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In 1812, at the request of his mother, Letitia, Napoleon I paid for more promenades to be built and fountains to be installed thereby creating the Parc des Sources which links the water sources and the baths and forms the town’s backbone who came five times to treat his renal colic For his first two visits in 1861 and 1862 the city authorities put the Villa Strauss at his disposal he decreed an urban development plan with a railway station where visitors sedately played cards and board-games In 1863 architect Jean Lefaure built him a “chalet” (more of a small mansion!) but it faced the boulevard and the emperor wanted greater privacy so had Lefaure build him two others facing the river Allier: one for him one for his long-suffering wife the Empress Eugenie These two chalets at 107 and 108 boulevard des États-Unis bear a discreet crown and initials “N” and “E” above their respective doors are privately owned so you can’t visit them but you get a very good view of them from the riverside park Lefaure also designed eight identical villas along the rue Alquié for the imperial guard but after Napoleon ceased visiting Vichy these villas were sold Each new owner modified their villa so n°21 remains the closest to the original design May to October are the nicest months. Bring or rent your sumptuous crinolines, parasols and top hats if visiting in mid-June for the annual Napoleon III festivities when the town slides 150 years back to the hey-day of imperial gaiety From September to May you can enjoy a wide variety of shows at the sumptuous art deco opera house and shop...even on Sundays because this is one of the very few towns in France where shops are permitted to open on that day If you’re coming to just visit the town then you’ll see most of the sights in two days You can also book up to five days of health and beauty treatments and intersperse these with cultural activities If you come for a thermal cure prescribed by a doctor then the minimal stay is 21 days The Vichy cure is indicated for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent) high cholesterol and/or triglycerides and/or uric acid levels It also treats digestive disorders and food allergies It is also prescribed by doctors for the treatment of arthritis back problems; the after-effects of trauma (sprains algodystrophy and orthopedic surgery; osteoporosis; gout and inflammatory rheumatism Vichy's medically prescribed spa treatments always last three weeks and include drinking the thermal waters taking thermal steam baths and showers and receiving underwater massages from a physiotherapist The patient is seen three times by a doctor and has a multidisciplinary team at hand including nutritionists and psychologists In 2025 while the historical Dômes thermal establishment, with its spectacular Moorish dome, is closed for renovations, the Vichy Célestins Thermal Spa is the only establishment in town that offers Vichy mineral water wellness and beauty treatments. The Callou Thermal Spa which is where medically-prescribed treatments are given Switzerland or the UK and the health insurance system in your country of residence covers thermal cures then your health insurance provider may cover you on condition that a thermal cure cannot be undertaken in your own country within a reasonable delay given your health Contact your health insurance provider for personalized instructions Vichy lies 360km (224 miles) south of Paris Come by train because you really don’t need a car in the town which fans out from the train station to the Allier river just 1km (0.6 miles) away There are nine trains a day from Paris (average travel time 3½ hours) and 10 a day from Lyon (2 hours) which is 160km (99 miles) southeast of Vichy The journey from Paris costs €22.50–70 (US$26–80) and from Lyon If you’ve come by car, park it in the underground La Poste car park (€8/US$9 for 24 hours) First go to the Hall des Sources designed by Lucien Woog and Charles Lecoeur at the northern end of the Parc des Sources where you can freely taste water (or fill your bottle) from five of the nine sources I’ve tasted all five: Chomel – whose minerals are used to make the famous Vichy-État lozenges – is good for indigestion; Grande Grille which needs to be drunk in homeopathic doses can have surprising effects on the digestive system; Hôpital the saltiest of all (actually bicarbonate of soda); and Lucas…well The 280m-long (918ft) eastern and western edges of the Parc des Sources are both lined with a covered wrought-iron walkway built in 1901–02 by Émile Robert to allow ladies and gentlemen to promenade Imitate them to reach the southern end of the park where you’ll find the Grand Casino and Opera A little over 400m (1312ft) south of the casino once a private road with its extraordinary mix of neo-Flemish art nouveau and neo-Gothic buildings all built between 1895 and 1905 for short-term rentals) now protected behind marble and glass under an elegant 18th-century style pavilion designed by architect Lucien Woog The water from this source is the one that’s bottled and sold the world over Then walk 100m (328ft) further south to Notre Dame des Malades church (aka Saint Blaise) built between 1925 and 1956 Don’t be put off by the austere reinforced concrete exterior Inside you’ll find an explosion of colors from the slender lapis lazuli columns to the strong red blues and greens of the stained glass windows via the shimmering gold of the mosaics Turning back north between the park and the river admire the flamboyant early 20th-century homes built for wealthy patrons on the boulevard des États-Unis the rue de Belgique and the boulevard de Russie You won't spend much if you’re just visiting the town but expect to part with considerable sums if you want some wellness and beauty treatments thrown in Night at a hotel: €85–234 per night (US$97–266) Four half-day beauty treatments at the Célestins Spa & Thermal Hotel: €855 (US$973) For something more medieval you can stay for €210 (US$239) in the moat-surrounded Chateau de la Mothe, just a half-hour’s drive west of Vichy The choice for food is vast, from the Maison Decoret’s 1-star Michelin restaurant (€135/US$154 or so for dinner) to a three-course meal for as little as €28 (US$32) at the Michelin-recommended Les Caudalies.  including a group of children who were recently rescued from internment camps in France a ship that will bring them to the United States American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee France’s collaborationist Vichy Regime rescinded the citizenship rights of thousands of Jews and others soon after it took power in 1940 The policy’s stated aim was to give France “back to the French,” and it chiefly targeted Jews without mentioning them explicitly Join us to learn more about Vichy’s relations with Nazi Germany and the links between national exclusion and the implementation of the Holocaust in France A reception in the Hall of Witness will follow the program Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies This program is free and open to the public, but registration is required. For more information, please contact vscholars@ushmm.org The Ina Levine Invitational Scholar Award is endowed by the William S part of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is to ensure the long-term growth and vitality of Holocaust Studies it is essential to provide opportunities for new generations of scholars The vitality and the integrity of Holocaust Studies require openness so that new ideas are generated and tested through peer review and public debate or after their activities with the Mandel Center do not represent and are not endorsed by the Mandel Center or the Museum A new French government was established in Vichy in 1940 in the unoccupied southern part of the country but it was committed to cooperation with Germany After the French armistice with Germany in June 1940 Gurs fell under the authority of the new collaborationist French government After securing the agreement of the Vichy government German officials and French police conducted roundups of Jews in both the occupied and unoccupied zones of France throughout the summer of 1942 The Vél d'Hiv was part of a series of roundups The Magazine of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Field Alastair Reynolds (Subter­ranean 978-1-64524-280-2 The Dagger in Vichy is very different from Alastair Reynolds’s other recent work saw him return to the Revelation Space universe is set on Earth – albeit (it becomes clear) many centuries in the future The Dagger in Vichy follows a small acting troupe as they travel through a much-changed France charged with bringing a mysterious relic to His Holiness at Avignon and then saved from the noose through the kindness of the playwright Master Guillaume but still isn’t entirely sure about some of the events that happened over those weeks led by Guillaume and the old soldier Bernard he makes Guillaume and Bernard pledge to take a precious box to Avignon They agree – and everything goes south from there There is disagreement between the two leaders of the troupe about what route to take and whether they should meet their acting commitments or if their oath should take precedence Things take a turn even further for the worse when Guillaume starts talking to the relic Rufus then gets drawn even further into mystery and trouble when Guillaume convinces him to use his lock-picking skills on the box Guillaume becomes obsessed with the box’s contents Reynolds does an excellent job with a story that could almost be set in early modern France slip­ping in references that upend that view The troupe travel by horse-drawn wagon; there seems to be no long-range communication; Guillaume writes his plays by hand But Bernard’s dagger has a nugget of depleted uranium in the hilt and some rich cities have healing coffins for medical emergencies It’s eventually revealed that the story is set many centuries after our own time and there are still remnants of pre-Twilight equip­ment for those who know how to use them It’s not quite a postapocalyptic world – or rather such that folks are now simply living in the world as it is While society has regressed in terms of the technology people can access Much as the people of early modern France did a declaration of human resilience (or bloody-mindedness) in the face of catastrophe (much like life in Chasm City after the Melding Plague in some of Reynolds’ Revelation Space stories) Two technological aspects of the novella par­ticularly stand out One is a wonderfully acerbic description of ‘‘artificial intelligence’’ being used for creative purposes The other is Reynolds’s evoca­tion of ‘‘the Wald.’’ Named for the German word for forest the Wald is a terrifying part of France that every right-thinking person avoids; if they don’t and certainly not without incurring a cost the reality is that the Wald is growing inexorably This vision of (presumably) human technology made for excellent reasons but which has got completely out of hand very narrow: primarily the actions of Rufus with others in the troupe having (to use a cliché) walk-on parts But there is of course more to it than that there are questions of loyalty and trust and ambition But the wider world that Reynolds hints at could easily have become a novel: who is the Impera­tor who are the groups that are fighting and for what purpose what happened during the Twilight Centuries and how has any of the technology survived teasing hints – while still making sense within the context of the novella – added to the overall power of the story (The historian in me also enjoyed the many historical references and His Holiness residing at Avignon.) I have always enjoyed Alastair Reynolds’s work and – for all its departure from what I initially enjoyed so many years ago now – this novella is an excellent addition to his oeuvre Alexandra Pierce is the editor and publisher of the nonfiction Speculative Insight: A Journal of Space, Magic, and Footnotes and was a host of the Hugo Award-winning podcast Galactic Suburbia Alex has edited two award-winning non-fiction anthologies Letters to Tiptree and Luminescent Threads: Connections to Octavia E This review and more like it in the April 2025 issue of Locus. While you are here please take a moment to support Locus with a one-time or recurring donation We rely on reader donations to keep the magazine and site going and would like to keep the site paywall free but WE NEED YOUR FINANCIAL SUPPORT to continue quality coverage of the science fiction and fantasy field Copyrighted material may not be republished without permission of LSFF Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" “Sitting down with Locus Magazine is like catching up with an old friend who always knows the good gossip and has the best book recommendations It’s a great way to keep up with exciting things happening in SFF and to get inspired by other authors and artists through in-depth interviews Locus Magazine and Website cover science fiction and allows us to continue to share our content without a paywall Even a small contribution goes a long way toward keeping Locus going and keeping you up to date with new exciting books and in the know about the SFF world Golsan argues the demise of French democracy in 1940 holds important lessons for Americans grappling with the realities of life under Donald Trump For the historian of modern France and Vichy and World War II in particular the situation in the United States today calls to mind a number of disturbing comparisons with France during the so-called “Dark Years” of 1940 to 1944 the United States has not experienced a staggering military defeat and the occupation of part of its country by a foreign power Nor has the United States been forced to accept a humiliating peace with its conqueror including the concession of assets and the impoverishment of its people The United States has also not (yet?) witnessed the suicide of its democracy when the National Assembly voted itself out of existence Pétain was France’s greatest military hero of World War I the “Victor of Verdun” who put down mutinies by his troops and brought about one of France’s most memorable Pétain honed his image and served a variety of cabinet and diplomatic posts He was elected to the Académie Française and produced a memoir ghost-written by the young Charles de Gaulle Donald Trump by contrast is no military hero (he got out of the draft due to “bone spurs” in his feet) nor did he serve in any political or government positions before shocking the world with his election as US President in 2016 a self-styled shrewd businessman who made a fortune in real estate (at least reputedly) with money he inherited from his father he was fawned over by many in the media and made a spectacle of himself that many considered tasteless if not downright cringe-worthy during the finals of the US Open tennis tournament Trump flew overhead in his helicopter while the match was already underway forcing a momentary delay in the match and prompting expressions of exasperation form the commentators had his own show and made multiple guest appearances on other shows he launched failed casinos in Atlantic City not to mention all the MAGA gear his supporters rush to buy Since he assumed office in January of this year he has reputedly made two billion dollars in the crypto currency he championed and that the Biden administration tried to curtail All of this is of course widely known and underscores the striking differences between Trump and Pétain the septuagenarian Trump is a vainglorious old man who thrives on adulation and claims credit for everything positive that happens in the world (most recently while blaming everybody and anybody else for whatever goes wrong Trump memorably described himself during his first term as a “very stable genius” While more refined in his egotistical pronouncements, Pétain also adored adulation. When he claimed power in summer 1940, Pétain famously stated that he was “giving France the gift of my person”. In Julian Jackson’s excellent book about Pétain’s postwar trial for treason Jackson writes that when the old Marshal took the stand in his defence he blamed everybody but himself for the catastrophe that had befallen France both men conceive(d) of themselves as quintessential representatives and indeed embodiments of their respective nations one can find an image of his face with the stars and stripes superimposed on it In households in France throughout the Vichy period could be found portraits of the old Marshal Vichy propaganda posters often contained the slogan comparisons like these between Donald Trump and the head of the Vichy state are rather mundane I’d like to conclude here with more ominous comparisons not so much between the two political leaders but rather the content and implications of their actions and the mindsets that defined the French people during the war years and the American people today A first shared trait is a fear of the “internal enemy” among us and the urgent necessity of isolating and removing that enemy as a kind of “contamination” Very early in his reign as head of the French State Pétain promulgated the first of his “anti-Jewish statutes” that aimed to drastically limit Jews in French public life essentially forcing many into a state of destitution with the advent of the Nazi “Final Solution” the regime willingly participated in rounding up and deporting Jews to the East It remains a stain on the French national conscience that in July 1942 French police rounded up some 13,000 Jews in Paris Most were eventually deported to their deaths a subprefect named Maurice Papon organised similar deportations on a smaller scale Papon stood trial for his actions during the war on charges of crimes against humanity well known to most Americans since prisoners of the “War on Terror” following 9/11 were sent there In New York, Trump’s Justice Department is halting the prosecution of Mayor Eric Adams on corruption charges in what many view as a quid pro quo for his support in the deportations of immigrants although Trump’s Justice Department denies this Donald Trump’s return to power has sent shockwaves through the nation and even some of his supporters are unsettled by the radical “overhaul” taking place a spokesperson in Kansas noted that farmers there who voted overwhelmingly for Trump were unhappy about his destruction of USAID since many of their farm crops were sold to USAID to be shipped to needy countries abroad Most economists warn that the imposition of tariffs will only exacerbate the economic crisis facing farmers and cause other problems As Trump and Elon Musk take control of the budget which constitutionally at least is in the purview of Congress Republican leaders there are offering no pushback Unlike France’s National Assembly in July 1940 Pétain had no choice but to accommodate Hitler But his encouragement of “collaboration” with the Germans remains a bitter pill for most French to swallow are under no obligation to “shake hands” with any adversary nor are they obliged to turn against former allies both of these things have happened in the last few weeks J.D. Vance’s trip to Munich – a site of extraordinary historical resonance – to chide America’s allies was the first salvo. In the New York Times, Bret Stevens described the visit as “Vance’s Munich Disgrace” Then US representatives met Russian leaders in Riyadh with the goal of ending the war in Ukraine and reestablishing ties with the Kremlin All this was prefaced by Trump’s concessions to Putin namely that conquered territories in Ukraine were likely to remain Russian and Ukraine would never be allowed to join NATO Putin is a man Trump admires and once said he believed more than he did his own intelligence services Trump has also picked a fight with Ukraine’s Volodymyr Zelenskyy unceremoniously throwing a former ally under the bus At home in the US and abroad these sudden reversals have left many reeling Republican Senators, most of whom backed American support for Ukraine and opposed Russia’s naked aggression, remain “mum”, as the New York Times reported on 20 February All of this is justified by what Trump’s minions describe as the necessity of being clear-sighted about the current situation Readers of Sartre might recall that capitulation to the foreign invader by French collaborators was justified on the grounds that they were being “historically realistic” Studies of the French population after the shock of defeat and the advent of Vichy suggest that most French were neither hardcore collaborators nor resisters One of the more disturbing realities is not so much that Republicans are enthusiastic about Trump’s demolition of norms and the status quo but rather that Democrats are remaining silent Many if not most Republican legislators are less popular in their own districts than Trump and dare not take him on Admittedly this begs the question of why they would want to stay “in power” in Washington when they don’t have any power in Trump’s world the Minority Leader in the House of Representatives stated that the Democrats need to act like great hitters in baseball: they need to choose carefully the balls that they swing at to make sure to get a hit Note: This article gives the views of the author, not the position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy or the London School of Economics. Featured image credit: Joshua Sukoff / Shutterstock.com Golsan is University Distinguished Professor and Director of the French Institute at Texas A&M University and a Senior Fellow at the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University 30 January 2025 – The Toyota Mobility Foundation (hereinafter referred to as “TMF”) Vichy Communauté and Les centres de ressources d’expertise et de performance sportive (hereinafter referred to as “CREPS”) of Vichy and three innovative startups are proud to  announce the launch of a project aimed at improving mobility for individuals with reduced mobility This initiative underscores TMF’s dedication to fostering inclusive mobility solutions that enhance independence and accessibility reflecting their broader mission to enable more people go more places and realize their full potential Building