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Three other permits had previously been issued in the neighboring area of Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche You have 80.99% of this article left to read Lecture du Monde en cours sur un autre appareil Vous pouvez lire Le Monde sur un seul appareil à la fois Ce message s’affichera sur l’autre appareil Parce qu’une autre personne (ou vous) est en train de lire Le Monde avec ce compte sur un autre appareil Vous ne pouvez lire Le Monde que sur un seul appareil à la fois (ordinateur En cliquant sur « Continuer à lire ici » et en vous assurant que vous êtes la seule personne à consulter Le Monde avec ce compte Que se passera-t-il si vous continuez à lire ici Ce dernier restera connecté avec ce compte Vous pouvez vous connecter avec votre compte sur autant d’appareils que vous le souhaitez mais en les utilisant à des moments différents Nous vous conseillons de modifier votre mot de passe Votre abonnement n’autorise pas la lecture de cet article merci de contacter notre service commercial Metrics details (a) Detail of the gold mines in the Saint Yrieix-la-Perche district; (b) The Celtic gold mine of Les Fouilloux (one among several others mines) with its underground wooden equipment cut by the modern opencast mine; (c) Limousin area in Europe; (d) Celtic gold mines inventory in Saint Yrieix-la-Perche district, Limousin (French Massif Central). DAO maps produced under Adobe Illustrator CS6 and picture are from B. Cauuet. Les Renardières and La Rochefroide were also collected as reference to validate our approach The Les Fouilloux samples come from a pillar of a Gaul mine The Les Renardières and La Rochefroide samples were collected from the modern open pit The samples from Lauriéras include ore fragments collected from the modern open pit They were picked up during mining archaeological diggings of the old mining sites or from the ancient open pit still preserved on the northern edge of the modern pit The label ‘A’ refers to the gold ore samples exploited by the ancient miners and the label ‘M’ to those of the modern mining sites (open pits/underground) The Cu grades of the analyzed ores are heterogeneous ranging from less than 1 ppm to less than 90 ppm (538 ppm Cu for only one sample) The analysed ore deposits from Limousin are gold-silver ores Silver is either bound to gold in native gold grains or it is included in Ag-bearing tetrahedrite The remains of the modern open pits are low-grade Au-Ag mineralizations of no economic importance With few exceptions, the 206Pb/204Pb and U/Pb ratios of the gold ores delineate two differents groups (Fig. 3): U/Pb versus Th/U, 208Pb/204Pb versus Th/Pb and 206Pb/204Pb versus U/Pb diagrams showing the radiogenic ingrowth with geologic times. Lead isotopic diagrams of the studied Ancient and Modern gold ores with the Au-bearing lodes and Sn-W occurences studied by Touray et al Phase #1 corresponds to ores having a U/Pb <1 (Cambro-Ordovician model age); Phase #2 correponds to ores having a U/Pb >1 (Variscan model age) The 206Pb/204Pb of host rocks is consistent with modern ‘common’ Pb The ε109Ag values range from −0.291 to +0.029 and δ65Cu from −0.755 to +0.409 (Table 2). The range of ε109Ag and δ65Cu of ancient and modern ores is comparable (Table 2) EPMA data on ore sample 4337 from Les Renardières (Le Bourneix group) confirm that silver is hosted by gold (30–35 wt % Ag) and by Ag-rich tetrahedrite (up to 17 wt % Ag). The Pb model age of this ore type is Cambro-Ordovician. Likewise, the samples from La Rochefroide (also, Le Bourneix group) reflect mostly the low-grade Au of the host rock that remained after mining, which belongs to phase #1. 206Pb/204Pb versus ε109Ag and 206Pb/204Pb versus δ65Cu diagrams of Ancient Modern gold ores and host rocks from Saint-Yrieix-La-Perche gold mining district (Limousin This study reveals that gold ores mined in Limousin (north-western French Massif Central) during Celtic and modern times respectively are significantly distinct Their Pb isotope compositions clearly show two different groups of ores one of Late Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic Pb model age (phase #1) and another one associated to Variscan ages (phase #2) This dichotomy is consistent with field relationships Ores with Late Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic model ages may also have been reworked during Variscan tectonics events According to our understanding of Prehistoric mining activities Celtic gold production in Limousin belongs to phase #1 and not to phase #2 The negative correlation observed between Cu and Ag isotopic abundances is interpreted as indicating redox phenomena in gossan The identification of ore mineralogy and isotope signatures on ores certainly exploited by the ancient miners are needed to refine the isotopic signature of a given