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Opéra de Vichy
Vichy, in the center of France, is one of the 11 Great Spa Towns of Europe which in July 2021 were jointly awarded a UNESCO World Heritage Label
Vichy is a town where people come for spa treatments
seeking curative and therapeutic effects from its natural mineral spring waters
which you will have drunk if you’ve ever bought a bottle of Vichy water
Others just come for a day or two to soak in some 19th-century vibes with the architecture
take in some shows at the spectacular yellow and ivory art nouveau opera house
and be sporty on and along the majestic Allier
one of Western Europe’s few remaining wild rivers
But Vichy has also been trying hard for the past 80 years to shake off a darker image
At its height in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Vichy had up to 250 hotels that could welcome more than 100,000 clients a year
the presence of a modern telephone exchange
and its geographical position south of the German Nazi line of occupation were why the town was chosen by the collaborationist
contested government of France as its capital from July 1940 to August 1944
Today Vichy is a thriving small town (population: 26,000) which continues to restore its elegant 19th-century heritage and care for its waters
The first thermal establishment was built and promenades designed to accommodate Louis XV’s eight daughters (born between 1727 and 1737) enabling them to cool off after the warm baths
digest the water they’d drunk and take therapeutic walks
But it was the Bonapartes who really pushed Vichy’s development. In 1812, at the request of his mother, Letitia, Napoleon I paid for more promenades to be built and fountains to be installed thereby creating the Parc des Sources
which links the water sources and the baths and forms the town’s backbone
who came five times to treat his renal colic
For his first two visits in 1861 and 1862 the city authorities put the Villa Strauss at his disposal
he decreed an urban development plan with a railway station
where visitors sedately played cards and board-games
In 1863 architect Jean Lefaure built him a “chalet” (more of a small mansion!)
but it faced the boulevard and the emperor wanted greater privacy so had Lefaure build him two others facing the river Allier: one for him
one for his long-suffering wife the Empress Eugenie
These two chalets at 107 and 108 boulevard des États-Unis bear a discreet crown and initials “N” and “E” above their respective doors
are privately owned so you can’t visit them but you get a very good view of them from the riverside park
Lefaure also designed eight identical villas along the rue Alquié for the imperial guard
but after Napoleon ceased visiting Vichy these villas were sold
Each new owner modified their villa so n°21 remains the closest to the original design
May to October are the nicest months. Bring or rent your sumptuous crinolines, parasols and top hats if visiting in mid-June for the annual Napoleon III festivities when the town slides 150 years back to the hey-day of imperial gaiety
From September to May you can enjoy a wide variety of shows at the sumptuous art deco opera house and shop...even on Sundays because
this is one of the very few towns in France where shops are permitted to open on that day
If you’re coming to just visit the town then you’ll see most of the sights in two days
You can also book up to five days of health and beauty treatments and intersperse these with cultural activities
If you come for a thermal cure prescribed by a doctor then the minimal stay is 21 days
The Vichy cure is indicated for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent)
high cholesterol and/or triglycerides and/or uric acid levels
It also treats digestive disorders and food allergies
It is also prescribed by doctors for the treatment of arthritis
back problems; the after-effects of trauma (sprains
algodystrophy and orthopedic surgery; osteoporosis; gout and inflammatory rheumatism
Vichy's medically prescribed spa treatments always last three weeks and include drinking the thermal waters
taking thermal steam baths and showers and receiving underwater massages from a physiotherapist
The patient is seen three times by a doctor and has a multidisciplinary team at hand including nutritionists and psychologists
In 2025 while the historical Dômes thermal establishment, with its spectacular Moorish dome, is closed for renovations, the Vichy Célestins Thermal Spa is the only establishment in town that offers Vichy mineral water wellness and beauty treatments. The Callou Thermal Spa
which is where medically-prescribed treatments are given
Switzerland or the UK and the health insurance system in your country of residence covers thermal cures
then your health insurance provider may cover you on condition that a thermal cure cannot be undertaken in your own country within a reasonable delay given your health
Contact your health insurance provider for personalized instructions
Vichy lies 360km (224 miles) south of Paris
Come by train because you really don’t need a car in the town
which fans out from the train station to the Allier river just 1km (0.6 miles) away
There are nine trains a day from Paris (average travel time 3½ hours) and 10 a day from Lyon (2 hours)
which is 160km (99 miles) southeast of Vichy
The journey from Paris costs €22.50–70 (US$26–80) and from Lyon
If you’ve come by car, park it in the underground La Poste car park (€8/US$9 for 24 hours)
First go to the Hall des Sources designed by Lucien Woog and Charles Lecoeur at the northern end of the Parc des Sources where you can freely taste water (or fill your bottle) from five of the nine sources
I’ve tasted all five: Chomel – whose minerals are used to make the famous Vichy-État lozenges – is good for indigestion; Grande Grille
which needs to be drunk in homeopathic doses
can have surprising effects on the digestive system; Hôpital
the saltiest of all (actually bicarbonate of soda); and Lucas…well
The 280m-long (918ft) eastern and western edges of the Parc des Sources are both lined with a covered wrought-iron walkway built in 1901–02 by Émile Robert to allow ladies and gentlemen to promenade
Imitate them to reach the southern end of the park where you’ll find the Grand Casino and Opera
A little over 400m (1312ft) south of the casino
once a private road with its extraordinary mix of neo-Flemish
art nouveau and neo-Gothic buildings all built between 1895 and 1905 for short-term rentals)
now protected behind marble and glass under an elegant
18th-century style pavilion designed by architect Lucien Woog
The water from this source is the one that’s bottled and sold the world over
Then walk 100m (328ft) further south to Notre Dame des Malades church (aka Saint Blaise) built between 1925 and 1956
Don’t be put off by the austere reinforced concrete exterior
Inside you’ll find an explosion of colors from the slender lapis lazuli columns to the strong red
blues and greens of the stained glass windows via the shimmering gold of the mosaics
Turning back north between the park and the river admire the flamboyant early 20th-century homes built for wealthy patrons on the boulevard des États-Unis
the rue de Belgique and the boulevard de Russie
You won't spend much if you’re just visiting the town
but expect to part with considerable sums if you want some wellness and beauty treatments thrown in
Night at a hotel: €85–234 per night (US$97–266)
Four half-day beauty treatments at the Célestins Spa & Thermal Hotel: €855 (US$973)
For something more medieval you can stay for €210 (US$239) in the moat-surrounded Chateau de la Mothe, just a half-hour’s drive west of Vichy
The choice for food is vast, from the Maison Decoret’s 1-star Michelin restaurant (€135/US$154 or so for dinner) to a three-course meal for as little as €28 (US$32) at the Michelin-recommended Les Caudalies.
including a group of children who were recently rescued from internment camps in France
a ship that will bring them to the United States
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
France’s collaborationist Vichy Regime rescinded the citizenship rights of thousands of Jews and others soon after it took power in 1940
The policy’s stated aim was to give France “back to the French,” and it chiefly targeted Jews without mentioning them explicitly
Join us to learn more about Vichy’s relations with Nazi Germany and the links between national exclusion
and the implementation of the Holocaust in France
A reception in the Hall of Witness will follow the program
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS
École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS
Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies
This program is free and open to the public, but registration is required. For more information, please contact vscholars@ushmm.org
The Ina Levine Invitational Scholar Award is endowed by the William S
part of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
is to ensure the long-term growth and vitality of Holocaust Studies
it is essential to provide opportunities for new generations of scholars
The vitality and the integrity of Holocaust Studies require openness
so that new ideas are generated and tested through peer review and public debate
or after their activities with the Mandel Center do not represent and are not endorsed by the Mandel Center or the Museum
A new French government was established in Vichy in 1940 in the unoccupied southern part of the country
but it was committed to cooperation with Germany
After the French armistice with Germany in June 1940
Gurs fell under the authority of the new collaborationist French government
After securing the agreement of the Vichy government
German officials and French police conducted roundups of Jews in both the occupied and unoccupied zones of France throughout the summer of 1942
The Vél d'Hiv was part of a series of roundups
The Magazine of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Field
Alastair Reynolds (Subterranean 978-1-64524-280-2
The Dagger in Vichy is very different from Alastair Reynolds’s other recent work
saw him return to the Revelation Space universe
is set on Earth – albeit (it becomes clear) many centuries in the future
The Dagger in Vichy follows a small acting troupe as they travel through a much-changed France
charged with bringing a mysterious relic to His Holiness at Avignon
and then saved from the noose through the kindness of the playwright Master Guillaume
but still isn’t entirely sure about some of the events that happened over those weeks
led by Guillaume and the old soldier Bernard
he makes Guillaume and Bernard pledge to take a precious box to Avignon
They agree – and everything goes south from there
There is disagreement between the two leaders of the troupe about what route to take
and whether they should meet their acting commitments or if their oath should take precedence
Things take a turn even further for the worse when Guillaume starts talking to the relic
Rufus then gets drawn even further into mystery and trouble when Guillaume convinces him to use his lock-picking skills on the box
Guillaume becomes obsessed with the box’s contents
Reynolds does an excellent job with a story that could almost be set in early modern France
slipping in references that upend that view
The troupe travel by horse-drawn wagon; there seems to be no long-range communication; Guillaume writes his plays by hand
But Bernard’s dagger has a nugget of depleted uranium in the hilt
and some rich cities have healing coffins for medical emergencies
It’s eventually revealed that the story is set many centuries after our own time
and there are still remnants of pre-Twilight equipment for those who know how to use them
It’s not quite a postapocalyptic world – or rather
such that folks are now simply living in the world as it is
While society has regressed in terms of the technology people can access
Much as the people of early modern France did
a declaration of human resilience (or bloody-mindedness) in the face of catastrophe (much like life in Chasm City after the Melding Plague
in some of Reynolds’ Revelation Space stories)
Two technological aspects of the novella particularly stand out
One is a wonderfully acerbic description of ‘‘artificial intelligence’’ being used for creative purposes
The other is Reynolds’s evocation of ‘‘the Wald.’’ Named for the German word for forest
the Wald is a terrifying part of France that every right-thinking person avoids; if they don’t
and certainly not without incurring a cost
the reality is that the Wald is growing inexorably
This vision of (presumably) human technology
made for excellent reasons but which has got completely out of hand
very narrow: primarily the actions of Rufus
with others in the troupe having (to use a cliché) walk-on parts
But there is of course more to it than that
there are questions of loyalty and trust and ambition
But the wider world that Reynolds hints at could easily have become a novel: who is the Imperator
who are the groups that are fighting and for what purpose
what happened during the Twilight Centuries and how has any of the technology survived
teasing hints – while still making sense within the context of the novella – added to the overall power of the story
(The historian in me also enjoyed the many historical references
and His Holiness residing at Avignon.) I have always enjoyed Alastair Reynolds’s work
and – for all its departure from what I initially enjoyed
so many years ago now – this novella is an excellent addition to his oeuvre
Alexandra Pierce is the editor and publisher of the nonfiction Speculative Insight: A Journal of Space, Magic, and Footnotes
and was a host of the Hugo Award-winning podcast Galactic Suburbia
Alex has edited two award-winning non-fiction anthologies
Letters to Tiptree and Luminescent Threads: Connections to Octavia E
This review and more like it in the April 2025 issue of Locus.
