several canceled trains on the Strasbourg-Mulhouse-Basel route
The Alsatian railway network was heavily disrupted this Monday morning for nearly three and a half hours
Traffic was completely halted between Colmar and Sélestat
a TER train carrying passengers collided head-on with a car that was immobilized on the tracks north of Colmar station
according to reports from Le Républicain Lorrain and Info Trafic Haut-Rhin
The car was dragged by the locomotive and became wedged at the front of the train
before being pulled along for several hundred meters
nstead of making a right-angle left turn onto Rue des Papeteries in Colmar
the young driver lost control of his vehicle
crashing through the fence that separates the tracks from the road
The 17-year-old driver escaped unharmed as he managed to leave the vehicle well before the train’s impact but was deeply shaken
A towing company located very close to the railway and the accident site alerted emergency services before attempting
The car’s rear axle had already been secured
the winch cable had not yet been tightened when the TER train crashed into the car stuck on the tracks
another train arrived at the scene to take care of about 500 passengers who had been stranded in the accident-affected train
before finally continuing their journey to Strasbourg
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the artist’s three distinct pieces manipulate the way people interact with existing urban spaces
and streets — temporarily creating an intriguing dialogue.
benedetto bufalino displays three public artworks for sélestat’s art biennale in france
bufalino’s work conjures up a wide variety of emotions for its spectators. in this series, the artist ‘remixes’ three automotive vehicles, allowing them to take on alternative functions as a light, a tennis court, and outdoor seating. located inside a public park, bufalino has inverted an AUDI atop a lamp post
the light illuminates the interior of the car
the artist carves out the interior of a stretch limo
only leaving the side just high enough to climb over into the body or sit and chat with friends
following a trend in many of his earlier works
bufalino manipulates the function of a car in previous works the artist has used a car as a grill or jacuzzi the artist inverts an older model AUDI on top of a park’s lamppost the artist’s installations are able to manipulate the way in which one interacts with a public space the community is able to utilize and interact with the artwork as they see fit the artist obscures the function of each vehicle — creating an original product
AXOR presents three bathroom concepts that are not merely places of function
but destinations in themselves — sanctuaries of style
Two towns either side of the French-German border have contrasting economic fortunes
French businesses say they envy the lower tax and labor costs across the border
They fear the burden on French business will increase after the forthcoming election
International arrivals to the Middle East have surpassed pre-pandemic levels
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Hotel L’Europe combines an elegant sense of hospitality with the impressions produced by the sculptural language of pieces by Catellani & Smith
the luminous and functional protagonists of the shaping of its spaces
The Hotel L’Europe is located a few kilometers away from the gracious colored buildings with balconies and shutters enhanced by carving and floral decorations
the maze of bridges and canals of the romantic
In a typical trellis house marked by exposed wooden beams and a pitched roof
The discreet luxury of the interiors of the hotel has its roots in Nordic style
governed by the warmth of local natural materials but also enhanced by precious luminous details
apparently sculptural but also highly functional
linking back to the iconic ‘golden’ design of Catellani & Smith
commissioned to design the lighting of many of the hotel’s spaces
has chosen some of the Bergamo-based brand’s extraordinary creations
Hotel L’Europe is an exclusive property containing 120 rooms and suites
a ‘bistronomic’ restaurant and a large hall for events
The spacious dining room alternates seating in Vienna straw with diner benches
tuned in a palette of neutral hues like dove gray
beige and other shadings of the gray scale
The chromatic delicacy is interrupted by the vivid green of the walls
which glows even more thanks to a rhythmical sequence of Stchu-Moon lamps with a golden
At certain points in the space there are also niches that contain the golden crescent moons of Stchu-Moon 05
while for the wall-mounted fixtures aimed at the tables the choice has gone to the suspension version Stchu-Moon 02
Gold leaf becomes a leitmotif in the various spaces
returning with all its expressive force in the cocktail bar with single Gold Moon elements
in the hall with Lederam W and at the center of the glass dome with the installation of a large customized Macchina della Luce made with six disks in a golden color with an expanding diameter
the event space is ‘dressed’ with the Fil de Fer Nuvola ceiling lamps
for an evocative decorative effect stemming from the ethereal structure in aluminium wire
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A rehearsal event in which the French will face a foreign strong string of drivers
Argentina – Australia – Belgium – Canada – Denmark – Finland – France – Germany – Hungary – Ireland – Netherlands – Spain – Sweden – Switzerland – United Kingdom – United States
Results Dressage and Marathon
CAI Le Pin au Haras 2023 Final Results A+B+C
There’s going to be plenty of sport on the tracks of the magnificent PISE
this exceptional facility welcomes the world’s driving elite
Drivers and their teams will be inaugurating the spacious
and taking advantage of the subirrigated grounds of the four brand-new arenas
The “Versailles of the Horse” is transformed into the “Rolls Royce” of equestrian sports
for the comfort of competitors and spectators alike
11th individually at the 2022 World Championships here at the Haras du Pin (FRA)
will certainly be keen to continue his fine 2023 shape – he recently won the English event in Windsor
ranked 3rd in Bühl (GER) and 4th in Sélestat (FRA) – and consolidate his world leadership
Two women will be looking to challenge him: world n°5 Kelly Houtappels-Bruder (NED) and n°6 Laura Philippot (BEL)
the latter in extraordinary form with two international victories already this season in Bornem (BEL) and Kladruby (CZE)
with Magalie Aillaud and multi-medallist Anne-Violaine Brisou
one of the most experienced on the circuit
crowned World Team Champion at the Haras du Pin last year and riding in the colors of IFCE (Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation)
The new equestrian complex “Pôle International de Sports Equestres” (PISE)
This year’s Haras national du Pin International Driving Competition has a very special flavour
the site will be hosting the FEI 2-Horse World Driving Championship
So next week will be nothing less than a full-scale rehearsal
many of the participants have never set foot on the Norman track before
master of the discipline for six years now
Judge for yourself: double World Champion (individual and team) in 2017
winner this season in Kronenberg (NED) and Bühl (GER)…at just 27 years of age
even if the marathon’s topography could reshuffle the cards
2 and reigning individual world vice-champion
won’t be passing up his chance to make his mark
He will be supported by a fine selection of French drivers
world n°6 and winner of this year’s CAI3* in Saumur
And let’s not forget the multi-medal-winning Swiss Werner Ulrich
who took part in 14 world championships and was
A dream line-up that promises some great jousting
Chester Weber and his family transform [...]
is your ultimate solution for enhancing your horse’s receptivity to [...]
