In our Vanguards of HPC-AI series HPC Operations in the National Center for Computational Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory She became involved in scientific computing in 2008 as an undergraduate at Reed College in Portland and her involvement in HPC began in 2009 at Florida State University in Mathematics/Physics at Reed College and an M.S in Computational Science at Florida State University She has more than a decade of experience in HPC having previously been Group Leader of the System Acceptance & User Environment Group in the National Center for Computational Sciences (NCCS) which is home to the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) She also is part of OLCF’s systems testing team and led acceptance for the Summit supercomputer (formerly the world’s no. 1 system) and for Frontier, housed at the OLCF and the world’s first certified exascale-class supercomputer (currently the world’s no. 2 system) and performance evaluation and optimization of scientific applications She is a member of IEEE and ACM and serves in the ACM SIGHPC Executive Committee and the SC Conference Steering Committee Melesse Vergara on being recognized as an HPC-AI Vanguard What was your first involvement in HPC or AI I became involved in scientific computing in 2008 writing my senior thesis at Reed College in Portland had a small Apple cluster that I used to run simulations of snowflake formation I got into HPC in 2009 as a graduate student at Florida State University working in the HPC Center at FSU as a Technical Support Assistant in lieu of a TA/RA-ship What is your passion related to your career path One of the most fun aspects of HPC engineering is that you get to solve a broad range of problems getting an application to run well and run at scale – sometimes to even run at all There is always something new to learn and the feeling of finding a solution to a problem that unblocks and/or unleashes breakthrough science is extremely rewarding Enabling and supporting a wide range of science domains is something very unique about our field Do you prefer working as an individual contributor or a team leader I enjoy making individual technical contributions to larger projects to meet ambitious goals It is how I have learned about a wide range of topics that I may not have been able to learn without hands-on practical experience As I’ve advanced in my profession and gained more experience most of my work revolves around leading small and large teams to accomplish ambitious goals It is a very rewarding role and allows me to work with individual team members to identify opportunities for their own professional growth Seeing how much more impactful a project is when it is the result of a collaborative effort that includes broad perspectives has shaped my role and attitude as a team leader Who or what has influenced you the most to help you advance your career path in this community The “who” is difficult to answer succinctly Many folks have helped me along the way – from my supervisor at FSU for suggesting I apply for the Student Volunteer program at SC10 to my group leader at Purdue for supporting my involvement in the community and many folks at ORNL and in the HPC community that I met through SC for encouraging me to pursue bigger and larger challenges and believing in me The “what” is easy: the SC conference and its community build a stronger and deeper pipeline of talented and passionate HPC and AI professionals Investing in programs that can bring a diverse set of folks to the field at multiple stages of the pipeline with a special focus on the beginning of the pipeline There are several efforts happening around the world and finding ways to collaborate and capture those efforts would be useful opening more avenues for folks that are interested but may not have experience yet – that would be great The US has several programs but is often limited by citizenship which can leave many potential candidates out What does it take to be an effective leader in HPC and AI Being willing to learn both from the continuously evolving landscape Finding ways to collaborate across organizations and fields is key for any effective leader in my opinion What is the biggest challenge you face in your current role Now that we’ve entered the exascale era which has also intersected with the generative AI explosion is to understand how the facility services and support ecosystem needs to evolve to adapt to the new requirements of our users What changes do you see for the HPC / AI community in the next five-10 years And how do you see your own skills evolving during this time frame including: a heavier focus on energy efficiency I’d like to dive deeper into AI-assisted modeling and simulation and quantum computing and its applications in science Do you believe science drives technology or technology drives science Scientific breakthroughs have made possible the devices we use on a regular basis today technology can drive science as we have seen in the last couple of years with the explosion of large language models and its applications That boom has driven the market to develop chips optimized for that unique workload in some cases at the expense of features used by today’s scientific applications Please share with us your personal interests and hobbies My husband Michael and I enjoy local breweries with our two “bears” who we adopted from nearby rescues during the pandemic and binge watching all kinds of series from sitcoms and dramas to telenovelas you’re either forging new paths or stuck in traffic Tier 0 doesn’t just clear the road — it builds the autobahn The MLPerf1.0 benchmark has made one thing clear … This ebook from our friends over at Rescale focuses on why the historical methodology for determining cost price per core hour is at best incapable of providing effective cost optimization for HPC workloads it could increase your overall cost of ownership and slow innovation and productivity Assessing the cost of your HPC practice […] By JoAnn Adkins meaning greater coordination is needed at city county and state levels for national and international policies to be effective FIU Professor Assefa Melesse will spend the next year engaging with mayors governors and other officials to advance national policy on climate security Melesse is one of nine Jefferson Science Fellows for 2023-2024 a select group of scientists helping to build capacity for science technology and engineering expertise within the U.S he and his family will call the nation’s capital home as he works with the Office of the U.S Special Presidential Envoy for Climate and other agencies working on climate security and climate diplomacy It may seem like uncharted territory for the Earth and Environment researcher who specializes in remote sensing and hydrological modeling in FIU’s Institute of Environment Melesse has spent much of his career getting his science in front of the right people to help effect positive policy changes management strategies and development planning He knows what it takes to convene stakeholders with competing interests and foster a dialogue that actually delivers community-based solutions for international problems good data and science alone will not solve the entire problem we face when it comes to the environment,” Melesse said “Data is good for diplomacy and negotiations and understanding this process and knowing what it takes is critical in addressing environmental issues.” Melesse has worked to ensure scientific data ends up in the hands of politicians negotiating the management of the Nile River’s resources controversy has surrounded Ethiopia’s effort to build the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam designed for much-needed electricity production Other countries have expressed concerns about water availability which gets 97 percent of its drinking and irrigation water from the Nile Melesse organized the International Conference on the Nile and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in 2020 to bring experts together to share scientific information he has continued to convene experts focused on local solutions and even published a book sharing scientific data from the conference to help inform negotiations including work on climate change modeling in South Florida and the Caribbean to Washington to explore local community-based policies designed to counter the climate crisis He will engage directly with representatives from offices of mayors “If I apply the knowledge of climate diplomacy to achieve climate security and promote adaptation strategies to avert climate disasters that will be an achievement,” Melesse said and he’ll also help develop a climate guide for U.S embassies and consulates to use with local leaders The Jefferson Science Fellows is a program of the National Academies of Science The 2023-2024 class marks the 20th anniversary of the program has worked to safeguard precious water resources for two decades An FIU Institute of Environment professor has published a book addressing concerns surrounding the operation and filling of the largest dam in Africa Receive daily FIU stories and updates directly to your inbox Renowned Ethiopian singer Muluken Melesse died on Tuesday in Washington The vocalist rose to fame at a time of enormous political and social unrest in Ethiopia as the 1974 Ethiopian Revolution gave way to a military dictatorship Muluken's songs from the 1970s and 80s were filled with love and longing for better times "He came through at a time when people were really down," said Sayem Osman, who has contributed articles about contemporary Ethiopian music to blogs and magazines Muluken was born in the Gojjam province of Northern Ethiopia in 1951 where he studied singing with a visiting musician who taught lessons there "And Muluken at that time got the [music] bug," Sayem said Muluken started performing in local clubs in the 1960s when he was barely a teenager Love songs like "Mewdeden Wededkut" ("I Love Being in Love") "Hagerwa Wasamegena" ("She's from Wasamegena") "He's the king of the love songs for me," said Sayem Sayem said Muluken's popularity had a lot to do with the talented female lyricists he worked with on these songs including Shewaleul Mengistu and Alem Tsehay Wodajo "Who else but a woman would know how to be described or how to be looked upon?" said Sayem But it was tough to be an artist in a country under military rule he moved to the United States and settled in the Washington He continued performing groovy love songs for a time before giving them up entirely in order to focus on his newfound faith "And he never performed this music ever again." Muluken took to singing gospel songs at church events "YeYesus Wetadernegn" ("I'm Jesus's Soldier") — one of many songs Muluken Melesse sang after converting to evangelical christianity Even though Muluken turned his back on secular music during his later years his early work has continued to influence younger generations of musicians "He became like a conduit into getting even deeper into the traditional music of Ethiopia for me," said Ethiopian-American singer, songwriter and composer Meklit Hadero Meklit's 2014 version of the folk song "Kemekem" — which the singer describes as "a love song for the person with the perfect Afro" — was inspired by a version Muluken made famous decades ago "And I will be so forever grateful to him." Meklit added she will never be able to get enough of Muluken's singing "It has so much movement and vibrance in it You just are kind of on a river following his tone and it's captivating," she said "The whole human experience was contained within that voice." Audio and digital story edited by Jennifer Vanasco; audio produced by Alejandra Marquez Janse Become an NPR sponsor winning a Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad (DDRA) fellowship was “a match made in heaven.” He was elated to learn in September that he was one of only 142 awardees nationwide of this prestigious fellowship Fulbright-Hays fellowships support area studies research in all world regions outside the U.S and they provide one year of funding that includes a robust stipend