While you are here
please take a moment to support Locus with a one-time or recurring donation
We rely on reader donations to keep the magazine and site going
and would like to keep the site paywall free
but WE NEED YOUR FINANCIAL SUPPORT to continue quality coverage of the science fiction and fantasy field
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“Sitting down with Locus Magazine is like catching up with an old friend who always knows the good gossip and has the best book recommendations
It’s a great way to keep up with exciting things happening in SFF
and to get inspired by other authors and artists through in-depth interviews
Locus Magazine and Website cover science fiction
and allows us to continue to share our content without a paywall
Even a small contribution goes a long way toward keeping Locus going and keeping you up to date with new exciting books and in the know about the SFF world
Golsan argues the demise of French democracy in 1940 holds important lessons for Americans grappling with the realities of life under Donald Trump
For the historian of modern France and Vichy and World War II in particular
the situation in the United States today calls to mind a number of disturbing comparisons with France during the so-called “Dark Years” of 1940 to 1944
the United States has not experienced a staggering military defeat and the occupation of part of its country by a foreign power
Nor has the United States been forced to accept a humiliating peace with its conqueror
including the concession of assets and the impoverishment of its people
The United States has also not (yet?) witnessed the suicide of its democracy
when the National Assembly voted itself out of existence
Pétain was France’s greatest military hero of World War I
the “Victor of Verdun” who put down mutinies by his troops and brought about one of France’s most memorable
Pétain honed his image and served a variety of cabinet and diplomatic posts
He was elected to the Académie Française and produced a memoir ghost-written by the young Charles de Gaulle
Donald Trump by contrast is no military hero (he got out of the draft due to “bone spurs” in his feet)
nor did he serve in any political or government positions before shocking the world with his election as US President in 2016
a self-styled shrewd businessman who made a fortune in real estate (at least reputedly) with money he inherited from his father
he was fawned over by many in the media and made a spectacle of himself that many considered tasteless if not downright cringe-worthy
during the finals of the US Open tennis tournament
Trump flew overhead in his helicopter while the match was already underway
forcing a momentary delay in the match and prompting expressions of exasperation form the commentators
had his own show and made multiple guest appearances on other shows
he launched failed casinos in Atlantic City
not to mention all the MAGA gear his supporters rush to buy
Since he assumed office in January of this year
he has reputedly made two billion dollars in the crypto currency he championed and that the Biden administration tried to curtail
All of this is of course widely known and underscores the striking differences between Trump and Pétain
the septuagenarian Trump is a vainglorious old man who thrives on adulation and claims credit for everything positive that happens in the world (most recently
while blaming everybody and anybody else for whatever goes wrong
Trump memorably described himself during his first term as a “very stable genius”
While more refined in his egotistical pronouncements, Pétain also adored adulation. When he claimed power in summer 1940, Pétain famously stated that he was “giving France the gift of my person”. In Julian Jackson’s excellent book about Pétain’s postwar trial for treason
Jackson writes that when the old Marshal took the stand in his defence
he blamed everybody but himself for the catastrophe that had befallen France
both men conceive(d) of themselves as quintessential representatives and indeed embodiments of their respective nations
one can find an image of his face with the stars and stripes superimposed on it
In households in France throughout the Vichy period could be found portraits of the old Marshal
Vichy propaganda posters often contained the slogan
comparisons like these between Donald Trump and the head of the Vichy state are rather mundane
I’d like to conclude here with more ominous comparisons
not so much between the two political leaders but rather the content and implications of their actions and the mindsets that defined the French people during the war years and the American people today
A first shared trait is a fear of the “internal enemy” among us
and the urgent necessity of isolating and removing that enemy as a kind of “contamination”
Very early in his reign as head of the French State
Pétain promulgated the first of his “anti-Jewish statutes” that aimed to drastically limit Jews in French public life
essentially forcing many into a state of destitution
with the advent of the Nazi “Final Solution”
the regime willingly participated in rounding up and deporting Jews to the East
It remains a stain on the French national conscience that in July 1942
French police rounded up some 13,000 Jews in Paris
Most were eventually deported to their deaths
a subprefect named Maurice Papon organised similar deportations on a smaller scale
Papon stood trial for his actions during the war on charges of crimes against humanity
well known to most Americans since prisoners of the “War on Terror” following 9/11 were sent there
In New York, Trump’s Justice Department is halting the prosecution of Mayor Eric Adams on corruption charges in what many view as a quid pro quo for his support in the deportations of immigrants
although Trump’s Justice Department denies this
Donald Trump’s return to power has sent shockwaves through the nation
and even some of his supporters are unsettled by the radical “overhaul” taking place
a spokesperson in Kansas noted that farmers there who voted overwhelmingly for Trump were unhappy about his destruction of USAID
since many of their farm crops were sold to USAID to be shipped to needy countries abroad
Most economists warn that the imposition of tariffs will only exacerbate the economic crisis facing farmers and cause other problems
As Trump and Elon Musk take control of the budget
which constitutionally at least is in the purview of Congress
Republican leaders there are offering no pushback
Unlike France’s National Assembly in July 1940
Pétain had no choice but to accommodate Hitler
But his encouragement of “collaboration” with the Germans remains a bitter pill for most French to swallow
are under no obligation to “shake hands” with any adversary
nor are they obliged to turn against former allies
both of these things have happened in the last few weeks
J.D. Vance’s trip to Munich – a site of extraordinary historical resonance – to chide America’s allies was the first salvo. In the New York Times, Bret Stevens described the visit as “Vance’s Munich Disgrace”
Then US representatives met Russian leaders in Riyadh with the goal of ending the war in Ukraine and reestablishing ties with the Kremlin
All this was prefaced by Trump’s concessions to Putin
namely that conquered territories in Ukraine were likely to remain Russian and Ukraine would never be allowed to join NATO
Putin is a man Trump admires and once said he believed more than he did his own intelligence services
Trump has also picked a fight with Ukraine’s Volodymyr Zelenskyy
unceremoniously throwing a former ally under the bus
At home in the US and abroad these sudden reversals have left many reeling
Republican Senators, most of whom backed American support for Ukraine and opposed Russia’s naked aggression, remain “mum”, as the New York Times reported on 20 February
All of this is justified by what Trump’s minions describe as the necessity of being clear-sighted about the current situation
Readers of Sartre might recall that capitulation to the foreign invader by French collaborators was justified on the grounds that they were being “historically realistic”
Studies of the French population after the shock of defeat and the advent of Vichy suggest that most French were neither hardcore collaborators nor resisters
One of the more disturbing realities is not so much that Republicans are enthusiastic about Trump’s demolition of norms and the status quo
but rather that Democrats are remaining silent
Many if not most Republican legislators are less popular in their own districts than Trump and dare not take him on
Admittedly this begs the question of why they would want to stay “in power” in Washington when they don’t have any power in Trump’s world
the Minority Leader in the House of Representatives
stated that the Democrats need to act like great hitters in baseball: they need to choose carefully the balls that they swing at to make sure to get a hit
Note: This article gives the views of the author, not the position of EUROPP – European Politics and Policy or the London School of Economics. Featured image credit: Joshua Sukoff / Shutterstock.com
Golsan is University Distinguished Professor and Director of the French Institute at Texas A&M University and a Senior Fellow at the Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs
Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University
30 January 2025 – The Toyota Mobility Foundation (hereinafter referred to as “TMF”)
Vichy Communauté and Les centres de ressources
d’expertise et de performance sportive (hereinafter referred to as “CREPS”) of Vichy and three innovative startups
are proud to announce the launch of a project aimed at improving mobility for individuals with reduced mobility
This initiative underscores TMF’s dedication to fostering inclusive mobility solutions that enhance independence and accessibility
reflecting their broader mission to enable more people go more places and realize their full potential
Building on the successful partnership announced earlier this year
the City of Vichy and Vichy Communauté collaborated with three innovative start-ups – Andyamo
and Genny Mobility – to develop and implement the first fully adapted solution tailored specifically for individuals with reduced mobility
We envision a future where mobility solutions are inclusive and accessible to everyone
This project in Vichy is just the beginning
Our aim is to develop a scalable and transferable wayfinding application that can benefit people with reduced mobility in cities and regions worldwide
We are committed to driving innovation in mobility and making a positive impact on communities globally
Evelity app (by Okeenea): Evelity focused on mapping the CREPS of Vichy to enhance accessible entire campus navigation
Known as an inclusive wayfinding application
Evelity specializes in providing better orientation and navigation for all
with a design inspired by the needs of people with disabilities in complex environments
a renowned facility for high-level athletes’ preparation and improvement
became fully navigable for individuals with mobility challenges
This initiative enabled athletes but also visitors to move autonomously and securely within the centre
thereby promoting inclusivity and accessibility
Another part of the collaboration is creation of the tactile maps for CREPS facilities
The 3D plans are created with inclusive design principles
and high-contrast visuals to cater to various sensory needs
three-dimensional representation of the building layout
As the whole CREPS campus indoors and outdoors is already planned with consideration of potential mobility challenges of visitors and athletes this 3D plan helps users to visualize the space and plan their routes more effectively
It is a tool that elegantly completes the digital orientation provided by Evelity
We are excited to bring our expertise in accessible navigation to the CREPS campus
we aimed to provide athletes with mobility challenges the freedom to navigate independently and confidently
This project underscores our commitment to inclusivity and ensuring that all athletes have equal access to top-tier training environments
Andyamo: Andyamo developed an accessible pedestrian and multimodal trip planner adapted to each user mobility level (family with kids with stroller
people in manual or electric wheelchair etc.)
The trip planner guarantees the accessibility of the public transport lines
stops (to get on and off with a ramp) and the pedestrian routes of the City of Vichy (precision of the sidewalks and pedestrian crossings)
This included creating the first pedestrian turn-by-turn navigation system that displayed the right pedestrian instruction at the right moment and improved user position accuracy
Our mission is to improve mobility for all and provide autonomy
safety and freedom especially to people with reduced mobility
Our goal is to provide a seamless navigation experience for people with reduced mobility (more than 20% of the French population)
By developing an accessible trip planner and turn-by-turn navigation system
we aimed to empower users with the confidence to explore their surroundings independently
This project is a significant step towards making urban mobility more inclusive
We are very proud of what we have done with Toyota Mobility Foundation
Genny Mobility: Genny Mobility brought its cutting-edge connected personal mobility technology to the project
Known for their innovative mobility devices
Genny Mobility enhances the mapping capabilities across diverse terrains
is the world's first self-balancing wheelchair
All Genny devices moving around created a network of devices operating as endpoints for a data analysing system
which statistically generated mappings of the environment
Genny Mobility could locate the vehicles and place them on a map
adding other available information about the space in which they moved
The terrain on which the Genny vehicles moved had an identifiable profile through thorough data analysis
By continuously passing through the same points
Genny Mobility validated information about the terrain morphology more precisely
The analysis focused on three key patterns: obstacle detection
ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the environment
Our technology allows us to create detailed and accurate mappings of the environment
which is essential for providing safe and reliable navigation for people with reduced mobility
we can offer a robust solution that enhances the overall mobility experience
The project enhances inclusivity and accessibility for people with mobility challenges
By introducing an adapted wayfinding system and detailed 3D plans
the initiative ensures that individuals with reduced mobility can navigate their environments with greater ease and confidence
The project promotes peace of mind by providing real-time
accessible route information and improving indoor navigation at the CREPS training center
This holistic approach empowers individuals to move independently and securely
fostering a more inclusive and accessible community for everyone
These steps aim to create a robust and adaptable mobility solution that people with reduced mobility worldwide can benefit
TMF is committed to contributing to a sustainable society by leveraging the technologies and expertise gained from our various projects and working with a diverse range of partners to promote activities aligned with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The Toyota Mobility Foundation (Chair Akio Toyoda) was established in August 2014 by the Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota) to support the development of a more mobile society in which everyone can move freely
The Foundation underscores Toyota’s ongoing commitment to continuous improvement and respect for people
It utilizes Toyota’s expertise and technologies to support strong mobility systems while eliminating disparities in mobility
TMF works in partnership with universities
research institutions and other organizations
creating programs that are aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to address mobility issues around the world
TMF aims to create a truly mobile society that will help people live better lives no matter where they are
Toyota believes that when people are free to move
inclusive and sustainable mobility to achieve its mission of producing “Happiness for All”
TME launched the KINTO mobility brand which offers a range of mobility services in 20 countries
and is growing its business-to-business sales of zero-emission fuel cell products and engineering support
Contributing to the UN Sustainable Development Goals
Toyota is working to achieve carbon neutrality in its entire business across Europe
A historic leader in CO2 reduction in Europe
TME aims to achieve 100% CO2 reduction in all new vehicles in Western Europe by 2035 and will continue to offer a full range of electrified powertrains to customers across the region with its hybrid
Sixth-grade teacher Robert Todd runs through a lesson on Tuesday
April 1 with his class at Shearer School in Napa
which added grades 6-8 to its elementary school
The Napa school district is considering a similar expansion at Vichy Elementary School
Middle school students gather near the portable classrooms at Shearer School in Napa on Tuesday
Shearer was an elementary school before adding grades 6 to 8
an expansion the Napa Valley Unified School District is contemplating at Vichy Elementary
NVUSD has announced that Vichy Elementary may begin adding grades as early as August
but some parents are seeking to expand Willow Elementary instead
Vichy Elementary School could become the next campus in Napa’s public school system to add middle school grades
The move would continue the Napa Valley Unified School District’s efforts to widen the options for grades 6 to 8
a project that began with the expansion of Shearer Magnet School in 2021 and Browns Valley Elementary the following year
parents at Willow Elementary School are seeking equal consideration for expanding its curriculum into the early teen years
“We are here tonight because Willow parents and our school community also have an interest in a TK-8 program
and we would also like to be considered for this opportunity,” Ashley Walker
said during public comments at NVUSD’s March 13 board meeting
“We are in support of exploring an expansion; we are just here tonight to ask that the district make that decision transparently.”