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and the glory and fullness of summer is reflected in the crops
fruits and flowers that now grace our tables
For a full-on experience of nature’s most heavenly scents and riotous colors
make your way to one of these upcoming events celebrating the beauty of all things that blossom and bloom
Belgium: Brussels City Hall stuns with its beauty any time of year
but never more so than when it’s adorned with 100,000 flowers
more than 20 teams of floral artists from around the world give the gothic masterpiece its botanical facelift
from the entry hall to the reception halls
are given a temporary new look with dozens of artfully placed and unique floral arrangements
This year’s edition will pay tribute to Belgian surrealism and the great masters of the movement
a welcoming Alsatian town midway between Strasbourg and Mulhouse
a procession made up of 12 dahlia-bedecked floats
wine fair and a zone offering activities for children
“Colorful youth” serves as the theme of this year’s festivities
Hungary: An ancient spa town in eastern Hungary is the site of one of the country’s biggest annual public events
the Debrecen Flower Carnival offers visitors the chance to be swept away by the performances of hundreds of dancers
carnival performers from around the world and fantastical floats
President tours rural France in attempt to calm tensions over his unpopular pensions changes
Emmanuel Macron has said that banging saucepans at him will not move France forward, as about 100 protesters bashing pots were pushed back by police when the French president visited a factory in Alsace in an attempt to contain anger over raising the pension age from 62 to 64
Members of the CGT and CFDT trade unions had gathered in front of the mayor’s office in the village of Muttersholtz on Wednesday, where Macron began a series of visits to rural France to try to calm tensions over his unpopular pensions changes
Demonstrators banged frying pans and pan lids as well as whistles and horns
After repeated requests from police to move back from the area
where local authorities had banned demonstrations
officers used force to push them 200 metres away
“It’s not saucepans that are going to allow France to move forward,” said Macron
He described the demonstrations as “just the times we live in”
View image in fullscreenA woman hits a pan during a protest in Saint-Denis
Photograph: Telmo Pinto/Sopa Images/Shutterstock“We can relaunch the French saucepan industry
adding that his priority was re-industrialisation
“The reality across the whole country is not just those making noise with saucepans or complaining
“You will always see me with people … I have to keep going,” he added
Sporadic protests have continued since Macron signed the pensions changes into law at the weekend after three months of demonstrations and union fury that the government used an executive order to push through the law
particularly in Paris where bins have been burned after dark
The banging of pots and pans as a new form of protest started on Monday night during Macron’s televised address
as hundreds gathered outside town halls to drown out the president
The clattering of pots began at the suggestion of the NGO Attac
could follow Macron around rural France this week
pans and kitchenware and called for Macron’s resignation in Saint-Denis on Tuesday night when he attended a private event
Unions have planned more protests as Macron makes further visits across the country this week
The scenes are reminiscent of the president’s travels around France during the gilets-jaunes anti-government protests of 2018-19 when Macron was frequently confronted by angry hecklers
He was slapped in the face in 2021 by a 28-year-old unemployed medieval history enthusiast during a visit to a small town in south-eastern France
Free weekly newsletterThe most pressing stories and debates for Europeans – from identity to economics to the environment
The next nationwide trade union-led demonstrations will be on labour day on 1 May. Meanwhile, some were looking for new ways to protest. On Wednesday, a free climber known as the “French Spiderman” scaled a 38-storey skyscraper in Paris in protest at the raising of the pension age
View image in fullscreenGendarmes push back demonstrators during a protest against Macron’s visit to Muttersholtz
Photograph: Frederick Florin/AFP/GettyAlain Robert
using only his bare hands and a pair of climbing shoes
“I’m here to show my support for those who oppose the pension reform,” he told Reuters before starting his ascent of the 150-metre (492ft) skyscraper in the capital’s La Défense business district
“I’m here to tell Emmanuel Macron to come back down to earth … by climbing with no safety net.”
He said the increase in the minimum pension age
combined with a loss of income due to the Covid pandemic
Movistar Team's Dutch rider Annemiek Van Vleuten celebrates her overall leader yellow jersey on the podium at the end of the 7th stage of the new edition of the Women's Tour de France cycling race
127,1 km between Selestat and Le Markstein on July 30
Tadej Pogacar’s rivals have been sharpening their knives as the Tour de France hits the Alps
Jonas Vingegaard rides into Paris on Sunday to be officially crowned the 2022 Tour de France champion after ..
Dane Cecilie Uttrup Ludwig outmuscled Marianne Vos to win stage three of the women’s Tour de France on ..
Metrics details
Information on materials and procedures of painters of the past can be gained from the latest examinations of a painting and its materials and from documentary sources
the change of meaning of which is of prior interest to historians of technical art
This paper is an empirical and theoretical examination of the relationships between the two main early medieval collections of craft recipes
the Compositiones Lucenses and the Mappæ Clavicula
The primary aim of this work is to criticise the current prevalent meaning of the concept of Mappæ Clavicula
and to show that its tradition does not include that of Compositiones: these two traditions
The first edition of the eighth to ninth centuries recipe book Compositiones Lucenses (Lucca
and the twelfth century exemplar of Mappæ Clavicula’s text about one century later (Corning
In the interwar period and particularly after WWII
the Lucca manuscript was predominantly considered to be a member of the Mappae Clavicula tradition
which was regarded as second only to Theophilus’s De diversis artibus
as a written source for the study of medieval technology
‘Compositiones Lucenses’ and ‘Mappæ Clavicula’ are taxonomic concepts for the classification of medieval manuscripts and texts
the meanings of which we redefine in this paper
In contrast to today’s prevailing approach
we move the focus from two single manuscripts (Lucca 490 and Corning) to two different traditions of witnesses
and from single texts to collections of texts bound in the same codex
The critical section of the paper concerns the most important interpretations of the notion of Mappæ Clavicula
while the positive section draws on three works: the seminal paper by Halleux and Meyvaert (1980s)
and the inventory of the manuscripts of the Compositiones tradition by Brun (2010s)
In the empirical section we contrast the two traditions and consider two sets of items: twelve manuscripts reveal the internal structure of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
we show that a significant segment of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition is composed of an aggregation of small recipe nuclei
and that this tradition developed regardless of that of the Mappæ
The Mappæ Clavicula and Compositiones Lucenses are two distinct textual traditions and not members of a super-corpus
technical art history requires reliable literary sources; however
this is not the case for the Mappæ and Compositiones Lucenses traditions
In this paper we show how they have been interpreted differently since the first respective publications of their witnesses and how the prevailing interpretation of these records is far from being conceptually well-founded and coherently articulated
We propose a new interpretation of these dated literary records and provide new evidence for their systematic interpretation
who respectively published for the first time Theophilus’ and Cennini’s texts
and the anonymous text of Mappæ Clavicula of a manuscript
which is known as the Corning manuscript today
5–9 for further information on Sir Thomas Phillipps
and the first and only publication of the manuscript
In contrast to the authors mentioned above
the present paper sustains the hypothesis that Mappæ and Compositiones are two different traditions
whilst often being included within the same set of manuscripts
a small but decisive number of manuscripts of the Compositiones are completely independent from the Mappæ tradition
without being grounded in any precise codicological and philological bases
We argue that the Compositiones Lucenses and Mappæ Clavicula are two separate collections of texts
and for this purpose we criticise Johnson’s notion of Mappæ Clavicula in both its dated and recent formulations
the works on which we draw must be integrated with the inventories of the manuscripts of both traditions
and founded upon an operative procedure for identifying the text units of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
The new interpretations of old data will reveal new pieces of evidence
from the examination of a set of manuscripts transmitting the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