plus travel and research assistance to begin 12 months of fieldwork on the risk factors of maternal depression and anxiety among Ethiopian women. rates of prenatal and postpartum depression and anxiety for reproductive-age women are alarmingly high in Ethiopia and broader Sub-Saharan Africa Billions of dollars in foreign assistance to the region in the past two decades have had little impact on this complex issue Biniyam seeks to tease apart the many risk factors for maternal depression and anxiety that have primarily been studied only in Western contexts an interlocking set of socioeconomic conditions that have been correlated with maternal mental health outcomes in other populations. To get at how these intricate risk factors manifest for Ethiopian mothers Biniyam will conduct a mixed-methods study that will include surveys and interviews with women from different neighborhoods He will also gather neighborhood crime data and other statistics which requires gaining the cooperation of government entities that Biniyam foresees as the most difficult “The biggest challenge in the country is the bureaucracy If you don't have people that you know in those places it is extremely difficult to get anything done.” Biniyam is uniquely poised to rise to the challenge as a young child and grew up mostly in Chicago Biniyam attended Wittenberg University in Springfield in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Political Science But it was the community service he engaged in as an undergraduate that would illuminate his future path and Habitat for Humanity—“taught me to see how people live and that the source of a lot of issues is really not having the resources needed in terms of public health,” says Biniyam Biniyam has traveled back to his home country several times as a volunteer public health officer in a rural hospital he plans to volunteer again in rural areas He is also looking forward to catching up with relatives the priority is the research,” says Biniyam Biniyam wants to bring Sub-Saharan Africa into the literature on maternal mental health But he also aspires to help formulate “culturally applicable intervention programs that other health professionals and policymakers can carry out in the region” and which are currently lacking he plans to pursue a career as a university professor focused on maternal mental health outcomes “Applying for a major fellowship like Fulbright-Hays can be but he got off to a good start by attending a Fulbright-Hays information session hosted by the Graduate College’s Office of External Fellowships Applications for research abroad opportunities like Fulbright-Hays are invariably stronger when they include a letter of affiliation from a host country institution and arranging such a letter takes time and effort Biniyam says he began reaching out to local contacts immediately after the info session His persistence paid off in the form of two supporting letters from key officials Applications for Fulbright-Hays are reviewed by scholars in the applicant’s field or a closely related field Biniyam offers this advice to potential applicants: “Even though it is a very competitive award I suggest that people still apply and get the feedback Because they can see where their research is headed—how others see their research from different perspectives outside of their advisor and their close-knit friends who know the material already.” Dana N. Johnson is Assistant Director of External Fellowships in the Graduate College where she enjoys supporting Illinois graduate students as they compete for national and international fellowships and grants in cultural anthropology from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and continues to follow her research interests in Serbia and the socioeconomic aspirations of youth You may see her around town at a lecture on one of these topics picking through an antique mall or watching her dog chase squirrels Graduate College 507 East Green Street Suite 101 Phone: 217.333.0035 Fax: 217.244.0621Email: grad@illinois.edu Map Verónica Melesse Vergara leads a team that ensures the world's fastest supercomputers are ready for groundbreaking research. When systems like Summit and Frontier, the fifth and first fastest in the world, are delivered to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Vergara uploads user software and runs tests to troubleshoot problems. She communicates with scientists to help with any issues they encounter. It's a job that brings new problems to solve every day. That's what she loves about it. Being part of the team that deployed Summit at ORNL, which debuted as the fastest supercomputer in the world in 2018. I led acceptance testing for Summit, my first large-scale project role, leading a team of more than 25 technical and research professionals with different areas of expertise from across the organization. The science that the Summit supercomputer has enabled since then, including serving as a scientific instrument to screen thousands of drug compounds during the COVID-19 pandemic to assist experimentalists, amazes me every day. Mentoring – both to serve as a mentor but also encouraging my group members and others in the organization to mentor. In my opinion, mentoring is one of the best ways to broaden participation in our field and as a bonus helps us develop new skills. What is your biggest professional dream?Contributing to the next big leap in computing. Now that the exascale computing era is here with the launch of Frontier, our latest supercomputer, I am excited to see what comes next and would love to contribute to shaping that future. Not speaking up. I often worried about how something would be received or wanted to double- and triple-check something before bringing up an idea in a discussion. Over time, I realized that it is OK to make mistakes and to ask questions, even those you may think are silly. Most of the time there is someone else sitting around that same table wondering the exact same thing. What motivates you?Finding the solution to a problem – that ‘aha!’ moment that hits when you find and fix a bug in your code or when you solve an issue for one of the many scientists running on Summit and Frontier is what motivates me. “Always say yes” – while saying "yes" can help open some opportunities, it can also become a slippery slope. It is OK to be strategic about which opportunities to pursue and take time to consider if they align with your goals before committing. Integrity, which results in honest, open communication between teams and helps build trust. In the relatively short time that I’ve lived in Knoxville, I have seen a lot of change already. One thing I would love to see is for the city to have a light-rail system connecting North/East/West/South Knoxville with Oak Ridge. Particularly, with the rapid population growth, having better public transportation would make a big impact on traffic as well as reduce carbon emissions. What don't people know about you?Growing up I wanted to be a veterinarian – and although my career path took me elsewhere, I try to find other ways to contribute to animal welfare and conservation efforts. LAist is part of Southern California Public Radio, a member-supported public media network. Copyright 2024 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. Volume 2 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/frbhe.2023.1236215 This paper investigates how individual decisions are aggregated to team decisions under risk in field experiment with a sample of Ethiopian farmers and the team decision-making process behind this aggregation In an experiment structurally similar to the Gneezy-Potters' risk game subjects make decisions first individually and then jointly with a random anonymous partner teams make higher allocation into the risky asset compared to the average of individual decisions teams are neither polarizing nor simply averaging individual preferences team decisions are consistent with an outcome of group bargaining and deliberation process based on intensity of individual preferences But more risk-taking subjects have a stronger influence on team decisions This influence of more risk-taking members on the group decision is leveraged by their better education levels Analysis of the team decision-making process reveals several interesting insights About 54% of the teams do not reach immediate agreement with initial allocations Both less risk-taking and more risk-taking team members are equally likely to disagree with initial allocations but for different reasons Teams that disagreed with initial allocations reached final team decisions significantly different from disagreed initial allocations Less risk-taking subjects are more willing to concede to allocations proposed by more risk-taking subjects to reach at an agreed team decision Demanding messages in group communications have a stronger effect on outcomes of group decision-making teams with greater differences in willingness to take risk among members are more likely to disagree with initial team allocations take more rounds of deliberations to come to a decision and make choices further away from the average of individual decisions Our results permit to better characterize the process of group decision-making beyond differences between individual and group decisions The current study makes empirical comparisons between these competing preference aggregation mechanisms in teams This study examines the team decision-making process to gain insights into how groups make decisions and how team decisions evolve when members do not immediately agree with initial allocations we also examine the role of risk composition within teams in shaping the internal dynamics and outcomes of team decision-making Our experiment is based on a variant of the risk allocation game of Gneezy and Potters (1997) which involves allocating a fixed amount of money between risky and riskless options with real payoffs at stake Subjects had to first make individual decisions and then were randomly paired to make team decisions with the same parameters individual and team decisions are observed independently but on the same subjects We use a semi-structured team communication mechanism to facilitate information exchange encourage participation by all members and focus the team interaction on how to aggregate individual decisions We call for a unanimous decision rule and teams can go up to 14 rounds of negotiation disagreements and changes of opinion among team members This has offered us a rich environment to understand how groups aggregate individual decisions The Gneezy-Potters design combines simplicity with absence of strategic considerations providing a relevant framework to analyze group decision-making without imposing significant structural constraints The main results are summarized as follows team decisions involve more risk than individual choices But team choices are neither equally weighted averages of individuals' decisions nor more polarized than individual choices they are consistent with members bargaining and deliberating over the outcome based on the intensity of their individual preferences with more risk-taking subjects being more influential in the team decision-making Both less risk-taking and more risk-taking team members are equally likely to disagree with initial allocations Teams with greater differences in risk-taking among members are more likely to disagree with initial allocations take more rounds of deliberation to come to a decision and make team choices further away from the average of individual preferences Analysis of the team decision-making process generates several interesting insights The remainder of the paper proceeds as follows Section 2 presents the study context and how communities make decisions Section 3 describes the experimental design and data while Section 5 provides the discussion and conclusion Further, community decision-making is deeply embedded in their culture and social characteristics and thus extends beyond normative assumptions of constrained-optimization and risk considerations. Rural communities in Africa possess their own