Young and old alike can marvel - often free of charge - at the many open houses. More than 1,500 sites are taking part in the Journées du Patrimoine: that's a lot of discoveries! If you're in the Hauts-de-Seine region you're bound to find something to keep you busy on September 21 and 22 the Château de Malmaison is one of France's finest examples of the consular style where visitors can discover the more intimate atmosphere of Josephine's apartments and the empress's passion for botany in the landscaped grounds le programme est mis à jour en fonction des annonces officielles A visit not to be missed if you love history and castles Refer your establishment, click herePromote your event, click here   This newscast is updated weekdays at 6am Continuum presents a program of the harpsichord music of Johann Sebastian Bach played by the legendary harpsichordist Wanda Landowska The major works to be heard are the Chromatic Fantasia The music was recorded at the famous Landowska Concert Hall Le Temple de la Musique Ancienne in Saint-Leu-la Foret The one recording used is: Johann Sebastian Bach (Wanda Landowska) - Paradizo PA0009 LBV Magazine English Edition It was the year 1851 when the prince president of France ordered the demolition of the old – and dilapidated – parish church of Saint-Leu-Saint-Gilles in Paris another church was built at his expense to house a family crypt who had died in Livorno (Grand Duchy of Tuscany he had used the title of Count of Saint-Leu to distance himself from his true identity with whom he severed ties after being forced to abdicate the throne of Holland embracing the memory of his famous uncle and adopting his name as Napoleon III while still paying homage to his father by burying him in the capital The sculptor Louis Petitot created the mausoleum in 1862 funded by the sixty thousand francs that the deceased had specifically designated in his will as the artist portrayed him in ceremonial attire as the king of Holland his name was Luigi Buonaparte because he was born in 1778 in Ajaccio a Genoese island conquered by the French from the Tuscans nine years earlier Corsica was the homeland of a family that adapted to the new times by Frenchifying their surname He was the fourth male offspring of the marriage between Carlo Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino and Jerome (three others died prematurely) While Joseph studied law and Lucien briefly pursued the priesthood both training as artillerymen – Napoleon at the Brienne-le-Château academy and Louis at the Châlons-en-Champagne academy Their destinies were almost inevitably intertwined when Napoleon initiated the Italian campaign as a general he called on his brother to join his staff as an aide-de-camp was promoted to captain and joined the 5th Regiment of Dragoons although seemingly without enthusiasm for the less epic and more brutal aspects of war – those involving death he accompanied Napoleon in the Egyptian campaign and continued to rise through the ranks until he achieved the rank of general at the young age of twenty-five the powerful hand of his brother was decisive and they collaborated in the coup d’état of the 18th Brumaire of the year VIII (November 9 ending the Directory in favor of the Consulate he arranged for Louis to marry Hortense de Beauharnais the daughter of Josephine from her first marriage to Alexandre François Marie but she ultimately had to accept the marriage three children were born – Napoleon Charles The former United Provinces had been occupied by the French army in 1795 during the Revolutionary Wars decided to transform that territory into the Kingdom of Holland a puppet state to be governed by someone close to him who enjoyed a favorable position in France as the Grand Constable and a recipient of the Legion of Honor Louis did not receive the news with joy because he suffered from rheumatism requiring frequent visits to spas for relief Louis was also not enthusiastic about reigning while merely obeying his brother’s orders Napoleon convinced him by urging him to follow the maxim “Do what you must The Dutch delegation sent to negotiate with the emperor was not only ignored but humiliated They had to officially recognize the new sovereign and in exchange for accepting the new king they would receive economic benefits (expected from the continental blockade against the British) and political advantages (unifying under a single crown the different factions – unitarians Louis would maintain the constitutional laws and freedoms enjoyed by the republic the treaty signed in May 1806 recognized the fundamental principles of the Batavian Revolution (the Enlightenment movement that led to the fall of the Old Regime of William V) It allowed the preservation of the Dutch language and currency under a federal system of republican tradition Louis managed to win the favor of the Dutch by