and a second set of codices which include texts from the Compositiones and the Mappæ traditions
The material collected in the present research will be used to check the current hypothesis on the existence of a unique corpus containing both traditions
The scrutiny of the present state of the literature will bring further pieces of evidence as to the differences between the two traditions
Ganzenmüller’s procedure draws on a limited set of manuscripts and his conclusion is coherent with their contents
An effective procedure requires precise definitions of the witnesses in terms of manuscripts and texts they include
as well as well-defined procedures for assigning a given text unit to one of the two traditions (see below)
the Corning manuscript is heterogeneous and includes both the texts from Mappæ and Compositiones (see below); for this reason it is not a reliable reference for separating and identifying the two textual traditions
we move the focus from manuscripts to texts and collections of the same text within different manuscripts
We interpret the Lucca 490 as belonging to a different tradition
and the Corning and Sélestat manuscripts as witnesses of both traditions (see the inventories below)
specific lexical terms used by these 13 recipes refer to the same lexicon of other sections of the Lucca 490 manuscript and of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
are completely absent in the Mappæ Clavicula critical edition
one should consider these 13 recipes likely candidates for the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
the attribution of this fragment to the Mappæ or the Compositiones traditions involves different meanings of the same terms or labels
different procedures of assignation of a given text unit to one of the two traditions
Texts within the Mappæ Clavicula and Compositiones Lucenses traditions are at first sight so intertwined that one is initially given to believe that they are simply different arrangements of the same fragments of text
Mappae Clavicula can be distinguished from Compositiones Lucences through more accurate and expansive inventories of the witnesses of both traditions and their text units
211v on the foundations of buildings be excluded from the Compositiones’ text
The latter should be considered the reference witness of the tradition instead of the Lucca 490
and includes 188 texts—of which 149 are already present in Lucca 490
we distinguish the following notable subsets:
The first 13 codices include texts from the Compositiones and the Mappæ traditions
but only nine of them are fundamental witnesses (Nos
are included in the sub-class of the Compositiones (Mappæ) fragmentary tradition and No
obtained by a direct copy from a recognised exemplar
Three codices belong only to the Compositiones tradition (Nos
Two further witnesses contain a few text units of the Compositiones (Nos. 25–26). They represent, together with the above-mentioned manuscripts Nos. 10–12, the fragmentary tradition of the Compositiones Lucenses.Footnote 10
Following systematic comparisons of all text units within the entire collection of the Compositiones tradition
we estimate that they number between 200 and 250 texts
we may state provisionally and operatively that the text units of Compositiones Lucenses tradition consist of three sets (α
which have been categorised according to a progressively diminishing degree of probability (from α to γ) that they belong to a critical edition of text units of the Compositiones:
The α set is implemented by complementary text units of two manuscripts
with the exception of texts De coloribus; De emplastro; Ad cruas faciendas on f
77r as these are not found in any other manuscript)
the incipit of which reads: Corpus hominis (an excerpt from Homo bene figuratus by Vitruvius)
Other textual candidates follow a three-step procedure, which is affected by a probability to reject ‘good texts’ (or type I error) and to accept ‘bad texts’ (or type II error).Footnote 12
we detected information regarding a further ten potential manuscripts of the Mappæ tradition
The first 13 manuscripts of the Compositiones’ inventory of Table 1 also belong to the Mappæ tradition, and therefore they are not copied into Table 2 (see below)
Two other manuscripts are quoted by the authors of the critical edition
but not used for setting up the stemma codicum (Nos
16–25) were already recorded by Johnson: some of these
might also contain excerpts from the Compositiones tradition
To summarise, the entire corpus of the manuscripts of Mappæ Clavicula may be divided into three subsets: the fundamental tradition (the first nine manuscripts of Table 1), one descriptus (No. 13 of Table 1)
and the remaining 15 manuscripts named the fragmentary tradition of Mappæ
Johnson’s method has at least three drawbacks: (i) it is mainly an exploratory research
which needs to be reinterpreted; (ii) the use of the Corning Phillips as a reference generates discrepancies due to the highly heterogeneous nature of the manuscript
produced by the overlap of chronologically different texts
and (iii) the one and only transcription of the Corning manuscript is considered obsolete
Two manuscripts quoted by Johnson are not usefulFootnote 13 and the remaining 79 do not relate to a single text
but rather to the following combinations of three main texts (the number of references is reported in round brackets):
De Coloribus et MixtionibusFootnote 14 (42)
Mappæ Clavicula tradition (4), where the term Mappæ corresponds to the notion introduced by Halleux and Meyvaert [17]
where the title ‘Compositiones Lucenses’ is defined as above (7)
De Coloribus et Mixtionibus + Mappæ Clavicula tradition (1)
Mappæ Clavicula tradition + Compositiones Lucenses tradition (6)
De Coloribus et Mixtionibus + Compositiones Lucenses tradition (9)
De Coloribus et Mixtionibus + Compositiones Lucenses tradition + Mappæ Clavicula tradition (9)
The recipe book named De Coloribus et Mixtionibus (Nos
What is today known as the alchemical core of the Corning manuscript or Mappæ Clavicula (0–95)
Texts belonging to the Compositiones Lucenses tradition (Nos. 96–278), ff. 24r–62r. Notable text units of English and Arabic origin are Nos. 190–191 on f. 40r and Nos. 195–203 on ff. 43r–44v. Texts addressing military subjects and incendiary bombs are Nos. 264–278 on ff. 57v–62r.Footnote 15
as the union of four manuscripts (Lucca 490
is in terms of manuscripts and not of texts as in the present work
the four items are witnesses of both traditions
and all four are of fundamental importance to the reconstruction of Mappæ and Compositiones texts
Clarke’s list lacks five other fundamental manuscripts (see below): he follows the paths of Bischoff and Johnson
and his method is affected by the similar and even greater flaws
In fact the four reference manuscripts contain different texts
a great part of which is irrelevant to either of the respective traditions
and the second to the title of the text units
while columns 3–6 indicate the relevant folio and the position of each text-unity within its own manuscript
The nuclei are internally ordered in an even fashion. Table 3 provides examples of the change mechanisms which occurred in the four manuscripts: the most common of which is the loss of one or more than one text within a nucleus
Other mechanisms include the lack of an entire nucleus (see the case of lapidary ‘b’) and the loss of the ordinal structure
which is probably due to the conditions of their exemplar or to a confusion between the folios during the copying process
Stemma codicum of the Mappæ Clavicula tradition
Two different selective forces operated on the two branches of the stemma
The first is represented by the selective action of the various copyists
who introduced a set of sharp changes to the Mappæ’s texts of the α family along the chain from ω to α4
The active selection operated on the β family was that of the copyist who compiled the florilegium
The texts of the eight remaining codices are provided in a continuous progression
in which recipes are marked by their title only
and without any comments in the pages’ margins
A discontinuous alpha-numerical thematic order is rarely present
Contents and structure of the nine codices transmitting Mappæ Clavicula and the Compositiones lucenses traditions
Red and grey fragmentary tradition of the Mappæ Clavicula
The four columns on Table 4 present four univariate
small in size: they refer to the number of text units indicated by the blocks of Mappæ (Compositiones) of the α and β families
It seems hard to consider the four data sets as samples extracted from one large population of codices; therefore
we may consider each one of the four as individual populations themselves
The average number of texts of the Compositiones of the α family (98.5.) is 1.72 times that of Mappæ (57.2)
unlike the figures of the β family which are very close in number (26.7 texts for the Compositiones and 24.6 for Mappæ respectively)
the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value) of the four distributions is large and has similar magnitudes
It ranges from a maximum CV of 0.85 (Mappæ blocks of the α family) to a minimum CV of 0.67 (Compositiones blocks of the β family)
The high values of the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of the four distributions are due to the contemporaneous presence of both big and small blocks of recipes
The indices of kurtosis and skewness are used to describe the shape of the distribution of our empirical populations
Karl Pearson operatively introduced the concept of kurtosis in terms of the fourth moment around the mean