on the successful partnership announced earlier this year the City of Vichy and Vichy Communauté collaborated with three innovative start-ups – Andyamo and Genny Mobility – to develop and implement the first fully adapted solution tailored specifically for individuals with reduced mobility We envision a future where mobility solutions are inclusive and accessible to everyone This project in Vichy is just the beginning Our aim is to develop a scalable and transferable wayfinding application that can benefit  people with reduced mobility in cities and regions worldwide We are committed to driving innovation in mobility and making a positive impact on communities globally Evelity app (by Okeenea): Evelity focused on mapping the CREPS of Vichy to enhance accessible entire campus navigation Known as an inclusive wayfinding application Evelity specializes in providing better orientation and navigation for all with a design inspired by the needs of people with disabilities in complex environments a renowned facility for high-level athletes’ preparation and improvement became fully navigable for individuals with mobility challenges This initiative enabled athletes but also visitors to move autonomously and securely within the centre thereby promoting inclusivity and accessibility Another part of the collaboration is creation of the tactile maps for CREPS facilities The 3D plans are created with inclusive design principles and high-contrast visuals to cater to various sensory needs three-dimensional representation of the building layout As the whole CREPS campus indoors and outdoors is already planned with consideration of potential mobility challenges of visitors and athletes this 3D plan helps users to visualize the space and plan their routes more effectively It is a tool that elegantly completes the digital orientation provided by Evelity We are excited to bring our expertise in accessible navigation to the CREPS campus we aimed to provide athletes with mobility challenges the freedom to navigate independently and confidently This project underscores our commitment to inclusivity and ensuring that all athletes have equal access to top-tier training environments Andyamo: Andyamo developed an accessible pedestrian and multimodal trip planner adapted to each user mobility level (family with kids with stroller people in manual or electric wheelchair etc.) The trip planner guarantees the accessibility of the public transport lines stops (to get on and off with a ramp) and the pedestrian routes of the City of Vichy (precision of the sidewalks and pedestrian crossings) This included creating the first pedestrian turn-by-turn navigation system that displayed the right pedestrian instruction at the right moment and improved user position accuracy Our mission is to improve mobility for all and provide autonomy safety and freedom especially to people with reduced mobility Our goal is to provide a seamless navigation experience for people with reduced mobility (more than 20% of the French population) By developing an accessible trip planner and turn-by-turn navigation system we aimed to empower users with the confidence to explore their surroundings independently This project is a significant step towards making urban mobility more inclusive We are very proud of what we have done with Toyota Mobility Foundation Genny Mobility: Genny Mobility brought its cutting-edge connected personal mobility technology to the project Known for their innovative mobility devices Genny Mobility enhances the mapping capabilities across diverse terrains is the world's first self-balancing wheelchair All Genny devices moving around created a network of devices operating as endpoints for a data analysing system which statistically generated mappings of the environment Genny Mobility could locate the vehicles and place them on a map adding other available information about the space in which they moved The terrain on which the Genny vehicles moved had an identifiable profile through thorough data analysis By continuously passing through the same points Genny Mobility validated information about the terrain morphology more precisely The analysis focused on three key patterns: obstacle detection ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the environment Our technology allows us to create detailed and accurate mappings of the environment which is essential for providing safe and reliable navigation for people with reduced mobility we can offer a robust solution that enhances the overall mobility experience The project enhances inclusivity and accessibility for people with mobility challenges By introducing an adapted wayfinding system and detailed 3D plans the initiative ensures that individuals with reduced mobility can navigate their environments with greater ease and confidence The project promotes peace of mind by providing real-time accessible route information and improving indoor navigation at the CREPS training center This holistic approach empowers individuals to move independently and securely fostering a more inclusive and accessible community for everyone These steps aim to create a robust and adaptable mobility solution that people with reduced mobility worldwide can benefit TMF is committed to contributing to a sustainable society by leveraging the technologies and expertise gained from our various projects and working with a diverse range of partners to promote activities aligned with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) The Toyota Mobility Foundation (Chair Akio Toyoda) was established in August 2014 by the Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota) to support the development of a more mobile society in which everyone can move freely The Foundation underscores Toyota’s ongoing commitment to continuous improvement and respect for people It utilizes Toyota’s expertise and technologies to support strong mobility systems while eliminating disparities in mobility TMF works in partnership with universities research institutions and other organizations creating programs that are aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address mobility issues around the world TMF aims to create a truly mobile society that will help people live better lives no matter where they are Toyota believes that when people are free to move inclusive and sustainable mobility to achieve its mission of producing “Happiness for All” TME launched the KINTO mobility brand which offers a range of mobility services in 20 countries and is growing its business-to-business sales of zero-emission fuel cell products and engineering support Contributing to the UN Sustainable Development Goals Toyota is working to achieve carbon neutrality in its entire business across Europe A historic leader in CO2 reduction in Europe TME aims to achieve 100% CO2 reduction in all new vehicles in Western Europe by 2035 and will continue to offer a full range of electrified powertrains to customers across the region with its hybrid Sixth-grade teacher Robert Todd runs through a lesson on Tuesday April 1 with his class at Shearer School in Napa which added grades 6-8 to its elementary school The Napa school district is considering a similar expansion at Vichy Elementary School Middle school students gather near the portable classrooms at Shearer School in Napa on Tuesday Shearer was an elementary school before adding grades 6 to 8 an expansion the Napa Valley Unified School District is contemplating at Vichy Elementary NVUSD has announced that Vichy Elementary may begin adding grades as early as August but some parents are seeking to expand Willow Elementary instead Vichy Elementary School could become the next campus in Napa’s public school system to add middle school grades The move would continue the Napa Valley Unified School District’s efforts to widen the options for grades 6 to 8 a project that began with the expansion of Shearer Magnet School in 2021 and Browns Valley Elementary the following year parents at Willow Elementary School are seeking equal consideration for expanding its curriculum into the early teen years “We are here tonight because Willow parents and our school community also have an interest in a TK-8 program and we would also like to be considered for this opportunity,” Ashley Walker said during public comments at NVUSD’s March 13 board meeting “We are in support of exploring an expansion; we are just here tonight to ask that the district make that decision transparently.” Demand for sixth-grade learning options in the district has left more than 100 students on enrollment waitlists for the 2025-26 school year according to NVUSD spokesperson Julie Bordes District officials began exploring a potential middle school expansion at Vichy in late January Multiple factors were considered to evaluate the school ● Existing space and current room utilization at the facility ● Potential impact on existing site initiatives and programs ● Geographic location and saturation (on the east side of Napa) “The Napa Valley Unified School District is always assessing middle school options to ensure the best fit for families,” Bordes wrote in an email to the Napa Valley Register “This data-driven assessment is crucial for maintaining our competitiveness in the face of declining enrollment and allows us to remain responsive to our families’ needs.” The school district shared its most recent update on Vichy’s possible expansion in a March newsletter to school families Vichy would add sixth-grade classes in 2025-26 followed by seventh grade in 2026-27 and eighth grade in 2027-28 To help determine whether expanding Vichy is feasible NVUSD asked parents to express their interest in their children attending middle school at the northeast Napa campus the district would need to fill two sixth-grade classes with up to 32 students each Vichy fifth-graders would have enrollment priority Students on waitlists for other middle school programs would then have the chance to enroll at Vichy told the Register that board trustees work to balance student and family needs with fiscal responsibility and the realities of school attendance that has declined steadily since 2017 thus reducing enrollment-based education funding from the state is “committed to making data-driven decisions.” more parents of Willow Elementary students urged trustees to consider that school for expansion — and to be more transparent about their decision-making The first parent to speak during public comment told the board that his family decided to transfer their two children from Vichy to Willow because of its status as an arts integration magnet school “We have seen the difference in our children’s learning growth and are incredibly grateful that this curriculum is offered within our district,” McMann said I am here tonight to express my concern that the district is seemingly moving forward with a TK-8 expansion effort at Vichy without being able to clearly articulate what factors are guiding this decision and process and for that matter many other schools within our district should be given equal consideration in this expansion process.” also asked the district to extend Willow’s “artful learning” curriculum into the middle school years “That artful learning program has blown me away,” Jessup said “It blows my mind how much he is learning and doing and how he is expressing himself.” Carley Lalim told the board that concerned parents conducted an informal survey of as many Willow parents as they could reach two said they needed more information and one said they were not interested in a middle school expansion The rest were in favor of expanding Willow to include three more grades More than 30% of the parents who answered the survey said they would send their students to a non-district middle school Willow parents' enthusiasm for an expanded school – and district leaders' cautiousness – were again on display at an informational meeting NVUSD hosted Tuesday night with nearly 85 parents joining in person or via Zoom Mucetti discussed the district’s brush with insolvency after she became superintendent in 2018 and its closure of four schools it carried out in 2020 and 2022 as one step toward righting the ship “We are definitely in a different position today,” she said We want to design a program with enrollment options that families want But we have to use data to make sure any expansion is sustainable.” Mucetti then opened up the discussion to the parents in attendance asking them to share their hopes and aspirations for an arts learning magnet school Many parents spoke highly of Willow’s learning model and expressed concerns their children wouldn’t be able to continue on that path in middle school and there is a desire to keep their children in that environment Others mentioned the school’s support for special-needs students with one mother writing on Zoom that her daughter has “done so well with a smaller “I am so concerned she will lose all she has gained,” she said Mucetti focused on the data obtained by the district in its research on further expanding TK-8 programs in Napa Valley Pilot expansions at the Shearer and Browns schools Valley helped soften the impact of school closures and solidified the effort for additional programs the district must make decisions on expanding schools with an eye toward consistently shrinking enrollment at local public and private schools alike to avoid further hardship for NVUSD “I don’t know what’s going to happen with Vichy,” she said “We’ve got to hit an (attendance) threshold and we are not going to run singleton classrooms Mucetti announced that district officials would meet with Vichy parents Wednesday evening and then formally present expansion information to the NVUSD board when it meets April 10 Friends and family of Berryessa's Turtle Rock bar collected the money pined to the ceiling of the cafe to donate to UCSF and celebrate the 15-year 'cancerversary' of Elijah Leung Take a ride around Napa on these motorized ADA-compliant scooters made to look like various critters and creatures Most of Napa’s River Park Shopping Center tenants cater to locals Now a handful of tenants have left the center The sheriff's office reported seizing 13 roosters from a Carneros site where it said the birds were altered and trained to fight other male birds Take a good look at Napa’s Kohl’s building Developers have asked the city of Napa for permission to demolish the building at 1116 First St Your browser is out of date and potentially vulnerable to security risks.We recommend switching to one of the following browsers: Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device Account processing issue - the email address may already exist Invalid password or account does not exist Submitting this form below will send a message to your email with a link to change your password An email message containing instructions on how to reset your password has been sent to the email address listed on your account and I’m already impressed with the results Neha is an Editor at People where she writes and edits stories that cover everything from trending fashion to celebrity beauty tricks She has over ten years of experience working in media and seven years of experience as an editor Columbia has long been run more as a business empire than as an educational institution It was never about eliminating antisemitism That is what the gagging of protesting students While partisans of the Israeli-American mass slaughter in Gaza may have been offended by their protests large numbers of the students whose rights of free speech have been infringed upon via draconian punishments were themselves Jewish Many of those faculty members who are about to be deprived of academic freedom and faculty governance If it were ever really about discrimination the university would have taken action against the ceaseless harassment of Palestinian This was always about protecting the monstrous transparent lies that a genocidal 17-month Israeli-American war on the entire Palestinian people was just a war on Hamas or that anything done on 7 October 2023 justifies the serial massacres of at least 50,000 people in Gaza and the ethnic cleansing of the people of Palestine from their homeland which permeate our political system and our moneyed elites were repeated ceaselessly by the Biden and Trump administrations and have now been officially sanctioned by a once great university Read moreWe should not mourn what Columbia has become Before the current expulsions and suspension Columbia once in its history expelled a student for non-violent protest: in 1936 for protesting against offering a platform to Nazis In 1953 its president signed a letter pronouncing communists unfit to teach Columbia trustees fired two faculty members for opposing the first world war on pacifist grounds while student conscientious objectors were arrested and jailed Columbia has long been run more like the vast wealthy business and real estate empire that it is donors and powerful professional schools dictate its policy two-thirds of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted no confidence in a president who bowed to outside pressure further garlanding Columbia’s already rich repressive traditions with groveling obeisance to government dictates that were promoted and eagerly seconded by shameless collaborators within the university Columbia barely merits the name of a university since its teaching and scholarship on the Middle East will soon be vetted by a “senior vice provost for inclusive pedagogy” in reality a senior vice provost for Israeli propaganda infuriated that scholarship on Palestine had found a place at Columbia But if it any longer merits the name of a university Rashid Khalidi is the Edward Said professor emeritus of modern Arab studies at Columbia University and author of The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine An earlier version incorrectly said that 2024 was the first time the NYPD had been called in to Columbia since 1968 after a Senate policy luncheon on March 11 Our Democratic experiment is under a full blitzkrieg And too many Democrats really believe that remaining calm and quiet is the best tactic in defense Chuck Schumer and others really believe that we should not challenge this blitzkrieg because these anti-democratic corrupt forces will just destroy themselves before they completely undo the American government and decency Schumer and others bring paddles to this struggle Schumer really believes that siding with the Trump-supporting Republicans on their continuing resolution spending bill will just supply the room for Trump and his gang to destroy themselves I am not sure he really believes this or if he is finding a way to persist in a Trump world he seems to have become a Vichy-like official an official who collaborates with fascists in order to find a comfort within this fascism perhaps imagining that he can do a good thing or two in a Trump world This type of thinking is just giving Trump all he needs to continue to rape and pillage our Constitution you agree with our use of cookies to personalize your experience measure ads and monitor how our site works to improve it for our users Dear Reader,Unfortunately our comment platform isn\'t available at the moment due to issues with our paywall and authentication vendor the district said it was exploring an expansion of the school as early as the 2025-26 school year With limited middle school options in Napa parents at Vichy Elementary are pushing for a solution — one that could arrive as soon as August Napa Valley Unified School District is considering expanding Vichy into a TK-8 school beginning with a sixth grade class this fall the school would add one grade level each year until it reaches eighth announced last week in an email to parents comes amid declining enrollment and growing demand for more TK-8 campuses District officials say Vichy was selected for consideration based on strong community interest though some parents are questioning why other schools weren’t included “We are thrilled about it,” said Michelle Busam “We love the teachers and environment at Vichy With the lack of amazing middle school options in Napa Vichy would be the district’s third elementary to expand into a TK-8 model The district piloted the program at Shearer School in 2021 Those expansions coincided with a broader restructuring of Napa Valley Unified including the closure of Harvest Middle School and the transition of River Middle School into Unidos Middle School the district has four middle schools and two TK-8 campuses the TK-8 model has shown “the positive impact of this educational pathway” at Shearer and Browns Valley The structure allows students to stay in smaller learning communities something that gives parents like Busam a “safer feeling” as their children get older district officials must balance community demand with financial realities to ensure the expansion does not strain resources Districtwide enrollment has dropped by nearly 1,000 students since 2020 and pandemic relief grants that helped stabilize funding are running out the district has emphasized the need to be “fiscally conservative and not add new programs.” officials say they must ensure at least two sixth grade classes — each capped at 32 students — can be filled The district has asked parents to reach out by phone or email if they’re interested A final decision is expected by the end of the month Vichy would add sixth grade in the 2025-26 school year followed by seventh grade the next year and eighth grade the year after that Priority enrollment for the new sixth grade class would go to current Vichy fifth graders followed by students on waitlists for Browns Valley Any remaining spots would then be opened to other families in the district With 14 elementary schools in Napa Valley Unified some families are questioning why Vichy was selected for TK-8 expansion over other campuses a group of parents from Willow Elementary urged the district to consider their school for a similar transition “We are very grateful to hear that NVUSD is exploring adding additional TK-8 school sites Many studies have shown that TK-8 programs are beneficial for learning outcomes We just ask that the district make this decision transparently with a clear