ancient mining production district highlighted by archaeometallurgical studies Future metal provenance studies on Celtic gold artefacts will benefit from this study the use of Cu or Ag isotopes will refine the tracing by the coupling with Pb isotopes and furthermore could highlight humans practices like deliberate additions during metallurgical process or gold coins debasement electron microscopy investigation (SEM) and microprobe analyses (EPMA) were performed on the available ore samples The SEM observations were carried out on a JSM-6360 electron microscope with a 20 kV voltage while quantitative chemical analyses were performed using a CAMECA SX50 electron microprobe with an acceleration voltage of 25 kV a surface of the analysed area of 3 × 3 micrometers and a counting time of 10 s for peaks and 5 s for background The gold ores were crushed and reduced to fine powder (≤75 µm) and bulk multi-elemental analyses were carried out by ALS Global (www.alsglobal.com) Samples were chemically processed for isotopic analyses in the class 1000 clean room of the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon All reagents used were double-distilled in PFA stills 50 mg powdered samples were weighted and dissolved in PFA vessels using 2 mL of HNO3 and 1 mL of concentrated HF kept at 130 °C for 48 to 72 hours The solution was then evaporated to dryness and the residue taken back in ~3 mL HCL 6 N put in ultrasonic bath for 1 hour and set at 130 °C overnight the HF-HCl dissolution step was repeated with the dissolution beaker placed in a double-enveloppe metal reactor filled with 500 mL of distilled H2O and kept at 160 °C for 12 hours A last step using 1.5 mL concentrated HNO3 and 0.5 mL of Merck® suprapure H2O2 (30%wt) at 130 °C for 72 hours was eventually used in the rare cases of refractory residues The sample dissolution for Ag isotopes was carried out in nitric acid and not HCl to avoid AgCl precipitation 1 mL HF and 3 mL HNO3 were added to 75–100 mg of powder Each beaker was closed and placed on a hot plate at 130 °C for 72 hours The sample was evaporated to dryness and taken back with ~ 3 mL of concentrated HNO3 The solution was sonicated for 1 hour and set at 130 °C overnight Samples with low Ag concentrations required three separated dissolutions The samples were taken back in 10 mL HCl 0.1 N and transferred in 10 mL tube for centrifugation The NIST-SRM 981 Pb precision and accuracy of all the reported isotopic ratios are 150 ppm or better Silver isotope measurements were reproduced 5–10 times to achieve a precision of 5–10 ppm Emerging Complexity: the later prehistory of south-east Spain Iberia and the west Mediterranean (Cambridge University Press Hall, M. 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Geol. 167, 257–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00182-5 (2000) Download references The authors thank the Agence Nationale de la Recherche France (Grant ANR-11-BSH3-0013) for covering the fieldwork the geological studies and the financial support for MR and CGT FA acknowledges support from the European Research Council grant 741454-SILVER-ERC-2016-ADG for salary support at the time this manuscript was written The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique through its Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) is warmly thanked The INSU funded and Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon operated (ICP-MS) National Facility is acknowledged for chemical and isotopic analyses Thanks are addressed to Thierry Aigouy (GET UMR 5563 Toulouse) and Philippe de Parseval (UMS 3623 - Centre de MicroCaractérisation Raimond Castaing Toulouse) for their help during SEM and EPMA analyses France) and Michel Cuney (University of Lorraine France) are warmly thanked for their comments about French Massif Central We also highlight the input of Rob Chapman (University of Leeds UK) who contributed to improve the manuscript Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Laboratoire ≪ Travaux et Recherches Archéologiques sur les Cultures Marion Rivoal, Philippe Télouk & Francis Albarède Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique designed the research project (Grant ANR-11-BSH3–0013) contributed all to the interpretation of the data drafting of the manuscript and the design of Figs contributed to the archaeological context and Fig The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54222-x Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Your local supermarket could very soon be changing hands as part of the transformation of nearly 300 Casino stores to Intermarchés or Nettos.  The move could also see shoppers save big on their weekly shops – prices will be on average 15% cheaper, according to BFMTV.  Read more: Leclerc or Lidl: Which is the cheapest supermarket in France? 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