and platykurtic to indicate cases in which (excess) kurtosis is > 0
This index is related to the tails of the distribution: high values of kurtosis mean that the distribution is affected by infrequent extreme deviations
that determine a great part of the variance
This is the case of the Compositiones distributions of both α and β families (see columns 1 and 3)
The skewness index has been calculated in terms of the third moment around the mean (Fisher–Pearson standardised third moment): in symmetrical distributions
Positive skewness indicates that the tail on the right side of the distribution is longer or fatter than that of the left side
and the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the left of the figure
3 and 4 are moderately skewed to the right (+ ½ < skewness < + 1)
1 and 2 are approximately symmetrical (0 < skewness < + ½)
three distributions over four are normal at the confidence level of 0.05
The mean values of the two sets of data including all the blocks of Compositiones (columns 1 plus 3) and of Mappæ (columns 2 plus 4) are 65.00 texts (Compositiones) and 41.66 texts (Mappæ)
Their corresponding coefficients of variation increase in comparison to the values of the four initial data sets [CV (CLT) = 1.07; CV (MCT) = 0.99]
The high values of the CV may be easily interpreted as the result of an active selection of text units by the copyists
The Shapiro–Wilk index shows that both new distributions are normal at 0.05 level of confidence
The codex is a collection of texts on craft techniques and architecture
and is likely to be the result of a subject-based reassembly of different writings
Texts from Mappæ and Compositiones traditions are bound with De architectura by Vitruvius
De diversis fabricis architectonicae by Faventinus
and other fragments from ancient collections on the same subject
The prologue of Mappæ is placed at the end of the codex (ff
together with those of Heraclius and an incomplete version of De Coloribus et Mixtionibus
indicated here as ‘text of uncertain origin’
could be ascribed to Mappæ Clavicula; however
they seem likely to be part of autonomous traditions
excerpted from Mappæ or from other similar alchemical collections
This is indicated by an interruption in the transcription of the text De speciebus metallorum herbarum lapidum lignorum et fusi salnitri afronitri at the end of the quire
21 lines in a single column: its texts (see above) are not separated by particular visual devices
monastery of Saint Augustine in Canterbury
The manuscript is mostly devoted to alchemy and recipe books such as De Coloribus et Mixtionibus
The compiler carried out an extensive and recognisable reworking of the text
23r–32v contains several textual segments from the Compositiones tradition: some of them could have been missing
It is an alchemical and medical codex that includes texts from the De Coloribus et Mixtionibus
with excerpts from the first book of De diversis artibus by Theophilus
One text unit from Mappæ is inserted within the transcription of the Compositiones tradition
which is preceded by the recipe Item de chrisographia on f
199ra; the other typical recipe Aurum crescere is on f
This manuscript belongs to the same florilegium of Madrid 19
although the Parisian manuscript appears more extensive than the Madrid codex in the section of the Compositiones tradition
The texts Item de grisografia and Amplificatio auriis are on f
‹dragon› and ‹M› watermarks alternated in the volume
This manuscript is most likely to be an excerpt from the same florilegium
although here Mappæ Clavicula and Compositiones traditions are bound up with De diversis artibus by Theophilus
and other treatises related to pigments and glass colourings
It shares with the P manuscript the presence of the recipe De grisographia on f
The following three manuscripts belong only to the Compositiones Lucenses tradition: they are fundamental witnesses of the tradition
two of these include large amounts of text units
All three are independent from the Mappæ tradition
The text of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition was copied just after the transcription of De architectura by Vitruvius
It begins with a series of directions on incendiary mixtures and military machines
and this fits in well with the Book X of the De architectura devoted to the use and construction of machines
This fragmentary manuscript was probably formed from at least 119 text units
Various pieces of evidence show that Mappæ and Compositiones are two different textual traditions
arising from new interpretations of old evidence
The text of Mappæ can be retraced throughout the indexes of four manuscripts.Footnote 21 The Compositiones Lucenses’ text
cannot be restored on the basis of current knowledge
since none of its manuscripts identified to date can give us the precise number of text units and their sequence
three witnesses of the Compositiones tradition had their autonomous literary circulation from the Mappæ tradition
from at least the ninth century until the twelfth century (the eighth to ninth centuries Lucca 490
Three other notable pieces of evidence concern the Mappæ Clavicula tradition; i.e.:
the Mappæ tradition is not characterised by witnesses having both greatly sized blocks of texts and an independent life from other textual traditions
only a small number of manuscripts of the Mappæ’s fragmentary tradition might be independent from the Compositiones Lucenses
These features may be rationalised with the deliberate copying of a selection from larger blocks operated by copyists
the origin of big blocks of texts may also be explained by means of a first stage of aggregation
followed by a successive segregation from a unique source in a quasi-homogeneous state from a source named Mappæ Clavicula text family
the latter hypothesis is not statistically plausible
with the exception of the Lucca 490 manuscript and sparse information on some of the nine fundamental codices
our knowledge of their codicological units (quires or booklets) is still approximate
further evidence of separation of the two traditions emerges: in the Sélestat 17 manuscript
the Mappæ Clavicula text is found in the first two quires
Compositiones Lucenses tradition starts from a new quire on f
which is different in both format and parchment
The two traditions are contiguous and are copied in subsequent gatherings
This same fact may be interpreted as a process in which two different texts or booklets are bound together
and not as the result of the deliberate work of the copyist
this latter interpretation cannot rule out the magnitude of the two Compositiones’ blocks
It is doubtful that a critical edition of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition will be possible
a comparative and perhaps critical edition of the text-units of the latter seems plausible
This will contribute to a more clear-cut distinction between the two traditions
there are new pieces of evidence supporting the theory of two separate collections of recipe books
any theory on Mappæ must consider its critical edition
which heavily narrows the number of possible witnesses and the fact that the Compositiones Lucenses tradition has had an autonomous existence from Mappæ for a long time
The contents of the two traditions are significantly diverse and Compositiones’ structure includes various nuclei of texts
the contents of which are not similar to those of Mappæ
Further evidence could come from assessment of the lexical differences on pigments and dyes throughout a significant number of witnesses from the two presumed traditions
All these facts are difficult to account for with any theory of a unique Mappæ Clavicula text family; rather
they can be rather easily explained by imagining the existence of two separate traditions
Thus Halleux and Meyvaert advanced the hypothesis that the word mappa is the result of an erroneous translation
in which the word cheirokmeton (χειρόκμητον) was confused with cheiromaktron (χειρόμακτρον) (napkin or in Latin mappa)
The adjective of χειρόμαχτρον means handmade or artificial and the neutral plural τά χειρόκμητα (tacheirokmeta
the tricks-of-the-trade) referred to an alchemical genre
Halleux’s and Meyvaert’s hypothesis is plausible
and has not been opposed by any other interpretations
it is coherently structured and is supported by some evidence; however
It is beyond the scope of the present paper to discuss the authority we accord to the first critical edition of Mappæ
We share its concept of Mappæ Clavicula as referring to the old alchemical nucleus
which shows that the α and β families are greatly different
The fact that the text units of the critical edition are arranged in order from precious to cheap metals is further evidence of an alchemical-astrological origin of Mappæ
which contrasts and separates the two traditions
The phrase ‘text unit’ has been chosen to refer to any single text
it becomes possible to include both prescriptive—i.e
true recipes—and descriptive text segments
A text unit refers to a meaningful text segment
which is often but not necessarily separated from the preceding and successive text segments with blank spaces or other palaeographical devices (title
But this first step may be insufficient and
one should compare a given text unit with its witnesses
This will permit one to verify whether the text at hand is the result of a fusion of two or more text units
or the splitting of a text unit into two or more segments
or to confirm the initial evaluation obtained in the first step