commitment to equity,” said Ashley Walker Walker noted that Willow is an arts integration school with no corresponding feeder middle school would allow students to continue in the learning environment they’re accustomed to The district did not immediately respond to a request for comment on why Vichy was chosen for this exploration or whether other elementary schools might be considered You can reach Tarini Mehta at 707-521-5337 or tarini.mehta@pressdemocrat.com not VichyThe only real peace for Ukraine is a fortified one — think Korea President-elect Donald Trump arrives for a campaign rally at the Salem Civic Center in Salem by Nicu PopescuFormer Moldovan foreign affairs ministerPeace is an attractive It can mean different things to different people at different times The quest for peace could yield either of two fundamentally different outcomes: a Vichy-style capitulation perhaps with an interim ceasefire that buys Russia more time to rearm and prepare its next attack or a robust defense of a frozen front line as one finds on the Korean Peninsula today The Kremlin’s vision for peace in Ukraine is clear Russian forces would directly occupy swaths of illegally seized Ukrainian territory helpless Ukrainian government (lacking any meaningful military capacity) would take orders from Moscow Something quite similar happened in France during World War II when the part of the country not under direct German occupation was run by General Philippe Pétain’s collaborationist government and took orders from Berlin Thus, for most of World War II — roughly between 1940 and 1944 — the situation on the ground in France was “peaceful.” The Vichy regime under Pétain regularly boasted that it had protected France, while blaming the Resistance — French guerrillas ("maquis") — and periodic Allied bombing raids for any disturbances to the “peace.” This option has been on offer for Ukraine since the first hours of Russia’s large-scale invasion and other atrocities committed by Russian forces against civilians in Bucha and elsewhere the Ukrainians have understandably refused to capitulate The alternative is the type of peace that kept Germany peaceful for decades after World War II, and kept the Korean Peninsula peaceful since the 1953 armistice. In each case, the peace was secured by accepting de facto borders, which were fortified with massive defensive military buildups, boots on the ground, and credible security guarantees While West Germany enjoyed NATO membership after 1955 South Korea relied on a bilateral alliance with the United States keeps around 28,000 active-duty troops in South Korea and 50,000 in Germany Such backstops made the former wartime front line almost impregnable, allowing each rump state to consolidate, develop, and remain at peace. The equivalent of a West German or South Korean model for Ukraine today would require a freezing of the front line and either NATO accession or a deployment of tens of thousands of Western troops to its Ukrainian territory The French government has pushed for this kind of solution since February 2024 and it now features prominently in discussions among European leaders administration demanding that Europe do more to ensure its own peace and security at least a half-dozen European governments are said to be seriously considering it Of course, if Europeans dislike the first model (a Vichy-style peace) but prove unable to deliver a sufficient security guarantee, that will create the conditions for a third possible scenario: a bogus peace leading to another war. A temporary ceasefire — like the one that prevailed under the Minsk agreements after 2014 — would allow Russia to regroup Not only might this cycle be repeated more than once; it also could implicate countries beyond Ukraine — such as the Baltics or Poland if Ukraine does not get enough support in the coming months and years Europe will find itself confronting a dangerous new strategic reality one that would challenge NATO solidarity and leave EU territory perpetually vulnerable Russia could test the limits of NATO’s mutual defense guarantee and either expose it as a dead letter or precipitate a direct military confrontation between nuclear powers Such would be the consequences of a bogus peace but also to ensure that any deal does not increase the likelihood of an even wider war in the near future Many Europeans think that if Russia could not conquer Ukraine in 2022, Russia would not dare challenge NATO and the European Union Occupying most of Ukraine would not only allow Russia to expand its territory but also allow it to unite Europe’s biggest and second-biggest armies and resources — from rare-earth minerals to gas and nuclear power plants Ukraine’s defense industrial capacity — which has been impressive in multiple areas from sea drones to the shear capacity to produce equipment en masse — would be a welcome bonus for Russia as well French President Emmanuel Macron already publicly warned that the combined armed forces of Russia and Ukraine would be unstoppable The bottom line is that avoiding a Ukrainian capitulation or a fake peace will require a European commitment to vulnerable EU and NATO members could be the next targets European public opinion must wake up to the reality that the only alternative is something that no one wants: a perpetual threat of war for much of Central and Northern Europe with all the security and economic uncertainty that comes with it Editor’s Note: Copyright, Project Syndicate. This article was published by Project Syndicate on Feb and has been republished by the Kyiv Independent with permission.The opinions expressed in the op-ed section are those of the authors and do not purport to reflect the views of the Kyiv Independent a member of the European Council on Foreign Relations is a former minister of foreign affairs and European integration of Moldova This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page It is powerfully tempting to call the new president of the United States a fascist and his jutting jaw recall Benito Mussolini’s absurd theatrics His dramatic arrivals by plane (a public relations tactic pioneered by Adolf Hitler) and his excited dialogues with crowds chanting simple slogans (“U.S.A. U.S.A.!” “Lock her up!”) recall Nazi rallies of the early 1930s Trump is fond of deploring national decline which he blames on foreigners and despised minorities; disdaining legal norms; condoning violence against dissenters; and rejecting anything that smacks of internationalism Herbert Butterfield looking at medieval science or Jonathan Clark examining English concepts of kingship in the 18th century One can even read historians of an earlier generation who were Communist Party members or who were very close to the party like the classical historians Francis Cornford and M without being belabored with tiresome leftist politics the signs of Communist sympathy in this flick were not at first clear to me Movies 70 years ago were generally far more subtle in their political messaging than what has replaced them my TV screen showers me with nonstop ideological indoctrination I can behold young blacks with dreadlocks depicted as Russian aristocrats or courtiers of Mary Queen of Scots never-ending films and documentaries celebrating gayness and nonbinary identities and nasty depictions of white Christian fanatics One obvious difference between the cultural left in the 1950s and its contemporary counterpart is that the pro-Communist sympathies that the left used to peddle had far fewer takers than our contemporary woke left.  An antifascist subscript also now runs through our authorized historiography Although such history writing is described as revisionist what is more noticeable is its appeal to guilt Such works exist supposedly to set the record straight about something that earlier generations of historians allegedly ignored or willfully suppressed because of their reactionary politics.  Because of our now supposedly greater honesty and willingness to overcome past taboos we are made to believe that antifascist historians are revealing long-hidden salvific truths And by immersing ourselves in their revisionist studies (which are not really revisionist but reflect our hegemonic leftist ideology) we can cleanse ourselves of our inveterate sins having heretofore believed in rightist and even fascist accounts of the past Once we’ve passed through this immersion in “penitential historiography,” we can become antifascists in good standing and possibly equipped to teach others according to the new canon.  Arrayed against them are always the forces of light and people who seem to prefigure our contemporary left Because these earlier progressives were such pillars of virtue we’re obliged to ignore or minimize those atrocities they committed the misdeeds of the Spanish Republican side that went into a murder spree after 1931 or the antifascists who committed all kinds of butchery against their political opponents during the “cleansings” that Communist-led resistances carried out in France and Italy in 1944 and 1945 A very detailed account of what happened in France can be found in the Histoire de l’épuration (History of the Purge) a French Jewish historian and close friend of Charles de Gaulle Aron maintains that about 50,000 opponents of the Communists were murdered in the post-occupation bloodbath Aron also underlines that the French Communist Party was deeply complicit in France’s defeat by Nazi Germany in the spring of 1940 from which French Communist leaders took marching orders was fatefully in alliance with Nazi Germany The French Communists switched sides in March 1941 when Hitler turned against his Soviet allies by invading Russia the Communists used their position in the French Resistance to go after their enemies something that the Italian Communists did almost as brutally Aron also wrote what was once the authoritative history of the Vichy regime the government set up by those French leaders who surrendered to Nazi Germany and then perforce accepted its control Aron was clearly on the anti-Nazi side during these events as a publicist for de Gaulle and the Free French government first in Brazzaville in the French Congo and later in London his examination of the Vichy occupation government struck readers as balanced and highly informative My far-from-right-wing graduate professors recommended his book on Vichy and I later purchased and devoured the French edition of his history of the resistance Wikipedia informs us that Robert Paxton’s Vichy: Old Guard and New Order 1940-1944 replaced Aron’s putatively dated scholarship starting in the 1970s The reason for this replacement should be crystal clear as dissenting French historian Jean-Marc Berlière points out in a timely critique of the French version of penitential historiography: Paxton’s monumental achievement was to make the Vichy regime “the principal actor in the deportation of Jews under the Nazi occupation and to remove the responsibility from the German Nazi command who gave the orders.” Aron and those of his school were (let’s not mince words!) ideologically deficient antifascists They complained too much about the murders committed by the Communists in the internal French resistance and they dared to notice that almost three-quarters of the Jewish population in France (and about 90 percent of the indigenous French Jews) survived both deportation and death in Nazi extermination camps No sane person would deny the Vichy government, and such leaders as onetime military commander Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval passed glaringly anti-Jewish legislation the Vichy government enacted laws barring Jews from the public sector and reducing their presence in French universities the regime further attempted to appease the German command by interning foreign Jews who had fled to France to escape Nazi control But the French collaborationist government as explained by such Holocaust experts as Léon Poliakov and Raul Hilberg went out of its way to protect indigenous French Jews recently made this self-evident observation he was roundly denounced by the French media and all bien-pensant academic historians which are mostly on the cultural and social left in France did all they could to distance themselves from Zemmour’s observation The most often cited example of French Vichy collaboration with German occupation forces was the roundup of as many as 28,000 Jews for the purpose of deportation Most of these detainees were eventually loaded onto trains and sent eastward to perish in Nazi extermination camps French presidents from Jacques Chirac down to Emmanuel Macron have commemorated these deportations with special anniversary ceremonies These somber events have been held at various spots from where the Jewish victims were sent east to perish Macron gave a characteristically contrite speech was one of the towns from where foreign Jews were deported after the roundup at the Vélodrome These black hours tarnish forever our history France on that day did what is irreparable … Not a single German soldier took part in the roundup Everything proceeded from the will of a politics rendered gangrenous by anti-Semitism initiated in July 1940 and whose roots penetrate into those decades of our history that preceded it.” actually muddles our understanding of the past The French who rounded up foreign Jews in July 1942 were acting under orders from the SS command and its associated Judenreferat (Jewish Bureau) The general secretary of the national police dickered with the German SS command in Paris but was told that the Germans would requisition the French police to arrest even the native French Jews if Bousquet wouldn’t cooperate the Germans held 1.8 million French soldiers as war prisoners and these hostages were periodically used to blackmail the collaborationist government Confusing the historical record even more are the statements of French politicians who leftist revisionist historian and journalists have been browbeaten into claiming the Vichy government was “the French state.” Vichy France was divided into two areas: one (including Paris) was directly occupied by the Germans; another area was held more directly under Pétain but still lay under the thumb of the conquerors There was also a Free French movement and regime in exile which claimed to be the true French government that had never surrendered to Hitler’s armies It has been decided in recent decades to make the present French government a continuation of the Vichy government French citizens can go on atoning for something that neither they nor their ancestors did or should be held accountable for de Gaulle’s France has faded away in the relevant antifascist narrative since it has been decided in recent decades to make the present French government a continuation of the Vichy government French citizens can go on atoning for something that neither they nor their ancestors did or should be held accountable for.  is entirely in keeping with penitential history which always aims at destroying national pride in Western Christian countries Once this guilt trip is laid on Western nations its citizens are called on to expiate forever their genocidal pasts who look for fascists under their beds and pass hate-speech laws ad nauseam other Western nations will keep their subjects from expressing illicit thoughts If the leftist French historian Henry Rousso calls the “Vichy Syndrome” “a past that has not passed,” the reason may not be the one Rousso gives Frenchmen have not been convulsed with guilt for generations because of their participation in the Holocaust They have been driven by an all-powerful left into confessing guilt for something that only a small minority of their population was ever involved in no Frenchman is expected to feel guilty about the utterly shameful record of French Communists in murdering many thousands of their political opponents during and after the German occupation Antifascist history has turned the page on that together with French Communist collaboration with Nazi Germany in 1940 A final observation: Among the most outspoken opponents of the regnant politically correct interpretation of Vichy France have been, to their credit, dissenting French Jews. Besides Zemmour, we should list the conservative rabbi Alain Michel, whose 2012 book Vichy et la Shoah (Vichy and the Holocaust) has excited the fury of the leftist French establishment Michel points to the overwhelming evidence that the Vichy government intended to save indigenous French Jews and that Minster of State Pierre Laval who was executed as a traitor during the Purge who has provided scholars like Michel and Berlière with a needed voice who have braved the usual antifascist attacks have dared to tell us the historical truth Paul Gottfried is editor in chief of Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture He is also the Raffensperger Professor of Humanities Emeritus at Elizabethtown College most recently Antifascism: The Course of a Crusade and Revisions and Dissents which always aims at destroying national pride in Western Christian countries.” Germany is a fairly new entity unlike France Is there anything Germany has done in its history as Germany that remotely had the same effects as the Holocaust This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed Sign up for the chronicles semi-weekly newsletter Democrats have offered little more than platitudes – sparking comparisons to France’s collaborationist second world war regime Fri 31 Jan 2025 12.00 CETLast modified on Fri 31 Jan 2025 12.01 CETShareAt the dawn of the second Trump presidency While Donald Trump has rapidly and ruthlessly thrown the federal government into unprecedented chaos, the leaders of the Democratic party have offered up little more than limp banalities and platitudes. “Presidents come and presidents go. Through it all. God is still on the throne,” tweeted the House minority leader at the end of Trump’s first week in office For the leftists and liberals who had hoped to see the opposition party mount some kind of opposition to Trumpism, this spectacle of capitulation has inspired a new historical analogy, or at least a new insult. La Résistance is dead. Welcome to Vichy France “It’s partly fascist but mostly just a reactionary and defeatist catch-all It’s a regime born of capitulation and of defeat: of the slow and then sudden collapse of the longstanding institutions of a great democracy whose defenders turned out to be senile and unable to cope with or understand modern politics.” ‘Vichy Democrats’ has become an increasingly popular expression of disgust with the feckless opposition party“Unlike you fascists, we promise a smooth transition of power … to you fascists,” Biden/Pétain says to Trump/Hitler in the cartoon Ultimately, it was a beloved hero of the first world war, Marshal Pétain, who signed the armistice with Hitler. Under its terms, the southern half of France would remain free of German occupation and be administered by Pétain’s government from the spa town of Vichy. Though Germany eventually occupied France’s entire territory, Pétain remained the nominal head of the Vichy government until the end of the war, when he was arrested, tried and found guilty of treason. Read moreWhat happened in France between the armistice and liberation – and to what degree France’s own leaders were responsible for the suffering of the French people and the deportation and murder of 75,000 French Jews – would become the subject of protracted historical and political debates “The myth after the war was that there had been 40 million resisters and that Vichy was imposed by the Germans,” says Sarah Fishman a professor of history at the University of Houston who specializes in 20th-century France the French memorialized Vichy as a regime of passive resistance that protected the population from the worst of Nazi Germany’s oppression while biding its time until it could rejoin the fight on the side of the Allies But that fantasy was exploded by the work of the American historian Robert O Paxton whose seminal 1972 book Vichy France revealed the uncomfortable truth: that the leaders of Vichy had willingly collaborated with Germany including the anti-Jewish laws passed in 1940 were the expression of domestic rightwing politics and antisemitism that had nothing to do with Germany But what relevance do Vichy politics have to Trump’s America And is it fair to compare Joe Biden or Chuck Schumer to Pétain “I don’t think Vichy France forms a helpful analogy with the US today,” Paxton told the Guardian by email only by the reactionary half of our own population.” “The leaders at Vichy thought they could negotiate a better deal by accepting a defeat that they would get stuff from the Germans,” she said But every time there was an option to use one of those chips they made it clear that they were not going to “Germany had no interest in a friend in France Paxton offered a different comparison from the same era “An analogy worth considering is Benito Mussolini elected legitimately to the Italian parliament in 1919 named prime minister of Italy legitimately by King Victor Emmanuel III (though under some illegal pressure from fascist demonstrators who didn’t actually ‘march on Rome’) then illegitimately seizing full dictatorial power on 3 January 1925,” he said thugs probably acting at Mussolini’s behest murdered Giacomo Matteotti Will something unpleasant happen to any of Trump’s most public critics?” But “Mussolini ended up hanging from a tree,” Fishman said it’s not good for the people who collaborated.” it’s worth considering whether American opponents of Trumpism should be looking to Europe at all for historical analogies and social media burns the US has its own history of abiding intolerable legal oppression of a minority group That system existed as recently as the 1960s Many of Trump’s early executive actions have gestured at his movement’s desired return not to a version of the Third Reich the women’s liberation movement and even the civil war The idea that the racism, bigotry, corruption, authoritarianism and cowardice that plague US politics today are somehow French as opposed to dyed-in-the-wool American yet cosmetically elegant range treats moderate-to-severe scalp concerns NEW YORK, Nov. 15, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Vichy Dercos, the #1 dermatologist-recommended anti-dandruff brand in Europe, announces their United States launch exclusively in the Amazon Premium Beauty store. Customers can shop the collection now at amazon.com/dercos A pioneer in hair and scalp dermatology research for more than fifty years and from the brand recommended by over seventy thousand dermatologists worldwide Dercos continues to be a leader in the space homing in on their unique expertise in biological and environmental factors that impact both scalp and hair This new-to-the-US Dercos range offers high efficacy solutions that combine dermatological active ingredients with sensorial textures to provide both excellent results and a pleasurable experience.  