will be equidistant (in terms of travel time) from the Porte d’Orléans hundreds of thousands of students will be able to get to their university in half an hour And the densification of the neighbourhoods around the new stations is a key condition for the success of the project For this new network to play its full role it must polarise pieces of dense city combining housing and it must participate in the rebalancing of jobs and housing between the West and the East of Greater Paris should we be worried about the decline in the population of Paris It would be a different matter if the population of the Urban Unit were decreasing We must be concerned about the imbalances in population density within the dense zone as well as the imbalances in jobs/housing between the territories The ideal density of Greater Paris is a common metropolitan good and should be the subject of shared governance at the metropolitan level A metropolitan urban strategy is possible to increase density without disfiguring it requires both a political will and an adapted governance tool are the Parisian strongholds of the summer season it's hard to really know the City of Light like the back of your hand there are other green spaces that Parisians know little about As soon as you enter the main entrance, you'll discover a monumental fountain featuring Eve, a statue by sculptor Raymond Couvègnes. This is not the only sculpture to be admired here: two other works await walkers: l'Enfance de Bacchus by Pierre Traverse, and the monument to the victims of North Africa by artist Eugène Dodeigne. How about exploring the Butte du Chapeau Rouge park this weekend Refer your establishment, click herePromote your event, click here This article was published more than 6 years ago A protester wears a vest reading 'Turn off your TV put on your vest' during a demonstration against the privatization of Aeroport de Paris (ADP) in Paris on March 13 Marc Weitzmann’s latest book is Hate: The Rising Tide of Anti-Semitism in France (and What It Means for Us) followed by an unprecedented wave of terror attacks France – long familiar with popular protests of all kinds – is experiencing another outbreak of protests it is also deeply bound into a strain of anti-Semitic ideology this time born in France and championed in recent years by the likes of Steve Bannon The Yellow Vest movement started in October as an online Facebook protest against a new green/eco-friendly tax on the price of fuel imposed by the French government The cause soon expanded from the price of gas to other seemingly unrelated issues such as the “dignity” of the French worker to a more general criticism of “the system” and poor living standards the movement had moved offline to street protests blocking intersections across the country often violent demonstrations in Paris and other major cities politically undefined and with no connection to traditional unions or political parties the Yellow Vest protests appeared strangely unprecedented in a country otherwise known for its culture of protests and strikes London is in crisis and the Marrakesh global compact on migration is dead before it’s signed.” While the compact is relatively unknown in the United States – approved in December by 164 countries the pact seeks to control and ultimately end migration in Europe – Mr Bannon was intimately familiar with it as one of the main rallying cries of the Yellow Vests and the nationalists alike the Yellow Vest protesters represent the “real” French people in the same way that readers of far-right online publication Breitbart are “true” Americans It is interesting to note that this obsession with national “authenticity” has its ideological origin in France. Namely, in the rhetoric of the French newspaper l’Action Française, a hugely successful anti-Semitic newspaper created in 1898 by the journalist Charles Maurras. (In 2016, Mr. Bannon reportedly told a French official in Washington have you read Charles Maurras?”) Gifted with an innate talent for intellectual marketing Maurras may have been the first in Europe to recast intellectual quarrels against a cosmopolitan elite of the Enlightenment in an entirely new way He made l’Action Française a media success by mixing high-culture charges against modernity with the low popular anger against international finance and capitalism then personified by Jewish bankers It is thanks to him that the Rothschilds became everywhere a coded formula to rage against the capitalist system the Jews who were said to control it and the Republic under which those foreign influences were plunging the country into a decadent cosmopolitism L’Action Française’s standpoint culminated