and painter Danielle Jacqui transformed her living quarters into a product of art Beginning with the exterior and extending throughout the walls Jacqui's entire home is spread thick with embroideries Nearly every inch of the house has been festooned with her creations even the stairs The exterior of the house can easily be admired from the street without disturbing Ms. Jacqui.  An Aztec snake god has taken the material form of an apartment complex One man's ambition created this psychedelic log home A wacky two-story folk-art assemblage of carved and found objects and sound now in need of financial support A quirky house created entirely out of glass bottles combines a collector's spirit with an artist's flair Gleaming self-built castle towers made from beer cans and inspired by "Vitamin Mary Jane." bedecked with an astonishing array of mirror mosaics A layered tribute to the work of mosaicist Isaiah Zagar A hand-built folk art installation covered with messages of God's love When Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and his Spanish troops returned to Europe from the Americas in the late 15th century, they notoriously brought back the deadly pathogen responsible for syphilis The truth might not be quite so clear cut. Past studies of medieval bones and teeth have hinted that the bacterium Treponema pallidum, or closely related strains, could have been circulating around Europe long before Columbus returned from his first voyage in 1493 Far from excusing Columbus for seeding a scourge that swept through Europe (nor for the diseases Spanish fleets carried to the Americas, killing scores of Indigenous people), a more complex picture of T pallidum's prevalence in earlier centuries is emerging with newfound evidence A new study from a team of paleomicrobiologists adds weight to that counter-hypothesis, finding signs of a T. pallidum infection in a thigh bone from 7th or 8th century France. Aside from recovering fragmented DNA of a possible ancestral strain of T. pallidum, the researchers also detected antibodies specific to T "These data break a century-old dogma in medical microbiology," Hamadou Oumarou Hama, an infectious disease researcher at Aix-Marseille University in France, and colleagues write in their published paper Archeological excavations in 1987 uncovered the diseased femur among a heap of other bones buried at Chapelle Saint-Vincent in Roquevaire although its significance was not realized until years later Hama and colleagues went to great lengths to ensure it and the extracted samples weren't contaminated by other sources of DNA working in a lab that had never processed T The extracted DNA resembled a small portion of the T and antibodies were found in a pulverized sample of the diseased femur but neither were detected in another unmarred bone from the same burial site used as a control If accurate, the findings push the presence of T. pallidum infections in Europe back by eight centuries, the researchers say "To the best of my knowledge," Aix-Marseille University microbiologist and co-author Michel Drancourt told journalist Maryn McKenna for Wired strong piece of evidence that the Treponema of syphilis were circulating in the European population before Columbus." Not everyone is convinced historians cannot find evidence of syphilis outbreaks before those that tore through Europe in the 1490s Plus, different subspecies of the spiral-shaped Treponema bacteria cause different diseases. A subspecies called T. pallidum pertenue can cause a distinct disease called yaws, while abother subspecies, called endemicum, can cause what's known as bejel though neither are transferred by sexual contact like syphilis is While Hama and colleagues might have detected a Treponema infection of some kind they can't definitively conclude it caused syphilis; it might have been a subspecies that caused yaws The damaged DNA from the 1,400-year-old bone covered just 2.4 percent of the pallidum subspecies genome The suggestion, from some medical experts – and even Hama and colleagues – is that mounting evidence points to pertenue or endemicum likely being in Europe before Columbus returned In time more evidence may well come to light adding more detail to this topsy-turvy story of syphilis' origins and rounding out the history of this still-stigmatized disease The study has been published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases We all know that wine is a key part of the Catholic Mass and Catholic culture, so it comes with little surprise that the Vatican has the highest per capita wine consumption in the world -- each resident of the state consumes 19.2 gallons of wine per year on average. As explained by wine history magazine This Day in Wine History the ties between the Vatican and winemakers go back to at least the 4th century when Pope Julius I created the first papal winery By the 13th century, the Vatican State was acquiring wine both for personal consumption and as part of its provisions for the poor. As detailed by Liana Marabini in an Italian Catholic outlet wine destined for philanthropic reasons was mostly sourced locally while wine consumed by the pope and his staff was sourced from more far-flung locations like Mount Vesuvius It was especially during the Avignon Papacy when the Holy See was transferred to the French city of Avignon that pontiffs' appetite for wine contributed to the development of winemaking in regions like Provence where winemakers produced wines destined for papal consumption When the Holy See was transferred back to Rome in the 15th century the Vatican experienced what experts called the “golden age” of Vatican wine Pope Julius II owned vineyards in the Frascati region of Latium while Pope Leo X levied a tax on wine for Roman winemakers to ensure enough wine was available in the city the Vatican was almost self-sufficient when it came to wine production with Pope Paul III expanding Vatican-run vineyards in reclaimed lands along the Tiber river the Vatican also established the world’s first “wine bank” during the 1500s by collecting amphoras of wine from other regions like Campania and storing them in wine cellars Following Italy’s unification in 1860 and the resulting loss of lands from the Vatican State the Holy See was no longer a self-sufficient wine producer but could still count on affiliated winemakers in regions like Montepulciano in Tuscany The Holy See revived its own production of wine in the late 1800s, when the phylloxera epidemic decimated vineyards across Europe Pope Leo XIII launched the cultivation of a disease-resistant vine on Vatican lands Vatican vineyards produce red wines based on Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes.  the Vatican State produces its own blend of red wines made from Vatican-grown Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes It also relies on a network of trusted suppliers carefully selected by the Holy See's official sommeliers According to a video from an Italian TV station who comes from a family of Italian winemakers who had relocated in Argentina highly appreciates a Primitivo red wine produced by Erminio Campa a winemaker from the southern Italian region of Apulia Some winemakers are officially suppliers of wine specifically made for consumption during Mass like the Sicilian winemaking company Pellegrino This company makes a wine called “Holy Mass,” made of both red and white grapes produced according to the stringent rules developed by the Vatican including the use of stainless steel barrels for wine aging But it is not just Italian wines that end up in the Vatican cellars The Spanish winemaking company Hera Cordon de Fuenmayor makes a type of Rioja red wine that was selected as official Vatican wine during the time of John Paul II and has been confirmed in the list of official suppliers ever since with Abbé Côtes du Rhône producing a Cuvée du Vatican Réserve that was officially blessed in 1958 by Pope John XXIII And Californian wine is appreciated by the Holy See with Catholic winemakers from Napa making a special red wine for Pope Francis the Vatican relationship with wine is one that spans the entire winemaking world Articles like these are sponsored free for every Catholic through the support of generous readers just like you Please make a tax-deductible donation today Help us continue to bring the Gospel to people everywhere through uplifting Catholic news Warren Buffett a souligné à quel point vouloir écraser les autres pays pouvait se révéler un jeu dangereux » Économie Article réservé aux abonnés La logistique Chronique Article réservé aux abonnés Inaptitude : plaidoyer pour le dialogue Tribune Article réservé aux abonnés « L’idée d’un référendum sur le budget et la dette va à l’encontre des principes qui sont au fondement de notre démocratie parlementaire » Histoire Article réservé aux abonnés Comment les restes d’Adolf Hitler ont été identifiés Entretien Vidéo : Peut-on rire du changement climatique  Guillaume Meurice répond à « Chaleur 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