As customers become more aware that the skin on their scalp needs to be treated with the same care as the skin on their faces and bodies now is a prime opportunity for Vichy Dercos to enter the US market exclusively in the Amazon Premium Beauty store Out of the one in five Americans suffering from dandruff,* only 40% of them are using dandruff-specific formulas to address their needs.** Vichy Dercos is entering the market in hopes to provide a solution to meet the needs of the remaining 60% not currently using medicated anti-dandruff products.  Vichy Dercos formulations utilize the best of L'Oréal's hair science to help combat scalp issues associated with dandruff Dercos's proprietary hero Shampoo formula is powered by Micronized Selenium Sulfide allowing distribution of its dandruff fighting power on the scalp; this formula targets dandruff at the source The Dercos Shampoo also borrows ingredients and science from Vichy's skincare range featuring ingredients such as niacinamide and glycerin While the Vichy Dercos formulas put efficacy at the forefront "We are thrilled that US consumers will now have the opportunity to experience the globally renowned and dermatologist-beloved Vichy Dercos range," says Minh-Dan Tran Senior Vice President – Head of Brand for Vichy Dercos "Vichy has been working to bring Dercos to the US for years This range has exploded globally due not only to its science we are on a mission to break dandruff taboos and promote healthier feeling hair and scalp for all With dandruff affecting one in five Americans there is certainly a demand for our unique approach in the US." The Vichy Dercos range goes beyond its hero Shampoo and offers a full range of dermatological anti-dandruff and care products:  has been tested on all hair and scalp types and is tested as suitable for color treated hair.  Hair + Scalp Moisturizing Conditioner ($19.99) deeply hydrates and moisturizes both hair and scalp while strengthening hair and restoring shine Instrumental studies showed 67% smoother hair and ten times less breakage (versus non-conditioning shampoo) the hair was shown to be 66% shinier (versus unwashed hair) The Conditioner is also suitable for color treated hair and sensitive scalps Salicylic Acid Anti-Dandruff Serum ($48.99) is designed to meet consumers where they are The average person in the US does not wash their hair daily when dandruff is more severe it needs to be treated daily which is why the Dercos range includes a dandruff fighting Serum The Serum directly targets dandruff at its source controlling five dandruff symptoms: flakes the Serum is shown to leave the scalp feeling hydrated and soothed.  "I see patients with dandruff almost every day in my practice," says Dr board certified dermatologist and Vichy Advisory Board Member "But what patients keep telling me is that they dislike their current dandruff shampoos because of how they make their hair feel That's why I'm so excited about Vichy Dercos but Dercos also leaves the hair feeling soft which is why I know my patients will actually use it when I recommend it."  Backed by L'Oréal Dermatological Beauty, a division of the global powerhouse best known as the world leader in dermocosmetics, Vichy Dercos is now available exclusively via amazon.com/dercos About Vichy DercosVichy Dercos was created in 1964 with the ambition to combine DERmatological skin expertise with a knowledge of hair COSmetics It was one of the first to understand the power of the scalp and its impact on the quality of hair The brand therefore wanted to infuse all the latest scientific research and progress into haircare putting the scalp at the heart of its expertise Acting on the scalp helped change the way people see their hair and treat it.  About L'Oréal Dermatological BeautyAt L'Oréal Dermatological Beauty our mission is to pioneer life-changing and sustainable dermatological solutions for all The Dermatological Beauty Division is the world leader in dermocosmetics with international skincare brands recommended by health care professionals and distributed in healthcare outlets worldwide Our brands portfolio is composed of five brands originating from France and the USA The brands offer a range of skincare and haircare products answering both pathological needs and demanding aesthetic needs: from dermatological to aesthetic skincare and from the most accessible ranges to the most premium ones P&G DANDRUFF STUDY**L'Oréal Dandruff U&A Final Report Presentation Do not sell or share my personal information: Mayor Eric Adams appeared on Fox & Friends alongside the Trump administration’s “border czar” Tom Homan to discuss their plans to work together on immigration enforcement With Homan sitting close enough to literally “get up his butt” — which he threatened to do if Adams did not “come through” — the mayor sought to reassure him “I’m not standing in the way,” Adams declared “I’m collaborating — against so many others who don’t want to collaborate.” Adams described his role in the government’s new immigration policies in terms of collaboration Among the policies pursued by the administration is the arrest and deportation of undocumented immigrants to detention centers — overwhelmingly owned and run by private prison corporations — as well as the camp at Guantanamo Bay built after 9/11 the director of the Center for Constitutional Rights as part of its assault on the birthright clause embedded in the 14th Amendment is trying to strip citizenship from thousands of naturalized Americans who will then also be subject to deportation But the choice of words is also historically telling the meaning of collaboration was straightforward According to the Dictionnaire de l’Academie Française to collaborate meant “travailler avec une ou plusieurs personnes à une œuvre commun” — i.e. “work with one or more people to reach a shared goal.” The New York Jets have collaborated for decades to have losing seasons The reason I quoted a French dictionary is not just because the word’s initial meaning changed in the mid-20th century This year marks the 85th anniversary of the French State better known as Vichy thanks to the spa town where it set up shop in 1940 following the defeat and partial occupation by Nazi Germany The regime was not just authoritarian and antisemitic but from the very outset was actively collaborationist This is not the description later offered by historians but the description offered in real time by the regime’s leader he informed the French in a radio address that their country was now clattering down the “road of collaboration.” Pétain meant “state collaboration” — namely Convinced that the Thousand Year Reich would last sought to retain shreds of national sovereignty it was their naval fleet and colonial possessions.) In exchange for this sham independence these men made an escalating series of humiliating concessions that climaxed in the deportation of French men to work in German armament factories and the deportation of foreign and French Jews including thousands who had been denaturalized collaboration turned out to be a many-squalid thing The political scientist Stanley Hoffmann famously described Vichy as the “revenge of minorities” — a motley collection of monarchists and traditionalists antisemites and Catholics who had been sidelined by the 20th century many of those who made the pilgrimage to Vichy like Pétain’s second-in-command Pierre Laval were mere opportunists in search of relevance and influence Yet the line between opportunism and collaboration is easily crossed Laval ended in a place he did not anticipate in 1940 — a place where he trumpeted his wish for “the victory of Germany,” authorized the creation of la Milice (the paramilitary organization that hunted down resisters and Jews) and enabled the unfolding of the Final Solution in France This was the case of yet other opportunists located on the spectrum of what historian Philippe Burrin defines as “accommodation.” At one end were those who thus limiting themselves to accepting German offers At the other end were industrialists who actively solicited orders The most notorious case was the car maker Louis Renault me and my factory.” Not only was his math faulty — not one so too were his morals: Renault was soon seeking orders for armored personnel carriers and tanks for the Wehrmacht French writers and intellectuals were scattered across this scale of accommodation Unless they were willing to close shop or go clandestine publishers agreed not to publish any authors who were banned in Germany and any work that might “damage German prestige and interests” in France This invitation to self-censorship often led publishers in the phrase of the American historian Timothy Snyder “to obey in advance” — anticipate and enact the desires of a tyrannical power most did not have the mettle to join the Resistance or the self-mastery to cease writing Many continued to publish not just in respectable venues in journals notorious for their antisemitic and collaborationist tilt who refused to publish during the Occupation these individuals were blinded by the belief that “French literature and thought would die without them.” Yet even admirable figures like Albert Camus To allow the publisher Gallimard to publish his essay The Myth of Sisyphus Camus agreed to remove the chapter devoted to Franz Kafka there are the committed collaborators — the true believers who sought to make France great again vermin who were poisoning the purity of the people Some of these believers took up arms in the Charlemagne Division of the Waffen SS while others took to the pages of collaborationist journals like Le Gerbe and Je suis partout to vomit their bilge but all were united in a world view that deemed certain human beings unworthy of sharing the world with them You might well ask what the experience of the French during those four dark years might mean for the experience of Americans in the coming four years of darkness which is the course of events specific to a time and place are not doomed to repeat the same mistakes But this is why Vichy should also mean everything for us As we gaze upon the tech billionaires making pilgrimage to Mar-a-Lago and listen to their praise of (and payments to) our new management as we speak guardedly to colleagues at work and friends in a public place as we marvel over Republican senators who opposed Putin last year and applaud him this year we rediscover a truth first revealed by the ancient Greeks — namely that history is less an exercise in historical imagination than an exercise in moral imagination studying the past does not help us repair our present circumstances but it does help us to reflect on the tragic nature of history We recall how our reason often fails to rein in our passions and how social norms are mostly defenseless against individual egos almost always leads to a fall of the most admirable characters it should be a reason to hold fast to moderation when that fall This requires the collaboration of all those who refuse to despair the refusal to forget the original meaning of a perfectly innocent word Robert Zaretsky is also a culture columnist at the Forward The views and opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Forward. Discover more perspectives in Opinion. To contact Opinion authors, email [email protected] I’d like to ask you to please support the Forward American Jews need independent news they can trust At a time when other newsrooms are closing or cutting back the Forward has removed its paywall and invested additional resources to report on the ground from Israel and around the U.S rising antisemitism and polarized discourse This is a great time to support independent Jewish journalism you rely on See our full guidelines for more information, and this guide for detail about canonical URLs subject line “republish,” with any questions or to let us know what stories you’re picking up Copyright © 2025 The Forward Association By: Rachel Klemovitch Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media By: Lianna Albrizio European hair care brand Vichy Dercos is capitalizing on Americans’ dandruff problem (as high as one in five suffer from the scalp condition!) with a new flake-fighting hair care collection The Vichy Dercos range includes Selenium Sulfide Anti-Dandruff Shampoo $19.99; Hair + Scalp Moisturizing Conditioner $19.99; and Salicylic Acid Anti-Dandruff Serum Utilizing L’Oréal’s hair science to help combat scalp issues associated with moderate-to-severe dandruff Vichy Dercos’s proprietary shampoo is powered by Micronized Selenium Sulfide to target dandruff at the source and is also formulated with niacinamide and glycerin to soothe and hydrate the scalp The new collection was tested on all hair and scalp types including sensitive and color-treated hair Vichy Dercos’ Anti-Dandruff Collection is available now on VichyUSA.com Attendees at the 2024 Republican National Convention hold signs reading “Mass Deportation Now!” Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images Imagine a place with a housing shortage where tens of thousands of homes are emptied of people overnight or have been rounded up in camps by armed government agents People with connections jockey for the best apartments Neighbors alert to the pre-dawn banging down the hall can tip off their friends that a nice two-bedroom will be available soon That is how mass deportation plays out as housing policy. It is the plan that Donald Trump and the Republican party are championing And it is exactly what unfolded in Paris between 1940 and 1944 as the Vichy regime redistributed vacated “Jewish apartments” to non-Jews a French social scientist who has spent a decade with two colleagues researching the archives for a forthcoming book the parallels between the declared MAGA plan and that fascist past are shocking and surreal successive round-ups by the French police were treated as a solution to a major housing crisis Donald Trump promises mass round-ups and deportation camps as the answer to a shortage of affordable housing “The similarities are horrifying,” Gensburger said “It creates a special kind of market for all the worst impulses of mankind.” Those affected were predominantly Jewish; later laws specifically targeted Jews Hitler ordered the systematic plunder of everything left in the apartments of Jews who had been deported though most were poor immigrants from Eastern Europe What happened next to the emptied apartments has remained unexamined for decades But with a database of 9,000 cases, she and her co-authors, the historians Isabelle Backouche and Eric Le Bourhis, have documented how Parisian society seized on the apartments as a housing windfall. Their book Appartements témoins: La spoliation des locataires juifs à Paris sous l’Occupation is to be published in January by La Decouverte A new municipal bureaucracy reallocated the apartments to non-Jews And many went to neighbors who quickly applied for a modest “Jewish apartment” they knew because it was a little larger or better lit than theirs In today’s America, the market, not a government bureaucracy, would handle the fallout from mass roundups. Private equity, already buying up homes to turn into high-priced rentals, would surely profit from bank foreclosures on vacated immigrant housing, including homes bought by undocumented workers with mortgages that Trump has vowed to outlaw And what kind of fee do you suppose realtors could claim for the inside scoop on the next Brooklyn raid Trump supporters may say that they only meant to target illegal immigrants when waving “Mass Deportation Now!” signs at the Republican National Convention. But in a broken immigration system driven by executive directives and viral propaganda, raids can hinge not only on racial profiling, but on political vendetta. Awaiting those arrested is a shadowy immigration detention network where virtually no due process safeguards apply That is the context for the Republican claim that mass deportation will increase the housing supply — despite economists’ skepticismyet a routine media reaction has failed to reckon with the house-by-house dispossession at stake teams of agents faced with new arrest quotas were indiscriminately barging into the homes of Latino families citizens and legal residents from bed at gunpoint and seizing anyone who did not produce proof of legal status I keep thinking of Rachel Ségal-Jaeglé, a French Holocaust survivor who persuaded elementary schools in Paris to belatedly memorialize neighborhood children deported to their deaths Jaeglé was protesting the expulsion of undocumented immigrant families who had children in the same schools but she owed her life to a few people who had chosen resistance do we have to wait to get to that point to react The hard times are never the same and the scapegoats may change But one can perceive what’s unjust and inhuman.” is a former immigration reporter for The New York Times 27 June 2024 – The Toyota Mobility Foundation (TMF) in collaboration with the City of Vichy and three start-ups announced their newly-formed  partnership to improve mobility conditions for people with reduced mobility The initiative underscores TMF’s commitment to fostering inclusive mobility solutions that empower each individual to navigate with ease and independence Nearly 30% of the EU population experience reduced mobility The lack of access and innovation means they cannot move freely without facing many obstacles TMF and its partners will work to address these pressing issues and to create a more accessible and inclusive world for all We aim to leave a lasting legacy of inclusive mobility solutions that empower people with reduced mobility to move freely and confidently By working closely with local partners and communities we seek to develop sustainable solutions that endure far beyond the scope of our initial involvement The new partnership brings together key stakeholders renowned for its strong commitment to accessibility and three start-ups chosen through the Toyota Open Labs - a platform open innovation platform designed to support start-ups in their ambitions to scale up and contribute to a sustainable future will combine and leverage their expertise to develop holistic approaches to improve navigation and accessibility for individuals with reduced mobility in urban environments The project will be based at the Le CREPS Training Campus a sprawling 9.2-hectare facility nestled in the heart of Vichy's dedicated sports practice area Partners will map the facility for indoor and outdoor navigation for people with reduced mobility along with key routes to the city of Vichy This will include utilising Genny Factory's connected personal mobility technology to enhance mapping capabilities across diverse terrain The outcome will be the developing of the first fully adapted GPS to people with reduced mobility and with reduced mobility This is a solution that can then be replicated as an example of a best practise Vichy is deeply committed to enhancing accessibility and mobility for all residents We are proud to collaborate with the Toyota Mobility Foundation and the selected startups to pioneer innovative solutions that promote inclusivity and improve the quality of life for people with people with reduced mobility The initiative marks the creation of the first holistic move-around solution for people with activity limitations addressing to common challenges and uncertainties they face outside their homes By combining accessible outdoor and indoor navigation and refining the information gathered from connected mobility devices the project aims to provide comprehensive mapping support for individuals with our without reduced mobility throughout their journeys Our mission is to improve mobility for all The value proposition is to help transport operators and MaaS providers to promote walking and public transport mobility for all by calculating the best accessible and precise routes.  