The Klosterneuburg fragment is composed of two folios of recipes (ff
19–30) that appear in other witnesses as contiguous sequences
The manuscripts which show the recipes from the first folio are not mixed with any from the second folio
The poor condition of the Klosterneuburg fragment makes it difficult to collate all its recipes: if we compare the 13 Klosterneuburg texts missing in the Lucca 490 manuscript with the text units of the critical edition of Mappæ and the text units that we think likely candidates of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
None of the texts of the Mappæ Clavicula’s critical edition correspond to any of the thirteen Klosterneuburg text units
The sequence of thirteen recipes missing of the Lucca 490 manuscript is present
in at least four witnesses of the two traditions and one exemplar of the Compositiones tradition
An initial comparison shows the following results: all 13 text units are present in London
Ten out of 13 text units are held in Oxford
78r–78v) of the Compositiones tradition includes at least 11 out of 13 text units
Although Johnson supported the presence of the two recipes in the manuscript Florence
The present inventory does not include the codices of Table 2 marked with an asterisk
which may transmit a few texts from the Compositiones
because they require further and deeper inspection
223v) with the creation of the texts 91A (Pandius quanus) and 91B (Hec omnia exposuimus)
148 which is split into texts 148A (De confectio ficarim f
with the formation of three texts 156A (De terra qui vocatur Limnia)
A candidate text is examined according to the following procedure
Share one of the thematic nuclei now discovered in the Compositiones tradition
and a further research of other nuclei should be made
with a visible Greek or classical Latin substratum
thus excluding all texts that are clearly medieval additions
Whether the verses are an integral part of the De Coloribus et Mixtionibus is contested by some authors
These text units are likely candidates for being part of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
Besides the four manuscripts indicated in the key of Table 3
the remaining eight are the following: (i) London
The labels and functions of the first six are the following: (1) De fabrica for building foundations
(2) Conchylium for parchment purple dyeing and metallic inks
(3) Tinctio omnium musivorum for glass mosaic-making
(4) De tinctione vitri for colouring glass
The text units of the two lapidaries are not contiguous in any witnesses of the Compositiones tradition; nevertheless
they may be found within the same manuscript
In the following paragraphs, we record the titles, the progressive number of the text units, and the relevant folios from the Vatican Reg. lat. 2079 of the remaining four nuclei (Nos 7–10), which are not represented in Table 3:
83v–84v: Qualiter debeant pelles tingui alithine
(9) Militaria (military machines and incendiary mixtures)
(10) Memoria (a recapitulating mnemonic chapter)
85v–86r: Natura herbarum lignorum lapidum et metallorum
Much work is still to be done on discovering new nuclei
to study the diffusion of each single nucleus and its quantitative weight over the total number of text units of each single manuscript of the tradition
These are likely to be connected to the development of scholastic lectiones
The practice of ordinatio is the result of an original mise-en-page based on a sophisticated arrangement of written works using functional features such as marginal numbers
This process was most likely a response to the growing scholastic need for an analytical and efficient study of texts
This innovative practice more efficiently organised texts and excerpts from a variety of sources into new arrangements and collections
Mappae Clavicula: a little key to the world of medieval techniques
A brief survey of published works from 1961–1972
Conservation of paintings and the graphic arts: preprints of contributions to the Lisbon Congress
Preprints of Contributions to the Lisbon Congress 1972
London: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works; 1972
Looking through paintings: the study of painting techniques and materials in support of art historical research
Mediolani: ex typographia Societatis Palatinae in regia curia
‘I will tell nothing that I did not see’: British women’s travel writing
dating from the XIIth to XVIIIth centuries
and the preparation of colours and artificial gems
Theophili Presbyteri Diversarum artium schedula
Zur Geschichte und Literatur aus den Schätzen der herzoglichen Bibliothek zu Wolfenbüttel
Letter from Sir Thomas Phillipps… addressed to Albert way communicating a transcript of a MS
and on various processes of the decorative arts practised during the middle ages
Illinois studies in language and literature
Il codice 490 della Biblioteca Capitolare di Lucca e la scuola scrittoria lucchese (sec
Contributi allo studio della minuscola carolina in Italia
Aspetti di produzione e conservazione del patrimonio manoscritto in Toscana
I Trattati attorno le arti figurative in Italia e nella Penisola Iberica dall’antichità classica al rinascimento e al secolo XVIII
A classical technology edited from Codex Lucensis 490
Uppsala: Almqvist & Wicksells Boktryckeri-A.-B; 1932
Archives d’histoire doctrinale et littéraire du Moyen Age
Note on some manuscripts of the Mappae Clavicula
Additional notes on some manuscripts of the Mappae Clavicula
Some continental manuscripts of the ‘Mappae Clavicula’
Die Überlieferung der technischen Literatur
In: Centro italiano di studi sull’alto Medioevo
Artigianato e tecnica nella società dell’alto medioevo occidentale
Settimana di studio del Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo
The Mappae Clavicula treatise of the Codex Matritensis 19 and the transmission of art technology in the middle ages
The dissemination of technical knowledge in the middle ages
The earliest technical recipes: assyrian recipes
Greek chemical treatises and the Mappae Clavicula text family
Technical recipes on glass in the so-called « Mappae Clavicula »
Ein unbekanntes Bruchstück der Mappae Clavicula aus dem Anfang des 9
Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technologie und der Alchemie
De insigni codice Caroli Magni aetate scripto et in bibliotheca RR
Canonicorum Majoris Ecclesiae Lucensis servato
Raccolta di opuscoli scientifici e filologici Venezia: Simone Occhi; 1751
De Coloribus: new perspectives on a series of recipes for making pigments within the Compositiones Lucenses tradition
Color Cult Sci (Rivista dell’Associazione Italiana Colore)
dans le réceptaires et manuscrits d’arpentage de l’Antiquité et du Haut Moyen Age
Transmission and circulation of written knowledge on art in the middle ages
The case of the Compositiones Lucenses tradition and the connection with vitruvius’ De architectura”
Ricettari medievali di arte e artigianato (secoli IX-XI)
Pigments et colorants dans la Mappae Clavicula
Pigments et colorants de l’antiquité au Moyen-Age
Trial index to some unpublished sources for the history of Medieval craftsmanship
The Spanish word ‘MATIZ’: its origin and semantic evolution in the technical vocabulary of medieval painters
Review of the work Farbgebung und Technik frühmittelalterliche Buchmalerei: studien zu den Traktäten “Mappae Clavicula” und “Heraclius,” by Heinz Roosen-Runge
Liber de Coloribus Illuminatorum Siue Pictorum from Sloane Ms
reworkings and renewals in late medieval recipe books
Medieval painting in Northern Europe: techniques
studies in commemoration of the 78th birthday of Unn Plahter
The influence of the concepts of ordinatio and compilatio on the development of the book
Medieval learning and literature: essays presented to Richard William hunt
Problème des métaux dans la science antique
Download references
drafted the codicological description of the manuscripts
and the section concerning the structure of the Compositiones lucenses tradition
GF drafted the remaining sections and revised the entire paper
Both authors read and approved the final manuscript
Mark Clarke (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) for the extensive and valuable revision of a former
We found his critical review very insightful
for his help with the same earlier edition
and three anonymous reviewers for their critical observations
Isabella Mead and Karen Cisneros for their professional proofreading
which improved the articulation of the paper
and the fruitful assistance on statistics by Dr
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
I give my consent to the article’s publication
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YouGov-Cambridge Globalism Project reveals French critical of government and distrustful of EU
Outside the bakery in Sélestat, a pleasant small town of cobbles, gables and two fine medieval churches in Alsace, eastern France
is a sign saying bread has been baked on this site since 1866 – except from 1942 to 1945
Barely 20 miles away, over the river in Emmendingen, a pleasant small town of cobbles, gables and a ruined 11th-century castle in western Germany
a sign at what remains of a medieval gate regrets that it was “destroyed by the French in 1689”
ShowThe project is a new annual survey of global attitudes in 23 of the world's biggest countries
The 2019 survey canvassed 25,325 people online across much of Europe
Questions about populist attitudes and convictions were inserted in order to derive a "populist cohort"
and discover what this group of people think about major world issues from immigration to vaccination
The full methodology can be found here.