Demand for sixth-grade learning options in the district has left more than 100 students on enrollment waitlists for the 2025-26 school year
according to NVUSD spokesperson Julie Bordes
District officials began exploring a potential middle school expansion at Vichy in late January
Multiple factors were considered to evaluate the school
● Existing space and current room utilization at the facility
● Potential impact on existing site initiatives and programs
● Geographic location and saturation (on the east side of Napa)
“The Napa Valley Unified School District is always
assessing middle school options to ensure the best fit for families,” Bordes wrote in an email to the Napa Valley Register
“This data-driven assessment is crucial for maintaining our competitiveness in the face of declining enrollment and allows us to remain responsive to our families’ needs.”
The school district shared its most recent update on Vichy’s possible expansion in a March newsletter to school families
Vichy would add sixth-grade classes in 2025-26
followed by seventh grade in 2026-27 and eighth grade in 2027-28
To help determine whether expanding Vichy is feasible
NVUSD asked parents to express their interest in their children attending middle school at the northeast Napa campus
the district would need to fill two sixth-grade classes with up to 32 students each
Vichy fifth-graders would have enrollment priority
Students on waitlists for other middle school programs would then have the chance to enroll at Vichy
told the Register that board trustees work to balance student and family needs with fiscal responsibility and the realities of school attendance that has declined steadily since 2017
thus reducing enrollment-based education funding from the state
is “committed to making data-driven decisions.”
more parents of Willow Elementary students urged trustees to consider that school for expansion — and to be more transparent about their decision-making
The first parent to speak during public comment
told the board that his family decided to transfer their two children from Vichy to Willow because of its status as an arts integration magnet school
“We have seen the difference in our children’s learning growth and are incredibly grateful that this curriculum is offered within our district,” McMann said
I am here tonight to express my concern that the district is seemingly moving forward with a TK-8 expansion effort at Vichy without being able to clearly articulate what factors are guiding this decision and process
and for that matter many other schools within our district
should be given equal consideration in this expansion process.”
also asked the district to extend Willow’s “artful learning” curriculum into the middle school years
“That artful learning program has blown me away,” Jessup said
“It blows my mind how much he is learning and doing and how he is expressing himself.”
Carley Lalim told the board that concerned parents conducted an informal survey of as many Willow parents as they could reach
two said they needed more information and one said they were not interested in a middle school expansion
The rest were in favor of expanding Willow to include three more grades
More than 30% of the parents who answered the survey said they would send their students to a non-district middle school
Willow parents' enthusiasm for an expanded school – and district leaders' cautiousness – were again on display at an informational meeting NVUSD hosted Tuesday night
with nearly 85 parents joining in person or via Zoom
Mucetti discussed the district’s brush with insolvency after she became superintendent in 2018
and its closure of four schools it carried out in 2020 and 2022 as one step toward righting the ship
“We are definitely in a different position today,” she said
We want to design a program with enrollment options that families want
But we have to use data to make sure any expansion is sustainable.”
Mucetti then opened up the discussion to the parents in attendance
asking them to share their hopes and aspirations for an arts learning magnet school
Many parents spoke highly of Willow’s learning model
and expressed concerns their children wouldn’t be able to continue on that path in middle school
and there is a desire to keep their children in that environment
Others mentioned the school’s support for special-needs students
with one mother writing on Zoom that her daughter has “done so well with a smaller
“I am so concerned she will lose all she has gained,” she said
Mucetti focused on the data obtained by the district in its research on further expanding TK-8 programs in Napa Valley
Pilot expansions at the Shearer and Browns schools Valley
helped soften the impact of school closures and solidified the effort for additional programs
the district must make decisions on expanding schools with an eye toward consistently shrinking enrollment at local public and private schools alike to avoid further hardship for NVUSD
“I don’t know what’s going to happen with Vichy,” she said
“We’ve got to hit an (attendance) threshold and we are not going to run singleton classrooms
Mucetti announced that district officials would meet with Vichy parents Wednesday evening
and then formally present expansion information to the NVUSD board when it meets April 10
Friends and family of Berryessa's Turtle Rock bar collected the money pined to the ceiling of the cafe to donate to UCSF and celebrate the 15-year 'cancerversary' of Elijah Leung
Take a ride around Napa on these motorized ADA-compliant scooters made to look like various critters and creatures
Most of Napa’s River Park Shopping Center tenants cater to locals
Now a handful of tenants have left the center
The sheriff's office reported seizing 13 roosters from a Carneros site where it said the birds were altered and trained to fight other male birds
Take a good look at Napa’s Kohl’s building
Developers have asked the city of Napa for permission to demolish the building at 1116 First St
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and I’m already impressed with the results
Neha is an Editor at People where she writes and edits stories that cover everything from trending fashion to celebrity beauty tricks
She has over ten years of experience working in media
and seven years of experience as an editor
Columbia has long been run more as a business empire than as an educational institution
It was never about eliminating antisemitism
That is what the gagging of protesting students
While partisans of the Israeli-American mass slaughter in Gaza may have been offended by their protests
large numbers of the students whose rights of free speech have been infringed upon via draconian punishments were themselves Jewish
Many of those faculty members who are about to be deprived of academic freedom and faculty governance
If it were ever really about discrimination
the university would have taken action against the ceaseless harassment of Palestinian
This was always about protecting the monstrous
transparent lies that a genocidal 17-month Israeli-American war on the entire Palestinian people was just a war on Hamas
or that anything done on 7 October 2023 justifies the serial massacres of at least 50,000 people in Gaza
and the ethnic cleansing of the people of Palestine from their homeland
which permeate our political system and our moneyed elites
were repeated ceaselessly by the Biden and Trump administrations
and have now been officially sanctioned by a once great university
Read moreWe should not mourn what Columbia has become
Before the current expulsions and suspension
Columbia once in its history expelled a student for non-violent protest: in 1936 for protesting against offering a platform to Nazis
In 1953 its president signed a letter pronouncing communists unfit to teach
Columbia trustees fired two faculty members for opposing the first world war on pacifist grounds
while student conscientious objectors were arrested and jailed
Columbia has long been run more like the vast
wealthy business and real estate empire that it is
donors and powerful professional schools dictate its policy
two-thirds of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences voted no confidence in a president who bowed to outside pressure
further garlanding Columbia’s already rich repressive traditions with groveling obeisance to government dictates that were promoted and eagerly seconded by shameless collaborators within the university
Columbia barely merits the name of a university
since its teaching and scholarship on the Middle East
will soon be vetted by a “senior vice provost for inclusive pedagogy”
in reality a senior vice provost for Israeli propaganda
infuriated that scholarship on Palestine had found a place at Columbia
But if it any longer merits the name of a university
Rashid Khalidi is the Edward Said professor emeritus of modern Arab studies at Columbia University and author of The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine
An earlier version incorrectly said that 2024 was the first time the NYPD had been called in to Columbia since 1968
after a Senate policy luncheon on March 11
Our Democratic experiment is under a full blitzkrieg
And too many Democrats really believe that remaining calm and quiet is the best tactic in defense
Chuck Schumer and others really believe that we should not challenge this blitzkrieg because these anti-democratic corrupt forces will just destroy themselves before they completely undo the American government and decency
Schumer and others bring paddles to this struggle
Schumer really believes that siding with the Trump-supporting Republicans on their continuing resolution spending bill will just supply the room for Trump and his gang to destroy themselves
I am not sure he really believes this or if he is finding a way to persist in a Trump world
he seems to have become a Vichy-like official
an official who collaborates with fascists in order to find a comfort within this fascism
perhaps imagining that he can do a good thing or two in a Trump world
This type of thinking is just giving Trump all he needs to continue to rape and pillage our Constitution
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the district said it was exploring an expansion of the school as early as the 2025-26 school year
With limited middle school options in Napa
parents at Vichy Elementary are pushing for a solution — one that could arrive as soon as August
Napa Valley Unified School District is considering expanding Vichy into a TK-8 school
beginning with a sixth grade class this fall
the school would add one grade level each year until it reaches eighth
announced last week in an email to parents
comes amid declining enrollment and growing demand for more TK-8 campuses
District officials say Vichy was selected for consideration based on strong community interest
though some parents are questioning why other schools weren’t included
“We are thrilled about it,” said Michelle Busam
“We love the teachers and environment at Vichy
With the lack of amazing middle school options in Napa
Vichy would be the district’s third elementary to expand into a TK-8 model
The district piloted the program at Shearer School in 2021
Those expansions coincided with a broader restructuring of Napa Valley Unified
including the closure of Harvest Middle School and the transition of River Middle School into Unidos Middle School
the district has four middle schools and two TK-8 campuses
the TK-8 model has shown “the positive impact of this educational pathway” at Shearer and Browns Valley
The structure allows students to stay in smaller learning communities
something that gives parents like Busam a “safer feeling” as their children get older
district officials must balance community demand with financial realities to ensure the expansion does not strain resources
Districtwide enrollment has dropped by nearly 1,000 students since 2020
and pandemic relief grants that helped stabilize funding are running out
the district has emphasized the need to be “fiscally conservative and not add new programs.”