showing a willingness to learn the language This linguistic error endeared him to the people (he introduced himself as Konijn van ‘Olland or “rabbit from ‘Olland” possibly to hinder the work of French supervisors He also showed great interest in understanding the situation of his new kingdom in various aspects from art and science to agriculture and trade One of the main reforms was the standardization of the country’s multiple legal codes He abolished torture and forced labor in the penal system although local jurists prevented him from doing the same for the death penalty he frequently resorted to pardons and commutations The laws also put an end to the practical dominance of Calvinism over Catholicism and Judaism despite the proclaimed religious freedom of the republic The death of his eldest son in 1807 prompted him to improve healthcare and hygiene by introducing specific regulations and relocate slaughterhouses and cemeteries from urban areas separating it from religious influence and modernizing all levels of education there were numerous cultural endeavors: the establishment of the Royal Museum of Amsterdam (the precursor of the current Rijksmuseum) and the Royal Institute of Sciences and Fine Arts; the creation of a royal library; promotion of the restoration and/or reconstruction of palaces and churches; and sponsorship of artists to study in Rome These measures aimed to facilitate economic recovery to fund administrative he centralized the country into ten departments which he achieved by demonstrating goodwill upon arrival He continued touring the country instead of isolating himself in the palace he personally faced the accidental explosion of a gunpowder-loaded ship in Leiden coordinating the intervention of the Royal Guard in relief efforts opening a palace to accommodate the injured and exempting the population from taxes for a decade He carried out a similar initiative two years later during severe floods Collaboration with the elites was also necessary convincing them to join the new constitutional regime more due to the imposition of reality than anything else as they understood that participation could help maintain some autonomy and keep Napoleon at bay A key factor was a promise outlined in the treaty: the Kingdom of Holland would be exempt from military service in the territories controlled by France to bolster its Grande Armée Not everything was smooth sailing for Louis partly due to the climate and partly because her husband insisted that she renounce her French nationality as he had compelled his ministers to do – most of them being imposed by his brother and of Gallic origin she left taking their children with her and refusing to allow them to visit Holland to the extent that she began a relationship with Charles de Flahaut Napoleon sided with her and adopted their eldest son as his heir (he had not yet had a child of his own) the emperor was dissatisfied with Louis’s performance and would soon make it evident anyone can commit many follies and cause much harm Louis’s character is naturally inclined to eccentricities and extravagance The reading of Jean-Jacques Rousseau has ruined him Chasing a reputation for sensitivity and benevolence Louis has shown himself to be nothing more than a perfect king… the monarch lost some of his enthusiasm and adopted less applauded habits he had maintained an itinerant court without a fixed capital he spent significant sums on palace luxuries moving from Utrecht to Amsterdam and then to Haarlem among other places (he excluded The Hague because it was too close to the sea These expenses did not sit well with a people with a strong savings mentality that he himself had reinforced with his policies he continued to be called Louis the Good since the Leiden catastrophe although Louis had reluctantly followed Napoleon’s orders there were certain points on which he was unwilling to compromise he refused to provide the forty thousand soldiers requested for the Russian campaign as the Dutch population numbered only two million he did not want to reduce the value of public debt by two-thirds fearing it would ruin Dutch investors who had received French loans his collaboration with the continental blockade against England was only verbal as he turned a blind eye to smuggling to prevent the degradation of the economy The spark that led to the fraternal rupture was the landing of a British contingent on the island of Walcheren They conquered the fortress of Bath in Zeeland putting Antwerp and Vlissingen in a precarious position without the Dutch army being able to stop them making it clear that the Kingdom of Holland could not defend itself alone Napoleon did not miss the opportunity and summoned his brother to Paris stating that the situation would not have arisen if Louis had accepted incorporating the Dutch into the Grande Armée The two brothers