Thank you for your feedback.Nowadays the towns and villages either side of the Rhine
a historic battleground between Europe’s two major powers
display more similarities than differences
After seven decades of peace and determined Franco-German friendship
the border checkpoints between them have long gone
They are also significantly more critical than Germans of government and public services
and distrustful of the EU and globalisation
“We’re a nation of moaners,” said Jean-Philippe Cézard
who lost his job as an IT specialist four years ago and now runs a cheese stall
the money from the butter and a kiss from the dairymaid – and when we don’t get all three
home visiting family from China where they now live
View image in fullscreenSelestat town centre
Photograph: Lastdon/Alamy Stock PhotoFrench state provision – healthcare
and benefits – were “astounding compared to so many countries”
“People here really don’t realise how lucky they are
some genuinely find it hard to make ends meet
“I think maybe there’s more of a sense of … I don’t know
said cautiously on the square by Emmerdingen’s old town hall
Everything seems just a bit more … volatile
they enjoy the little things in life a lot more than we do – but I guess they worry a lot more about the big things.”
said that since its major labour market reforms of the early 2000s
other countries in Europe – though not particularly France – have suffered
People feel the country must be doing something right.”
playing with her two-year-old daughter on the Castle Square swings
said some things in France always seemed better
“We often go to a French market when we want something special,” she said
It’s almost like they take pleasure in being grumpy.”
French grouching extends to the country’s feelings about the EU
according to the survey – even if it has always been part of the powerful Franco-German tandem that has traditionally driven the bloc
Perhaps the ultimate slight to the project is this: asked to choose who they would prefer to be the most powerful force in world politics
42% of French people who completed the survey chose the Americans
Just a third of French respondents chose the EU
It is not just about a tendency to be be grumpy
morale and outlook in Europe’s two leading powers probably has its roots in economics
According to the OECD’s Better Life index
France trails Germany – significantly – in employment (65% of French working-age adults have a paid job
Adjusted average disposable income is also slightly lower
“If you look at their experience over the past 10 years
it’s actually quite surprising Germans aren’t even more positive,” said Almut Möller
head of the Berlin office of the European Council on Foreign Relations
we punch above our weight internationally.”
“Germany has really been powerful in Europe
and is seen to be as powerful – that inspires a confidence in what your country can do for you
because it has brought us back into the heart of European democracies.”
View image in fullscreenThe castle Hochburg in Emmendingen
Photograph: Tanja Voigt/Alamy Stock PhotoMore recently
Germany has not witnessed terror attacks on its identity and way of life on the same scale as France
nor seen the far right surge to the same degree
consensus-driven political system may also ensure people feel they are better represented
have long demonstrated “a deep dissatisfaction with the way their political institutions work: every election
And they see the services that they feel are important for their way of life being steadily eroded.”
View image in fullscreenSelestat
Photograph: Alexander Sorokopud/Alamy Stock PhotoThe French dislike globalisation “essentially because it’s used as a reason to tell them they must adapt
The French economy really hasn’t done so badly; inequality’s not so disastrous
But the gilets jaunes have shown that even if the headline figures look OK
impossible to reform … But in fact there have been plenty of reforms
“I think people see that France is not finding the right responses to the big
and it makes them insecure about their future.”
Fears have been mounting of late about the sustainability of Germany’s export-driven model
lack of investment and poor digital infrastructure
Long-term changes in trade and technology could yet take the wind out of Germany’s sails
“be reaching a tipping point.” Gallic gloom may yet become Teutonic tristesse – though it would be a brave person who bets on it
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The French president's appearances have been met by protestors bashing pots and pans
French President Emmanuel Macron talks to a person opposed to the pension reform
LUDOVIC MARIN / AFP French President Emmanuel Macron was loudly booed by crowds in eastern France Wednesday
as he embarked on his first domestic trip outside of the capital since signing his unpopular pensions reform into law
Locals in Selestat in the Alsace region chanted slogans including "Macron resign!" while he was personally heckled by several people present
including one man who accused him of having a "corrupt government"
Macron told the man his ideas were "unfair"
the president replied: "I have had it worse."
It was not all condemnation and some people offered him encouragement
including one retiree who told him: "Keep going." Macron commented: "There are people who are not happy
Everyone should be free to express themselves
Police pushed back dozens of protesters banging kitchenware earlier in the day ahead of the president's arrival in the eastern village of Muttersholtz in the Alsace region
a form of protest with a long history in France
began during Macron's address to the nation on Monday evening after he signed the bill into law over the weekend
"The reality across the country is not just those making noise with pans or grumbling
He later told reporters that such incidents would not stop him from making visits across France and going on walkabouts
"This anger has to be heard and I am not deaf to it," he said
but it won't stop me from continuing to make trips," he said
The president made very few public appearances to speak to voters during the three months after announcing the deeply unpopular pension reform
whose flagship measure is hiking the retirement age from 62 to 64
Political opponents and trade unions have urged protesters to maintain their campaign against the law and called for a new day of mass protest on May 1
Around a hundred people from the CGT and CFDT unions gathered in front of the mayor's office in Muttersholtz earlier on Wednesday
using frying pans and pan lids as well as whistles and horns to make noise
After several requests from police to move back from the area
where local authorities have banned demonstrations
officers used force to push them 200 metres (650 feet) away
French President Emmanuel Macron shakes hands with local officials during a visit to Mathis
a company specialised in large wooden buildings
LUDOVIC MARIN / AFP On Tuesday evening
also saw around 300 demonstrators voice their anger at his pension changes
"People will make themselves heard but that's part of the moment," an aide to the president told reporters on Wednesday
adding that there would be "expressions of anger most probably
The scenes recall Macron's visits around France during the Yellow Vests protests of 2018-19
when the head of state was frequently confronted by angry hecklers or protesters
He was slapped in the face in 2021 by a 28-year-old unemployed medieval history enthusiast during a visit to a small town in southeastern France
After Wednesday's visit to a construction company in Muttersholtz
Macron is set to visit a school in the South on Thursday
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Back to competition after a year's absence
Dominik Mathé started his adventure with Paris Saint-Germain Handball very well
In the lead to the Liqui Moly StarLigue Round 17 clash with Sélestat
You have been back in the squad since the beginning of the year
because I had to learn the tactical plans in just a few days
So I had to rework my offensive and defensive movements
Was it hard being away from the squad for several months
because I couldn't share too much with my new teammates
at Chartres in the Coupe de France (31-32)
I also learned that Dainis had hurt himself and that I was going to play a lot
even though I was a bit short on the automatisms with them
But we won and that's the most important thing!"
Welcome Back! 👋Dominik Máthé scores his first goal in the 𝗠𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗲𝗸𝗲𝗿 #ehfcl for @psghand! 🤩#HandmadeHistory pic.twitter.com/BH7xcFakMV
You also got to see the Stade Pierre de Coubertin during a match
What did you think of the victory against Dunkerque (44-36)
"There were a lot of goals and an incredible pace
But it suited us because we are a team that likes to run."