officials say they must ensure at least two sixth grade classes — each capped at 32 students — can be filled
The district has asked parents to reach out by phone or email if they’re interested
A final decision is expected by the end of the month
Vichy would add sixth grade in the 2025-26 school year
followed by seventh grade the next year and eighth grade the year after that
Priority enrollment for the new sixth grade class would go to current Vichy fifth graders
followed by students on waitlists for Browns Valley
Any remaining spots would then be opened to other families in the district
With 14 elementary schools in Napa Valley Unified
some families are questioning why Vichy was selected for TK-8 expansion over other campuses
a group of parents from Willow Elementary urged the district to consider their school for a similar transition
“We are very grateful to hear that NVUSD is exploring adding additional TK-8 school sites
Many studies have shown that TK-8 programs are beneficial for learning outcomes
We just ask that the district make this decision transparently with a clear commitment to equity,” said Ashley Walker
Walker noted that Willow is an arts integration school with no corresponding feeder middle school
would allow students to continue in the learning environment they’re accustomed to
The district did not immediately respond to a request for comment on why Vichy was chosen for this exploration or whether other elementary schools might be considered
You can reach Tarini Mehta at 707-521-5337 or tarini.mehta@pressdemocrat.com
not VichyThe only real peace for Ukraine is a fortified one — think Korea
President-elect Donald Trump arrives for a campaign rally at the Salem Civic Center in Salem
by Former Moldovan foreign affairs ministerPeace is an attractive
It can mean different things to different people at different times
The quest for peace could yield either of two fundamentally different outcomes: a Vichy-style capitulation
perhaps with an interim ceasefire that buys Russia more time to rearm and prepare its next attack
or a robust defense of a frozen front line
as one finds on the Korean Peninsula today
The Kremlin’s vision for peace in Ukraine is clear
Russian forces would directly occupy swaths of illegally seized Ukrainian territory
helpless Ukrainian government (lacking any meaningful military capacity) would take orders from Moscow
Something quite similar happened in France during World War II
when the part of the country not under direct German occupation was run by General Philippe Pétain’s collaborationist government and took orders from Berlin
Thus, for most of World War II — roughly between 1940 and 1944 — the situation on the ground in France was “peaceful.” The Vichy regime under Pétain regularly boasted that it had protected France, while blaming the Resistance — French guerrillas ("maquis") — and periodic Allied bombing raids for any disturbances to the “peace.” This option has been on offer for Ukraine since the first hours of Russia’s large-scale invasion
and other atrocities committed by Russian forces against civilians in Bucha and elsewhere
the Ukrainians have understandably refused to capitulate
The alternative is the type of peace that kept Germany peaceful for decades after World War II, and kept the Korean Peninsula peaceful since the 1953 armistice. In each case, the peace was secured by accepting de facto borders, which were fortified with massive defensive military buildups, boots on the ground, and credible security guarantees
While West Germany enjoyed NATO membership after 1955
South Korea relied on a bilateral alliance with the United States
keeps around 28,000 active-duty troops in South Korea and 50,000 in Germany
Such backstops made the former wartime front line almost impregnable, allowing each rump state to consolidate, develop, and remain at peace. The equivalent of a West German or South Korean model for Ukraine today would require a freezing of the front line and either NATO accession or a deployment of tens of thousands of Western troops to its Ukrainian territory
The French government has pushed for this kind of solution since February 2024
and it now features prominently in discussions among European leaders
administration demanding that Europe do more to ensure its own peace and security
at least a half-dozen European governments are said to be seriously considering it
Of course, if Europeans dislike the first model (a Vichy-style peace) but prove unable to deliver a sufficient security guarantee, that will create the conditions for a third possible scenario: a bogus peace leading to another war. A temporary ceasefire — like the one that prevailed under the Minsk agreements after 2014 — would allow Russia to regroup
Not only might this cycle be repeated more than once; it also could implicate countries beyond Ukraine — such as the Baltics or Poland
if Ukraine does not get enough support in the coming months and years
Europe will find itself confronting a dangerous new strategic reality
one that would challenge NATO solidarity and leave EU territory perpetually vulnerable
Russia could test the limits of NATO’s mutual defense guarantee and either expose it as a dead letter or precipitate a direct military confrontation between nuclear powers
Such would be the consequences of a bogus peace
but also to ensure that any deal does not increase the likelihood of an even wider war in the near future
Many Europeans think that if Russia could not conquer Ukraine in 2022, Russia would not dare challenge NATO and the European Union
Occupying most of Ukraine would not only allow Russia to expand its territory
but also allow it to unite Europe’s biggest and second-biggest armies
and resources — from rare-earth minerals to gas and nuclear power plants
Ukraine’s defense industrial capacity — which has been impressive in multiple areas
from sea drones to the shear capacity to produce equipment en masse — would be a welcome bonus for Russia as well
French President Emmanuel Macron already publicly warned that the combined armed forces of Russia and Ukraine would be unstoppable
The bottom line is that avoiding a Ukrainian capitulation or a fake peace will require a European commitment to
vulnerable EU and NATO members could be the next targets
European public opinion must wake up to the reality that the only alternative is something that no one wants: a perpetual threat of war for much of Central and Northern Europe
with all the security and economic uncertainty that comes with it
Editor’s Note: Copyright, Project Syndicate. This article was published by Project Syndicate on Feb
and has been republished by the Kyiv Independent with permission.The opinions expressed in the op-ed section are those of the authors and do not purport to reflect the views of the Kyiv Independent
a member of the European Council on Foreign Relations
is a former minister of foreign affairs and European integration of Moldova
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It is powerfully tempting to call the new president of the United States a fascist
and his jutting jaw recall Benito Mussolini’s absurd theatrics
His dramatic arrivals by plane (a public relations tactic pioneered by Adolf Hitler) and his excited dialogues with crowds chanting simple slogans (“U.S.A.
U.S.A.!” “Lock her up!”) recall Nazi rallies of the early 1930s
Trump is fond of deploring national decline
which he blames on foreigners and despised minorities; disdaining legal norms; condoning violence against dissenters; and rejecting anything that smacks of internationalism
Herbert Butterfield looking at medieval science
or Jonathan Clark examining English concepts of kingship in the 18th century
One can even read historians of an earlier generation who were Communist Party members or who were very close to the party
like the classical historians Francis Cornford and M
without being belabored with tiresome leftist politics
the signs of Communist sympathy in this flick were not at first clear to me
Movies 70 years ago were generally far more subtle in their political messaging than what has replaced them
my TV screen showers me with nonstop ideological indoctrination
I can behold young blacks with dreadlocks depicted as Russian aristocrats or courtiers of Mary Queen of Scots
never-ending films and documentaries celebrating gayness and nonbinary identities
and nasty depictions of white Christian fanatics
One obvious difference between the cultural left in the 1950s and its contemporary counterpart is that the pro-Communist sympathies that the left used to peddle had far fewer takers than our contemporary woke left.
An antifascist subscript also now runs through our authorized historiography
Although such history writing is described as revisionist
what is more noticeable is its appeal to guilt
Such works exist supposedly to set the record straight about something that earlier generations of historians allegedly ignored or
willfully suppressed because of their reactionary politics.
Because of our now supposedly greater honesty and willingness to overcome past taboos
we are made to believe that antifascist historians are revealing long-hidden salvific truths
And by immersing ourselves in their revisionist studies (which
are not really revisionist but reflect our hegemonic leftist ideology)
we can cleanse ourselves of our inveterate sins
having heretofore believed in rightist and even fascist accounts of the past
Once we’ve passed through this immersion in “penitential historiography,” we can become antifascists in good standing and possibly equipped to teach others according to the new canon.
Arrayed against them are always the forces of light
and people who seem to prefigure our contemporary left
Because these earlier progressives were such pillars of virtue
we’re obliged to ignore or minimize those atrocities they committed
the misdeeds of the Spanish Republican side that went into a murder spree after 1931 or the antifascists who committed all kinds of butchery against their political opponents during the “cleansings” that Communist-led resistances carried out in France and Italy in 1944 and 1945
A very detailed account of what happened in France can be found in the Histoire de l’épuration (History of the Purge)
a French Jewish historian and close friend of Charles de Gaulle
Aron maintains that about 50,000 opponents of the Communists were murdered in the post-occupation bloodbath
Aron also underlines that the French Communist Party was deeply complicit in France’s defeat by Nazi Germany in the spring of 1940
from which French Communist leaders took marching orders
was fatefully in alliance with Nazi Germany
The French Communists switched sides in March 1941 when Hitler turned against his Soviet allies by invading Russia
the Communists used their position in the French Resistance to go after their enemies
something that the Italian Communists did almost as brutally
Aron also wrote what was once the authoritative history of the Vichy regime
the government set up by those French leaders who surrendered to Nazi Germany and then perforce accepted its control
Aron was clearly on the anti-Nazi side during these events
as a publicist for de Gaulle and the Free French government first in Brazzaville in the French Congo and later in London
his examination of the Vichy occupation government struck readers as balanced and highly informative
My far-from-right-wing graduate professors recommended his book on Vichy and I later purchased and devoured the French edition of his history of the resistance
Wikipedia informs us that Robert Paxton’s Vichy: Old Guard and New Order 1940-1944 replaced Aron’s putatively dated scholarship starting in the 1970s
The reason for this replacement should be crystal clear
as dissenting French historian Jean-Marc Berlière points out in a timely critique of the French version of penitential historiography: Paxton’s monumental achievement was to make the Vichy regime “the principal actor in the deportation of Jews under the Nazi occupation and to remove the responsibility from the German Nazi command who gave the orders.”
Aron and those of his school were (let’s not mince words!) ideologically deficient antifascists
They complained too much about the murders committed by the Communists in the internal French resistance
and they dared to notice that almost three-quarters of the Jewish population in France (and about 90 percent of the indigenous French Jews) survived both deportation and death in Nazi extermination camps
No sane person would deny the Vichy government, and such leaders as onetime military commander Philippe Pétain and Pierre Laval passed glaringly anti-Jewish legislation
the Vichy government enacted laws barring Jews from the public sector and reducing their presence in French universities
the regime further attempted to appease the German command by interning foreign Jews who had fled to France to escape Nazi control
But the French collaborationist government
as explained by such Holocaust experts as Léon Poliakov and Raul Hilberg
went out of its way to protect indigenous French Jews
recently made this self-evident observation
he was roundly denounced by the French media and all bien-pensant academic historians
which are mostly on the cultural and social left in France
did all they could to distance themselves from Zemmour’s observation
The most often cited example of French Vichy collaboration with German occupation forces was the roundup of as many as 28,000 Jews for the purpose of deportation
Most of these detainees were eventually loaded onto trains and sent eastward to perish in Nazi extermination camps
French presidents from Jacques Chirac down to Emmanuel Macron have commemorated these deportations with special anniversary ceremonies
These somber events have been held at various spots from where the Jewish victims were sent east to perish
Macron gave a characteristically contrite speech
was one of the towns from where foreign Jews were deported after the roundup at the Vélodrome
These black hours tarnish forever our history
France on that day did what is irreparable
… Not a single German soldier took part in the roundup
Everything proceeded from the will of a politics rendered gangrenous by anti-Semitism initiated in July 1940 and whose roots penetrate into those decades of our history that preceded it.”
actually muddles our understanding of the past
The French who rounded up foreign Jews in July 1942 were acting under orders from the SS command and its associated Judenreferat (Jewish Bureau)
The general secretary of the national police
dickered with the German SS command in Paris but was told that the Germans would requisition the French police to arrest even the native French Jews if Bousquet wouldn’t cooperate
the Germans held 1.8 million French soldiers as war prisoners
and these hostages were periodically used to blackmail the collaborationist government
Confusing the historical record even more are the statements of French politicians who leftist revisionist historian and journalists have been browbeaten into claiming the Vichy government was “the French state.” Vichy France was divided into two areas: one (including Paris) was directly occupied by the Germans; another area was held more directly under Pétain but still lay under the thumb of the conquerors
There was also a Free French movement and regime in exile
which claimed to be the true French government that had never surrendered to Hitler’s armies
It has been decided in recent decades to make the present French government a continuation of the Vichy government
French citizens can go on atoning for something that neither they nor their ancestors did or should be held accountable for
de Gaulle’s France has faded away in the relevant antifascist narrative since it has been decided in recent decades to make the present French government a continuation of the Vichy government
French citizens can go on atoning for something that neither they nor their ancestors did or should be held accountable for.
is entirely in keeping with penitential history
which always aims at destroying national pride in Western Christian countries
Once this guilt trip is laid on Western nations
its citizens are called on to expiate forever their genocidal pasts
who look for fascists under their beds and pass hate-speech laws ad nauseam
other Western nations will keep their subjects from expressing illicit thoughts
If the leftist French historian Henry Rousso calls the “Vichy Syndrome” “a past that has not passed,” the reason may not be the one Rousso gives
Frenchmen have not been convulsed with guilt for generations because of their participation in the Holocaust
They have been driven by an all-powerful left into confessing guilt for something that only a small minority of their population was ever involved in
no Frenchman is expected to feel guilty about the utterly shameful record of French Communists in murdering many thousands of their political opponents during and after the German occupation
Antifascist history has turned the page on that
together with French Communist collaboration with Nazi Germany in 1940
A final observation: Among the most outspoken opponents of the regnant politically correct interpretation of Vichy France have been, to their credit, dissenting French Jews. Besides Zemmour, we should list the conservative rabbi Alain Michel, whose 2012 book Vichy et la Shoah (Vichy and the Holocaust) has excited the fury of the leftist French establishment
Michel points to the overwhelming evidence that the Vichy government intended to save indigenous French Jews and that Minster of State Pierre Laval
who was executed as a traitor during the Purge
who has provided scholars like Michel and Berlière with a needed voice
who have braved the usual antifascist attacks
have dared to tell us the historical truth
Paul Gottfried is editor in chief of Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture
He is also the Raffensperger Professor of Humanities Emeritus at Elizabethtown College
most recently Antifascism: The Course of a Crusade and Revisions and Dissents
which always aims at destroying national pride in Western Christian countries.”
Germany is a fairly new entity unlike France
Is there anything Germany has done in its history as Germany that remotely had the same effects as the Holocaust
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Democrats have offered little more than platitudes – sparking comparisons to France’s collaborationist second world war regime
Julia Carrie WongFri 31 Jan 2025 12.00 CETLast modified on Fri 31 Jan 2025 12.01 CETShareAt the dawn of the second Trump presidency
While Donald Trump has rapidly and ruthlessly thrown the federal government into unprecedented chaos, the leaders of the Democratic party have offered up little more than limp banalities and platitudes. “Presidents come and presidents go. Through it all. God is still on the throne,” tweeted the House minority leader
at the end of Trump’s first week in office
For the leftists and liberals who had hoped to see the opposition party mount some kind of opposition to Trumpism, this spectacle of capitulation has inspired a new historical analogy, or at least a new insult. La Résistance is dead. Welcome to Vichy France
“It’s partly fascist but mostly just a reactionary and defeatist catch-all
It’s a regime born of capitulation and of defeat: of the slow and then sudden collapse of the longstanding institutions of a great democracy whose defenders turned out to be senile and unable to cope with or understand modern politics.”