during the Vichy regime and survived semi-underground during the postwar years in political currents known as the New Right before being resurrected across the continent in the 1990s due in part to the Russian “philosopher” Alexander Dugin and his French connections Bannon’s obsession with George Soros mirrors L’Action Française’s narrative about the Rothschilds That Emmanuel Macron did work for that bank before entering politics fuses the Yellow Vest anger in vast proportions Macron was bought by the Rothschilds and that he was “a whore of the Jews," in today’s Yellow Vest parlance was present as far back as the presidential campaign in both Ms Le Pen and the left-winger Jean-Luc Mélenchon’s speeches In addition to the surge of anti-Semitic slogans that connects aspects of U.S several videos reminiscent of the American conspiracy theory known as Pizzagate posted on the Yellow Vest’s official Facebook page claim that in addition to Jewish international bankers Macron has surrounded himself with “rich pedophile billionaires buying children through the darknet.” “Are you ready to die?” New anti-Semitic tags were also found in Paris and in the wealthy suburb of Versailles the Yellow Vest protester responsible for the Finkielkraut incident was identified as Benjamin Weller the 36-year-old owner of a cellphone store in the city of Mulhouse and a convert to Salafism known for his radical views on Islam The person responsible for swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans in Versailles was also apprehended: He was a 65-year-old married man employed as a financial consultant at the Regional Council of Les Yvelines When he was asked why he had scrawled “Juden Rauss,” as well as “Macron in the oven,” and “Macron in Dachau,” alongside the swastikas he could identify with some of their claims “These images of violence each Saturday on TV made me feel I should speak out Bannon saw a rage in the United States whose intensity was otherwise invisible Bannon’s genius consisted in articulating popular rage by giving it a political name and a face in the person of Donald Trump Although France literally invented hateful anti-Semitic populism in the first decades of the 20th century for that current to come to power with the Vichy regime even though populism has won in French mass culture who is cautious enough not to present herself as the candidate of the Yellow Vests despite knowing her politics align with theirs The result of this paradox is the strange feeling that a ghostly anger invades the streets every weekend – a wandering hate for which no one in particular is responsible None of these incidents have been attributed to the Yellow Vests they are consistent with what many Yellow Vests have expressed at some point or other since the movement started to point out the most significant difference between these parallel situations in the United States and in France who is accused of murdering 11 worshippers at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh last October every Jewish person killed in France for being a Jew since the early 2000s has been killed by Muslims constitute the background in front of which the Yellow Vest’s anti-Semitism is unfolding organically the easiness with which anti-Semitic slogans are used a recurrent violence – none of this would have been possible in pre-terror France both a Salafi and a committed Yellow Vest from the start Salafi populist propaganda in France has argued against “the democracy of the homosexuals” manipulated by the “globalists” in the name of “authentic” Islam and “the true Muslims.” It is the convergence of all these strains of hate that has given France its particular intensity today – and makes the whole situation so dangerous As the 65-year-old Versailles tagger said to the police: “I do not know why I started It was as if drawing these tags allowed me to externalize all the hate that I felt in me for so long.” A convergence that the United States has not experienced so far “So far” because Congresswoman Ilhan Omar’s recent remarks on the dual "allegiance” of the Jews If some Americans were indeed tempted to give in to this kind of thinking they would be well advised to look again at 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This is a space where subscribers can engage with each other and Globe staff. Non-subscribers can read and sort comments but will not be able to engage with them in any way. Click here to subscribe If you would like to write a letter to the editor, please forward it to letters@globeandmail.com. Readers can also interact with The Globe on Facebook and Twitter Welcome to The Globe and Mail’s comment community This is a space