What do you think of the standard of the Liqui Moly StarLigue
"At the moment I have only played one game
be it in the championship or the EHF Champions League."
Une publication partagée par Paris Saint-Germain Handball (@psghandofficiel)
48 hours after their match in Veszprém (36-34)
Paris Saint-Germain Handball were back in action as Sélestat came calling in Liqui Moly StarLigue Round 2 action on Saturday afternoon
Les Rouge et Bleu made their return to the Stade Pierre de Coubertin three months after the last official match in their arena
As Paris began their first match back at Coubertin
Andreas Palicka kept his goal inviolate for several long minutes
but they found the necessary accuracy to take the lead (6': 4-0)
The gap could have been even bigger without several saves from Alsatian goalkeeper
But it was his counterpart from Paris who hogged the limelight in this first quarter of an hour
with a penalty denied and a quick-fire seven saves (13': 6-2)
teeing Elohim Prandi up to score with a kung-fu (15': 7-2)
12 arrêts sur 16 tentatives ! Andreas Palicka réalise des débuts complètement fou à Coubertin ! 75% d’arrêts (😏🗼)16-6 #PSGSEL pic.twitter.com/dqfiJK0028
While Sadou Ntanzi scored his 100th Liqui Moly StarLigue goal
Andreas took advantage of an empty net to score a goal of his own (18': 13-4)
with Yoann Gibelin striking to put Les Rouge et Bleu ten points clear (20': 14-4)
the Parisians were deserved leaders in this first act (27': 18-7)
combined with the cutting edge of our forwards
Raul Gonzalez's men returned to the locker room with a more than healthy lead
Une publication partagée par Paris Saint-Germain Handball (@psghandofficiel)
The second half started the same way the first had ended: with Parisian dominance
our young players took their turn to shine
with a goal by Gautier Loredon and a save by Léo Villain (34': 23-9)
Our defence was solid and delayed their opponents' attempts to the maximum
which made things considerably easier for Léo (41': 27-13)
Gautier continued to shine by hitting a triple in the space of a few minutes as the capital club's lead continues to grow (43': 28-13)
our players still had the game well in hand (51': 32-20)
Even more so when their advantage increased to +14 with five minutes to go - thanks to Ferran Solé Sala (55': 34-20)
Paris Saint-Germain Handball claimed their second victory in as many league games this season
The next appointment will be European - once again at home - against Plock
Une publication partagée par Paris Saint-Germain Handball (@psghandofficiel)
This Page Has Washed AwayLooks like this page has disappeared with the tide — perhaps it’s buried in the sand at Vazon or drifting off Petit Port
has taken his first win in Europe when he was best today in the 13.8km TT that opened the Tour Centre Alsace Junior stage race in France this morning
who competes for Carlow RCC at home but is now racing in Europe for Belgium’s Isorex Cycling Team
went around the 13.8km course this morning in a time of 17:02
That was just a fraction of second quicker that Noa Isidore (UV Aube Junior)
with Mil Morang (UC Dippach) in 3rd at 15 seconds
This year’s Tour Centre Alsace Junior – which is just two stages both held today – is the first edition of the event
Scully went into the 110km stage 2 road race in the leader’s jersey
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Antoine Lebrun
JY'SNul besoin de parcourir le monde pour goûter à la meilleure des cuisines. Le très sérieux classement "La Liste" honore les meilleurs restaurants à travers le monde
une adresse se trouve à Colmar tout près de Strasbourg. Et il s'agit d'un spot auréolé de deux étoiles
La Liste
qui récompense chaque année les meilleurs restaurants au monde
a dévoilé son classement de l’année 2022
comme c'est le cas depuis plusieurs années maintenant
on retrouve en première position le maître Guy Savoy aux commandes du restaurant gastronomique de la Monnaie de Paris
Une publication partagée par Guy Savoy (@guysavoy) le 2 Mars 2019 à 1 :01 PST
Le meilleur restaurant du monde se trouve donc en France ! Il coiffe au poteau le fameux Bernardin
et la Vague d'Or - Le Cheval Blanc de Saint-Tropez en troisième position
Un classement qui fait la part belle à la cuisine française
puisque le top 20 réunit à lui seul 8 restaurants français
comme l’Arpège ou l'Auberge du Vieux Puits
Mais qu'en est-il des adresses de Strasbourg et de la région Grand-Est
un restaurant figure parmi le top 100 : l'adresse doublement étoilée du chef Jean-Yves Schillinger JY'S (avec une jolie note de 78/100)
Voir le classement
Ce magnifique marché près de Strasbourg pourrait devenir le plus beau marché de France
Ces deux communes près de Strasbourg ont été élues parmi les plus beaux détours de France
Bientôt le tout premier wagon-bar dans le tramway à Strasbourg
Last Updated on 28th November 2024 by Sophie Nadeau
The Alsace is an ancient and historic region to the East of France with proximity to Germany’s border
the region transforms into a twinkling winter wonderland which warms its visitors with festive joy and spirit
Some of the very best Christmas Markets & festive events in all of France can be found there
Here’s your ultimate guide to the best Christmas Markets in Alsace
The Alsace is impossibly beautiful and appears as if plucked straight out of a fairytale
the magical towns exude a charm that is both enchanting and timeless
the region transforms (quite literally) into a winter wonderland
where the first snowfall blankets the quaint cobblestone lanes
and the spirit of Christmas comes to life through the glittering markets of each timber-framed village and town
Thanks to its proximity to the German border
the unique blend of French and German cultures intertwine
This warm and welcoming pocket of the world is brimming with delicious Alsatian cuisine and plenty of artisanal treasures that reflect the region’s rich cultural tapestry
the glistening glow that bathes the markets and the sweet cinnamon scent filling the air captures that essence of the holiday season
It’s for this reason that millions of people travel to the Alsace from the end of November right up until the New Year on an annual basis
Strasbourg is the capital city of the region and is also home to the oldest Christmas market of the Alsace
Strasbourg Christkindelsmärik dates back to 1570
Self-proclaimed to be the ‘Capital of Christmas,’ Strasbourg is a true delight come wintertime
the entirety of the city transforms into a winter wonderland
there’s a whole host of festive activities which you won’t want to miss out on during your trip
and shows; from admiring the festive displays to indulging in local cuisine
and marvelling at Le Grand sapin (The Great Christmas Tree) a 30-metre tall tree that sits at the heart of the city
After having visited Strasbourg during Christmas a handful of times now, each time feels just as magical as the last. From the chestnut-scented air to strolling alongside the banks of the river underneath twinkling fairy lights with a piping hot wine cradled in hand. Strasbourg is certainly one of the top places to visit in Europe at the end of the year. Read our ultimate Strasbourg at Christmas guide.
Located just a half-hour drive away from Strasbourg is the sleepy Alsatian town Obernai
which (typical of the region) is filled with timber-framed candy houses and centred around its central market square
a beautiful Christmas market envelopes the town
Obernai’s festive market is particularly renowned for its foodie delights
Christmas in Obernai offers its visitors the perfect opportunity to taste local produce and specialties of the region
Want to learn more about Christmas market foods in Europe
Often referred to as the cradle of the Alsace textile industry
it’s hard not to miss the gleaming modern factories when heading into Thann by car
the tiny town of Thann can be found close to the borders with both Switzerland and Germany and has a population of just under eight thousand residents
you’ll soon discover a myriad of twinkling Christmas lights and decorations
including a decorated ‘tree tunnel’ which leads to an abundance of market stalls
The market stalls sell artisan goods and wares, knitted hats, gloves and scarves. In terms of food, vendors serve dishes like the traditional Spätzle (pasta served with a creamy lardon sauce), as well as crêpes and plenty of vin chaud! Read our guide on Christmas in Thann here.