‘Vichy Democrats’ has become an increasingly popular expression of disgust with the feckless opposition party“Unlike you fascists, we promise a smooth transition of power … to you fascists,” Biden/Pétain says to Trump/Hitler in the cartoon
Ultimately, it was a beloved hero of the first world war, Marshal Pétain, who signed the armistice with Hitler. Under its terms, the southern half of France would remain free of German occupation and be administered by Pétain’s government from the spa town of Vichy. Though Germany eventually occupied France’s entire territory, Pétain remained the nominal head of the Vichy government until the end of the war, when he was arrested, tried and found guilty of treason.
Read moreWhat happened in France between the armistice and liberation – and to what degree France’s own leaders were responsible for the suffering of the French people and the deportation and murder of 75,000 French Jews – would become the subject of protracted historical and political debates
“The myth after the war was that there had been 40 million resisters and that Vichy was imposed by the Germans,” says Sarah Fishman
a professor of history at the University of Houston who specializes in 20th-century France
the French memorialized Vichy as a regime of passive resistance that protected the population from the worst of Nazi Germany’s oppression while biding its time until it could rejoin the fight on the side of the Allies
But that fantasy was exploded by the work of the American historian Robert O Paxton
whose seminal 1972 book Vichy France revealed the uncomfortable truth: that the leaders of Vichy had willingly collaborated with Germany
including the anti-Jewish laws passed in 1940
were the expression of domestic rightwing politics and antisemitism that had nothing to do with Germany
But what relevance do Vichy politics have to Trump’s America
And is it fair to compare Joe Biden or Chuck Schumer to Pétain
“I don’t think Vichy France forms a helpful analogy with the US today,” Paxton told the Guardian by email
only by the reactionary half of our own population.”
“The leaders at Vichy thought they could negotiate a better deal by accepting a defeat
that they would get stuff from the Germans,” she said
But every time there was an option to use one of those chips
they made it clear that they were not going to
“Germany had no interest in a friend in France
Paxton offered a different comparison from the same era
“An analogy worth considering is Benito Mussolini
elected legitimately to the Italian parliament in 1919
named prime minister of Italy legitimately by King Victor Emmanuel III (though under some illegal pressure from fascist demonstrators who didn’t actually ‘march on Rome’)
then illegitimately seizing full dictatorial power on 3 January 1925,” he said
thugs probably acting at Mussolini’s behest murdered Giacomo Matteotti
Will something unpleasant happen to any of Trump’s most public critics?”
But “Mussolini ended up hanging from a tree,” Fishman said
it’s not good for the people who collaborated.”
it’s worth considering whether American opponents of Trumpism should be looking to Europe at all for historical analogies and social media burns
the US has its own history of abiding intolerable legal oppression of a minority group
That system existed as recently as the 1960s
Many of Trump’s early executive actions have gestured at his movement’s desired return not to a version of the Third Reich
the women’s liberation movement and even the civil war
The idea that the racism, bigotry, corruption, authoritarianism and cowardice that plague US politics today are somehow French as opposed to dyed-in-the-wool American
yet cosmetically elegant range treats moderate-to-severe scalp concerns
NEW YORK, Nov. 15, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Vichy Dercos, the #1 dermatologist-recommended anti-dandruff brand in Europe, announces their United States launch exclusively in the Amazon Premium Beauty store. Customers can shop the collection now at amazon.com/dercos
A pioneer in hair and scalp dermatology research for more than fifty years
and from the brand recommended by over seventy thousand dermatologists worldwide
Dercos continues to be a leader in the space
homing in on their unique expertise in biological and environmental factors that impact both scalp and hair
This new-to-the-US Dercos range offers high efficacy solutions that combine dermatological active ingredients with sensorial textures to provide both excellent results and a pleasurable experience.
As customers become more aware that the skin on their scalp needs to be treated with the same care as the skin on their faces and bodies
now is a prime opportunity for Vichy Dercos to enter the US market
exclusively in the Amazon Premium Beauty store
Out of the one in five Americans suffering from dandruff,* only 40% of them are using dandruff-specific formulas to address their needs.** Vichy Dercos is entering the market in hopes to provide a solution to meet the needs of the remaining 60% not currently using medicated anti-dandruff products.
Vichy Dercos formulations utilize the best of L'Oréal's hair science to help combat scalp issues associated with dandruff
Dercos's proprietary hero Shampoo formula is powered by Micronized Selenium Sulfide
allowing distribution of its dandruff fighting power on the scalp; this formula targets dandruff at the source
The Dercos Shampoo also borrows ingredients and science from Vichy's skincare range
featuring ingredients such as niacinamide and glycerin
While the Vichy Dercos formulas put efficacy at the forefront
"We are thrilled that US consumers will now have the opportunity to experience the globally renowned and dermatologist-beloved Vichy Dercos range," says Minh-Dan Tran
Senior Vice President – Head of Brand for Vichy Dercos
"Vichy has been working to bring Dercos to the US for years
This range has exploded globally due not only to its science
we are on a mission to break dandruff taboos and promote healthier feeling hair and scalp for all
With dandruff affecting one in five Americans
there is certainly a demand for our unique approach in the US."
The Vichy Dercos range goes beyond its hero Shampoo
and offers a full range of dermatological anti-dandruff and care products:
has been tested on all hair and scalp types
and is tested as suitable for color treated hair.
Hair + Scalp Moisturizing Conditioner ($19.99) deeply hydrates and moisturizes both hair and scalp
while strengthening hair and restoring shine
Instrumental studies showed 67% smoother hair
and ten times less breakage (versus non-conditioning shampoo)
the hair was shown to be 66% shinier (versus unwashed hair)
The Conditioner is also suitable for color treated hair and sensitive scalps
Salicylic Acid Anti-Dandruff Serum ($48.99) is designed to meet consumers where they are
The average person in the US does not wash their hair daily
when dandruff is more severe it needs to be treated daily
which is why the Dercos range includes a dandruff fighting Serum
The Serum directly targets dandruff at its source
controlling five dandruff symptoms: flakes
the Serum is shown to leave the scalp feeling hydrated and soothed.
"I see patients with dandruff almost every day in my practice," says Dr
board certified dermatologist and Vichy Advisory Board Member
"But what patients keep telling me is that they dislike their current dandruff shampoos because of how they make their hair feel
That's why I'm so excited about Vichy Dercos
but Dercos also leaves the hair feeling soft
which is why I know my patients will actually use it when I recommend it."
Backed by L'Oréal Dermatological Beauty, a division of the global powerhouse best known as the world leader in dermocosmetics, Vichy Dercos is now available exclusively via amazon.com/dercos
About Vichy DercosVichy Dercos was created in 1964 with the ambition to combine DERmatological skin expertise with a knowledge of hair COSmetics
It was one of the first to understand the power of the scalp and its impact on the quality of hair
The brand therefore wanted to infuse all the latest scientific research and progress into haircare
putting the scalp at the heart of its expertise
Acting on the scalp helped change the way people see their hair and treat it.
About L'Oréal Dermatological BeautyAt L'Oréal Dermatological Beauty
our mission is to pioneer life-changing and sustainable dermatological solutions for all
The Dermatological Beauty Division is the world leader in dermocosmetics
with international skincare brands recommended by health care professionals and distributed in healthcare outlets worldwide
Our brands portfolio is composed of five brands originating from France and the USA
The brands offer a range of skincare and haircare products answering both pathological needs and demanding aesthetic needs: from dermatological to aesthetic skincare and from the most accessible ranges to the most premium ones
P&G DANDRUFF STUDY**L'Oréal Dandruff U&A Final Report Presentation
Do not sell or share my personal information:
Mayor Eric Adams appeared on Fox & Friends
alongside the Trump administration’s “border czar” Tom Homan
to discuss their plans to work together on immigration enforcement
With Homan sitting close enough to literally “get up his butt” — which he threatened to do if Adams did not “come through” — the mayor sought to reassure him
“I’m not standing in the way,” Adams declared
“I’m collaborating — against so many others who don’t want to collaborate.”
Adams described his role in the government’s new immigration policies in terms of collaboration
Among the policies pursued by the administration is the arrest and deportation of undocumented immigrants to detention centers — overwhelmingly owned and run by private prison corporations — as well as the camp at Guantanamo Bay built after 9/11
the director of the Center for Constitutional Rights
as part of its assault on the birthright clause embedded in the 14th Amendment
is trying to strip citizenship from thousands of naturalized Americans
who will then also be subject to deportation
But the choice of words is also historically telling
the meaning of collaboration was straightforward
According to the Dictionnaire de l’Academie Française
to collaborate meant “travailler avec une ou plusieurs personnes à une œuvre commun” — i.e.
“work with one or more people to reach a shared goal.” The New York Jets
have collaborated for decades to have losing seasons
The reason I quoted a French dictionary is not just because the word’s initial meaning changed in the mid-20th century
This year marks the 85th anniversary of the French State
better known as Vichy thanks to the spa town where it set up shop in 1940 following the defeat and partial occupation by Nazi Germany
The regime was not just authoritarian and antisemitic
but from the very outset was actively collaborationist
This is not the description later offered by historians
but the description offered in real time by the regime’s leader
he informed the French in a radio address that their country was now clattering down the “road of collaboration.”
Pétain meant “state collaboration” — namely
Convinced that the Thousand Year Reich would last
sought to retain shreds of national sovereignty
it was their naval fleet and colonial possessions.) In exchange for this sham independence
these men made an escalating series of humiliating concessions that climaxed in the deportation of French men to work in German armament factories
and the deportation of foreign and French Jews
including thousands who had been denaturalized
collaboration turned out to be a many-squalid thing
The political scientist Stanley Hoffmann famously described Vichy as the “revenge of minorities” — a motley collection of monarchists and traditionalists
antisemites and Catholics who had been sidelined by the 20th century
many of those who made the pilgrimage to Vichy
like Pétain’s second-in-command Pierre Laval
were mere opportunists in search of relevance and influence
Yet the line between opportunism and collaboration is easily crossed
Laval ended in a place he did not anticipate in 1940 — a place where he trumpeted his wish for “the victory of Germany,” authorized the creation of la Milice (the paramilitary organization that hunted down resisters and Jews)
and enabled the unfolding of the Final Solution in France
This was the case of yet other opportunists
located on the spectrum of what historian Philippe Burrin defines as “accommodation.” At one end were those who
thus limiting themselves to accepting German offers
At the other end were industrialists who actively solicited orders
The most notorious case was the car maker Louis Renault
me and my factory.” Not only was his math faulty — not one
so too were his morals: Renault was soon seeking orders for armored personnel carriers and tanks for the Wehrmacht
French writers and intellectuals were scattered across this scale of accommodation
Unless they were willing to close shop or go clandestine
publishers agreed not to publish any authors who were banned in Germany and
any work that might “damage German prestige and interests” in France
This invitation to self-censorship often led publishers
in the phrase of the American historian Timothy Snyder
“to obey in advance” — anticipate and enact the desires of a tyrannical power
most did not have the mettle to join the Resistance or the self-mastery to cease writing
Many continued to publish not just in respectable venues
in journals notorious for their antisemitic and collaborationist tilt
who refused to publish during the Occupation
these individuals were blinded by the belief that “French literature and thought would die without them.” Yet even admirable figures like Albert Camus
To allow the publisher Gallimard to publish his essay The Myth of Sisyphus
Camus agreed to remove the chapter devoted to Franz Kafka
there are the committed collaborators — the true believers who sought to make France great again
vermin who were poisoning the purity of the people
Some of these believers took up arms in the Charlemagne Division of the Waffen SS while others took to the pages of collaborationist journals like Le Gerbe and Je suis partout to vomit their bilge
but all were united in a world view that deemed certain human beings unworthy of sharing the world with them
You might well ask what the experience of the French during those four dark years might mean for the experience of Americans in the coming four years of darkness
which is the course of events specific to a time and place
are not doomed to repeat the same mistakes
But this is why Vichy should also mean everything for us
As we gaze upon the tech billionaires making pilgrimage to Mar-a-Lago and listen to their praise of (and payments to) our new management
as we speak guardedly to colleagues at work and friends in a public place
as we marvel over Republican senators who opposed Putin last year and applaud him this year
we rediscover a truth first revealed by the ancient Greeks — namely
that history is less an exercise in historical imagination than an exercise in moral imagination
studying the past does not help us repair our present circumstances
but it does help us to reflect on the tragic nature of history
We recall how our reason often fails to rein in our passions and how social norms are mostly defenseless against individual egos
almost always leads to a fall of the most admirable characters
it should be a reason to hold fast to moderation when that fall
This requires the collaboration of all those who refuse to despair
the refusal to forget the original meaning of a perfectly innocent word
Robert Zaretsky is also a culture columnist at the Forward
The views and opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Forward. Discover more perspectives in Opinion. To contact Opinion authors, email [email protected]
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European hair care brand Vichy Dercos is capitalizing on Americans’ dandruff problem (as high as one in five suffer from the scalp condition!) with a new flake-fighting hair care collection
The Vichy Dercos range includes Selenium Sulfide Anti-Dandruff Shampoo
$19.99; Hair + Scalp Moisturizing Conditioner
$19.99; and Salicylic Acid Anti-Dandruff Serum
Utilizing L’Oréal’s hair science to help combat scalp issues associated with moderate-to-severe dandruff
Vichy Dercos’s proprietary shampoo is powered by Micronized Selenium Sulfide to target dandruff at the source
and is also formulated with niacinamide and glycerin to soothe and hydrate the scalp
The new collection was tested on all hair and scalp types
including sensitive and color-treated hair
Vichy Dercos’ Anti-Dandruff Collection is available now on VichyUSA.com
Attendees at the 2024 Republican National Convention hold signs reading “Mass Deportation Now!” Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images
Imagine a place with a housing shortage where
tens of thousands of homes are emptied of people overnight
or have been rounded up in camps by armed government agents
People with connections jockey for the best apartments
Neighbors alert to the pre-dawn banging down the hall can tip off their friends that a nice two-bedroom will be available soon
That is how mass deportation plays out as housing policy. It is the plan that Donald Trump and the Republican party are championing
And it is exactly what unfolded in Paris between 1940 and 1944
as the Vichy regime redistributed vacated “Jewish apartments” to non-Jews
a French social scientist who has spent a decade with two colleagues researching the archives for a forthcoming book
the parallels between the declared MAGA plan and that fascist past are shocking and surreal
successive round-ups by the French police were treated as a solution to a major housing crisis
Donald Trump promises mass round-ups and deportation camps as the answer to a shortage of affordable housing
“The similarities are horrifying,” Gensburger said
“It creates a special kind of market for all the worst impulses of mankind.”