where subscribers can engage with each other and Globe staff We aim to create a safe and valuable space for discussion and debate If you do not see your comment posted immediately it is being reviewed by the moderation team and may appear shortly We aim to have all comments reviewed in a timely manner Comments that violate our community guidelines will not be posted UPDATED: Read our community guidelines here We have closed comments on this story for legal reasons or for abuse. For more information on our commenting policies and how our community-based moderation works, please read our Community Guidelines and our Terms and Conditions Metrics details Normal control of breathing is characterized by maintenance of CO2 and O2 arterial pressures at constant levels by appropriate ventilatory responses to changes in CO2 production and O2 consumption Abnormal development of this regulatory system during embryogenesis may produce early impairments in chemosensitivity as in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome The present study addresses the role of the mammalian achaete-scute homologous gene (Mash-1) in the development of respiratory control We analyzed ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (8% CO2 87% N2) in newborn and adult Mash-1 heterozygous mice (Mash-1+/−) and their wild-type littermates (Mash-1+/+) and tidal volume were measured using whole-body plethysmography Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia were significantly weaker in newborn male Mash-1+/− compared with Mash-1+/+ mice as a result of a weaker breath-duration response No differences were observed between adult Mash-1+/− and Mash-1+/+ mice Our data suggest that Mash-1 may be involved in respiratory control development via mechanisms linked to the X chromosome these two lines of evidence suggest that Mash-1 may be involved in respiratory control development This complicates specific respiratory function assessment We tested the hypothesis that heterozygous Mash-1+/− mice may exhibit impaired chemosensitivity responsible for altered responses to hypercapnia and/or hypoxia compared with their wild-type Mash-1+/+ littermates one day before normal littering (E19.5) for this genetic background Embryos were delivered by cesarean section to control for gestational age Each newborn was stimulated by pinching the thorax and placed among 1-d-old pups of a Swiss female within 3 min after its mother was killed Half the Swiss newborns were killed before the cesarean section to facilitate acceptance and feeding of the Mash-1 newborns Heterozygous newborns (Mash-1+/−) and their wild-type littermates (Mash-1+/+) were tested for ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia Mean time between delivery and ventilatory testing (i.e the age of the newborns at testing time) was 99 ± 68 min Body weights were not significantly different between heterozygous Mash-1+/− newborns and their wild-type Mash-1+/+ littermates or between adult Mash-1+/− and Mash-1+/+ mice (Table 1) Adult mice were 7- to 9-wk old at the time of the study Experimental protocols met the guidelines of the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Genotype was determined by PCR (14) genotyping was performed after respiratory testing by using DNA extracted from brain stem tissue Adult mice were genotyped before respiratory testing The sequences of PCR primers were 5′-GCCAGCTCATTCCTCCACTCA-3′ (5′ region of the PGKNeo gene) and 5′-GCAGTTGTAAGATGAACTAC-3′ (3′ region of the Mash-1 gene) The amplification program involved 35 cycles PCR products were analyzed in 1% agarose gel Newborn gender was determined by PCR detection of the chromosome Y sry gene (14) Primer sequences were 5′-GAGAGCATGGAGGGCCAT-3′ and 5′-CCACTCCTCTGTGTACACT-3′ The amplification program involved 30 cycles PCR products were analyzed in 2% agarose gel when an animal breathes in a nondistensible chamber the pressure in the chamber increases during inspiration because of addition of water vapor to the inspired gas and to warming of the inspired gas from the temperature in the chamber to that in the alveoli; conversely pressure decreases during expiration because of condensation of the water vapor and cooling of the expired gas Measurement of these pressure changes can be used to calculate TTOT The plethysmograph was calibrated before each test by injecting 5 μL of air into the measurement chamber with a syringe and by introducing the corresponding pressure into Drorbaugh and Fenn's equation The pressure rise in the measurement chamber induced by this injection was of the same order of magnitude as that resulting from inhalation of a VT by a newborn mouse body temperature was not