If Christmas were a place, it would be Colmar
this French fairytale town best known for its abundance of timber-framed houses and rich medieval history is decked out with decorations come Christmastime
there’s a wealth of festive events to be enjoyed
Consistently ranked as one of the best Christmas Markets in Europe
the city is transformed into a delightful extravaganza of twinkling lights
and hundreds of traditional wooden-style chalet stalls
Though wonderful to visit during the daytime
when a dazzling display of lights illuminates the city and its many canals
transforming Colmar into a true Christmas paradise.
but the most notable are those of the concerts
Highlights include performances throughout the Christmas period at Saint Matthieu’s church
and even a Youth Symphony Orchestra concert
Visitors can also enjoy ice skating at Place Rapp, which is surrounded by a forest of fir trees. This forest is the Christmas Tree Market of the town and where visitors can peruse all the trees that are yet to be collected by a local to take home for decorating! Read our guide on how to visit Colmar at Christmas.
One of the more alternative Christmas Markets in the Alsace region is that of Guebwiller
the town has hosted ‘Blue Christmas’ or ‘Noël Bleu’ as it is so-called in French
The market takes its name to commemorate the bicentenary of the birth of its ceramist
Théodore Deck. Many of the town’s key landmarks and attractions are illuminated in blue
bathing the entirety of the settlement in an azure glow
There are two distinctive locations for the Christmas Markets in Guebwiller, though they are generally listed as a single event and can be reached within a few minutes walk of one another. While one is smaller and lies in the shadow of the famed ‘blue church,’ the other is a much larger affair, centred around a central ice skating rink. Read our guide to Christmas in Guebwiller.
surprisingly large and a little off the beaten path
Kayersberg’s Christmas market illuminates alleyways and brings this Alsace destination to life
Kaysersberg is a dreamy little town which is best known for its location along the Alsatian wine route
Its moniker means “Mountain of the Emperor” in German
the entirety of the pastel-hued timber-framed settlement becomes a haven for Christmas festivities
While some Alsatian Christmas markets have pretty long and storied histories
that of Kaysersberg is nowhere near as long
and there has only been an annual Christmas Market in town since 1987
the Christmas Market has been run by the association ‘Noël à Kaysersberg’
The group’s main aim is to spread the Christmas spirit and create the kind of Christmas Market which rivals even the best of Europe
up to 300,000 visitors are welcomed into Kaysersberg to enjoy the lights
purchase souvenirs and indulge in local food and drink
Each year, 30 craftspeople are carefully selected by the municipality to sell their wares. You’ll find plenty of unique souvenirs and trinkets, including wooden toys, handwoven fabric products, and artisanal food and drink. Read our Christmas in Kaysersberg guide.
Found nearby to Guebwiller is the charming settlement of Mullhouse
this Alsatian town is a true delight come Christmastime
and the main market in town (lying in the shadow of the grand Cathedral) is presided over by a magnificent Ferris wheel
which you can go on to admire the market from above
what makes the market at Mulhouse truly unique is that a special ‘Christmas fabric’ is produced each year
and you can even purchase this fabric by the metre
The Christmas cups for Vin Chaud are decorated with the fabric pattern and it can be found across the city adorning chalets and other spaces
For those who are seeking to venture a little off the beaten tourist track when it comes to the classic ‘Marchés de Noël’ and festive events in the Alsace region
there is perhaps no better place to head to than the delightful town of Eguisheim
So authentic is the market to be found at Eguisheim that it’s been awarded the label of ‘Christmas Cities and Village’ (Villes et Villages de Noël in French) thanks to the outstanding quality and ambience of the stalls
and decorations on offer in this tiny Alsace town.
there are around thirty market stalls spread across several venues in the town centre
All are within a few minutes walk of one another, and the rest of the town is decorated with thousands of twinkling lights and festive decorations, meaning that there are plenty of photo opportunities! Read our guide on Christmas in Eguisheim.
One of the more unusual Christmas Markets in the Alsace is to be found just a ten-minute drive or so away from Kaysersberg-Vignoble. Turckheim is a speck of a town where
a handful of market stalls adorn the town’s centre
Taking place throughout the Advent season each year (there’s even a life-sized picture advent calendar directly in front of the town hall), the market stalls themselves vend local products and are housed against the backdrop of tiny cartoon-like timber-framed stalls
Sélestat boasts a historical heritage as being the “cradle of the Christmas Tree” thanks to the fact it’s home to the first written mention of one in 1521
This tiny Alsace town is a little off the beaten path
but well worth visiting for its rich cultural heritage and cute timber-framed homes
Though I would not particularly go out of your way to visit the Christmas Market here
there are a few festive activities to enjoy
and the town itself (like all of the Alsace) exudes festive warmth and seasonal joy in its own right
Anywhere from learning how to make Christmas regional treats to marvelling at the decorations and the multitude of fir trees that deck out the town. Indeed, there’s usually an exhibition which outlines the evolution of the Christmas tree
For those who are in search of an eco-friendly Christmas market (hosted indoors) and only using recycled materials (meaning no waste!)
Kingersheim’s Christmas Market offers a fresh approach to the festive season
considering the impact this annual tradition has on the environment and turning it onto its head
allowing visitors to explore a winter wonderland through a different lens
Christmas here is truly magical as every decoration seen is created from carefully picked recycled materials that are then handmade by local craftsmen
Pfastatt is the kind of Christmas Market that’s a true hidden gem and only really ‘discoverable’ thanks to word of mouth
This small market typically takes place over just one weekend in December and only tends to house a handful of market stalls
the air is scented with vin chaud and artisans sell treasures from handmade decorations
knitted gloves and plenty of beautiful ornaments that make perfect gifts for loved ones
Perched on a hillside, Riquewihr is a fairytale town that feels like it’s been plucked straight out of a storybook
The medieval town remains partially fortified to this day
and pastel-hued homes are dotted around the small settlement in abundance
Come Christmastime, Riquewihr is home to one of the most frequented markets in the Alsace
the area within the walls is transformed into a Christmas town
with over 100 stalls lining the rue des Remparts
The town is home to one particular speciality Christmas Market, Le Sentier des Saveurs (the flavour trail) which is held in the Cour des Nobles and sees around a dozen chalets selling local produce. This includes Alsace whisky, local charcuterie, and fresh cheeses. Read our Christmas in Riquewihr guide.
Of all the Christmas Markets in the Alsace
one of the most charming to visit is certainly that of Bouxwiller
A small town with a population of around 4,000 residents
this quaint destination twinkles with festive joy come Christmastime
The Christmas market usually takes place over a weekend in December and is considered to be one of the most traditional in the Alsace region
boasting stalls which sell specialty delights
Enjoyed reading about the best Christmas Markets in Alsace
Planning a trip to the European Christmas markets
Our digital companion guide is over 130 pages long and is packed with detailed tips and tricks to help you plan the perfect trip
Sophie Nadeau is a full time travel writer and photographer focused on cultural experiences in Europe and beyond
When she's not chasing after the sunset (or cute dogs she sees on her travels) she can be found reading
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