Those affected were predominantly Jewish; later laws specifically targeted Jews
Hitler ordered the systematic plunder of everything left in the apartments of Jews who had been deported
though most were poor immigrants from Eastern Europe
What happened next to the emptied apartments has remained unexamined for decades
But with a database of 9,000 cases, she and her co-authors, the historians Isabelle Backouche and Eric Le Bourhis, have documented how Parisian society seized on the apartments as a housing windfall. Their book
Appartements témoins: La spoliation des locataires juifs à Paris sous l’Occupation
is to be published in January by La Decouverte
A new municipal bureaucracy reallocated the apartments to non-Jews
And many went to neighbors who quickly applied for a modest “Jewish apartment” they knew
because it was a little larger or better lit than theirs
In today’s America, the market, not a government bureaucracy, would handle the fallout from mass roundups. Private equity, already buying up homes to turn into high-priced rentals, would surely profit from bank foreclosures on vacated immigrant housing, including homes bought by undocumented workers with mortgages that Trump has vowed to outlaw
And what kind of fee do you suppose realtors could claim for the inside scoop on the next Brooklyn raid
Trump supporters may say that they only meant to target illegal immigrants when waving “Mass Deportation Now!” signs at the Republican National Convention. But in a broken immigration system driven by executive directives and viral propaganda, raids can hinge not only on racial profiling, but on political vendetta. Awaiting those arrested is a shadowy immigration detention network where virtually no due process safeguards apply
That is the context for the Republican claim that mass deportation will increase the housing supply — despite economists’ skepticism — yet a routine media reaction has failed to reckon with the house-by-house dispossession at stake
teams of agents faced with new arrest quotas were indiscriminately barging into the homes of Latino families
citizens and legal residents from bed at gunpoint
and seizing anyone who did not produce proof of legal status
I keep thinking of Rachel Ségal-Jaeglé, a French Holocaust survivor who persuaded elementary schools in Paris to belatedly memorialize neighborhood children deported to their deaths
Jaeglé was protesting the expulsion of undocumented immigrant families who had children in the same schools
but she owed her life to a few people who had chosen resistance
do we have to wait to get to that point to react
The hard times are never the same and the scapegoats may change
But one can perceive what’s unjust and inhuman.”
is a former immigration reporter for The New York Times
27 June 2024 – The Toyota Mobility Foundation (TMF)
in collaboration with the City of Vichy and three start-ups
announced their newly-formed partnership to improve mobility conditions for people with reduced mobility
The initiative underscores TMF’s commitment to fostering inclusive mobility solutions that empower each individual to navigate with ease and independence
Nearly 30% of the EU population experience reduced mobility
The lack of access and innovation means they cannot move freely without facing many obstacles
TMF and its partners will work to address these pressing issues and to create a more accessible and inclusive world for all
We aim to leave a lasting legacy of inclusive mobility solutions that empower people with reduced mobility to move freely and confidently
By working closely with local partners and communities
we seek to develop sustainable solutions that endure far beyond the scope of our initial involvement
The new partnership brings together key stakeholders
renowned for its strong commitment to accessibility
and three start-ups chosen through the Toyota Open Labs - a platform open innovation platform designed to support start-ups in their ambitions to scale up and contribute to a sustainable future
will combine and leverage their expertise to develop holistic approaches to improve navigation and accessibility for individuals with reduced mobility in urban environments
The project will be based at the Le CREPS Training Campus
a sprawling 9.2-hectare facility nestled in the heart of Vichy's dedicated sports practice area
Partners will map the facility for indoor and outdoor navigation for people with reduced mobility
along with key routes to the city of Vichy
This will include utilising Genny Factory's connected personal mobility technology to enhance mapping capabilities across diverse terrain
The outcome will be the developing of the first fully adapted GPS to people with reduced mobility and with reduced mobility
This is a solution that can then be replicated as an example of a best practise
Vichy is deeply committed to enhancing accessibility and mobility for all residents
We are proud to collaborate with the Toyota Mobility Foundation and the selected startups to pioneer innovative solutions that promote inclusivity and improve the quality of life for people with people with reduced mobility
The initiative marks the creation of the first holistic move-around solution for people with activity limitations
addressing to common challenges and uncertainties they face outside their homes
By combining accessible outdoor and indoor navigation
and refining the information gathered from connected mobility devices
the project aims to provide comprehensive mapping support for individuals with our without reduced mobility throughout their journeys
Our mission is to improve mobility for all
The value proposition is to help transport operators and MaaS providers to promote walking and public transport mobility for all by calculating the best accessible and precise routes.
and indications adapted to each user profile
Our aim is to provide better orientation and navigation for people with reduced mobility
To move freely and independently in a pedestrian or indoor area
Genny Zero's technology continuously maps its position and terrain
sharing information about areas to navigate or avoid
Genny ZERO is a stylishly designed personal transporter for all users
featuring redundant self-balancing technology
Established in 2014, the Toyota Mobility Foundation (TMF) is dedicated to creating a more inclusive and sustainable future through innovative mobility solutions
European anti-dandruff brand Vichy Dercos has launched into the US at the Amazon Premium Beauty store
The range offers “high-efficacy” solutions that combine dermatological active ingredients with sensorial textures to provide both “excellent” results and a pleasurable experience
Vichy Dercos formulations utilize L’Oréal’s hair science to help combat scalp issues tied to dandruff
Dercos’s proprietary shampoo formula is powered by micronized selenium sulfide to target dandruff at the source
The Dercos shampoo also borrows ingredients and science from Vichy’s skincare range
featuring key ingredients such as niacinamide and glycerin to soothe and hydrate the scalp
they don’t sacrifice “cosmetic elegance,” keeping hair feeling nourished
“I see patients with dandruff almost every day in my practice,” said Dr
board certified dermatologist and Vichy advisory board member
“But what patients keep telling me is that they dislike their current dandruff shampoos because of how they make their hair feel
That’s why I’m so excited about Vichy Dercos
which is why I know my patients will actually use it when I recommend it.”
Selenium Sulfide Anti-Dandruff Shampoo ($19.99) eliminates up to 100% of visible flakes with regular use and delivers long lasting efficacy while simultaneously fighting itch
The shampoo directly targets dandruff at the source and is tested on the full spectrum on dandruff from mild to severe
this dermatological shampoo reinforces the scalp’s moisture barrier and boosts hair moisture by 70%
Objective instrumental studies show two times less hair breakage and 37% smoother hair (versus unwashed hair)
with 78% shinier hair after use (versus non-conditioning shampoo)
which is available in sizes 200mL and 400mL
and is tested as suitable for color treated hair
Hair + Scalp Moisturizing Conditioner ($19.99) deeply hydrates and moisturizes both hair and scalp while strengthening hair and restoring shine
40% more moisturized hair and 10 times less breakage (versus non-conditioning shampoo)
The conditioner is also suitable for color treated hair and sensitive scalps
Salicylic Acid Anti-Dandruff Serum ($48.99) directly targets dandruff at its source
the serum is shown to leave the scalp feeling hydrated and soothed
Vichy Dercos is available here
To conclude the day, Théo Curin, a para-swimmer and silver medallist at the world championships in 2017 in the 100 m and 200 m freestyle, lit the cauldron at the celebration venue in Vichy. To entertain the crowds, activities were organised from 3.30 pm, with, in particular, shows put on by the sponsors of the Olympic Torch Relay, namely Coca-Cola, Banque Populaire and Caisse d’Epargne, featuring musical and dance performances for the spectators’ delight.