and indications adapted to each user profile Our aim is to provide better orientation and navigation for people with reduced mobility To move freely and independently in a pedestrian or indoor area Genny Zero's technology continuously maps its position and terrain sharing information about areas to navigate or avoid Genny ZERO is a stylishly designed personal transporter for all users featuring redundant self-balancing technology Established in 2014, the Toyota Mobility Foundation (TMF) is dedicated to creating a more inclusive and sustainable future through innovative mobility solutions European anti-dandruff brand Vichy Dercos has launched into the US at the Amazon Premium Beauty store The range offers “high-efficacy” solutions that combine dermatological active ingredients with sensorial textures to provide both “excellent” results and a pleasurable experience Vichy Dercos formulations utilize L’Oréal’s hair science to help combat scalp issues tied to dandruff Dercos’s proprietary shampoo formula is powered by micronized selenium sulfide to target dandruff at the source The Dercos shampoo also borrows ingredients and science from Vichy’s skincare range featuring key ingredients such as niacinamide and glycerin to soothe and hydrate the scalp they don’t sacrifice “cosmetic elegance,” keeping hair feeling nourished “I see patients with dandruff almost every day in my practice,” said Dr board certified dermatologist and Vichy advisory board member “But what patients keep telling me is that they dislike their current dandruff shampoos because of how they make their hair feel That’s why I’m so excited about Vichy Dercos which is why I know my patients will actually use it when I recommend it.” Selenium Sulfide Anti-Dandruff Shampoo ($19.99) eliminates up to 100% of visible flakes with regular use and delivers long lasting efficacy while simultaneously fighting itch The shampoo directly targets dandruff at the source and is tested on the full spectrum on dandruff from mild to severe this dermatological shampoo reinforces the scalp’s moisture barrier and boosts hair moisture by 70% Objective instrumental studies show two times less hair breakage and 37% smoother hair (versus unwashed hair) with 78% shinier hair after use (versus non-conditioning shampoo) which is available in sizes 200mL and 400mL and is tested as suitable for color treated hair Hair + Scalp Moisturizing Conditioner ($19.99) deeply hydrates and moisturizes both hair and scalp while strengthening hair and restoring shine 40% more moisturized hair and 10 times less breakage (versus non-conditioning shampoo) The conditioner is also suitable for color treated hair and sensitive scalps Salicylic Acid Anti-Dandruff Serum ($48.99) directly targets dandruff at its source the serum is shown to leave the scalp feeling hydrated and soothed Vichy Dercos is available here To conclude the day, Théo Curin, a para-swimmer and silver medallist at the world championships in 2017 in the 100 m and 200 m freestyle, lit the cauldron at the celebration venue in Vichy. To entertain the crowds, activities were organised from 3.30 pm, with, in particular, shows put on by the sponsors of the Olympic Torch Relay, namely Coca-Cola, Banque Populaire and Caisse d’Epargne, featuring musical and dance performances for the spectators’ delight. Olympic Membership - Free Live Stream Sports & Original Series - join now! 🥇 Olympic Torch Relay | Stage 37 - Vichy | Olympic Games Paris 2024Watch the highlights of the 37th stage of the Olympic Torch Relay for the Olympic Games Paris 2024 that took place in Vichy The Vichy urban community is a dynamic and well-preserved area which has established itself as a preferred destination for tourists and spa enthusiasts Renowned for its water and heritage from bygone days Vichy is listed as a UNESCO world heritage site for its role in the emergence of spa culture in Europe in the 19th century It is also an area which is a good place to live and in which sport is especially well developed Each year many sports competitions and sports camps are organised here The town of Vichy has received the distinction of being chosen to be a preparation centre for the Olympic Games for 42 sporting disciplines The entire Vichy urban community came together for this celebratory and unifying day The route of the Olympic Torch Relay began in the small municipality of Le Mayet-de-Montagne which is particularly renowned for its water earning it the nickname of “the town that sparkles” After a stop at the covered market in Square Romon a relay took place at Saint-Germain-des-Fossés it headed for the hills and Bourbonnaise Mountains in Cusset it passed in front of a concert orchestra on its way to the Collège Saint-Joseph junior high school The next destination of the Olympic Torch Relay was Vichy passing from the CREPS centre of sporting excellence to the racecourse over the Pont Jacques Chirac bridge that spans the River Allier and then on to the town centre where it arrived at Place de la Mairie A festival atmosphere and collective enthusiasm could be observed throughout the day Many activities were set up by the municipalities visited by the Olympic Torch to transform each relay into a moment of sharing involving as many people as possible This was particularly the case at Saint-Germain-des-Fossés where several musical groups enlivened the passage of the Olympic Torch convoy the crowds were treated to a show involving hip-hop and freestyle football Initiatives aimed at the general public were also plentiful in Vichy Old and young alike were invited to take part in sporting and cultural activities in front of the CREPS children from the Lifetri association formed a guard of honour for the Olympic Torch several dance groups from the Art’dance school put on a show featuring colourful and lively choreography 109 torchbearers took it in turns to carry the Olympic Torch a French biathlete who won two Olympic medals at the winter Games in 2010 in Vancouver: a gold medal in the sprint event making him the first French person to win an Olympic title in this type of race This para-triathlete who is a member of the French team and world champion in cross triathlon is also an ambassador for a company specialised in manufacturing racing blades for people whose lower limbs have been amputated Many members of the general public who are heavily involved in local sport also carried the Olympic Torch and Amélie Vernay who participates in twirling (combining dance gymnastics and baton twirling) at European level Among their male counterparts were 91-year-old Yves Carrey the oldest member of the “Vichy Rando” hiking club the current coach of Racing Club Vichy Rugby Several torchbearers committed to social and solidarity causes dear to their hearts also carried the Olympic Torch along the roads of the Vichy urban community a big-hearted sportswoman who gives her all daily as a firefighter who runs a solidarity grocery store in Vichy The values that they promote are also those of the day’s last torchbearer He won a silver medal in freestyle para-swimming in 2017 at the world championships in Mexico and then acquired even greater fame through his extraordinary challenges such as swimming across Lake Titicaca or completing the Santa Fe-Coronda aquatic marathon He became the first para-athlete to finish this legendary 57-km race through almost nine hours of swimming in the muddy and perilous waters of Argentina This man who has many strings to his bow and who stops at nothing had the honour of lighting the celebration cauldron to round off the day in Vichy the Olympic Torch Relay will embark on another stage along France’s roads as it travels through the Loire department The celebration venue at the end of the day will be located in Saint-Etienne where the celebration cauldron will be aptly lit at the stadium of the city’s famous with a major concert organised by Coca-Cola this evening to mark the Music Festival where 5,000 people are expected to gather in front of the stadium Coke Studio is presenting a 100% all-female line-up with two artists who will be carrying the Olympic Torch the following day The former has made a name for herself with her huge diamond disc single “Popcorn Salé” which has been streamed worldwide more than 100 million times The latter is establishing herself as the new diva of bossa nova combing French rap with traditional Brazilian sounds soul singer Kami from Saint-Etienne will open the concert with her inimitable talent 2024Save this storySaveSave this storySaveAll products featured on GQ are independently selected by our editors we may receive compensation from retailers and/or from purchases of products through these links As a foot-on-the-ground visa-toting resident, with an oily and flake-prone scalp, I can attest that this ‘poo is a mainstay in the pharmacies in my neighborhoods in Germany and Portugal for the past 7 years—and it works fabulously. The shampoo combines two key active ingredients in anti-dandruff rinses: Selenium sulfide and salicylic acid Selenium sulfide is the same key anti-fungal in most Selsun Blue shampoos if you want a direct competitor in the United States It kills the microbes that cause dandruff to proliferate on your noggin The scalp-exfoliating and oil-balancing ingredient salicylic acid helps to slough away flakes by tapping the beta-hydroxy acid Most shampoos that rely on salicylic acid as the sole key active will deploy 2-3% in their bottles; however in Vichy Dercos the salicylic acid is toned down to 1% to play a somewhat supportive role to the more aggressive selenium sulfide Speaking of conditioners: The one in the line is particularly thoughtful, especially when paired with the shampoo. Few conditioners actually factor the scalp into their equation, which is so funny to me. Most are hyper-fixated on strands, and they leave the scalp to the shampoo. So, for Vichy to craft a conditioner formulated foremost for sensitive scalps (while also countering any dryness or breakage for fragile strands) is a solid move. The salicylic acid and selenium sulfide duo acts as a one-two punch for flakes, working to stop the fungus that cause dandruff while also loosening the flakes so that you're able to get rid of them quickly. This conditioner isn't simply focused on giving you smooth strands, it's actively formulated to help soothe your scalp and give you itching and inflammation relief. The salicylic acid serum, which also uses niacinamide to keep your scalp soothed and its skin barrier fortified, plus a dollop of glycerin for extra hydration to reduce dryness-induced flakage. SubscriptionOffers Give a Gift Subscribe Marshal Philippe Pétain took the helm of a humiliated France many took his silence as evidence of grand strategy – a view bolstered by the client press In the summer of 1940 France suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the German army Soldiers surrendered so eagerly that the Germans could not even be bothered to disarm their new captives; civilians fled southwards in a confused and terrified exodus It is estimated that about one-fifth of the French population took to the roads during this period; at one point over 90,000 families reported that they had lost children in the chaos In three weeks it moved from Paris to Bordeaux to Clermont Ferrand resigned and was replaced by Philippe Pétain an 84-year-old First World War field marshal Pétain’s elevation was confirmed when the National Assembly voted by a majority of 468 to 80 the constitutional regime under which France had been governed since 1875 was now dead To continue reading this article you need to purchase a subscription If you have already purchased access, or are a print & archive subscriber, please ensure you are logged in Please email digital@historytoday.com if you have any problems so we need to eat vitamin C-rich foods or apply topically in order to reap its benefits “Vitamin C is essential in the pathways for collagen synthesis. It can also act as a powerful antioxidant, protecting the skin from free radicals and oxidative damage caused by UV light and other environmental exposures,” says Heidi Prather, MD a board-certified dermatologist at Westlake Dermatology in Austin Collagen is a protein that is a building block for your skin there’s a decrease in collagen in your skin Vitamin C has also been found to help even out discoloration in both melasma and age spots when used long-term For this guide we tested different brands and formulations to help you pick the right the best vitamin C serum for your skin type ferulic acid stabilize formulaLeaves glowy finishFor all skin typesConsScent may be off-puttingWatery formulaThis vitamin C serum actually comes in two bottles: You have to mix the serum base into the vitamin C powder The pump makes the serum easy to dispense — a good thing since the formula is so runny and watery but once it sinks into your skin the serum leaves behind a smooth “Drunk Elephant is a good choice, as it comes in a sealed bottle and has a two-step process to provide a more long-lasting product,” says Anne Truitt, MD board-certified dermatologist in San Diego The sealed pump bottle can help make the vitamin C’s potency last longer it contains a combination of 15 percent L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) with ferulic acid and vitamin E for a more stable product Drunk Elephant’s vitamin C serum has no fragrance added A dermatologist described the smell of unscented vitamin C like “hot dog water,” and it’s totally true (You’ve been warned — several serums on this list have no fragrance added!) Of 939 reviews on Amazon, this serum received 4.4 stars out of 5 Note: Before starting any new skin-care product, it’s important to do a patch test first. The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommends testing a quarter-size area of skin on the underside of your arm for 7 to 10 days and watching for itchiness silicone-freeClinically testedFor all skin typesConsPriceyContains propylene glycolSkinCeuticals C E Ferulic is a vitamin C serum that’s often recommended by dermatologists In fact, all four dermatologists we consulted mentioned this as a good (though pricey) choice. “It’s dermatologist-approved,” says Amy Huang, MD a board-certified dermatologist with Medical Offices of Manhattan in New York Not only does it contain 15 percent vitamin C (in the form of L-ascorbic acid) but it also has vitamin E and ferulic acid additional antioxidants that combat free radicals Together, these three antioxidants enhance each other, and the ferulic acid also helps protect vitamins C and E, allowing for the antioxidants to penetrate skin, research shows the presence of vitamin E is more than its antioxidant properties “Vitamin E is an emollient that is nourishing for skin,” says Dr The downside is that vitamin E can make acne-prone patients break out she recommends trying SkinCeuticals Silymarin CF which is formulated with salicylic acid to reduce breakouts The formula also includes propylene glycol The instructions recommend using four to five drops to cover your face and the 1-ounce (oz) bottle can last for several months This is definitely the priciest option on our list but if you purchase on the SkinCeuticals website and choose auto-renewal (1- through 6-month options available) you get 5 percent off plus free shipping Of 5,354 reviews on Dermstore.com, this serum received 4.7 stars out of 5 an ingredient that has skin-soothing properties It was difficult to name something we didn’t like about this CeraVe serum It has a pleasant texture — just thick enough for a serum but not too thin or watery compared to others in this category For that reason the serum goes on nice and smooth even though it takes several minutes to dry which is longer than some other vitamin C serums The serum comes in an aluminum tube to help prevent light exposure and oxidation we noticed that the tube is apt to damage easily and split open at the sides This tube could have been really great for travel but one trip in a bag and the serum started leaching out of the top Another plus: The serum has a light scent — no “hot dog water smell” here We’d definitely go back to this one to make it a regular part of our morning skin-care routine Of 1,504 reviews on Dermstore.com, this serum received 4.4 stars out of 5 something that on its own can help boost brightness It also helps keep pores clear and reduces redness The main active ingredient is a 10-percent vitamin C formula (as L-ascorbic acid) to protect skin and target discoloration The product itself can be a bit messy and challenging to dispense The formula is among the thickest vitamin C serums we’ve tried and it can be pretty tough to suck into the dropper from the orange-tinted bottle The serum has a very strong floral fragrance which may not be appealing for folks who are sensitive to scent the serum absorbs well and dries fast on the skin providing a nice canvas for subsequent SPF and makeup application Of more than 13,000 reviews on Amazon, this serum received 4.5 stars out of 5 This serum also contains hyaluronic acid and glycerin, which are key for mature skin. These two humectants increase moisture by drawing water to the skin’s surface. Studies show that topical hyaluronic acid can hydrate skin and help soften the appearance of lines and wrinkles A plus is that this product is fragrance-free an alcohol-like scent really comes through and is not pleasant and it dispenses out of an amber-colored bottle that you have to flip almost upside down It’s recommended to use three to five drops to cover the face it absorbs well into the skin and impressively enhances softness which is great for when you apply an SPF moisturizer and makeup on top meaning the fungus may inhibit a pigment-producing enzyme to promote an even tone In addition, licorice root extract also slows the synthesis of melanin (the pigment in skin cells) to help address discoloration this serum is easy to smoothe across the face and neck though it takes a few minutes to fully sink in Of 234 reviews on Amazon, this serum received 4.1 stars out of 5 dyesConsPriceyMay cause irritationMay be too heavy for oily skinWith a combination of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and a vitamin C derivative (called vitamin Cg this serum packs 12.5 percent total vitamin C hyaluronic acid holds moisture in skin to help reduce the appearance of lines and wrinkles and we certainly noticed a softer look to our complexion when we used this serum Dimethicone is the first ingredient listed which is a type of silicone that helps protect the skin barrier preventing water loss and temporarily plumping up the skin It was thick enough without dribbling all over which is why it goes on evenly for good coverage A minute is all that’s needed to allow it to dry before moving on to the next steps in your morning skin-care routine there’s barely any scent — perhaps just a slightly citrusy one (There are orange and lemon peel oils in the formula.) The packaging is also great: With a thicker formula and pump bottle there’s less of a fear of this spilling during travel like the more runny serums you should be using this in the morning and evening consider slowly building up to a twice-daily application Obagi’s vitamin C serum packs one of the highest amounts of vitamin C we’ve seen: 20 percent as L-ascorbic acid Some reviewers note that when they went to the higher concentration (Obagi also has 15 percent and 10 percent versions) they expected “miracles” but were disappointed when their complexion became overly dry instead one that’s almost reminiscent of a fragrance from Bath & Body Works It dries nicely on skin to a smooth finish and we think the silky texture sets the stage for tinted SPF to go on nicer We used six drops (the recommendation is five to seven) and found it to be enough to adequately cover our face This one has salicylic acid to tackle breakouts and help keep skin clear plus a bevy of skin brighteners to reduce the look of discoloration such as leftover acne marks (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation) As for vitamin C, this serum has 15 percent vitamin C, plus kojic acid all of which play a role in decreasing discoloration which means it decreases melanin (pigment) production The ingredient has been shown to address freckling Meanwhile, bearberry contains arbutin Rounding out the formula are hyaluronic acid and aloe to hydrate and soothe The pump bottle is mess-free and refreshingly easy to use. The serum has a light, pleasant scent (there are many plant extracts in the formula, from papaya to basil) It goes on smoothly and dries incredibly fast without leaving stickiness behind Of 1,541 reviews on the Hyper! website, this serum received 4.4 stars out of 5 B vitamins (like redness-reducing niacinamide) and plumping hydrators like hyaluronic acid and glycerin This serum is very much like SkinCeuticals’ serum but once fully absorbed your skin feels soft and smooth Experts also like this one: “Nourishmax is a good product that is reasonably priced,” says Dr we found it did make a difference in improving our skin tone and texture although the company claims that their formula can help balance sebum (oil) production in skin and clear up blemishes ProductBest ForVitamin CConsistencyAdded IngredientsDrunk Elephant C-Firma Fresh Vitamin-C Day SerumLong-lasting15%Runny ferulic acidSkinCeuticals C E FerulicAdded antioxidants15%WateryVitamin E propylene glycolCeraVe Skin Renewing Vitamin C SerumSensitive skin10%LightweightVitamin B5 ceramidesLaRoche-Posay 10% Pure Vitamin C SerumOily skin10%ThickSalicylic acidVichy Liftactiv Vitamin C SerumHigh potency on a budget15%WateryVitamin E hyaluronic acidBiossance Squalane + Vitamin C Dark Spot SerumMoisturizing10%LightweightMushroom extracts squalaneKiehl’s Powerful-Strength Vitamin C SerumMature skin12.5%Lotion-likeHyaluronic acid dimethiconeObagi Medical Professional C SerumExtra-strength20%Silky lightweightPropylene glycolHyper Even Brightening Dark Spot Vitamin C SerumHyperpigmentation15%LightweightSalicylic acid apple enzymesNourishmaxDewy skin15%WateryVitamin E hyaluronic acidWhy You Can Trust UsEach vitamin C product underwent rigorous personal testing evaluating for both efficacy and experience of using it (texture It was also important to evaluate products that are readily available and are at a range of price points We also spoke with dermatologists to get their advice about how to choose an effective and then applied these parameters to our picks in each category Things to Know About Vitamin C Serums“I think vitamin C is great for everyone,” says Prather you don’t necessarily have the compromised skin or need the proactive effects,” she says it’s helpful to know that vitamin C serums will contain vitamin C in one of three main forms As for when to use a vitamin C serum? “I like to put it on in the morning. I cleanse my face, use a vitamin C serum, and then apply sunscreen,” says Divya Sachdev, MD double board-certified in dermatology and internal medicine at Coast Dermatology Medical Associates in Torrance That last part is key: Vitamin C can make your skin more sensitive to the sun so you need to use sunscreen (look for a broad-spectrum formula that’s at least SPF 30) to protect from side effects like sunburns If your product directions also say to apply at night then following up with a cream that has other active ingredients like growth factors Allow each layer to dry on the skin before applying the next Keep in mind that vitamin C does tend to change color when exposed to light These products typically come in packaging like dark bottles to decrease this exposure as much as possible some light and heat enters the bottle with repeated opening so you can expect the color of the C serum to change over time to more yellow or