socially and culturally specific ideas about what decision-making power is, who can hold it, and how it can be transferred in the community (Melesse et al., 2018) decision-making power is closely linked to social status such status is socially ascribed based on age we consider differences between team variables to explain outcomes of team decision-making in our experiment and analysis Another important aspect in community decision-making is the role that social norms play in how disagreements in community decisions and conflicts are settled. In Ethiopia, local elders and religious leaders are the customary judges, especially in rural communities, who ensure that arbitration outcomes are strongly embedded into community dynamics (Cecchi and Melesse, 2016) Such traditional conflict resolutions focus on restoration and narrowing of differences through deliberations and negotiations This decision context could lead team discussions to some sort of averaging process of individual decisions team decisions may reveal taste against group polarization while this brief description of the dynamics of community decision-making is informative it is important to note that team members in our experiment remain anonymous to each other This anonymity may attenuate expectations related to the dynamics of power in community decision-making positional concerns and gender differences We elicit individual and team risk preferences using a simple risk game from 532 randomly sampled farmers from 18 kebeles (municipalities) in Amhara region The experiments were conducted by 20 experimenters in the autumn of 2014 over October and November A session covered the experiments and short post-experiment survey and lasted for about 1.5 hours This research was conducted in the purview of the School of Social Sciences through its Social Sciences Ethics Committee at Wageningen University The tradeoff becomes more favorable for subjects whose allocation to the risky asset (x) is greater than the threshold of the equality of the expected mean and variance equations experimental choices exhibit the more plausible decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA) for almost the entire decision task DARA applies to subjects who invested an amount greater than the threshold level in the risky asset given initial endowments allocated to them The experimental procedure consisted of two parts Subjects first make choices individually and then a team choice with a random anonymous paired member from their community Teams were jointly provided with new but the same amount of endowment The team decision-making proceeds as follows One of the team members was randomly selected to initiate the team deliberation by making an initial allocation between cash and the risky asset while the paired member has the option to either accept or decline it and propose a new allocation with an explanation supporting her new allocation for the group decision through oral messages collected and delivered by experimenters teams could continue to deliberate until an agreement was reached on the team decision or 14 rounds of deliberations were completed The experimenter would intervene to end the game by taking the average of all individual allocations if a team failed to reach agreement after 14 rounds as the maximum number of rounds of deliberation reached by teams was seven While we avoided face-to-face discussion as it involves many confounds (from uncontrolled interactions) of team decision-making process we were not able to use an electronic chat due to low levels of literacy among our subject pool The content of messages was not restricted except for forbidding abusive language and revealing one's identity in any manner The fact that subjects remain anonymous minimizes roles of confounding factors related to prior acquaintance or societal status of members Anonymity attenuates concerns related to repeated play that are invariably present within naturally occurring teams and avoids the risk of any conflict or retaliation among participants after the experiments While a within-subject experimental design allows a more direct analysis of aggregation of individual decisions to team decisions, a possible concern is that it might exhibit order effects. However, order effects are more likely to be minimal in tasks where preferences play a major role (Baker et al., 2008; Masclet et al., 2009) Subjects were informed about the prospect of team decision-making after individual decisions were submitted Subjects did not receive any feedback about the outcome of individual decisions before the team decision was completed Strategic considerations are absent in the risk allocation task and there were no time limits or any other hard constraints on deliberations during the team decision-making Subjects were randomly assigned a unique identifier and kept in private locations throughout the experiment and team communication was carried out in a non-identifiable manner through experimenters Subjects face identical per capita expected monetary payoff in individual and team decisions a random payment scheme was applied to control for wealth effects and to induce subjects to reveal true preferences in individual and team treatments When the individual task was chosen for payment subjects were paid based on the outcomes of their own individual decisions subjects were paid the same payoff based on the outcomes of the team decision subjects earned about 60 Ethiopian Birr ($3.29) data on subjects' sociodemographic and other background characteristics were collected as part of a survey The annual average per capita income (from all possible sources) for sampled households is about 3,188 Ethiopian Birr (about $175) Individual and team summary statistics for the experimental subject pool Market experience is captured by the average number of transactions of the household in a typical month and the average household conducts about seven transactions per month The average participant resides in a village which is home to about 113 farm households the variable shock captures whether a household experienced a major shock (drought and about 60% of the households experienced at least one form of these shocks in the year prior to the survey and shock tend to capture community level aspects while other variables measure individual level characteristics Column (b) gives the values of the above variables at team level The male dummy at a team level indicates teams that comprise only men members The shock dummy at a team level indicates that at least one of the team members experienced a shock Observations for other variables at team level are differences between individual observations of members within a team The figure reveals that there are considerable differences in risk-taking in both individual and team treatments While all individuals and teams chose to invest some positive amount in the risk asset (i.e. the minimum of the risk index is >0) only one individual chose to invest her entire endowment in the individual decision but no team invested its entire endowment in the risky asset Histogram distributions of willingness to take risk by (A) individuals and (B) teams What may drive the observed differences in risk-taking among individual subjects? To identify factors that influence individuals' willingness to take risk in the individual portfolio allocation decisions, we run an ordinary least squares (OLS) model of the individual risk-taking measure on several covariates of subjects. We return to a similar analysis for team decisions below. The results are reported in Table A2 Individual risk-taking appears to be correlated with a range of covariates All significant results are consistent with expectations and the literature Male subjects are relatively high-risk takers as compared to female subjects with risk-taking behavior of subjects decreasing significantly with age perhaps due to low earning power and less time to recover from losses as age square enters significantly positive indicating that people would instead become risk lovers when they get too old Individuals' risk-taking increases with education Statistical tests comparing risk-taking by groups the fourth and the fifth tests are comparisons of team decisions with individual decisions of the less risk-taking and the more risk-taking individuals within a team It is important to note that the characterization of “less risk-taking” and “more risk-taking” individuals is only with reference to a team to members of the team with “lower” and “higher” willingness to take risk the comparisons reveal that team choices are significantly different from individual decisions of both less risk-taking and more risk-taking team members team decisions involve more risk than the average of less risk-taking members but less risk than the average of more risk-taking members Almost all covariates are not significantly different further confirming the success of the randomization the analysis is focused on how teams aggregate individual decisions and the relative influence of team members on outcomes of team decisions Focusing on the relationship between individual and team choices we emphasize that the team decision is the outcome variable and that individual decisions of team members are the key explanatory variables let yt denote the team decision for the tth team and individual decisions of team members are ordered such that xt1 ≥ xt2 subject 1 is the more risk-taking member of the team Assuming team decisions are a linear function of individual preferences the regression specification is modeled as: where Xt is a vector of team members' covariates and characteristics of the team decision process Differences between variables of team members are considered in the regressions to make β and γ a function of characteristics The preference aggregation mechanisms can be assessed by observing parameter estimates from Equation (1) and performing some post-estimation tests First is the averaging process that conjectures the mean of individual preferences predicts the team decision The weak mean hypothesis states that individuals within a team have an equal influence on the team decision this implies testing whether β = γ The strong mean hypothesis which further requires the mean to exactly predict the team decision with equal influence of members and involves testing the hypothesis that β=γ=12 The alternative is that team decision-making is an unstructured bargaining and deliberation process among team members and team decisions are a function of the intensity of individuals' willingness to take risk and relative influence of members in the decision-making process While individual decisions reflect the preferred outcome of team members they may have different weights to drive the team decision closer to their preferred decision one member may simply have significantly more intense preference for her choice while the other member's preference may be weaker in the sense that she is willing to change to come to a team agreement individuals with a greater intensity of preference are more likely to dominate the team decisions this implies testing whether coefficients of individual decisions sum up to one β≠γ and β+γ = 1 indicates that the team decision that varies with individual decisions is a convex combination of members' individual decisions and that coefficients of individual decisions can be interpreted as different weights of members' influence in shaping the team decision team decisions that are dominated by more risk-taking members would imply β> γ Table 3 reports results from OLS estimation explaining a team's choice as a function of its members' individual decisions and other covariates 6 Team communication was facilitated by experimenters While this approach has a merit of providing a more controlled team decision-making environment to preserve anonymity and attenuate confounding factors it may not be neutral with respect to its influence on team communications despite the intensive training to experimenters and piloting for feedback experimenters might have different levels of effectiveness in conveying messages to