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Olympic Torch Relay | Stage 37 - Vichy | Olympic Games Paris 2024Watch the highlights of the 37th stage of the Olympic Torch Relay for the Olympic Games Paris 2024 that took place in Vichy
The Vichy urban community is a dynamic and well-preserved area which has established itself as a preferred destination for tourists and spa enthusiasts
Renowned for its water and heritage from bygone days
Vichy is listed as a UNESCO world heritage site for its role in the emergence of spa culture in Europe in the 19th century
It is also an area which is a good place to live and in which sport is especially well developed
Each year many sports competitions and sports camps are organised here
The town of Vichy has received the distinction of being chosen to be a preparation centre for the Olympic Games for 42 sporting disciplines
The entire Vichy urban community came together for this celebratory and unifying day
The route of the Olympic Torch Relay began in the small municipality of Le Mayet-de-Montagne
which is particularly renowned for its water
earning it the nickname of “the town that sparkles”
After a stop at the covered market in Square Romon
a relay took place at Saint-Germain-des-Fossés
it headed for the hills and Bourbonnaise Mountains in Cusset
it passed in front of a concert orchestra on its way to the Collège Saint-Joseph junior high school
The next destination of the Olympic Torch Relay was Vichy
passing from the CREPS centre of sporting excellence to the racecourse
over the Pont Jacques Chirac bridge that spans the River Allier and then on to the town centre where it arrived at Place de la Mairie
A festival atmosphere and collective enthusiasm could be observed throughout the day
Many activities were set up by the municipalities visited by the Olympic Torch to transform each relay into a moment of sharing involving as many people as possible
This was particularly the case at Saint-Germain-des-Fossés where several musical groups enlivened the passage of the Olympic Torch convoy
the crowds were treated to a show involving hip-hop and freestyle football
Initiatives aimed at the general public were also plentiful in Vichy
Old and young alike were invited to take part in sporting and cultural activities in front of the CREPS
children from the Lifetri association formed a guard of honour for the Olympic Torch
several dance groups from the Art’dance school put on a show featuring colourful and lively choreography
109 torchbearers took it in turns to carry the Olympic Torch
a French biathlete who won two Olympic medals at the winter Games in 2010 in Vancouver: a gold medal in the sprint event
making him the first French person to win an Olympic title in this type of race
This para-triathlete who is a member of the French team and world champion in cross triathlon is also an ambassador for a company specialised in manufacturing racing blades for people whose lower limbs have been amputated
Many members of the general public who are heavily involved in local sport also carried the Olympic Torch
and Amélie Vernay who participates in twirling (combining dance
gymnastics and baton twirling) at European level
Among their male counterparts were 91-year-old Yves Carrey
the oldest member of the “Vichy Rando” hiking club
the current coach of Racing Club Vichy Rugby
Several torchbearers committed to social and solidarity causes dear to their hearts also carried the Olympic Torch along the roads of the Vichy urban community
a big-hearted sportswoman who gives her all daily as a firefighter
who runs a solidarity grocery store in Vichy
The values that they promote are also those of the day’s last torchbearer
He won a silver medal in freestyle para-swimming in 2017 at the world championships in Mexico and then acquired even greater fame through his extraordinary challenges
such as swimming across Lake Titicaca or completing the Santa Fe-Coronda aquatic marathon
He became the first para-athlete to finish this legendary 57-km race through almost nine hours of swimming in the muddy and perilous waters of Argentina
This man who has many strings to his bow and who stops at nothing had the honour of lighting the celebration cauldron to round off the day in Vichy
the Olympic Torch Relay will embark on another stage along France’s roads as it travels through the Loire department
The celebration venue at the end of the day will be located in Saint-Etienne where the celebration cauldron will be aptly lit at the stadium of the city’s famous
with a major concert organised by Coca-Cola this evening to mark the Music Festival
where 5,000 people are expected to gather in front of the stadium
Coke Studio is presenting a 100% all-female line-up with two artists
who will be carrying the Olympic Torch the following day
The former has made a name for herself with her huge diamond disc single “Popcorn Salé”
which has been streamed worldwide more than 100 million times
The latter is establishing herself as the new diva of bossa nova
combing French rap with traditional Brazilian sounds
soul singer Kami from Saint-Etienne will open the concert with her inimitable talent
2024Save this storySaveSave this storySaveAll products featured on GQ are independently selected by our editors
we may receive compensation from retailers and/or from purchases of products through these links
As a foot-on-the-ground visa-toting resident, with an oily and flake-prone scalp, I can attest that this ‘poo is a mainstay in the pharmacies in my neighborhoods in Germany and Portugal for the past 7 years—and it works fabulously. The shampoo combines two key active ingredients in anti-dandruff rinses: Selenium sulfide and salicylic acid
Selenium sulfide is the same key anti-fungal in most Selsun Blue shampoos if you want a direct competitor in the United States
It kills the microbes that cause dandruff to proliferate on your noggin
The scalp-exfoliating and oil-balancing ingredient salicylic acid helps to slough away flakes by tapping the beta-hydroxy acid
Most shampoos that rely on salicylic acid as the sole key active will deploy 2-3% in their bottles; however in Vichy Dercos the salicylic acid is toned down to 1%
to play a somewhat supportive role to the more aggressive selenium sulfide
Speaking of conditioners: The one in the line is particularly thoughtful, especially when paired with the shampoo. Few conditioners actually factor the scalp into their equation, which is so funny to me. Most are hyper-fixated on strands, and they leave the scalp to the shampoo. So, for Vichy to craft a conditioner formulated foremost for sensitive scalps (while also countering any dryness or breakage for fragile strands) is a solid move.
The salicylic acid and selenium sulfide duo acts as a one-two punch for flakes, working to stop the fungus that cause dandruff while also loosening the flakes so that you're able to get rid of them quickly.
This conditioner isn't simply focused on giving you smooth strands, it's actively formulated to help soothe your scalp and give you itching and inflammation relief.
The salicylic acid serum, which also uses niacinamide to keep your scalp soothed and its skin barrier fortified, plus a dollop of glycerin for extra hydration to reduce dryness-induced flakage.
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Marshal Philippe Pétain took the helm of a humiliated France
many took his silence as evidence of grand strategy – a view bolstered by the client press
In the summer of 1940 France suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of the German army
Soldiers surrendered so eagerly that the Germans could not even be bothered to disarm their new captives; civilians fled southwards in a confused and terrified exodus
It is estimated that about one-fifth of the French population took to the roads during this period; at one point over 90,000 families reported that they had lost children in the chaos
In three weeks it moved from Paris to Bordeaux to Clermont Ferrand
resigned and was replaced by Philippe Pétain an 84-year-old First World War field marshal
Pétain’s elevation was confirmed when the National Assembly voted by a majority of 468 to 80
the constitutional regime under which France had been governed since 1875 was now dead
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so we need to eat vitamin C-rich foods or apply topically in order to reap its benefits
“Vitamin C is essential in the pathways for collagen synthesis. It can also act as a powerful antioxidant, protecting the skin from free radicals and oxidative damage caused by UV light and other environmental exposures,” says Heidi Prather, MD
a board-certified dermatologist at Westlake Dermatology in Austin
Collagen is a protein that is a building block for your skin
there’s a decrease in collagen in your skin
Vitamin C has also been found to help even out discoloration in both melasma and age spots when used long-term
For this guide we tested different brands and formulations to help you pick the right the best vitamin C serum for your skin type
ferulic acid stabilize formulaLeaves glowy finishFor all skin typesConsScent may be off-puttingWatery formulaThis vitamin C serum actually comes in two bottles: You have to mix the serum base into the vitamin C powder
The pump makes the serum easy to dispense — a good thing since the formula is so runny and watery
but once it sinks into your skin the serum leaves behind a smooth
“Drunk Elephant is a good choice, as it comes in a sealed bottle and has a two-step process to provide a more long-lasting product,” says Anne Truitt, MD
board-certified dermatologist in San Diego
The sealed pump bottle can help make the vitamin C’s potency last longer
it contains a combination of 15 percent L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) with ferulic acid and vitamin E for a more stable product
Drunk Elephant’s vitamin C serum has no fragrance added
A dermatologist described the smell of unscented vitamin C like “hot dog water,” and it’s totally true
(You’ve been warned — several serums on this list have no fragrance added!)
Of 939 reviews on Amazon, this serum received 4.4 stars out of 5
Note: Before starting any new skin-care product, it’s important to do a patch test first. The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) recommends testing a quarter-size area of skin on the underside of your arm for 7 to 10 days and watching for itchiness
silicone-freeClinically testedFor all skin typesConsPriceyContains propylene glycolSkinCeuticals C E Ferulic is a vitamin C serum that’s often recommended by dermatologists
In fact, all four dermatologists we consulted mentioned this as a good (though pricey) choice. “It’s dermatologist-approved,” says Amy Huang, MD
a board-certified dermatologist with Medical Offices of Manhattan in New York
Not only does it contain 15 percent vitamin C (in the form of L-ascorbic acid)
but it also has vitamin E and ferulic acid
additional antioxidants that combat free radicals
Together, these three antioxidants enhance each other, and the ferulic acid also helps protect vitamins C and E, allowing for the antioxidants to penetrate skin, research shows
the presence of vitamin E is more than its antioxidant properties
“Vitamin E is an emollient that is nourishing for skin,” says Dr
The downside is that vitamin E can make acne-prone patients break out
she recommends trying SkinCeuticals Silymarin CF
which is formulated with salicylic acid to reduce breakouts
The formula also includes propylene glycol
The instructions recommend using four to five drops to cover your face
and the 1-ounce (oz) bottle can last for several months
This is definitely the priciest option on our list
but if you purchase on the SkinCeuticals website and choose auto-renewal (1- through 6-month options available) you get 5 percent off plus free shipping
Of 5,354 reviews on Dermstore.com, this serum received 4.7 stars out of 5
an ingredient that has skin-soothing properties
It was difficult to name something we didn’t like about this CeraVe serum
It has a pleasant texture — just thick enough for a serum but not too thin or watery compared to others in this category
For that reason the serum goes on nice and smooth
even though it takes several minutes to dry
which is longer than some other vitamin C serums
The serum comes in an aluminum tube to help prevent light exposure and oxidation
we noticed that the tube is apt to damage easily and split open at the sides
This tube could have been really great for travel
but one trip in a bag and the serum started leaching out of the top
Another plus: The serum has a light scent — no “hot dog water smell” here
We’d definitely go back to this one to make it a regular part of our morning skin-care routine
Of 1,504 reviews on Dermstore.com, this serum received 4.4 stars out of 5
something that on its own can help boost brightness
It also helps keep pores clear and reduces redness
The main active ingredient is a 10-percent vitamin C formula (as L-ascorbic acid) to protect skin and target discoloration
The product itself can be a bit messy and challenging to dispense
The formula is among the thickest vitamin C serums we’ve tried
and it can be pretty tough to suck into the dropper from the orange-tinted bottle
The serum has a very strong floral fragrance
which may not be appealing for folks who are sensitive to scent
the serum absorbs well and dries fast on the skin
providing a nice canvas for subsequent SPF and makeup application
Of more than 13,000 reviews on Amazon, this serum received 4.5 stars out of 5
This serum also contains hyaluronic acid and glycerin, which are key for mature skin. These two humectants increase moisture by drawing water to the skin’s surface. Studies show that topical hyaluronic acid can hydrate skin
and help soften the appearance of lines and wrinkles
A plus is that this product is fragrance-free
an alcohol-like scent really comes through and is not pleasant
and it dispenses out of an amber-colored bottle that you have to flip almost upside down
It’s recommended to use three to five drops to cover the face
it absorbs well into the skin and impressively enhances softness
which is great for when you apply an SPF moisturizer and makeup on top
meaning the fungus may inhibit a pigment-producing enzyme to promote an even tone
In addition, licorice root extract also slows the synthesis of melanin (the pigment in skin cells) to help address discoloration
this serum is easy to smoothe across the face and neck
though it takes a few minutes to fully sink in
Of 234 reviews on Amazon, this serum received 4.1 stars out of 5
dyesConsPriceyMay cause irritationMay be too heavy for oily skinWith a combination of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and a vitamin C derivative (called vitamin Cg
this serum packs 12.5 percent total vitamin C
hyaluronic acid holds moisture in skin to help reduce the appearance of lines and wrinkles
and we certainly noticed a softer look to our complexion when we used this serum
Dimethicone is the first ingredient listed
which is a type of silicone that helps protect the skin barrier
preventing water loss and temporarily plumping up the skin
It was thick enough without dribbling all over
which is why it goes on evenly for good coverage
A minute is all that’s needed to allow it to dry before moving on to the next steps in your morning skin-care routine
there’s barely any scent — perhaps just a slightly citrusy one
(There are orange and lemon peel oils in the formula.)