orange For vitamin C that contains L-ascorbic acid — the type of vitamin C most at risk for oxidation — use it within six months of opening What to Look For in a Vitamin C SerumVitamin C serums can contain anywhere from 10 to 30 percent vitamin C but there’s really no reason to go higher than 20 percent the less tolerable it is for people with sensitive skin which can result in a stinging sensation,” says Huang more is not better: Because if it’s unpleasant to use or causes side effects like irritation “The most important rule is to choose one that your skin can tolerate,” she explains Vitamin C is best when paired with additional antioxidant ingredients like vitamin E or ferulic acid protective effects against free radicals in the environment and ultraviolet radiation,” she says dark-colored container is also key for making sure the formula stays stable throughout the time you’re using it It can be frustrating (not to mention expensive) when you don’t buy the right product the first time “It can take some trial-and-error to find the product that’s right for you I recommend giving it three months to see how it works,” says Dr She has written extensively about vision care She was previously an assistant editor at Prevention where she wrote monthly science-based beauty news items and feature stories She has contributed to more than 40 print and digital publications Migala lives in the Chicago suburbs with her husband Medical Reviewers ensure the accuracy of supporting medical information They are not involved in product selection or testing Susan Bard, MDCastle ConnollySusan Bard, MD, is a clinical instructor in the department of dermatology at Weill Cornell Medicine and an adjunct clinical instructor in the department of dermatology at Mount Sinai in New York City. Her professional interests include Mohs micrographic surgery, cosmetic and laser procedures, and immunodermatology. She is a procedural dermatologist with the American Board of Dermatology and a fellow of the American College of Mohs Surgery. Dr. Bard has written numerous book chapters and articles for many prominent peer-reviewed journals, and authored the textbook The Laser Treatment of Vascular Lesions. Opponents say party is ‘political heir’ of Vichy regime Leftwing and centrist politicians have sought to remind voters that when Le Pen’s father, Jean-Marie Le Pen co-founded the party – originally named Front National – in 1972 its ranks included former members of a Waffen SS military unit under Nazi command during the second world war Sarah Legrain, of the left’s La France Insoumise party, told French TV at the start of the snap election campaign that “of course” the party was an heir to Vichy. Valérie Hayer, who led Emmanuel Macron’s centrists in the European elections, has also called Le Pen’s party “political heirs” to the Vichy era. Read moreThe president himself has, however, previously cautioned against this approach. When his former prime minister Élisabeth Borne told a radio station in 2023 that Le Pen’s party were heirs of Pétain He warned that “history and morality” would no longer work to hold back the rise of National Rally (Rassemblement National – RN), which was already the foremost working-class party in France and expanding its vote among young people and public sector workers “You will never make millions of people who have voted for the far right believe they are fascists,” Macron was reported to have told a 2023 cabinet meeting suggesting that challenging the party must focus not on its past but its policy platform “We are not the heirs to Vichy, contrary to what everyone says …” Louis Aliot, a senior National Rally official, told Europe 1 radio at the start of the snap election campaign. “Mitterrand is the heir to Vichy, not us,” he said, referencing the former Socialist president whose earlier work for the Vichy regime became public in the 1990s The Front National was co-founded in Paris in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen a former paratrooper who had served in Algeria and previously been elected to parliament in 1956 as a supporter of Pierre Poujade’s anti-taxation protest movement After his stint as the national assembly’s youngest MP he founded a company that sold recordings of Nazi speeches and German military songs The Front National’s creation was intended to give the far right – which comprised several disparate groups including neo-fascists militants known for street violence and those nostalgic for French Algeria – a more presentable At the time Jean-Marie Le Pen was seen as a comparative moderate within the broader extreme right presenting himself as holding a nationalist-populist line The Front National made little impact in the 1970s but in the 1980s increased its scores winning 10 seats in the European parliament he said he believed in the “inequality of the races” He was fined by a court in Nice and convicted of “provoking hatred and ethnic discrimination” for telling a public meeting in 2013 that Roma in the city were “rash-inducing” and smelly whom he said he didn’t consider a traitor of France He said France should get along with Russia to save the “white world” Jean-Marie Le Pen made the second round of the presidential election it sparked mass street demonstrations and tactical voting for Jacques Chirac Free newsletterA digest of the morning's main headlines from the Europe edition emailed direct to you every week day saying he was committing “political suicide” she changed the party’s name to National Rally The party recently took a case to France’s highest administrative court arguing that it should no longer be labeled far-right by the interior ministry but its case was dismissed and France officially classes the party as far-right Marine Le Pen has kept the party’s essential doctrine which under her father was known as “France for the French” and which she has renamed “national priority” It means French citizens would be given priority over non-nationals for jobs social welfare assistance and housing – a policy of “putting our own before others” Rights groups and constitutionalists say the doctrine is discriminatory and anti-constitutional a court in Nanterre heard a case for incitement to discrimination brought by an anti-racism organisation and several rights groups against four party figures over a handbook for municipal councillors published in 2014 which recommended that “national priority” be applied to social housing The public prosecutor requested suspended prison sentences and large fines saying there had been “a clear incitement to commit a distinction” between French people and foreigners He added: “Politicians must be particularly attentive to the defence of democracy and its principles.” A verdict will be returned on 3 September Jordan Bardella who hopes to become prime minister if the party wins an absolute majority in parliament on 7 July wrote on X that the case and the state prosecutor’s recommendations were “a serious attack on the freedom of expression” over what he called a “commonsense measure The party also seeks to tighten rules on French citizenship and remove the right for children born to foreign parents on French soil It has kept its long-running hardline on law and order arguing that crime is linked to immigration Despite dropping calls for a return of the death penalty who won the vote of 51% of police and military in the 2022 presidential race wants to introduce a presumption of “legitimate defence” for police officers firing weapons Finding a serum to suit your skin's concerns can be quite the tricky business. Do you want a moisturising serum, a spot-targeting serum, a vitamin C serum... Luckily for you, we're here to help, and if you're someone with a combination to oily skin type, keep reading, because I think the Vichy Aqualia Thermal Serum is what you're looking for If you landed on this page as someone with dry skin thinking that dry and dehydrated are the same thing While dry skin is usually referred to as a skin type dry skin denotes a natural lack of oil in the skin where as dehydrated skin describes a lack of water it's actually quite easy to treat dehydrated skin You just need to switch up your skincare routine and I should clarify that not all oily skins are dehydrated but it's common for the two things to go hand in hand because excess oil production can the skin's way of overcompensating for a lack of water According to celebrity aesthetician Renée Rouleau combination or oily skin types and will likely feel tight She also adds that it's a common concern among acne prone skins when using harsh products in an attempt to reduce blemishes these products "strip the skin of water," she says A key buzzword for dehyrdated skin is the Queen of skincare ingredients Hyaluronic acid works by attracting moisture to the surface of the skin (the epidermis) to ensure maximum hydration from both your skincare products and the moisture in the air around you you need two things: water and hyaluronic acid So you're going to want a serum that has plenty of both Enter the Vichy Aqualia Thermal Serum Promising 48-hour hydration with hyaluronic acid and mineral-rich water the Vichy Aqualia Thermal Serum is a light thirst-quenching serum that feels like it's doing the job from the moment it hits the skin I've been using this product since my teens and not only is it a great product for teens - it's gentle and contains no mineral oil (YAY) - but also it's just an all-round safe bet for most normal to oily skin types The Aqualia Thermal Serum really does feel like splashing a burst of cool water all over your face it has a barely-there feel and it works excellently under make-up I can't rave about it enough and, to add to its excellency, it costs less than £20 and you can have it on your doorstep tomorrow with Amazon Prime(I'm a sucker for next day delivery...) whilst we may receive a commission or other compensation from the links on this page we never allow this to influence product selections remember to click the "New from + free shipping" button - there are plenty more suppliers with stock Alex and Olivia Bowen launch a ‘His and Hers’ loungewear collection The best face tanners that'll leave you bronzed and babein' Maura Higgins has launched a false lash range with Primark and it's LIT You're well on your way to hydrated skin now so just sit back and relax and think about that smiley Amazon box arriving on your doorstep tomorrow morning Now that you've sorted some of your skin concerns have you thought about tackling your eyelashes if you find yourself in the droopy eyelashes club Company number 01176085; Bauer Radio Limited Company number: 1394141; Registered office: Media House Peterborough PE2 6EA and H Bauer Publishing Company number: LP003328; Registered office: The Lantern H Bauer Publishing are authorised and regulated for credit broking by the FCA (Ref No: 845898) whose husband Kilmar Abrego Garcia was incorrectly deported by ICE speaks during a press conference ahead of Garcia’s hearing There’s a terrifying precedent for the predicament of Kilmar Armando Abrego Garcia — the incorrectly deported man whom President Donald Trump’s administration is refusing to return to the United States — to be found in Vichy France And it explains precisely why Trump is so determined to avoid bringing Abrego Garcia back to the U.S. In 1942, Marie Reille, a French Catholic, was deported to Auschwitz by mistake amid the Vichy government’s collaboration with the occupying Nazi regime we may say that everyone sent to Auschwitz was wrongfully deported the deportation of Jews was considered lawful — itself an illustration of how unkindly history can look on injustices justified as licit and even necessary at the time who was not a member of the French resistance Reille was given a hearing before being deported ruled that she was Jewish and ordered her transportation to Drancy a transfer camp for persons ultimately destined for Auschwitz Reille escaped before her deportation could be completed she threw an unstamped letter to her husband onto the streets of Paris from a moving prison bus her husband eventually received the letter and was able to convince higher Vichy officials that she was Catholic she was in a boxcar on her way to Auschwitz and standing on that death camp’s infamous railroad platform barking dogs and the overpowering stench of burnt bodies Reille went back to the offices of the Bordeaux prefecture where her hearing had been conducted to inform Garat and his office that he had sent her to a “deathcamp an extermination camp.” Many decades later was put on trial in Bordeaux for crimes against humanity specifically for signing the deportation orders for 1,560 Jews testified against Papon at his trial and told her mother-in-law’s story which was evidence that Papon knew very well the fate of the deportees — despite his defense that he merely signed orders and had no idea where the people he deported ended up And in Reille and Silva’s testimony is the key to understanding why Trump’s administration is desperate to keep Abrego Garcia from returning to the U.S. despite the Department of Homeland Security’s admission that he was the victim of an “administrative error.” And it helps explain announced that he too would take no steps to facilitate Abrego Garcia’s return has struck a deal to pay the Salvadoran government $6 million this year to enable the incarceration of prisoners like Abrego Garcia There are only two conceivable reasons for the U.S rather than taking every step possible to return Abrego Garcia after discovering its error to instead be defying court orders to facilitate his return immediately First is that the administration is intent on establishing unprecedentedly broad powers including by attempting to diminish the effective abilities of the judiciary is that the idea of Abrego Garcia returning home and sharing details of his surely horrifying experience at the prison poses an immense threat Because the administration officials know that whatever Abrego Garcia might report would not only risk raising already heightened public outrage over mass deportations, conducted with minimal justification and in possible defiance of the judiciary He was found guilty of complicity in the arrests and detentions of some of the named Jewish victims probably because while it was proven that he knew that the deportees would die he did not have the requisite intent to kill them He ultimately served less than 3 years of his sentence and died in 2007.) No Trump official wants to end up in Papon’s shoes Their insistence on ensuring Abrego Garcia does not return to the U.S should be seen as a glaring admission that they understand their conduct is of the kind that history could hold against them with possible material consequences for their well-being is funding something like a concentration camp in El Salvador and if the administration is eager to cover that up That should be a further incentive for the judiciary to expedite in any way possible Abrego Garcia’s release — despite the administration’s efforts to stop them Fredric Brandfon is the former chair of the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Stockton University in New Jersey and was the founder of the Department of Religion at the College of Charleston A History of Jews and Catholics in the City of Rome The views and opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Forward. Discover more perspectives in Opinion. To contact Opinion authors, email [email protected] So during the New Pres’ speech to Congress Representative Al Greene had the courage stand up to the Dear Leader.  He graciously allowed himself to be led out of the chamber by the Sgt at Arms after being ruled out of order.  But his behavior has since been voted by the US House as worthy of formal Censure 10 Democrats voted with the Republicans to Censure Re Greene.  Here are there names.  Should you live in one of these districts please contact them and voice your displeasure in the most forceful terms you are comfortable with Vichy Dems: The 10 House Democrats who joined Republicans to vote for Green’s censure were California Representative Ami Bera Pennsylvania Representative Chrissy Houlahan Washington Representative Marie Gluesenkamp Perez and New York Representative Tom Suozzi Not signed up for Daily Kos yet? Create a free account If you’re looking to enhance your skincare routine the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum might be the perfect addition This serum promises to brighten your skin and diminish signs of aging this serum aims to boost collagen production Let’s dive into the details and see if it lives up to the hype I’ve been using the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum for a couple of months now and I can confidently say it’s made a noticeable difference in my skin’s appearance I’ve seen my complexion become brighter and more even The lightweight texture absorbs quickly into the skin making it easy to layer with other products the non-greasy formula ensures it suits all skin types The Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum boasts a highly effective and powerful skincare formulation that helps to brighten and even out skin tone it boosts collagen production and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles making it a comprehensive solution for multiple skin concerns One of the standout features of the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum is its lightweight texture that absorbs quickly into the skin This makes it easy to apply and layer with other skincare products Its non-greasy and non-sticky formula ensures that it is suitable for all skin types making it a versatile addition to any skincare routine dark glass bottle that protects the vitamin C from air and light exposure preventing degradation and ensuring potency until the last drop This thoughtful packaging design enhances the product’s effectiveness making it a reliable choice for those seeking long-lasting results Many users have praised the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum for its remarkable brightening effects Testimonials mention noticeable improvements in skin brightness and texture with some users experiencing reduced dark spots and a youthful glow These positive reviews highlight the serum’s ability to deliver visible results Despite its high concentration of active ingredients the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum is priced affordably at $34.99 This makes it accessible to a wider audience who are looking for effective skincare solutions without breaking the bank The combination of quality and affordability makes this serum a popular choice among consumers The serum’s non-greasy and non-sticky formula makes it suitable for a wide range of skin types Users have reported that it does not cause breakouts and can be easily integrated into existing skincare routines This versatility is one of the key reasons for its popularity The Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum comes highly recommended by dermatologists Many users decided to purchase the serum based on professional advice emphasizing its credibility and effectiveness Dermatologists often recommend this serum for its ability to brighten skin and reduce signs of aging Multiple reviews highlight positive user experiences with the serum and the noticeable improvements in their skin Some have mentioned that it outperforms other vitamin C serums they have tried it is recommended to use the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum consistently Users have reported the best outcomes when incorporating it into their daily skincare routine This consistency helps achieve and maintain the serum’s brightening and anti-aging benefits While the serum is generally well-tolerated some users with sensitive skin have reported initial breakouts It is advisable to introduce the product gradually and monitor any reactions Once the correct order of application is established even those with sensitive skin have experienced positive results the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum is a powerful addition to any skincare routine Its effective formula and user-friendly packaging make it a standout product for those looking to improve their skin’s brightness and texture Given its reasonable price point and the positive results I’ve experienced I highly recommend giving this serum a try It’s a small investment for a significant boost in your skincare regimen Question: How should I apply the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum Answer: Apply 4-5 drops to your face and neck and pat it into the skin to ensure absorption Question: Can I use this serum with other skincare products the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum can be layered with other skincare products but make sure to apply it before moisturizers and sunscreens Question: Is this serum suitable for sensitive skin Answer: While some users with sensitive skin have experienced breakouts It’s recommended to do a patch test before full application and I can confidently say it's made a noticeable difference in my skin's appearance I've seen my complexion become brighter and more even."}]}{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"FAQPage","mainEntity":[{"@type":"Question","name":"How should I apply the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Apply 4-5 drops to your face and neck and pat it into the skin to ensure absorption."}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Can I use this serum with other skincare products?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes but make sure to apply it before moisturizers and sunscreens."}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Is this serum suitable for sensitive skin?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"While some users with sensitive skin have experienced breakouts It's recommended to do a patch test before full application."