subjects we report standard errors clustered at the experimenter level We first estimate a more parsimonious specification with only individual risk preferences as regressors (1) and subsequently include other covariates to reach the elaborated specification (2) the coefficients on more risk-taking and less risk-taking team members are positive and significant indicating that both team members play important roles in explaining the team decisions The value of adjusted R2 (model 1) is substantially high indicating that individual decisions considerably explain the variation in team decisions The dummy for the more risk-taking sender is not significant (model 2) implying that assignment to the ‘sender' and ‘receiver' roles in the initial round of the team deliberation did not affect team decisions Team choices as a function of members' individual decisions and characteristics The coefficients for more risk-taking and less risk-taking members are significantly different (p < 0.1; F-statistic = 3.01) we cannot reject the hypothesis that the sum of the coefficients on team members' individual decisions is one This is consistent with the team decision that varies with individual decisions is a convex combination of members' decisions and that team decisions are outcomes of negotiation and deliberation process among members our data support an explanation of team decision-making based on the intensity and relative influence of individual preferences where team decisions represent an intensity weighted averaging of individual decisions Post-estimation hypothesis tests based on results of the elaborated model (2) While the basic results (model 2) remain robust the results provide additional valuable insights The interaction between individual risk-taking and education level is significant for more risk-taking group members supporting that the influence of more risk-taking members on the group decision is leveraged by their better education level more risk-taking members (mean = 3.641) had significantly more years of schooling than less risk-taking team members (mean = 1.919) (Mann–Whitney U-test; p < 0.01) there is a higher allocation into the risky asset in groups where the argument that “gain is more than loss” was used to support more allocation into the risky asset in group decisions This suggests that demanding messages in group communications have a stronger effect on outcomes of group decision-making the interpretation of these results greatly aligns with the argument that group decisions are outcomes of group bargaining and deliberation process Second, we reported standard errors clustered at experimenter level in the main econometric specifications. However, as outlined in Section 2, decision-making in communities is deeply embedded in their culture and social characteristics. To account for this concern, we run the main regression and report standard errors clustered at the kebele level (model 4 in Table 3) the main results remain robust for clustering standard errors at the kebele level The parameter estimates for the “more risk-taking team member” and “sender is more risk-taking member” are positive and significant supporting that more risk-taking individuals drive teams to make choices above the individual mean choices of their members the results suggest that more risk-taking members dominate the team decision-making process the following specific risk-aversion utility function: where w is the level of income and σ is measure of risk-aversion The higher σ means the more risk averse Given the incentive structure of our experiment this implies that x(σ)=ln(4)2.5σ This function is convex for risk-averse households for any convex combination of preference parameters the resulting choice of x lies below the convex combination of the two original x values x(λσ1+(1−λ)σ2) ≤ λx(σ1) + (1−λ)x(σ2) which is supported by our experimental data the result that team choices are more risk-taking than the ‘average' of individual choices of team members reverses this definition for any convex combination of preference parameters we can interpret that team choices tend to be closer to choices of more risk-taking members as evidence that more risk-taking team members are more likely to dominate the team decision-making and its outcome Another potentially relevant explanation is the rationality argument It is expected that team discussion permits members to pool their cognitive resources to improve performance in team decisions While the optimality of any specific decision is less likely to be demonstrable for non-intellective and subjective tasks it is possible that the expected value of each level of allocation could emerge as the objectively demonstrable criterion for the decision our experimental design is consistent with the rationality argument since the expected return associated with a certain level of risk-taking is always higher than its expected loss risk-taking is valued more positively than conservatism in many communities and the social setting in teams may generate greater risk-taking as a socially desirable outcome A large population in a community may reduce trust and hence weaken community level risk sharing mechanisms by creating risk externalities and moral hazard in mutual insurance ultimately reducing the willingness of the community to take risk The shock variable is negatively correlated with team risk-taking suggesting that teams with members who experienced shock are likely to be more risk averse We now turn to analyzing the team decision-making process to gain further insights into how teams come to an agreed team decision A special focus is to understand how groups resolve disagreements and the resulting internal dynamics of team decision-making This analysis is facilitated by the semi-structured communication strategy that provided a controlled environment for the decision-making process teams could only communicate by proposing choices to each other through experimenters In case of a disagreement on the initial allocation teams could go on deliberating by sending counter allocations to each other until agreement on a team decision was reached Several interesting insights emerge from this analysis and are discussed below Of the 37% teams that acted according to the preferences of one of the team members about 26% did so equal to the choices of the more risk-taking members again providing clear evidence on the dominance of these members in the team decision-making But the remaining 17% of team choices lie outside the range defined by individual choices with nearly all (16%) going in the direction of the more risk-taking member These team choices are consistent with group polarization in team decisions collectively 83% of the team choices fall weakly within the range defined by individual choices of team members Team choices relative to individual choices and mean of individual choices of team members Table 5(b) presents distributions of team choices relative to means of individual choices about 90% of the team decisions are different from the average of individual choices though the nature and direction of the differences vary About 67% of team decisions are more risk-taking than the mean of individual decisions exhibiting a “risky shift.” In contrast about 23% of the team decisions are more risk averse than the mean of individual decisions generating a “cautious shift.” Only 10% of the teams have decisions equal to the mean of individual decisions of their members a Kruskal–Wallis (non-parametric) test shows that team choices across the three mutually exclusive categories are statistically significantly different (χ2(2) = 30.337 the results indicate that about 90% of the team decisions are inconsistent with the simple averaging of individual preferences in team decisions combined with the absence of strong group polarization in team choices implies that the data are generally consistent with team decisions being essentially an outcome of team bargaining and deliberation process with more risk-taking team members driving the team decision-making both immediately accepted and rejected initial allocations are significantly higher than averages of individual decisions of team members (two sample dependent t-test; p < 0.1 and p < 0.01 for teams accepting and rejecting initial allocations) But the absolute difference between team decisions and averages of individual decisions is significantly greater for groups that rejected initial allocations (mean = 0.18) than that of groups accepted initial offers (mean = 0.09) (Mann–Whitney U-test; p < 0.05) Evolution of team decision-making from initial allocations for team decisions final team decisions reached at with acceptance of initial allocations (mean = 0.34) are significantly less than final decisions of teams that disagreed with initial allocations (mean = 0.44) (Mann–Whitney U-test; p < 0.01) these results substantiate that team decisions are indeed outcomes of bargaining and deliberation process between members rather than being the result of a simple averaging process or social facilitation in team interactions Team decision-making when initial allocations disagreed (n = 143) The argument ‘gain is more than loss' was the most frequent argument in demanding messages to support increasing allocations to the risky asset ‘loss is higher for large allocations' was the most frequent argument in deferring messages to support decreasing allocations to the risky asset Main arguments in messages of team communications Certain regularities are observed between decisions of team members and the team decision-making process more risk-taking and less risk-taking team members are equally likely to disagree with initial allocations The null hypothesis that more risk-taking and less risk-taking team members are equally likely to disagree with initial allocations cannot be rejected (binomial test; p = 0.50) The 143 disagreed initial allocations are distributed almost equally: 71 disagreements were made by more risk-taking team members while 72 of the disagreements were by less risk-taking members But the direction of the disagreements is remarkably different for more risk-taking and less risk-taking team members more risk-taking team members made counter allocations to increase allocations to the risky assets while 64 of the 72 disagreements by less risk-taking team members are in the direction of decreasing team allocations to the risky assets But the absolute value of the difference between the average of less risk-taking members' decisions and the team decision (mean = 0.210) is significantly greater than the absolute value of the difference between the average of more risk-taking members' decisions and the team decision (mean = 0.111) (Mann–Whitney U-test; p < 0.01) this confirms that more risk-taking members dominate the team decision-making process What role does team risk heterogeneity (i.e. the difference in risk-taking between team members) play in the team decision-making process We formulate a set of hypotheses based on team risk heterogeneity arriving at team decisions would be more difficult for teams consisting of members of different risk types the number of deliberations needed to reach an agreement are likely to increase with the distance between individual risk choices and partly implied by the first hypothesis teams with members of different risk types are likely to come to a team decision that strictly reflects a compromise between individual choices due to greater rounds of team bargaining and deliberation teams that start with a larger difference between individual risk choices are more likely to engage in disagreement defined as a situation where the initial allocation was disagreed the difference between team choices and mean of individual choices is likely to be greater for teams consisting of members with greater differences in risk-taking Table 9 presents results that largely corroborate these predictions Using a negative binomial model for allocation count column (1) shows that the difference in risking-taking between team members is positive and significant at 1% significant level This suggests that teams