recorded and was assumed to be stable at 37°C 87% N2) mixtures were introduced into the measurement chamber through a catheter (5-mL dead space) led through the thermostated bath to prevent drops in chamber temperature during the stimuli Each newborn mouse was placed inside the measurement syringe and allowed a 1-min familiarization period Breathing-pattern measurements were done by 1) flushing the syringe with 60 mL of air (this took 45 s);2) recording ventilatory data in air for 90 s;3) flushing the syringe with 60 mL of air (45 s);4) injecting 60 mL of the hypercapnic or hypoxic mixture (45 s); and 5) recording breathing variables for 90 s The time interval between the two stimuli was To control for possible aftereffects of a given stimulus (e.g arousal and aversion due to hypercapnia or hypoxia) the order of stimulation was counterbalanced across the mice: air the newborn was extracted from the syringe no data on the survival rate of Mash-1+/− newborns suggesting that arterial CO2 pressures remained approximately within the normal range during hypoxic stimulation in the present study Baseline breathing variables were those measured during the first air period because the second air period was influenced by the aftereffects of the first stimulus Movement artifacts were small because the mice were restrained and therefore all the values were considered for analysis Breathing patterns in newborns and adults were evaluated using separate ANOVA for each population (newborns and adults) for each stimulus (hypoxia and hypercapnia) Between-subject factors were group (two levels heterozygous Mash-1+/−versus wild-type Mash-1+/+) and order of stimuli (two levels hypercapnia followed by hypoxia or the reverse) and the within-subject factor was gas (two levels air versus hypercapnia or air versus hypoxia) afternoon) was added as a between-subject factor The main effect for gas reflected the ventilatory response to a given stimulus the differences between heterozygous Mash-1+/− and wild-type Mash-1+/+ mice with respect to these responses were evaluated on the basis of the group-by-gas interaction gender effects were evaluated on the basis of the gender-by-gas and group-by-gas-by-gender interactions Data are summarized as the group mean ± SD in the text and as the mean ± SEM in the Figures Differences were considered significant when p was <0.05 Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (panel A) and hypoxia (panel B) in male wild-type Mash-1+/+ and heterozygous Mash-1+/− newborn mice. The VE response to hypercapnia was significantly weaker in male Mash-1+/− (n= 12) than in male Mash-1+/+ (n= 9) newborns as a result of TTOT response impairment. Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (panel A) and hypoxia (panel B) in female wild-type Mash-1+/+ and heterozygous Mash-1+/− newborn mice Baseline VE was significantly lower in heterozygous Mash-1+/− (n= 17) than in Mash-1+/+ females (n= 5) The VE response to hypercapnia was significantly stronger in female Mash-1+/− than in female Mash-1+/+ newborns The VE response to hypercapnia was significantly weaker in male Mash-1+/− than in male Mash-1+/+ newborn mice (30% ± 67 versus 119% ± 86) as a result of an impaired TTOT response (−27% ± 14 versus 14% ± 36;Fig. 1 These findings were supported by significant gender-by-genotype-by-gas interactions for VE [F (1,35) = 8.71 p = 0.02] and by the results of partial comparisons between male Mash-1+/− and male Mash-1+/+ newborns for VE [F (1,17) = 4.43 p = 0.05] and (marginally) for TTOT [F (1,17) = 3.68 Female newborns displayed the opposite effects:Mash-1+/− mice showed a significantly stronger VE increase in response to hypercapnia than Mash-1+/+ mice [56% ± 56 versus 32% ± 52;Fig. 2 The differences for VT and TTOT were not significant this was probably due to the lower baseline VE in Mash-1+/− females than in Mash-1+/+ females mentioned above The effects of age were not significant for either ventilatory variable in either condition The number of valid breaths was significantly higher in Mash-1+/+ than in Mash-1+/− newborn mice during CO2 exposure especially in males [main effect of genotype:F (1 p= 0.018 and gender-by-genotype interaction:F (1,38) = 7.38 p= 0.009] because of their higher breathing frequencies A similar trend was observed during O2 exposure [F (1,38) = 4.32 The difference was not significant during air exposure Recording durations were significantly longer in Mash-1+/+ than in Mash-1+/− mice during CO2 and O2 exposures especially in males [main effects for genotype:F (1,38) = 6.14 respectively; interaction gender-by-genotype:F (1,38) = 7.38 These differences were caused by the fact that Mash-1+/+ newborn mice showed fewer movement artifacts than Mash-1+/− newborn mice resulting in a smaller loss of valid ventilatory tracings Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (panel A) and hypoxia (panel B) in male Mash-1+/+ and Mash-1+/− adult mice. The difference between Mash-1+/+ (n= 10) and Mash-1+/− (n= 13) mice was not significant for either variable. Ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (panel A) and hypoxia (panel B) in female Mash-1+/+ and Mash-1+/− adult mice The difference between Mash-1+/+ (n= 15) and Mash-1+/− (n= 15) mice was not significant for either variable The main finding from this study is that male newborn mice displayed weaker ventilatory responses to hypercapnia than their wild-type littermates A similar trend (although not significant) was observed for the response to hypoxia This difference was caused mainly by a smaller increase in breathing frequency of Mash-1+/− male newborns in response to both stimuli Baseline breathing patterns were not significantly different between male Mash-1+/+ and Mash-1+/− newborn mice the Mash-1+/+ animals had significantly higher baseline VE values resulting in a weaker hypercapnic response compared with Mash-1+/− mice (however the validity of this finding is limited by the small number of female Mash-1+/+ newborns) None of the differences noted between Mash-1+/− and Mash-1+/+ newborns was present in adult mice the head of the newborn mouse emerges from the measurement chamber through an opening that is sealed around the neck; this may increase ventilatory resistance in the trachea published data are not of assistance in resolving this issue another explanation for gender effects may be Mash-1 modulation of an X-chromosome gene The X-linked effect of Mash-1 mutation in male and female newborns may be related to the hybrid genetic background of the mice (129SvEv × C57BL6/J) The animals used in our study may have had two distinct alleles for a putative X-chromosome gene regulated by the Mash-1 gene product one from the 129vEv background and the other from the C57BL6/J background These two gene alleles may have different levels of expression; for instance one may be a “low expression” allele and the other a “normal expression” allele Newborn females may compensate for the defect by random X inactivation a newborn male group may include mice with the low expression allele and mice with the normal expression allele This hypothesis could be tested by segregating these two alleles by back-crossing mice from the hybrid population used in this study with either 129SvEv mice or C57BL6/J mice This method may provide a means of identifying the X-chromosome gene whose expression is modified by Mash-1 None of the ventilatory differences observed between newborn Mash-1+/+ and Mash-1+/− mice was present in adult mice: adult Mash-1+/+ and Mash-1+/− mice were identical in terms of weight and ventilatory function Two hypotheses can be put forward to explain this finding Postnatal impairment of ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (and possibly to hypoxia) in Mash-1+/− mice may have been overcome during development Although we are not aware of published reports of recovery from early chemosensitivity impairment the only Mash-1+/− mice to survive to adulthood may be those with the mildest impairments the adult Mash-1+/− mice included in our study may have been a survival-selected sample with normal respiratory function Only a longitudinal study from birth to adulthood could clarify this issue Because other groups of brain stem neurons express Mash-1 the possibility exists that Mash-1 may promote the development of neurons involved in the bulbopontine and suprapontine drive to breathing these data support the hypothesis that the impaired ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (and the similar trend observed for hypoxia) seen in our study may be ascribable to a modification in Mash-1 gene expression responsible for abnormal development of subsets of brain stem neurons and/or vagal neural crest derivatives including central and peripheral chemoreceptors Mash-1 expression abnormalities may occur in brain stem cell subsets that do not express ret but do induce the impaired VE phenotype Discrimination between these two features could be achieved by a study of ret and Mash-1 double mutants altered control of wakefulness by the locus coeruleus in heterozygous newborns may affect the breathing pattern the impaired ventilatory responses in male Mash-1+/− newborns may trigger unpredictable behavioral responses to chemical stimuli which may explain the longer movement artifacts in the ventilatory tracings of these animals during CO2 and