argued bitterly for three months at the end of which Louis had no choice but to cede the southern part of his kingdom to France he returned to find that the French army was occupying city after city not limited to the southern region but extending to others rejecting Napoleon’s offer to give him the throne of Spain – where their other brother also facing interference from the emperor – he chose to abdicate in favor of his son Napoleon Louis The Kingdom of Holland was invaded by the army of Marshal Oudinot and its annexation to France was formalized through the Rambouillet Decree welcomed by the Austrian Emperor Francis I He ignored Napoleon’s requests to live in Paris and refused to use his name in favor of the aforementioned Count of Saint-Leu (referring to the property he owned in Saint-Leu-la-Forêt He did not stay in the Austrian capital but moved to Graz where he met Goethe and dedicated himself to writing essays and poetry until 1813 he moved to Lausanne and offered himself – unsuccessfully – as a mediator between France and its enemies where other Bonapartes were already residing He never saw his brother again nor contacted him when Napoleon escaped from Elba for the Hundred Days’ Empire Louis moved to Florence and later returned to Livorno He witnessed several denials of his request to visit the Netherlands which he could only fulfill when authorized by William II in 1840 Bonapartists proclaimed him the legitimate pretender who was at that time imprisoned for participating in a conspiracy The said offspring secured this status on July 25 when an attempt on his life ended his father’s life It is not known that this one had more descendants except for a natural son with his lover Jeanne-Félicité Roland (born in 1826) he entered into a sentimental relationship – it is not clear if with marriage or without it – with the Marquise Julia Livia di Strozzi This article was first published on our Spanish Edition on January 29, 2024. Puedes leer la versión en español en Luis Bonaparte, el hermano de Napoleón que fue rey de Holanda y se enfrentó a él tras la invasión del país por los franceses Subscribe to get the latest posts sent to your email The Parthenon temple on the Acropolis of Athens housed a colossal statue made of gold and ivory carved by the famous sculptor Phidias in 438 BC Two thousand years before the Inca Empire extended its dominion over the Andes a much less known yet culturally influential society—known as the Chavín Phenomenon—had already developed numerous artistic expressions,… while the Byzantine Empire was mired in a succession crisis sought to take advantage and launched his conquest Archaeologists from universities in the United States and Denmark found deep within the Actun Uayazba Kab cave in Belize two small stone tools dated between 250 and 900 AD that… men and women gathered to play a game called Cuju A team of researchers has succeeded in recreating for the first time in a laboratory experiment a phenomenon that until now only existed as a theory in the realm of… the Cantonal Archaeology of Aargau carried out a rescue excavation between early May 2024 and the end of March 2025 The Egyptian archaeological mission affiliated with the Supreme Council of Antiquities announced the discovery of a group of defensive structures and a system of moats that could indicate… In the southeastern area of the city of Rome archaeologists excavating inside the Triton Baths within the monumental complex of the Villa di Sette… Why did some animals from ancient eras become fossils while others simply disappeared without a trace Receive our news and articles in your email for free You can also support us with a monthly subscription and receive exclusive content The mathematician Claire Voisin is the laureate of the CNRS 2016 gold medal honors her major contributions to complex algebraic geometry Recognized for her thorough knowledge in this field and for the originality and diversity of her research A genuine French ambassador in mathematics she has exceptional influence on the international scene she now holds the chair in Algebraic Geometry at the Collège de France The major woks to be heard are the Chromatic Fantasia Site managed by Le Temple de la MusiqueAncienne in Saint-Leu-laForet The one recording used is: Johann Sebastian Bach (Wanda Landowska) - ParadizoPA0009 and it seems the Leicester City Man hit the top of his form after his marriage to his new beau First half goals from Ahmed Musa and Manchester City striker Kelechi Iheanacho helped the Super Eagles to a 3-0 win over Togo on Thursday night in Paris It is the first time the Super Eagles will win in three matches and they did it in a convincing manner recording a 3-0 victory over The Sparrow Hawks in an international friendly match staged at Stade Municipal de Saint Leu La Foret on Thursday You must be logged in to post a comment