with different individual risk types require greater rounds of team bargaining and deliberation to reach at team decisions column (2) indicates that teams with members of different risk types are more likely to make compromised team decisions about 46% of the teams made compromised team decisions decisions strictly between individual choices of team members teams making compromised decisions involve a significantly greater number of bargaining rounds (mean= 2.10) as compared with non-compromised (i.e. to mean not strictly between individual choices) team decisions (mean = 1.61) Team risk composition and the team decision-making process The result shows that the more heterogeneous the team is the further is the team choice from the mean of individual choices Given more risk-taking members dominate the team decision-making this result implies that the leverage of more risk-taking team members to influence the team choice tends to increase as team members' risk heterogeneity increases The social setting in team interactions may partly play a role in explaining team decisions (Charness et al., 2007) While it is important to note that our experiments are not particularly designed to test the effect of the social setting on team decisions several observations lend some tentative support to the potential role played by the social setting in team decisions senders make initial allocations (mean = 0.37) for team decisions that are significantly greater than their corresponding individual decisions (mean = 0.33) (Mann–Whitney U-test; p < 0.05; n = 266) This is particularly interesting as team members have remained anonymous in the experiment attenuating confounding factors that might result from strategic interactions among team members some receiving team members accepted straightaway initial allocations that are significantly higher than their individual decisions initial allocations were accepted as team decisions for 46% of the teams accepted initial allocations (mean = 0.34) for these teams are significantly greater than average individual decisions (mean = 0.28) of accepting members (Mann–Whitney U-test; p < 0.01) 43 team choices fall outside the range defined by individual choices and are thus inconsistent with both simple and intensity weighted averaging and bargaining processes 32 of these team choices are outcomes of accepting initial allocations as team decisions we analyze how individual decisions are aggregated to team decisions under risk and the relative influence of individuals on team decisions in a lab-in-the-field experiment with Ethiopian farmers as participants subjects first make portfolio allocation decisions both individually and in groups of two with the same parameters The study context and setting involve from a non-western industrial society Another novelty is that team communications facilitated by experimenters offering a controlled environment to understand how teams resolve disagreements and internal dynamics of team decision-making team decisions neither are an equally weighted average of individual decisions nor polarize to decisions more extreme than individual choices of members team decisions are largely an outcome of bargaining and deliberation process based on intensity of individual decisions of members team choices lie between individual choices of team members with a tendency to be closer to the choices of more risk-taking members The influence of more risk-taking members on the group decision is leveraged by their better education levels as supported by the significance of the interaction between their risk-taking and education levels A detailed analysis of the team decision-making process reveals important insights about 54% of the teams do not reach immediate agreement with initial allocations Both less risk-taking and more risk-taking team members are equally likely to disagree with initial allocations but in different directions About 94% of the disagreements initiated by more risk-taking team members were to increase allocations to the risky asset while about 89% by less risk-taking team members were to decrease allocations to the risky asset teams disagreed with initial allocations settled for final team decisions that were significantly different from the disagreed initial allocations Less risk-taking subjects are more likely to concede to allocations proposed by more risk-taking members teams with greater difference in risk-taking among members are more likely to disagree with initial allocations require greater rounds of team deliberation to reach at team decisions and make team choices further away from the average of individual decisions While they are largely explained by individual decisions of team members team decisions are associated with certain personal and community characteristics such as shock experience and village population significantly correlated with team decisions the social setting of team interactions may have played some role in shaping the group outcome This suggests that differences in experimental tasks and methodologies may have played a significant role in driving differences in results Our data are consistent with high levels of risk aversion amongst poor farmers our findings suggest that team decision-making may help to reduce poor farmers' excessive risk aversion if implemented in contexts and types of decisions where team decision-making is likely to work effectively Practical settings to test this hypothesis may involve comparing decisions under risk by individual farmers and their groups such as producer organizations and farmer marketing cooperatives The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors This research was conducted in the purview of the School of Social Sciences at Wageningen University & Research The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements The participants provided their informed consent to participate in the study MM solely contributed to conception and design of the study The author gratefully acknowledges financial support for this study from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) (grant # 453-10-001) and Yohannes Mulu for constructive comments and suggestions The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbhe.2023.1236215/full#supplementary-material 1. ^US$1 was approximately equal to 18.213 Ethiopian Birr during the survey period 2. ^E(x)=12(2x)+12(12x)=1.25x;Var(x)=E(x2)-(E(x))2=0.5625x2 3. ^One timad is the land area ploughed by a pair of oxen in one day 4. ^Tropical livestock unit is a common unit used to quantify a range of livestock species to a single value We used the tropical livestock unit applicable for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) 5. ^Six female subjects were senders of an initial allocation while 10 female subjects played a receiver role in the initial round of team decision-making 6. ^Risk-taking by teams is a continuous variable but censored at zero from below and at one from above there was no actual censoring at these values and results were qualitatively similar to the OLS estimations 7. ^Tests are done assuming a linear structural model of aggregation of individual decisions to team decisions we run model (2) by including non-linear (square) and interaction terms of individual preferences and reported results remain qualitatively unaffected 8. ^Charness et al. (2013) provide a review and discussion of common risk games in the literature 9. ^There were 22 teams with members having equal individual decisions 11 teams made decisions that are equal to individual decisions; 10 teams made decisions greater than individual decisions; and the decision for one team was lower than individual decisions of members CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Risk-taking in social settings: Group and peer effects CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Van Knippenberg Who takes the lead in risky decision-making Effects of group members' risk preferences and prototypicality CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Diffusion of responsibility and level of risk-taking in groups CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Citation: Melesse MB (2023) From individual decisions to team decisions under risk: evidence from a field experiment Received: 07 June 2023; Accepted: 16 October 2023; Published: 20 November 2023 Copyright © 2023 Melesse. 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Written by: Rodney Hinds Ambassador Teferi begins his post at a time of great opportunity for Ethio-UK relations HIS EXCELLENCY Teferi Melesse Desta has assumed his post as successor to the previous Ethiopian Ambassador to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The ambassador and his family were afforded a warm welcome by Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office officials and diplomatic staff following their arrival into the UK recently Ambassador Teferi begins his post in the UK at a time of great opportunity for Ethio-UK relations and has made it his mission to strengthen these engagements further as the UK moves into a future outside of the European Union The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has further highlighted the importance of international partnerships His priorities will be focused on Ethio-UK cooperation in response to the coronavirus crisis on coordination for regional peace and security tourism and investment and on climate change ahead of the COP26 UN Climate conference in Glasgow in November 2021 Ambassador Teferi joined the Diplomatic Corps in 1993 and has held numerous positions in Addis Ababa and abroad most recently as Consul General at the Consulate-General of Ethiopia in Guangzhou he served as Director General for Public Diplomacy and Communications Chief Advisor to the Minister on Capacity Building and Director in the Ethiopian Expatriate Affairs Directorate-General at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Addis Ababa Ambassador Teferi’s other roles abroad included Consul General at the Consulate-General of Ethiopia in Geneva Switzerland; Chargé d’affaires at the Ethiopian Embassy in Harare Zimbabwe as well as Minister Counsellor at the Ethiopian Embassy in Brussels The new ambassador Teferi said: “I am delighted to be the new Ethiopian Ambassador to the United Kingdom one of Ethiopia’s most important partners and friends “We have a long history of cooperation internationally and have consistently collaborated on issues including international peace and security climate change and sustainable development “The ongoing coronavirus pandemic has further highlighted the importance of international partnerships and I hope to find further opportunities where Ethiopia and the UK can work together as we continue developing our strategic and warm relations in the years ahead.” Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" The Voice Newspaper is committed to celebrating black excellence campaigning for positive change and informing the black community on important issues Your financial contributions are essential to protect the future of the publication as we strive to help raise the profile of the black communities across the UK Any size donation is welcome and we thank you for your continued support ENTWURF: Design & Build By Angela Nicoletti Assefa Melesse’s life began near the River of Life Melesse wanted the conference to highlight the importance of research because future decisions and solutions surrounding the dam will require scientific data “This isn’t only going to be a Nile issue,” Melesse said “With climate change and population pressure it’s going to be a problem in other parts of the world How can we share limited water resources to meet the growing demand and a declining freshwater supply but they must be based on proven science.” But he’s never truly left the Nile behind he’s studied water — both the surface water we can see which allows him to look toward the future to find ways to safeguard precious water resources Different models can test different scenarios revealing how a variety of factors — ranging from deforestation to drought and climate change — could potentially impact freshwater resources These projections give a glimpse into how current trends the outcomes of the models aim to inform better water management strategies Melesse’s research has received funding from NASA Department of Agriculture and the National Science Foundation and has taken him all around the world — from Jamaica the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico to Kenya he returned to Ethiopia to study the understudied upper Nile contributing more than 80 percent of the river’s water the Blue Nile flows into Sudan and Egypt — two countries that have historically relied the most on the water To better understand how the Blue Nile functions Melesse gathered critically important data on the hydrology of the upper river basin and then presented to government officials from other basin countries Melesse also proposed and developed graduate programs focused on water issues at several Ethiopian institutions Twice a year Melesse travels to Ethiopia to teach courses He’s currently working with nine Ph.D students at four different Ethiopian institutions Some of his students presented their research at the conference earlier this month The Nile has had a consistent presence in Melesse’s life and his life’s work the question of how to share the water of the Nile between millions of people is one part of a bigger more complicated global issue — one he’s not yet done exploring Angelica Moncada is becoming a leader in her field and raising awareness about the importance of diversity in the sciences His death was confirmed by his family on April 9 known for his soulful voice and impactful songs such as “Menew Kerefede,” “Yeregeme Lebe,” and “Nanu Nanu Ney,” left a lasting mark on the Ethiopian music scene Muluken moved to Addis Ababa at the age of six “Hedetch Alu,” a collaboration with notable musicians including pianist Girma Bèyènè and saxophonist Tesfa Mariam Kidane Muluken’s career continued to flourish with hits like “Wetetie Mare” and “Ete Endenesh Gedawo,” recorded with the Equator Band Despite the band’s subsequent move to the United States Muluken chose to remain in Ethiopia and in the 1980s transitioned from his music career to devote himself to the Pentecostal Church while Muluken became known for his singing he was notably absent from recordings by the official state television setting him apart from many contemporaries His spiritual conversion marked a significant shift in his life aligning himself with the Ethiopian Evangelical movement and becoming a born-again Christian Muluken’s refusal to return to secular music remained consistent until his later years using them as opportunities to correct misconceptions and affirm his religious commitments impacting many through his faith and music working closely with songwriters to reflect his unique style Muluken Melesse’s death marks the end of an era for Ethiopian music but his contributions will continue to influence and inspire remained dedicated to affecting positive change in every community he touched Capital is the longest-established private English newspaper in Ethiopia Contact us: info@capitalethiopia.com © Newspaper WordPress Theme by TagDiv Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computation Volume 9 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1260651 This article is part of the Research TopicSingularly Perturbed Problems: Asymptotic Analysis and Numerical SolutionsView all 6 articles This study deals with a fitted third-degree B-spline collocation method for two parametric singularly perturbed parabolic problems with a time lag The proposed method comprises the Cranck-Nicolson method for time discretization and the third-degree B-spline method spatial variable discretization Rigorous numerical experimentations were carried out on some test examples The obtained numerical results depict that the proposed scheme is more accurate than some methods existing in the literature Parameter convergence analysis of the scheme is carried out and shows the present scheme is (ε−μ)−uniform convergent with the order of convergence ((Δt)2 + ℓ2) We consider the following two-parametric singularly perturbed parabolic problem with the time lag of the form: and its corresponding analysis are preserved in the subsequent sections When τ < ε, the use of Taylor's series expansion for the term containing shift argument is valid [12] On applying Taylor's series expansion on u(s Now taking Equation (2) into Equation (1) u|∂Ω ≥ 0 and Lε,γu|Ω≤0 Assume that the arbitrary function u attains its minimum value at the point (s*,t*)∈Ω̄ such that u(s*,t*)=min(s,t)∈Ω̄u(s,t) and suppose that u(s* ∂u∂t(s*,t*)=0 and ∂2u∂s2(s*,t*)≥0 which is illogicality to the supposition that Lε,μu|Ω≤0 It follows that u|Ω¯≥0 Lemma 2. (Uniform stability estimate) Let u(s, t) be the solution of Equation (3) where ‖.‖Ω¯ is used to denote maximum norm given by ‖u‖Ω¯=max(s,t)∈Ω¯|u(s,t)| Let Θ± be the barrier functions given as Then at the initial and boundary conditions Applying the differential operator in (3) on Θ±(s t) ≥ β > 0 we have η(s and the fact ‖f‖ ≥ f(s t) implies that Lε,μΘ±(s,t)≤0 Lemma (1) confirms Θ±(s,t)≥0,∀(s,t)∈Ω̄ The above Lemma (1) and Lemma (2) are guarantees for the existence and uniqueness solution of Equation (3) We describe the uniform mesh for the domain Ωt as Applying the Crank-Nicholson method on t−direction of Equation (3) yields p(s,tj+1)=η(s,tj+1)+2dτ(s,tj+1)Δt and Q(s,tj)=η(s,tj)+2dτ(s,tj)Δt The local truncation error (LTE) of the temporal semi-discretization of Equation (6) is defined as ej+1 = u(s tj+1) is the solution of the following BVP we state the bounds for the errors in the local and global as follows the LTE of Equation (6) is given by the global error estimate (GEE)at tj is given by where C(C > 0) is constant independent of ε To approximate Equation (6), we employ the third-degree B-spline collocation method. We divide the space domain Ω¯s as Ω¯s={0=s0<s1<⋯<sN=1} with si = iℓ, where ℓ = 1/N. The third-degree B-Spline (Bi(s)) can be defined as [13] In the third-degree B-spline collocation method where αi(t)'s are time-dependent parameters to be determined from the collocation method together with using the boundary and initial conditions. The values of Bi(s) and its derivatives are presented in Table 1 Coefficients of third-degree B-splines and their derivatives at knots From Equation (10) and Table 1 At s = si undertaking the notation U(si, tj+1) = Û(si) Equation (6) and introducing a fitting factor σ(si) in the resulting equation to handle the influence of perturbation parameter on solution profile In the corresponding time level, plugging Equation (11) at the knots into Equation (12) and simplifying The fitting factor σi is given as [15, 16] At each (j + 1)th time level, this gives (N + 1) equations with (N + 3) unknowns [α-1j+1,α0j+1,α1j+1,⋯,αN+1j+1]. Using boundary conditions in Equation (11) and the first and last equation, of Equation (13) which is a diagonally dominant and non-singular matrix. Consequently, we get a exclusively solvable system of equations. So, we can solve the system in the study mentioned in the reference [15] for α′s, substituting these values into Equation (10) and we obtain the required approximate solution Lemma 5. [15] The B-Splines B−1 Lemma 6. Let S(s) be the collocation approximation from the space of third-degree splines ξ3(Ω¯s) to the solution Û(s) of Equation (15) at the (j + 1)th time step the parameter uniform error estimate is given by: where C is a positive constant independent of ε Proof. Let R(s) be the unique spline interpolate from ξ3(Ω¯N) to the solution Û(si) of the Equation (12) given by If g(s)∈C2(Ω^s), Û(si)∈C4(Ω¯s), and adopting the Hall error estimates [17] for this case and c2 are the constants independent of ℓ and N from the estimates of the above equations and the collocating conditions Lε,γN,MS(si)=Lε,γMÛ(si)=g(si) Since ε ≪ 1 and as ℓ → 0 From the power series expansion of hyperbolic cotangent function, we have scoths≈1+s23-s445 and then |scoths − 1| ≤ Cs2. This and Equation (14) indicate Substituting Equation (19) in Equation (18) Using relationship in Equation (15) Lε,γN,M(Û(si)-R(si)) yields where α=αij+1, α¯=α¯ij+1 It is observed that the coefficient matrix A is diagonally dominant as they gratify the subsequent relations:: The above diagonal dominant property for smaller values of ℓ [18] gives Now to estimate |α-1-α^-1| and |αN+1-α^N+1| The above inequality allows us to estimate: ‖S(s)−R(s)‖∞ so ‖Û(s)−S(s)‖∞ Thus, substituting Equation (24) and Lemma 5 in (25) Using first term of Equation (17) and Equation (26) into Equation (27) tj) be the solution of the problem (3) and the collocation approximation from the space ξ3(Ωs) to the solution u(si If g(s,tj)∈C2(Ω¯s) Some numerical experiments have been presented using the following examples Example 1. Consider the following problem of the form (1) [5, 6] Example 2. Consider the following problem of the form (1) [5, 6] Since the exact solution for Examples (1) and (2) is not exist, we use the double mesh principle to compute the maximum absolute errors, for each ε and μ, using the following formula [15, 19]: where UN,M(si,tj) is the numerical solution with (N and U2N,2M(si,tj) is the numerical solution at the finer mesh with (2N γ)-uniform absolute errors are calculated using the following formula: The numerical rate of convergence and the (ε γ)-uniform rate of convergence are computed by using the following formulas This figure shows that the scheme is stable and (ε Table 2. Comparison of Eε,γN,M and ρε,γN,M for fixed γ = 10−4 and varying ε for Example (1) with the study mentioned in the reference [6] using Shishkin (S-) mesh and Bakhvalov-Shishkin (BS-) mesh Table 3. Comparison of Eε,γN,M, EN,M, and ρN,M for ϵ = 10−4 and varying γ for Example (1) with the study mentioned in the reference [6] using S- mesh and BS- mesh Table 4. Comparison of Eε,γN,M and ρε,γN,M for γ = 10−3 and varying ε for Example (2) with the results mentioned in the reference [5] for ϵ = 10−4 and varying γ for Example (2) 3-D view numerical solution profile for Example 1 at N = 512 = M 3-D view numerical solution profile for Example 2 at N = 512 = M Loglog plot of the maximum point-wise errors for Examples 1 and 2 at different values of ε (A) Example 1 with γ = 10−4 (B) Example 2 with γ = 10−3 second order numerical method for the two-parametric singularly perturbed time delay parabolic problem on a uniform mesh is presented The problem is discretized by the Crank-Nicolson method in time and the third-degree B-spline method in space variable The presented scheme is proven to be an (ε γ)−uniformly convergent accuracy of order O((Δt)2 + ℓ2) The computed results are in agreement with the theoretical investigations the numerical results show that the presented scheme gives better results than available schemes in the literature The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research The authors would like to thank the editor and referees for careful reading and giving prolific comments The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest On the asymptotic solution of a two-parameter boundary value problem of chemical reactor theory Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Asymptotic methods for an infinitely long slider squeeze-film bearing Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Asymptotic methods in the theory of ordinary differential equations containing small parameters in front of the highest derivatives Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar A two-parameter singular perturbation solution of one dimension flow through unsaturated porous media Google Scholar A robust numerical method for a two-parameter singularly perturbed time delay parabolic problem Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Uniformly convergent numerical method for singularly perturbed time delay parabolic problem with two small parameters A uniformly convergent numerical scheme for two parameters singularly perturbed parabolic convection-diffusion problems with a large temporal lag Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar A parameter-uniform efficient numerical scheme for singularly perturbed time-delay parabolic problems with two small parameters Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar An efficient numerical method for singular perturbation problems Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar A numerical algorithm for singular perturbation problems exhibiting weak boundary layers Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar A parallel boundary value technique for singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problems Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar The exponential asymptotic stability of singularly perturbed delay differential equations with a bounded lag Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Google Scholar Google Scholar Collocation method using artificial viscosity for time dependent singularly perturbed differential–difference equations Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Singular Perturbation Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar A lower bound for the smallest singular value of a matrix Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Parameter-uniform finite element method for two-parameter singularly perturbed parabolic reaction-diffusion problems Crossref Full Text | Google Scholar Keywords: third degree B-spline collocation method Melesse WG and Kebede GD (2024) Third-degree B-spline collocation method for singularly perturbed time delay parabolic problem with two parameters Received: 18 July 2023; Accepted: 13 December 2023; Published: 08 January 2024 Copyright © 2024 Daba, Melesse and Kebede. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Imiru Takele Daba, aW1pcnV0YWtlbGVAZ21haWwuY29t Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. Volume 4 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1194974 This study assessed the price-quality relationships for the major feed products in Ethiopia with a view to informing policy makers on possible avenues to develop the livestock feed sector in the country A survey of livestock feed markets was conducted from April to May 2019 in five regions (Amhara Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) A total of 1700 feed samples with their respective price information were collected from 202 marketplaces The collected samples were analyzed for their crude protein (CP) in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) content Results showed considerable variability in quality within the same feed type Pearson correlation and regression analyses showed that price-quality relationships for the feed samples were either very weak or non-existent Wheat bran showed a weak price to quality correlation for CP (r= 0.200 at P<0.01) ME (r= 0.202 at P<0.01) and IVOMD (r= 0.221 at P<0.01) grass hay showed slight positive price to ME correlation (r= 0.382 at P<0.001) and a slight negative relationship with ADF (r=-0.336 at p<0.005) The results of this study indicated that quality attributes have no or a limited role in setting market prices for most feed types in the Ethiopian feed market The fact that both good and poor-quality feeds are sold under the same label and market value affects both traders and livestock producers it is important to build national feed analytical capabilities to allow quality of feeds to be checked against national feed standards The objective of this study was therefore to assess variations in quality within and among feed products and determine price-quality relationships for the major feed products across the country with a view to informing policy makers on possible avenues to improve the livestock feed sector in Ethiopia The study was conducted in five regions of Ethiopia (Amhara These are the regions of Ethiopia which are either urban or where mixed crop-livestock farms dominate and where feed transactions are common In each region, representative urban and peri-urban feed marketplaces, feed processing sites, and livestock enterprises were identified along main road networks connecting towns and cities as shown in Figure 1 District level experts from the District Offices of Agriculture were used as key Figure 1 Location map of the study sites informants to identify active feed market actors for the study. Accordingly, a total of 32 rural woredas (districts) in the four regions along with six woredas in Addis Ababa were included in the sample (Figure 1) A range of market outlets were included in the study These were mainly comprised of non-commercialized feed processors or ration formulators commercial feed processors and agribusiness retailers six feed sellers were randomly selected based on their proximity to main roads We bought one kilogram of sample from each feed type in the feed markets A total of one thousand seven hundred samples were collected with each clearly labelled with their respective price The feed types included roughages (grass hay wheat grain) and formulated feeds (poultry ration and dairy ration) care was taken to take a representative sample of each feed ingredient A small portion of each feed type was picked from different sides homogenised and representative samples of approximately 1kg each were collected in paper bags and labelled with the necessary tracing information including feed type Sample preparation and analysis were carried out at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) animal nutrition laboratory The samples were oven dried at 60°C for 48 hours and ground through a 1 mm sieve using a Christy mill Samples were then scanned by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy using a FOSS 5000 with the Win ISI software package and specific calibration equations Five hundred and fifty feed samples were analysed using standard laboratory methods (“wet chemistry”) for the purpose of developing calibrations using NIRS for prediction of the nutritive values of a further 1200 feed samples The NIRS instrument used was a FOSS 5000 Feed Analyser with software package WinISI 4.6.2 A total of 1700 samples were scanned with NIRS to determine their dry matter (DM) crude protein (CP) estimated from nitrogen content (N x 6.25) in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolisable energy (ME) concentrations Descriptive statistics were used to present the mean chemical composition of the feed samples collected The data were summarised as mean ± standard error (SE) The prices of the feed samples were then related with the laboratory analysis results Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression were conducted to explore the relationships between price and feed quality variables using SAS software (Version 9.0) The feed market analysis result showed that the main feed types traded in the selected markets in Ethiopia were agro-industrial by-products followed by crop residues and grass hay. In terms of frequency of products on sale, wheat bran contributed about 22.7%, oil seed cakes 16.4%, crop residue 15.2% and grass hay 10.2% (Figure 2) wheat bran and oil seed cakes also contribute as main components of compound feeds formulated and marketed by feed processing companies Figure 2 Frequency of available feed types in selected local feed markets brewery by-products contained the highest mean CP concentration (23.9 ± 0.93) while wheat bran showed the highest mean value of IVOMD (70.8 ± 0.24) on a DM basis Oil seed cakes also showed considerable variation in their nutritive value within the same feed type the mean CP concentration of noug seed cake was 34.2% soybean cake contained the highest CP% (45.7 ± 0.93) and IVOMD% (82.9 ± 1.04) Table 1 Chemical composition of selected roughages (mean ± SE) collected in selected market places in Ethiopia Table 2 Chemical composition of selected formulated concentrate feeds (% mean ± SE) collected from marketplaces in Ethiopia Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between quality and price (Birr/kg) for selected concentrate feed ingredients collected from selected marketplaces in Ethiopia Table 4 Nutritive value of selected concentrate feeds (mean ± SE) collected in selected market places in Ethiopia The average chemical composition of the selected roughages collected from marketplaces are shown in Table 1 The mean CP% of wheat straw was 3.1% ± 0.10 with a range of 1.5% - 5.7% The mean IVOMD of wheat straw was 39.3% ± 0.23 Grass hay showed higher mean CP% compared to wheat straw (5.9% ± 0.52) but there was large variation in CP content with some samples having as low as 1% CP and others as high as 13% green grass samples showed a large variation in CP content (4% to 25%) Table 2 presents the composition of formulated rations found in the local market formulated rations showed a large variation in nutrient concentration crude protein (CP) concentration of the dairy ration ranged from 6% to 28% with a mean of 18.6 ± 0.46 The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of the same product ranged from 45% to 69% with a mean of 62.8 ± 0.55 The mean metabolisable energy value was 8.8 MJ/kg± 0.08 with a range of 6 to 10 MJ/kg DM where significant relationships were observed between price and some of the quality variables the ME of noug seed cake was positively related with price (P<0.01) while the fibre concentrations (NDF and ADF) were negatively correlated (P<0.001) IVOMD and ME values of wheat bran were positively related (P<0.01) with price Figure 3 Relationship between price and percent crude protein content for selected cereal by- product feeds ingredients collected in selected marketplaces in Ethiopia Figure 4 Relationship between price and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for selected cereal by-product feed collected in selected marketplaces in Ethiopia Figure 5 Relationship between price and percent crude protein content for selected oilseed cakes collected in selected marketplaces in Ethiopia Figure 6 Relationship between price and in vitro Organic Matter Digestibility (IVOMD) for selected oilseed cakes collected in selected marketplaces in Ethiopia Among the roughages considered in this study, significant relationships (P<0.05) between price and quality were observed only for grass hay (Table 5; Figures 7, 8) Table 5 The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between quality and price (Birr/kg) for selected roughages collected from marketplaces Figure 7 Relationship between price and crude protein content of selected roughages collected in selected market places in Ethiopia Figure 8 Relation between price and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for selected roughages collected in selected marketplaces in Ethiopia The price of compound feeds generally seems to be unrelated with quality attributes, except for the ADF content of dairy rations which was negatively related with price (P<0.05) (Table 6) Table 6 Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between nutritive value and price (Birr/kg) for selected formulated concentrate feeds collected in selected marketplaces in Ethiopia Peri-urban and urban livestock keepers mainly depend on purchased feeds and the presence of a well-functioning feed market is very important for a profitable livestock enterprise The study was conducted over a relatively short time scale of two months (April and May) Feed prices do vary seasonally as does feed quality but the collection of data over a relatively short time scale ensured a reliable snapshot of data and comparability across geographical locations A typical example is the price of milk in the capital which has increased by a factor of 2.3 in the last two years and is currently sold at 1.95 USD per litre This highlights the necessity to establish a well-developed feed market that enables livestock producers to access affordable feed of known quality to manage production costs and improve access to and affordability of animal source foods in Low and Middle-income Countries depending on the processing machine and procedures applied wheat processing into flour could result in either wheat bran or wheat bran and wheat middling (a finer product with higher energy concentration) this cereal by-product was mostly traded in the local feed market simply as wheat bran it was