O2 exposures group differences in motor activity may have induced group differences in breathing pattern although our data do not prove this hypothesis our data support the hypothesis that Mash-1 may be involved in the development of chemically mediated breathing control and may be linked to the X chromosome Because Mash-1 is expressed upstream of ret it may be of interest to look for Mash-1 mutations in patients with CCHS congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Gaultier C (eds) 1996 Proceedings from the First International Symposium on the Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Lyonnet S 1998 Mutations of the RET-GDNF signaling pathway in Ondine's curse Itoh Y 1988 Point mutation in exon 12 of the receptor tyrosine kinase proto-oncogene RET in Ondine-Hirschsprung syndrome Costantini F 1993 Expression of the c-RET proto-oncogene during mouse embryogenesis Pachnis V 1994 Defects in the kidney and enteric nervous system of mice lacking the tyrosine kinase receptor RET Kinane TB 1997 RET proto-oncogene is important for the development of respiratory CO2 sensitivity Joyner AL 1993 Mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 is required for the early development of olfactory and autonomic neurons Pachnis V 1996 Common origin and developmental dependence on c-ret of subsets of enteric and sympathetic neuroblasts Pachnis V 1999 Multipotential progenitors of the mammalian enteric nervous system capable of colonising aganglionic bowel in organ culture Brunet JF 1997 Defects in sensory and autonomic ganglia and absence of locus coeruleus in mice deficient for the homeobox gene Phox2a Goridis C 1998 Control of noradrenergic differentiation and Phox2a expression in MASH-1 in the central and peripheral nervous system Anderson DJ 1998 Mash-1 activates expression of the paired homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a and couples pan-neuronal and subtype-specific components of autonomic neuronal identity Onodera M 1996 Impaired ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in mutant mice deficient in endothelin-1 Lacy E 1994 Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: Laboratory Manual Fenn WO 1955 A barometric method for measuring ventilation in newborn infants Epstein RA 1978 A theoretical analysis of the barometric method for measurement of tidal volume Kleeberger SR 1994 Differential control of ventilation among inbred strains of mice Kleeberger SR 1997 Genetic control of differential baseline breathing pattern Kleeberger SR 1993 Hypercapnic ventilatory responses in mice differentially susceptible to acute ozone exposure Smith P 1996 Modified control of breathing in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice Gallego J 1998 The effects of restraint on ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia in mice Dixon GA 1975 Arterial blood gas in conscious rats exposed to hypoxia Kato F 1996 Reorganization of pontine rhythmogenic neuronal networks in Krox-20 knockout mice Alberts JR 1996 Perinatal stimulation and adaptation of the neonate Katz DM 1996 Mice lacking brain-derived neurotrophic factor exhibit visceral sensory neuron losses distinct from mice lacking NT4 and display a severe developmental deficit in control of breathing Mortola JP 1984 Breathing pattern in newborns Joyner AL 1993 Dynamic expression of the murine achaete-scute homologue Mash-1 in the developing nervous system Download references Laboratoire de Neurologie et Physiologie du Développement Unité de Recherches sur les Adaptations Physiologiques et Comportementales were supported by fellowships from Naître et Vivre and Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer and S.R were supported by Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199911000-00008 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article The festive season is a time for sharing and regressive pleasures Paris and the surrounding region take part in the magic of Christmas delighting us with a host of wonderful events Parisians of all ages enjoy the festivities while seeking out the best spots to find gifts for their loved ones discover the list of possibilities for your Christmas shopping stay tuned as we update our guides with new announcements and discoveries To make sure you don't miss out on any of the designer eco-responsible and solidarity Christmas markets taking place this Christmas 2024 in Paris and the Île-de-France region 100% circular and responsible Christmas market at Floréal BellevilleHead to Floréal Belleville to discover a 100% circular and responsible Christmas market, from November 26 to December 1, 2024. 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