}}]} PARIS — Emmanuel Macron’s rupture with Benjamin Netanyahu is growing by the day hit back Tuesday at the French president’s comments over the United Nations’ role in the foundation of Israel — telling Macron that Israel was founded by Holocaust survivors “including from the [Nazi collaborationist] Vichy regime in France.” Macron had noted earlier Tuesday that the Israeli leader should not “ignore United Nations decisions,” during a closed-door meeting with his French ministers “Mr. Netanyahu must not forget that his country was created by a U.N. decision,” he was quoted as saying, referencing the U.N. General Assembly’s November 1947 vote that terminated the British mandate of Palestine and split the land into a Jewish and an Arab state Tensions have been rising between Macron and Netanyahu as Israel continues its strikes against the Iran-backed Hezbollah militant group in Lebanon — a country that has long historical ties to France — especially as the Israel Defense Forces hit U.N saying that Israel was created not by a U.N ruling but by the 1948 war of independence “A reminder to the president of France: It was not the U.N resolution that established the State of Israel but rather the victory achieved in the War of Independence with the blood of heroic fighters many of whom were Holocaust survivors — including from the Vichy regime in France,” Netanyahu said in a statement The Vichy regime collaborated with Adolf Hitler’s occupation forces in World War II and helped Nazi Germany deport 76,000 Jews from France to concentration camps Macron also recently called for a halt to arms deliveries to Israel in an interview with French radio which triggered an angry response from Netanyahu who declared “shame” on the French president France had last month attempted to broker a 21-day cease-fire between Israel and Hezbollah which was scuppered when Netanyahu ordered strikes against the group’s headquarters EU executive is planning a two-track approach of incentives and retaliatory measures to convince the White House to strike a deal Paris accused Russia’s Fancy Bear group of conducting cyberattacks on the French president’s campaign team Paris and Berlin have been at loggerheads for years you’re horrible people” and walk away if Moscow or Kyiv don’t play ball A certain vitamin C serum is considered the gold standard for skincare fans So one woman was thrilled when her dermatologist told her about a beauty brand that makes a dupe for a fraction of the cost She raved about the product in response to a post on Reddit discussing the “best vitamin C serum that doesn’t break the bank.” “My derm told me to use the Vichy Liftactiv, she said, writing under the handle ConceptHumble2021 “He said that SkinCeuticals everyone considers the gold standard (and said it is mostly due to marketing) She said Vichy’s vitamin C serum is sold in a smaller bottle than SkinCeuticals's version, but you don’t have to use much of the product to get good results. The serum isn’t the only product by Vichy she uses in her daily routine. “Side note: I have also been using Vichy Mineral 89 (hydrating booster) and love it,” she said. “I compared many to SC and they are so similar.” She wasn't the only fan to vouch for the serum A top commenter said they’ve “absolutely noticed a difference” in their skin since they started using Vichy products SkinCeuticals C E Ferulic with 15% L-Ascorbic Acid costs $182 on the brand’s website It has been formulated to clinically improve eight signs of aging Vichy 16% Pure Vitamin C Brightening Serum C E Ferulic with 15% L-Ascorbic Acid Fans of the product have seen their wrinkles reduced Meanwhile, Vichy's 16% Pure Vitamin C Brightening Serum is discounted from $34.99 to $27.99 at Ulta and more even within 14 days of consistent use The brand recommends applying four to five drops of the serum each morning to a clean and dry face One customer described the serum as the “best on the market” after being impressed by how effective it was for them Topical Vitamin C has several benefits for skin including hydrating According to Healthline it may also help to promote collagen production and reduce the appearance of sun damage Research shows that it is safe for most skin types but may cause irritation in concentrations above 20% Experts recommend doing a patch test on a small skin area and waiting 24 hours to see if there are side effects before applying it to your face Discontinue topical use of vitamin C if you experience rashes Connect with L'Oréal in your location Founded in 1931 by Dr. Prosper Haller, Vichy Laboratoires is a brand recommended by dermatologists worldwide with a dermatological expertise committed to one mission: the quest for skin health We approach skin health through the lens of exposome science explaining the impacts of everyday life on our skin hormonal variations are all factors that have an impact on the biological function of the skin is leading our innovations in anti-aging and dermatological haircare solutions we support the development of scientific knowledge and are committed to providing cutting-edge derm-grade solutions for every skin and scalp issue and reliable innovations that contribute to healthier skin positively impact people’s well-being at every stage of their lives Vichy’s mission is stronger than ever: to empower you all of different ages and phototypes and help you decode and anticipate the changing needs of skin and scalp at every stage of life This science led us to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to dermo-cosmetic combining Dermatology with other medical fields (Endocrinology we can address the visible symptoms of certain skin dysfunctions which efficacy is tested in real life condition Our protocols consist of powerful combinations of dermatological actives developed in hypoallergenic formulations and health habit recommendations endorsed by our multi-disciplinary medical board This global approach helps women to take action to counteract Exposome factors that accelerate their skin’s aging process Vichy is committed to gaining a better understanding on Exposome factors and their influence on skin’s health and supports this highly important area of research at the international level through our annual Vichy Exposome Grant In Partnership with Wellbeing of Women and Supporting Women's Health Collective Canada a renowned skincare brand recommended by 70,000 dermatologists globally announces the Canadian launch of Hormonall a program going beyond skincare to support women through every life stage Recognizing the impact of hormonal changes on women's holistic wellbeing Hormonall provides access to trustworthy information "We are thrilled to bring Hormonall to Canadian women," said Marie-Pier Michaud empowering women with the knowledge and tools they need to navigate their hormonal changes with confidence." 2 OUT OF 3 WOMEN STRUGGLE IN SILENCE WHEN FACING HORMONAL CHANGES FEELING MISUNDERSTOOD A KANTAR quantitative study of over 2,000 women in countries around the world found that two out of three struggle in silence when facing the impact of hormonal changes on their mental and physical wellbeing Women share these feelings regardless of age There are three causes of societal misunderstanding and individual loneliness related to hormonal wellbeing a lack of prioritisation of women's health in the health care system in the field of women's health and yet women's health research receives only 7% of federal health research funding in Canada Women are not encouraged to share their burdens or to ask for support There isn't enough information about hormonal changes and the little information that is available is sometimes misleading or overwhelming Hormonall.com will become a dedicated hub for women's wellbeing This free and anonymous platform offers educational resources and fosters a supportive community for all individuals experiencing hormonal transitions For more information about Hormonall and its available resources, visit Hormonall.com ___________________________________________________________________ About Vichy Laboratoires: Founded in 1931 Vichy Laboratoires is a science-driven skincare brand recommended by 70,000 dermatologists worldwide the 2sd most recommended brand worldwide** Vichy Laboratoires is dedicated to decoding and anticipating the needs of the skin and scalp at every stage of life About Wellbeing of Women: Wellbeing of Women is a UK charity founded in 1964 that is committed to improving the health of women About Women's Health Collective Canada: Women's Health Collective Canada (WHCC) is a strategic alliance uniting Canada's leading women's health and hospital foundations to advocate for and advance equity in women's health research * KANTAR Study 2022 – Total Sample: 2086 women **Survey conducted among the dermocosmetic market carried out by AplusA and other partners between January 2023 and May 2023 representing more than 80% of the worldwide GDP Press Contacts: Vanessa Roylance, [email protected] Paxton’s work continues to educate the world about the history of Vichy France Paxton have profoundly reshaped our understanding of central issues in twentieth-century European and world history 1963) taught at the University of California-Berkeley and State University of New York-Stony Brook where he is Mellon Professor Emeritus of Social Science and the Holocaust in France include:  Parades and Politics at Vichy: The French Officer Corps under Marshal Pétain (Princeton University Press Europe in the Twentieth Century (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (with Michael Marrus) Vichy France and the Jews (Basic Books French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères’ Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture These texts continue to educate readers around the world He also served in 2009 as guest curator for “Between Collaboration and Resistance: French Literary Life Under Nazi Occupation,” an exhibition held at the New York Public Library.  The Institute for the Study of War and Democracy is grateful for the opportunity to interview Robert O Jason Dawsey conducted the following email interview with Paxton in November 2021 Parades and Politics at Vichy: The French Officer Corps under Marshal Pétain (1966) grew out of your doctoral dissertation at Harvard Could you discuss the influence of Harvard scholars H Stuart Hughes and Stanley Hoffmann on your work I came by accident to the topic of the French officer corps during the German occupation (1940-1944) I went to Paris in September 1960 expecting to carry out research for a doctoral dissertation on the history of the French military academy at Saint-Cyr When I arrived at the Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre at the chateau of Vincennes I was informed that there were no archives concerning Saint-Cyr since everything had been destroyed in an American bombing raid in 1944 I returned for advice to Professor Raoul Girardet the expert on French military matters at Sciences Po.  If you are interested in the French officer corps you should study their reactions to the German occupation of 1940-1944 for that was a time of deep uncertainty and division with major implications for the Liberation of France and for its postwar politics.  French career officers disagreed in 1940-1942 about who was their legitimate leader Each leader had a following among French officers and some of them (but not all) came together after the United States brought French North Africa back into the war in November 1942 in the great project of the Liberation of France.  and Girardet offered to put me in touch with senior French officers involved in Vichy My Harvard mentors did the favor of leaving me very much alone while I prepared my doctoral dissertation Stuart Hughes was a fine teacher of European history but when I reached the dissertation stage he was preoccupied by a run for the Senate in Massachusetts in 1961-62.  Stanley Hoffmann’s lectures were a brilliant introduction to French politics in general but he was in the Government Department while I was a degree candidate in History and thus not directly involved with the dissertation when I had written Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order Stanley Hoffmann gave me an indispensable hand up by persuading the Éditions du Seuil to bring out a French translation of this book an essential step in attracting attention in France Your interest in Vichy France developed against the backdrop of momentous events in French and American history: the end of Algeria’s war of independence (1954-1962) and the beginning of the United States’ war in Vietnam (1964-65) as well as the upheavals of 1960s in both countries What impact did these events have on the directions taken by your research I do not think I was influenced by any of these contemporary events It was mostly the internal momentum of my studies that carried me along After I had finished my doctoral dissertation and had published it as Parades and Politics at Vichy (Princeton I realized that I already had a lot of material on hand for a general book about the Vichy regime.  I had not only a good bit of French material but I also had the crucial German archives that had been captured by Allied forces at the end of World War II I would be able to reconstruct the Vichy-German relationship far more fully than the main earlier book on this subject Robert Aron’s Histoire de Vichy (1954) Parades and Politics at Vichy was published shortly before Peter Novick’s The Resistance Versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France (Columbia University Press This was a crucial time in Anglophone scholarship on Vichy You then turned to a general history of the regime This book is certainly one of the most important works in the study of modern French and European history What aspects of Robert Aron’s History of Vichy (1954) then the authoritative work on the subject Robert Aron’s Histoire de Vichy was so generally considered authoritative that no serious rival general account was published in the dozen years after it appeared in 1954 on a rather narrow documentary base.  Its principal source was the stenographic transcripts of the postwar collaboration trials in which the French Fourth Republic authorities had charged Vichy officials with treason while these same officials had tried to justify their actions The courtroom debates turned mainly on whether or not the defendants had cooperated with the German occupation authorities Yet Aron (who probably did not read German) had no access to the whole run of German archives where he could have delineated these relations more clearly Aron’s focus on the trials tended to center his book too narrowly on supposed German pressures I looked at the German record and saw that while the Germans were obsessed in 1940 with military security and with the extraction of booty from defeated France in how the Vichy government dealt with internal French matters.  The Vichy regime’s program for French revival grew mostly out of the French quarrels of the bitterly divided 1930s and most particularly out of the conservative response to the Popular Front of 1936 One needed to see exactly what the Germans wanted and simultaneously to place the history of Vichy firmly within recent French history I should add that I visited Robert Aron when I began my research in France in the fall of 1960 and that he was hospitable and generous in his advice to a young historian I did not set out to knock his book out of the ring Free French fighters remove a sign from the former Vichy Commissariat-General of Social Action for French Working in Germany in Besancon after the US Seventh Army liberated the town What obstacles did you face in doing your research for the book what do you consider to be the most durable claims made in Vichy France Are there things about that study you would do differently today The main obstacle I faced was that the Vichy government archives were not yet open to scholarly research in 1960 when I began work This was to some degree counterbalanced by the survival of eye-witnesses who could be interviewed although their statements would certainly be colored by their efforts at self-justification You refer in Vichy France to Marcul Ophuls’s astonishing 1969 documentary film about Vichy Le Chagrin et la Pitié (The Sorrow and the Pity) as an “extraordinary film evocation.” The publication of your book is often grouped with The Sorrow and the Pity as watershed moments in the French nation’s confrontation with its history in World War II What do you think our audience should know about the reception of your book in France in the 1970s My general book on Vichy France had a mixed reception when it appeared in French translation in 1973 as La France de Vichy I had expected that my very thorough documentation and abundant footnotes would impress the academic world whereas general readers might be put off by my radical rejection of the familiar idea that the Germans had obliged Vichy to do what it did.  I had the reverse: a positive review in Le Monde by a journalist and a negative review by a scholar in the Revue française de Science politique reactions to my book varied mostly with age and with political affiliation Young people and people on the Left generally approved and older people and conservatives generally disapproved I was gratified over the years to discover that younger French scholars who worked on Vichy and who gained increasing access to French archives mostly agreed in general with my interpretation even if they might disagree on this detail or that Over time my books were more and more widely accepted in France a monograph you co-authored with esteemed Holocaust historian Michael Marrus What led to this book and how did your collaboration with Marrus come about Vichy France and the Jews was commissioned by a French publisher a year before Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order was published an editor with the Paris publisher Calmann-Lévy asked me to write a book about the measures taken against Jews by the Vichy regime.  I had initially not expected to write further about Vichy after the general work that was then nearing completion and I feared a similar neglect of the second book then about to appear I thought that the best way to get my views before the French public was to accept M Before I could write the book I had promised M I had to fulfill a contract and finish my textbook on Europe in the Twentieth Century Then I began to work actively on Vichy France and the Jews and the amount of material available was overwhelming In 1976 I told Roger Errera that I wanted to abandon the project He suggested lightening the load by bringing in a co-author for he had already published the French edition of Marrus’s first book a study of the French Jewish community during the Dreyfus Affair who was a graduate student at Berkeley during my last year as an Instructor there was available and willing to become the co-author of Vichy France and the Jews Marrus and I divided the tasks so that I worked in the German archives and in the United States archives (reading the reports of American diplomats assigned to Vichy France) while Marrus worked on French and British sources We got along very well and had no serious disagreements about how to interpret and present this history Former Vichy Premier Pierre Laval Surrenders to Americans Vichy France and the Jews is still one of the landmark studies of the Holocaust in France What do you think are the most significant findings of the research you did with Marrus As with Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order the central finding of Vichy France and the Jews was that Vichy France’s legal measures to exclude Jews from public service and intellectual life were not imposed by the Germans The actions originated with the Vichy French leaders influenced by the growth of antisemitism in France during the Great Depression of the 1930s and after the defeat of June 1940 had a different idea when they began their occupation of France in the summer of 1940 They had no interest in making France as hostile to Jews as Germany was they wanted to use France as a dumping ground for German Jews whom they wanted to expel into France.  They actually began to do so in October 1940 stopping in the face of outraged protests from Vichy Gradually the Germans came to see Vichy antisemitism as something they should encourage and even enhance but that was not their position at the beginning You served as an expert witness in the trials of Vichy officials Paul Touvier (1994) and Maurice Papon (1997) How do you look back on those experiences now Testifying in these trials was quite daunting and one could almost feel the angry glare of the accused particularly that of the combative Maurice Papon I tried to make some of the points I had made in my books particularly the French rather than German origins of the first anti-Jewish measures of the Vichy regime I believe that these trials served a useful purpose in calling the French public’s attention to the Vichy government’s initiatives in excluding Jews from public service jobs and from intellectual roles starting in 1940 even before the deportations began in 1942 completing two major monographs on the topic: French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères’ Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture 1929-1939 (1997) and The Anatomy of Fascism (2004) what pulled you to examine farmers and the appeal of far-right politics in prewar France After writing three books about Vichy France I wanted very much to turn to something else My Vichy books had emphasized the importance of the French background So I looked for something new to say about the power of the Right in 1930s France.  I was struck by how little attention the existing works on this subject gave to the rural population That seemed strange for two reasons: France had the largest agricultural sector of any European country and farmers had played a major role in the success of both Hitler (whose most massive vote came in dairy-farming Schleswig-Holstein) and Mussolini (whose first major successes came in breaking strikes by farm workers in the Po Valley).  