noted that wheat bran was prone to adulteration All these factors may explain the observed variation in quality of this by- product (CP: 6 – 23%; IVOMD: 44 – 75%) Regarding oilseed cake by-products, the efficiency of the oil extraction (solvent or hydraulic methods) and presence or absence of pre-processing treatments (such as decortication or dehulling) affect the protein content of the product (Shukla et al., 1992) Solvent extraction generally provides a higher efficiency of oil extraction resulting in high protein content in the by- product and this technique is limited to large scale oil processing plants while the hydraulic extraction method is applied in several small oilseed processing mills in Ethiopia are susceptible to quality deterioration during storage and marketing unless the necessary precautions are applied The large variations in quality of the oilseed cakes (e.g CP: 15 – 46%; IVOMD: 43 – 68%) in the present assessment appear to be due to a combination of such factors grass hay and other roughages are subject to high quality variations depending on the stage of harvest and drying method Cultivar dependent variations in the fodder quality of cereal straws and pulse haulms are also well documented Livestock producers in Ethiopia often do not have the access to adequate feed during seasons of scarcity This would be the likely driver for livestock producers to focus on quantity rather than quality of feeds purchased resulting in the lack of strong relationships between price and quality This indicates that quality attributes have a limited role in setting market prices and that prices are dictated by other market variables such as availability/supply and proximity to markets The fact that both good and poor-quality feeds are sold under the same name and market value affects both the trader and the end user (livestock producers) it does not encourage feed producers or formulators to strive to supply good quality feed ingredients and/or rations as there would be no price incentive for this action livestock producers who buy and use these feed resources could end up buying poor quality feeds with a high price that increases input costs but results in undernutrition and sub-optimal livestock production in the longer term it is important to build capacity in terms of creating awareness among feed market actors about existing quality variations and their implications for animal performance and profitability of livestock enterprises it is important to build national feed analytical capabilities develop context specific quality standards for different feed types and strengthen institutional market regulation mechanisms A range of feed types including agro-industrial by-products crop residues and compound feeds dominate the feed market in Ethiopia The inherent feed market characteristics in the local market indicate that most feed ingredients are not graded and priced according to their quality and that price-quality relationships are either very weak or non-existent Quality-based pricing of feed ingredients and products is imperative both for the traders and customers (buyers) Traders could ask for a premium price for a good quality product whereas customers would save money as they would pay for a product of known quality to support improved livestock production a series of capacity building measures are needed along the feed value chain feed quality laboratories with rapid and affordable analytical techniques such as NIRS is essential to enable feed buyers to pay for the quality they choose Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements AM led the work and developed the first draft of the paper MBez supported drafting and structuring of the paper CJ contributed to writing and conceptualization All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This work was financed by the USAID Feed the Future Innovation Laboratory for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) and the CGIAR Initiative on Sustainable Animal Productivity which is supported by contributors to the CGIAR Trust Fund.; support from the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR)/Agricultural Growth Project II (AGPII) is also gratefully acknowledged Latter stages of this work were funded by by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Food Security under Agreement # AID-OAA-L-15-00003 as part of Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Funding was also provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the Equip - Strengthening Smallholder Livestock Systems for the Future (grant number OPP11755487) project or recommendations expressed here are those of the authors alone The support of district bureau of agriculture livestock production experts and researchers from EIAR and regions is highly appreciated The rising price of nutritious foods: the case of Ethiopia CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Association of official analytical chemists Google Scholar Contribution of livestock sector in Ethiopian Economy: a review Google Scholar Price and quality of livestock feeds in suburban markets of West Africa’s sahel: case study from Bamako Google Scholar Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for forage nutritive value analysis in sub-Saharan African countries Google Scholar Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattle CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Multi-dimentional crop improvement by ILRI and partners: drivers achievements and impact in the impact of the international livestock research institute Google Scholar Changes in chemical composition of rapeseed meal during storage influencing nutritional value of its protein and lipid fractions CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Improving the yield and nutritional quality of forage crops CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Central Statistical Agency (CSA) (2018) statistical bulletin (Addis Ababa: Federal Government of Ethiopia) Google Scholar Livestock feed marketing in Ethiopia: challenges and opportunities for livestock development Google Scholar soil improvement and other uses along a productivity gradient in Eastern Africa Rice and wheat straw fodder trading in India: possible lessons for rice and wheat improvement CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Feeding of by-products completely replaced cereals and pulses in dairy cows and enhanced edible feed conversion ratio Report on feed inventory and feed balance (Rome Google Scholar opportunities and challenges in the face of uncertainty Google Scholar Feed marketing in Ethiopia: results of rapid market appraisal (Addis Ababa: International Livestock Research Institute) Google Scholar Price quality relationships in fodder trading in Niger with special regards to comparison of cowpea and groundnut haulms with concentrates In: Pan African Grain Legume and World Cowpea Conference Google Scholar Yield gap analyses to estimate attainable bovine milk yields and evaluate options to increase production in Ethiopia and India Urban and peri-urban dairy cattle production in Ethiopia: a review Google Scholar Review on major feed resources in Ethiopia: conditions Google Scholar Livestock production challenges and improved forage production efforts in the Damot Gale District of Wolaita Zone Google Scholar Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid Google Scholar Google Scholar Study on compound animal feed demand and animal products CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Ethiopia Livestock sector analysis: a 15 year livestock sector strategy Google Scholar India: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering Google Scholar Utilisation of loss and waste during the food-production cycle as livestock feed Google Scholar Google Scholar a laboratory manual for animal science 613 (Ithaca Google Scholar Enhancing the nutritional value of cold-pressed oilseed cakes through extrusion cooking The impact of production shocks on maize markets in Ethiopia: implications for regional trade and food security CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Research article study on the animal feed ingredients and livestock product supply price and market-related constraints in Ethiopia Google Scholar Keywords: specialty section: animal nutrition Ethiopia Alemu T and Duncan AJ (2023) Price-quality relationships for the main livestock feed types in the Ethiopian feed market Received: 27 March 2023; Accepted: 14 June 2023;Published: 19 July 2023 Copyright © 2023 Melesse, Bezabih, Adie, Asmare, Prasad, Devulapalli, Jones, Blummel, Hanson, Alemu and Duncan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Alan J. Duncan, YS5kdW5jYW5AY2dpYXIub3Jn Muluken Melesse found solace in the gentle sounds of the waterfall from the stereo transported by the melodies to a breezing stream beside him Muluken's life embraced music as comfort in his youth blossoming into fame and pinnacling in a spiritual awakening was a man of faith who regularly took Muluken to a church At the outset of her amazing music career, Netsanet Melesse released her debut album Ã¢â‚¬Å“Yelal DojuÃ¢â‚¬Â in 1983, which became an instant hit throughout Ethiopia. Her simple and alluring look on her single video, seen on the black and white screens of everyoneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s living room TV made the album even more popular. No one ever doubted the singerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s talent from then on, as it was not even eclipsed by her shy personality. Netsanet MelesseÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s musical gifts became apparent at an early age as she started singing English songs that were popular at the time. The singer grew up in a very religious family and was even a part of a church choir as a child and also sang at charity events at times. Inspired by Western music moguls like Whitney Houston, Madonna and Aretha Franklin, NetsanetÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s talents started becoming evident in the gospel songs she used to sing at Estifanos Church. Two years after her debut album hit the Ethiopian market NetsanetÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s sophomore set Ã¢â‚¬Å“Minew JalÃ¢â‚¬Â was released capturing music fanatics with its originality and mellow rhythm her third music album followed in 1987 after she did a music collection set came out featuring a number of prominent Ethiopian musicians in 1991 Netsanet and her family decided a move was in order she has been residing in Toronto with her 10 year old son Netsanet delighted her fans with her album Ã¢â‚¬Å“FertunaÃ¢â‚¬Â which was highly praised for its genuine lyrics and tunes the singer made a comeback once again with a beautiful track titled Ã¢â‚¬Å“Bye ByeÃ¢â‚¬Â The singer surprised her fans showing of her newly slimmed down body in the music video It’s been a long and tangled road for Netsanet’s stunning and intriguing new album Ã¢â‚¬Å“LibenÃ¢â‚¬Â as it was challenging for her to find melodies she can relate to But over the course of three years the album has been in the making through business struggles and life changes she has maintained a clear sense of her musical vision-and returned with a collection of songs that reconfirms her place as one of the finest singers of her generation her new album boasts a collection of beautiful tracks featuring upcoming artists Ã¢â‚¬Å“KeremelayeÃ¢â‚¬Â sees Netsanet performing with an aspiring musician by the name Tokichaw But in the midst of all the fame and glamour the singer still makes time to keep in touch with her spiritual side as she has recently released a gospel album The singer has recently signed up with Adika Communication and Events a company that manages and promotes Ethiopian artists With a calm and mellow voice that speaks of dazzling romance and emotions soon to be dropped in the Ethiopian market via Adika Communication and Events project her ever great flair as an Ethiopian musician From all the twists and turns of becoming a musician Netsanet says she has grown to be an even more experienced singer with intense talents.