So I decided that the role of the French peasantry in the growth of the Right in 1930s France was a significant gap in the existing historiography This led me to Henry Dorgères and his right-wing peasant movement Also I had studied France up to this point mainly in non-French archives (German and it was a pleasure to plunge deeply into rural France by doing research in provincial archives In The Anatomy of Fascism you characterized your intention as proposing a “fresh way of looking at fascism that may rescue the concept for meaningful use and account more fully for its attractiveness and its ultimate horror.” What kinds of historical insights do you believe this book offers about what you call the “major political innovation of the twentieth century—and the source of much of its pain” that the vast literature on fascist movements and dictatorships does not Do you still support downplaying the role of ideas and ideology in understanding fascism I taught a seminar on fascism at Columbia University The study of fascism seemed to me an excellent path into the most central issues in the history of twentieth-century Europe meant paying as much attention to the contexts within which fascism started and grew and took power as to the movements themselves The existing literature tended to focus on the fascist movements in isolation without much attention to political blockages Another problem was that studies of fascism worked with an unstated analogy to traditional political parties Traditional political parties started with a program and used it to appeal to voters the existing literature studied fascism by concentrating on its programmatic statements.  The problem with this approach was that Hitler and Mussolini abandoned much of their initial programs (which had been quite critical of capitalism) and made alliances with conservatives and the world of business against socialism and communism They recruited a fanatical following more by arousing passions than by promising to fulfill a program In power they governed without much attention to their early programs and sometimes in direct contradiction to them Another problem with the existing literature’s unstated analogy of fascism with traditional political parties was that fascism developed another kind of belonging This channeled an astonishing burst of political energy quite unlike the narrower electoral engagement of traditional parties A final problem of the existing literature was a tendency to seek a fascist essence The growth of fascism needed to be perceived as a dynamic process through several stages of development.  I identified five stages: the creation of movements an existential choice between becoming more aggressively radical Each stage of this process had its own particular features and qualities without taking all the stages into account Much of your work on fascist and extreme right-wing politics is How do you explain the resurgence of neo-fascist and right-wing populist ideologies two decades into the twenty-first century Is fascism a permanent threat to contemporary societies despite its catastrophic defeat in 1945 Today’s resurgence of a radical activist right is not something I expected The original wave of fascism emerged out of extreme conditions of war and depression Today’s circumstances seem much less dramatic without the fundamental disruptions that gave birth to the first fascisms more than 50 years after the end of World War II the public has forgotten the nearly universal scorn and loathing that surrounded the dead dictators nationalist anti-socialism once again looks fresh and new while the long-standing moderate parties seem conventional and tired the challenge by people of color and women to White male dominance both within the United States and internationally seems to be arousing a powerful response that resembles the original fascisms’ violent rejection of the rise of socialism in the early twentieth century I admit that I do not yet have a fully satisfying answer to this question I suspect that the replacement of books and newspapers carefully moderated by professional journalists and editors as the main sources of knowledge by the wide-open unmoderated arena of the internet may also be playing a role in the resurgence of violent activism on all sides But it is still too early to understand fully what is afoot if you will: what have been the challenges of writing French history as an outsider as a foreigner who disrupted conventional ways of seeing modern French history I was likely to arouse some anger and resentment in France I was warmly received by many French people Indeed the trend has been toward wider general approval The French have surprised me by their willingness to accept a foreign historian’s critical view I suspect that Americans might be less tolerant of a critical French writer Perhaps they were pleased that a foreigner chose to devote his life’s work to studying their history Better to be criticized than to be ignored I always tried to make clear my belief that there were always admirable people in France even when their government did evil things Another challenge was to use the French language correctly for the French value their language as one of their prime achievements It was essential to display respect for the people one studies is ASU WWII Studies Consultant in the Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy.  Copy MLA Citation Copy APA Citation Copy Chicago Style Citation The V-2 developed by Wernher von Braun was a revolutionary breakthrough in rocket and missile technology To commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the Capture of Warsaw by Soviet forces The Battle of Manila and the Destruction of the Pearl of the Orient the day after V-E Day was officially confirmed Eleanor Roosevelt reflects on the cautious mood The concept of genocide has fundamentally altered international law transforming the way we understand mass violence in the modern world.  Whether it played the role of the “Black Cat,” “Mad Cat,” or “Dumbo,” the PBY Catalina proved itself as one of the most instrumental amphibious planes as it struck fear in the Axis and provided hope for the Allies Regarded as the “most beautiful woman in the world,” Hedy Lamarr was not only a famous Hollywood actress who sold millions in war bonds during World War II Her creations included a frequency-hopping radio communications device for Allied torpedoes during the war including ghettos and other sites of incarceration from imprisoning "enemies of the state" to serving as way stations in larger deportation schemes to murdering people in gas chambers.  the remains of Private First Class John Henry Newstrom a US Marine killed during the Battle of Peleliu in 1944 have been identified and will be returned home thanks to a joint recovery effort by the US and Japanese governments In her first My Day column after Franklin D Eleanor Roosevelt reflects on the sorrow following his passing and urges the world to unite in building a lasting Controlling the Ryukyu Islands would allow the Americans to finally sever Japan from its South Asian empire.  View Campus Map Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker the entire country was not occupied – at first a nominally independent regime was established in the city of Vichy Shannon Fogg answers the key questions about the regime including how Vichy France adopted a policy of collaboration Although France declared war on Germany in September 1939 it would not be for another eight months – a period known as the Phoney War – before the Nazis launched their assault on western Europe “Petain requested an armistice on 17 June,” which was signed on 22 June and went into effect on 25 June 1940 with the Germans initially occupying some three-fifths of the country The much-disputed region of Alsace-Lorraine could choose its own seat – and they went for Vichy as a tourist destination for its thermal baths it had plenty of empty hotel space to accommodate the government the National Assembly met in the casino in Vichy and voted overwhelmingly to grant full powers to Petain to revise the constitution He could make laws and no longer had to consult the legislature,” says Fogg He established a conservative and authoritarian government The term was also used to refer to the parts of France not initially occupied by the Germans “One of the things that Vichy France really tried to maintain throughout the war was its sovereignty,” states Fogg “Some people like to talk of it as a puppet regime but it wasn’t really: they tried to assert their authority just always within the confines of occupation “They were one of the few European governments that did not flee Vichy France was not under direct German administration but Vichy laws applied to the whole country The Vichy government instituted rules regarding rationing and anti-Jewish statutes – often without the Germans demanding them the French empire stretched across the globe with extensive holdings in north and west Africa The mobilisation in 1939 had seen soldiers from all over the empire make up 10 colonial divisions out of the overall 80 in the French forces French Equatorial Africa – sided with Petain The first article of the agreement ended fighting between Germany and France and they would remain unoccupied during the war by then there were more than 85,000 colonial prisoners of war from the 10 divisions Vichy France did enjoy support among the French people: many were relieved that the fighting was over quickly “He was telling them that he was going to protect them from the death and destruction seen in the First World War.” Fogg stresses that around two per cent of the population were actively committed to Vichy’s collaboration with the Germans and a similar percentage actively resisted it and while many French people opposed the foreign occupiers they were “much slower to lose confidence in Vichy and even slower to become disillusioned with Petain.” daily life became increasingly difficult in France but experiences differed based on where a person lived and how they were defined under the Vichy or occupying regimes they had a visible embodiment of occupation: the constant presence of troops There would not be German troops in the south until after November 1942 the Nazis used this as a reason to occupy the whole of France especially how France was required to pay the costs of the occupation really had an effect on people’s lives,” says Fogg “The Nazis requisitioned food and industrial products as part of the plan to make sure the people of Germany did not suffer like they had during the First World War But that meant the French people did experience shortages.” Rationing was introduced early on “I think the amount guaranteed by ration cards went as low as 900 calories per day but not starvation at the level seen in places like Greece.” Queuing and the search for food – including people from cities venturing to the countryside to buy from farmers – became a way of life for those in occupied France Access to bread was limited since the bakeries could only sell day-old bread while the quantities of wheat in each loaf diminished over time The ideals of Petain’s ‘national revolution’ – his grand vision for France – glorified the family but while financial incentives were provided to large families Fogg stresses that policies were passed to hamper women’s access to divorce and abortions The education system was also revised to include religious instruction in the curriculum and to promote nationalism and anti-Semitism Vichy instituted its own anti-Semitic laws beginning in October 1940 with a statute limiting the number of Jews who could work in certain professions and allowing foreign Jews to be interred or assigned residence there were several hundred laws specifically related to the Jewish population “One thing that especially affected Jews was the expropriation of their property Economic Aryanisation transferred Jewish-owned businesses and property into non-Jewish hands French laws actually defined Jews more strictly than the Nazi definition.” There were those in France helping Jews escape: at first by illegally crossing into the unoccupied zone – which was perceived as safer – or to neutral Spain and Switzerland the resistance was not all that successful “But was it resistance to get people to think differently or to listen to the BBC or to read clandestine newspapers Rescue could be seen as an important form of resistance too.” Even so the overall success of changing the course of the Vichy regime is “hard to measure” On the same day that Petain announced his intention to seek an armistice with Germany, 17 June 1940, General Charles de Gaulle flew to London Although an undersecretary in the war department and only in the government for a short time especially after a famous speech about how the “flame of resistance must not be extinguished” de Gaulle’s government-in-exile was recognised by the British as Free France legitimising it as an alternative to Vichy that the different organisations and resistance networks were able to be brought together under the umbrella of the Free French “After the Allied invasion of North Africa in 1942 the Free French got a much stronger foothold and it was in 1943 and 44 that the French Committee of National Liberation was recognised as the intended new government once the war was over.” Following the Allied landings at Normandy on 6 June 1944 in an operation widely known as D-Day Paris would be liberated in August and most of France by early September The Nazis forcibly removed Petain and Pierre Laval to a castle in Germany in the false hope that they would be brought back to power in the future “Petain was trying to plan how he could transition into the leader of whatever new government was put in place at the end of the war,” says Fogg “and he was angry with the Germans for taking him out of France.” “He also claimed that he had been playing a double game and was in contact with the British. This was not true.” Petain was found guilty of treason and condemned to death, but his age – he was nearing 90 in 1945 – saw his sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Other prominent members of Vichy, including Laval were also tried, some being sentenced to execution and others put in jail. The last trial would be held in July 1949, although there was a kind of “resurgence” in the mid-1990s, according to Fogg, when people who had been leniently sentenced were retried for crimes against humanity. “It wasn’t until 1995 that France publicly acknowledged its complicity in the Holocaust.” Shannon Fogg is a professor of history and political science at Missouri University of Science and Technology, and author of The Politics of Everyday Life and Vichy France Foreigners, Undesirables and Strangers (Cambridge University Press, 2009) German officers and Parisians near a sidewalk cafe on the Champs Elysees on Bastille Day in 1940 The German armed forces occupied France earlier that year Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco (centre left) during a visit to Vichy French leader Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain (centre right) (Photo by Three Lions/Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)“The economic effects of the armistice Rationing was introduced early on On the same day that Petain announced his intention to seek an armistice with Germany, 17 June 1940, General Charles de Gaulle flew to London Following the Allied landings at Normandy on 6 June 1944 in an operation widely known as D-Day Neither the Nazis or Petain got their wish. The Vichy leaders were tried after the war, not in international courts like the Nuremberg Trials but at the French High Court Although Petain had been offered asylum in Switzerland Fogg says: “His defence strategy was to claim that Vichy had acted as a shield protecting the French from the worst of Nazi demands through collaboration US troops marching down the Champs Elysees (Picture by Getty)“He also claimed that he had been playing a double game and was in contact with the British Petain was found guilty of treason and condemned to death but his age – he was nearing 90 in 1945 – saw his sentence commuted to life imprisonment some being sentenced to execution and others put in jail although there was a kind of “resurgence” in the mid-1990s when people who had been leniently sentenced were retried for crimes against humanity “It wasn’t until 1995 that France publicly acknowledged its complicity in the Holocaust.” Shannon Fogg is a professor of history and political science at Missouri University of Science and Technology and author of The Politics of Everyday Life and Vichy France Foreigners Undesirables and Strangers (Cambridge University Press Rhiannon DaviesFreelance journalistA former BBC History Magazine section editor Rhiannon has long been fascinated by history and continues to write for HistoryExtra.com She has appeared on the award-winning HistoryExtra podcast interviewing experts on a variety of subjects from Lucy Worsley discussing Agatha Christie to Sir Ranulph Fiennes on the perils of polar exploration you are agreeing to site title terms and conditions and privacy policy This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. 2020Photo by Laura MurrayAll products featured on Bon Appétit are independently selected by our editors This is Highly Recommend a column dedicated to what people in the food industry are obsessed with eating I hesitate to write this—because the general public already thinks that the editors at Bon Appétit are all shriveled, sodium-obsessed freaks—but here it goes: I like my water salty. And no, I’m not talking about pasta water or water for storing freshly cut crudités—all of which I want to taste like the sea For context: The USDA recommends that adults consume no more than 2.3 grams of sodium per day this water has about as much sodium in it as a MF’ing Big Mac It is the mineral water equivalent of an aggressive scrub down at a bathhouse or a deep tissue massage: punishing I remember my first taste of the stuff like it was yesterday My dining companion and I decided to splash out for sparkling water at Frenchette a tony modern French restaurant in Manhattan and we were so engrossed in conversation that I didn’t even notice our water glasses being filled from a frosty I took a big swig mid-sentence and gasped with pleasure like a gripping glass of Grüner cooled with rocks from a pebble beach I knew I had found the water that I would judge all others by I fully understand if nothing I’ve said about my beloved Vichy Catalan makes it sound appealing to you. Different strokes! But just saying: If you’ve found yourself heeding any of BA’s insistent salt-related advice and found it changed, say, your pasta or grilled meat game for the better, consider giving Vichy Catalan a shot. A person can have a little salty water. You know, as a treat. University of Notre Dame Keough School of Global Affairs Some think of the expensive skin care brand or the historic thermal spa city frequented by Emperor Napoleon Others immediately think of the pro-Nazi collaborationist “Regime de Vichy” and “État Français” that existed from 1940 to 1944 Vichy is a small city in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France. It was recently named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the category of Great Spa Towns of Europe at the time of my recent three-week stay during a university break this element of Vichy’s identity was prominently marketed Supported by an Advance Language Training grant from the Keough School’s Nanovic Institute for European Studies my time in Vichy helped me improve my French language skills and dig deeper into the city’s complex history I found that France remains divided over the role of the Vichy government and there are multiple interpretations of the level of collaboration and the severity of the government’s crimes there stands a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust but even this epigraph displays lower deportation numbers than official estimates It also only mentions “Juif étrangers” (foreign Jews) brushing over the fact that Vichy France also arrested and deported Jewish French citizens and murderers,” and is known for his incendiary remarks and staunch anti-immigration Zemmour and other right-wing politicians favor protectionist policies and are generally “Eurosceptics” (that is There are some interesting similarities with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) party in Germany—founded by Eurosceptic former members of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)—which is now regarded as Germany’s anti-immigration party While this visit was my first time in France I quickly realized that far-right political parties in France promote similar agendas to far-right parties in Germany the country had taken over the European Union’s rotating presidency for six months starting in January 2022 the government removed an EU flag that had been attached to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and had attracted criticism and protests from right-wing politicians Marine Le Pen claimed that “replacing the French flag at the monument was an attack on the country’s identity,” and Zemmour called it an “outrage.” Before my flight to return to the US I stayed in Paris and walked by the Arc de Triomphe and other major attractions and the Hotel de Ville (City Hall) were all lit up with the EU flag’s distinctive blue and its gold stars I was interested in studying the French language in Vichy because of the Régime de Vichy’s complicated and dark history from 1940 to 1944 Living in a city with this historical memory of the Holocaust and its dark legacy of faith-based discrimination and anti-Semitic policies informed my research on right-wing nationalism and the development of xenophobic policies in Europe The recent news regarding the right-wing candidate Eric Zemmour the widespread protests over vaccine mandates and reactions to the EU presidency certainly made the experience more memorable and helpful for my academic research Emma Jackson is a master of global affairs student in the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame she undertook immersive French language training at CAVILAM Alliance Française in Vichy Top photo: Emma Jackson in front of Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris which is lit with the blue background and yellow stars of the European Union flag Originally published by Emma Jackson at nanovicnavigator.nd.edu on June 03 Keough School of Global Affairs © 2025 University of Notre Dame