The packaging is also great: With a thicker formula and pump bottle
there’s less of a fear of this spilling during travel like the more runny serums
you should be using this in the morning and evening
consider slowly building up to a twice-daily application
Obagi’s vitamin C serum packs one of the highest amounts of vitamin C we’ve seen: 20 percent as L-ascorbic acid
Some reviewers note that when they went to the higher concentration (Obagi also has 15 percent and 10 percent versions) they expected “miracles” but were disappointed when their complexion became overly dry instead
one that’s almost reminiscent of a fragrance from Bath & Body Works
It dries nicely on skin to a smooth finish
and we think the silky texture sets the stage for tinted SPF to go on nicer
We used six drops (the recommendation is five to seven) and found it to be enough to adequately cover our face
This one has salicylic acid to tackle breakouts and help keep skin clear
plus a bevy of skin brighteners to reduce the look of discoloration
such as leftover acne marks (post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation)
As for vitamin C, this serum has 15 percent vitamin C, plus kojic acid
all of which play a role in decreasing discoloration
which means it decreases melanin (pigment) production
The ingredient has been shown to address freckling
Meanwhile, bearberry contains arbutin
Rounding out the formula are hyaluronic acid and aloe to hydrate and soothe
The pump bottle is mess-free and refreshingly easy to use. The serum has a light, pleasant scent (there are many plant extracts in the formula, from papaya to basil)
It goes on smoothly and dries incredibly fast without leaving stickiness behind
Of 1,541 reviews on the Hyper! website, this serum received 4.4 stars out of 5
B vitamins (like redness-reducing niacinamide)
and plumping hydrators like hyaluronic acid and glycerin
This serum is very much like SkinCeuticals’ serum
but once fully absorbed your skin feels soft and smooth
Experts also like this one: “Nourishmax is a good product that is reasonably priced,” says Dr
we found it did make a difference in improving our skin tone and texture
although the company claims that their formula can help balance sebum (oil) production in skin and clear up blemishes
ProductBest ForVitamin CConsistencyAdded IngredientsDrunk Elephant C-Firma Fresh Vitamin-C Day SerumLong-lasting15%Runny
ferulic acidSkinCeuticals C E FerulicAdded antioxidants15%WateryVitamin E
propylene glycolCeraVe Skin Renewing Vitamin C SerumSensitive skin10%LightweightVitamin B5
ceramidesLaRoche-Posay 10% Pure Vitamin C SerumOily skin10%ThickSalicylic acidVichy Liftactiv Vitamin C SerumHigh potency on a budget15%WateryVitamin E
hyaluronic acidBiossance Squalane + Vitamin C Dark Spot SerumMoisturizing10%LightweightMushroom extracts
squalaneKiehl’s Powerful-Strength Vitamin C SerumMature skin12.5%Lotion-likeHyaluronic acid
dimethiconeObagi Medical Professional C SerumExtra-strength20%Silky
lightweightPropylene glycolHyper Even Brightening Dark Spot Vitamin C SerumHyperpigmentation15%LightweightSalicylic acid
apple enzymesNourishmaxDewy skin15%WateryVitamin E
hyaluronic acidWhy You Can Trust UsEach vitamin C product underwent rigorous personal testing
evaluating for both efficacy and experience of using it (texture
It was also important to evaluate products that are readily available and are at a range of price points
We also spoke with dermatologists to get their advice about how to choose an effective
and then applied these parameters to our picks in each category
Things to Know About Vitamin C Serums“I think vitamin C is great for everyone,” says Prather
you don’t necessarily have the compromised skin or need the proactive effects,” she says
it’s helpful to know that vitamin C serums will contain vitamin C in one of three main forms
As for when to use a vitamin C serum? “I like to put it on in the morning. I cleanse my face, use a vitamin C serum, and then apply sunscreen,” says Divya Sachdev, MD
double board-certified in dermatology and internal medicine at Coast Dermatology Medical Associates in Torrance
That last part is key: Vitamin C can make your skin more sensitive to the sun
so you need to use sunscreen (look for a broad-spectrum formula that’s at least SPF 30) to protect from side effects like sunburns
If your product directions also say to apply at night
then following up with a cream that has other active ingredients like growth factors
Allow each layer to dry on the skin before applying the next
Keep in mind that vitamin C does tend to change color when exposed to light
These products typically come in packaging like dark bottles to decrease this exposure as much as possible
some light and heat enters the bottle with repeated opening
so you can expect the color of the C serum to change over time to more yellow or orange
For vitamin C that contains L-ascorbic acid — the type of vitamin C most at risk for oxidation — use it within six months of opening
What to Look For in a Vitamin C SerumVitamin C serums can contain anywhere from 10 to 30 percent vitamin C
but there’s really no reason to go higher than 20 percent
the less tolerable it is for people with sensitive skin
which can result in a stinging sensation,” says Huang
more is not better: Because if it’s unpleasant to use or causes side effects like irritation
“The most important rule is to choose one that your skin can tolerate,” she explains
Vitamin C is best when paired with additional antioxidant ingredients like vitamin E or ferulic acid
protective effects against free radicals in the environment and ultraviolet radiation,” she says
dark-colored container is also key for making sure the formula stays stable throughout the time you’re using it
It can be frustrating (not to mention expensive) when you don’t buy the right product the first time
“It can take some trial-and-error to find the product that’s right for you
I recommend giving it three months to see how it works,” says Dr
She has written extensively about vision care
She was previously an assistant editor at Prevention where she wrote monthly science-based beauty news items and feature stories
She has contributed to more than 40 print and digital publications
Migala lives in the Chicago suburbs with her husband
Medical Reviewers ensure the accuracy of supporting medical information
They are not involved in product selection or testing
Susan Bard, MDCastle ConnollySusan Bard, MD, is a clinical instructor in the department of dermatology at Weill Cornell Medicine and an adjunct clinical instructor in the department of dermatology at Mount Sinai in New York City. Her professional interests include Mohs micrographic surgery, cosmetic and laser procedures, and immunodermatology.
She is a procedural dermatologist with the American Board of Dermatology and a fellow of the American College of Mohs Surgery.
Dr. Bard has written numerous book chapters and articles for many prominent peer-reviewed journals, and authored the textbook The Laser Treatment of Vascular Lesions.
Opponents say party is ‘political heir’ of Vichy regime
Leftwing and centrist politicians have sought to remind voters that when Le Pen’s father, Jean-Marie Le Pen
co-founded the party – originally named Front National – in 1972
its ranks included former members of a Waffen SS military unit under Nazi command during the second world war
Sarah Legrain, of the left’s La France Insoumise party, told French TV at the start of the snap election campaign that “of course” the party was an heir to Vichy. Valérie Hayer, who led Emmanuel Macron’s centrists in the European elections, has also called Le Pen’s party “political heirs” to the Vichy era.
Read moreThe president himself has, however, previously cautioned against this approach. When his former prime minister Élisabeth Borne
told a radio station in 2023 that Le Pen’s party were heirs of Pétain
He warned that “history and morality” would no longer work to hold back the rise of National Rally (Rassemblement National – RN), which was already the foremost working-class party in France
and expanding its vote among young people and public sector workers
“You will never make millions of people who have voted for the far right believe they are fascists,” Macron was reported to have told a 2023 cabinet meeting
suggesting that challenging the party must focus not on its past but its policy platform
“We are not the heirs to Vichy, contrary to what everyone says …” Louis Aliot, a senior National Rally official, told Europe 1 radio at the start of the snap election campaign. “Mitterrand is the heir to Vichy, not us,” he said, referencing the former Socialist president whose earlier work for the Vichy regime became public in the 1990s
The Front National was co-founded in Paris in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen
a former paratrooper who had served in Algeria and previously been elected to parliament in 1956 as a supporter of Pierre Poujade’s anti-taxation protest movement
After his stint as the national assembly’s youngest MP
he founded a company that sold recordings of Nazi speeches and German military songs
The Front National’s creation was intended to give the far right – which comprised several disparate groups including neo-fascists
militants known for street violence and those nostalgic for French Algeria – a more presentable
At the time Jean-Marie Le Pen was seen as a comparative moderate within the broader extreme right
presenting himself as holding a nationalist-populist line
The Front National made little impact in the 1970s but in the 1980s increased its scores
winning 10 seats in the European parliament
he said he believed in the “inequality of the races”
He was fined by a court in Nice and convicted of “provoking hatred and ethnic discrimination” for telling a public meeting in 2013 that Roma in the city were “rash-inducing” and smelly
whom he said he didn’t consider a traitor of France
He said France should get along with Russia to save the “white world”
Jean-Marie Le Pen made the second round of the presidential election
it sparked mass street demonstrations and tactical voting for Jacques Chirac
Free newsletterA digest of the morning's main headlines from the Europe edition emailed direct to you every week day
saying he was committing “political suicide”
she changed the party’s name to National Rally
The party recently took a case to France’s highest administrative court
arguing that it should no longer be labeled far-right by the interior ministry
but its case was dismissed and France officially classes the party as far-right
Marine Le Pen has kept the party’s essential doctrine
which under her father was known as “France for the French”
and which she has renamed “national priority”
It means French citizens would be given priority over non-nationals for jobs
social welfare assistance and housing – a policy of “putting our own before others”
Rights groups and constitutionalists say the doctrine is discriminatory and anti-constitutional
a court in Nanterre heard a case for incitement to discrimination brought by an anti-racism organisation and several rights groups against four party figures over a handbook for municipal councillors published in 2014
which recommended that “national priority” be applied to social housing
The public prosecutor requested suspended prison sentences and large fines
saying there had been “a clear incitement to commit a distinction” between French people and foreigners
He added: “Politicians must be particularly attentive to the defence of democracy and its principles.” A verdict will be returned on 3 September
Jordan Bardella
who hopes to become prime minister if the party wins an absolute majority in parliament on 7 July
wrote on X that the case and the state prosecutor’s recommendations were “a serious attack on the freedom of expression” over what he called a “commonsense measure
The party also seeks to tighten rules on French citizenship and remove the right for children born to foreign parents on French soil
It has kept its long-running hardline on law and order
arguing that crime is linked to immigration
Despite dropping calls for a return of the death penalty
who won the vote of 51% of police and military in the 2022 presidential race
wants to introduce a presumption of “legitimate defence” for police officers firing weapons
Finding a serum to suit your skin's concerns can be quite the tricky business. Do you want a moisturising serum, a spot-targeting serum, a vitamin C serum...
Luckily for you, we're here to help, and if you're someone with a combination to oily skin type, keep reading, because I think the Vichy Aqualia Thermal Serum is what you're looking for
If you landed on this page as someone with dry skin
thinking that dry and dehydrated are the same thing
While dry skin is usually referred to as a skin type
dry skin denotes a natural lack of oil in the skin
where as dehydrated skin describes a lack of water
it's actually quite easy to treat dehydrated skin
You just need to switch up your skincare routine and
I should clarify that not all oily skins are dehydrated
but it's common for the two things to go hand in hand because excess oil production can the skin's way of overcompensating for a lack of water
According to celebrity aesthetician Renée Rouleau
combination or oily skin types and will likely feel tight
She also adds that it's a common concern among acne prone skins when using harsh products in an attempt to reduce blemishes
these products "strip the skin of water," she says
A key buzzword for dehyrdated skin is the Queen of skincare ingredients
Hyaluronic acid works by attracting moisture to the surface of the skin (the epidermis) to ensure maximum hydration from both your skincare products and the moisture in the air around you
you need two things: water and hyaluronic acid
So you're going to want a serum that has plenty of both
Enter the Vichy Aqualia Thermal Serum
Promising 48-hour hydration with hyaluronic acid and mineral-rich water
the Vichy Aqualia Thermal Serum is a light
thirst-quenching serum that feels like it's doing the job from the moment it hits the skin
I've been using this product since my teens and not only is it a great product for teens - it's gentle and contains no mineral oil (YAY) - but also
it's just an all-round safe bet for most normal to oily skin types
The Aqualia Thermal Serum really does feel like splashing a burst of cool water all over your face
it has a barely-there feel and it works excellently under make-up
I can't rave about it enough and, to add to its excellency, it costs less than £20 and you can have it on your doorstep tomorrow with Amazon Prime(I'm a sucker for next day delivery...)
whilst we may receive a commission or other compensation from the links on this page
we never allow this to influence product selections
remember to click the "New from + free shipping" button - there are plenty more suppliers with stock
Alex and Olivia Bowen launch a ‘His and Hers’ loungewear collection
The best face tanners that'll leave you bronzed and babein'
Maura Higgins has launched a false lash range with Primark and it's LIT
You're well on your way to hydrated skin now
so just sit back and relax and think about that smiley Amazon box arriving on your doorstep tomorrow morning
Now that you've sorted some of your skin concerns
have you thought about tackling your eyelashes
if you find yourself in the droopy eyelashes club
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Peterborough PE2 6EA and H Bauer Publishing
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H Bauer Publishing are authorised and regulated for credit broking by the FCA (Ref No: 845898)
whose husband Kilmar Abrego Garcia was incorrectly deported by ICE
speaks during a press conference ahead of Garcia’s hearing
There’s a terrifying precedent for the predicament of Kilmar Armando Abrego Garcia — the incorrectly deported man whom President Donald Trump’s administration is refusing to return to the United States — to be found in Vichy France
And it explains precisely why Trump is so determined to avoid bringing Abrego Garcia back to the U.S.
In 1942, Marie Reille, a French Catholic, was deported to Auschwitz by mistake amid the Vichy government’s collaboration with the occupying Nazi regime
we may say that everyone sent to Auschwitz was wrongfully deported
the deportation of Jews was considered lawful — itself an illustration of how unkindly history can look on injustices justified as licit and even necessary at the time
who was not a member of the French resistance
Reille was given a hearing before being deported
ruled that she was Jewish and ordered her transportation to Drancy
a transfer camp for persons ultimately destined for Auschwitz
Reille escaped before her deportation could be completed
she threw an unstamped letter to her husband onto the streets of Paris from a moving prison bus
her husband eventually received the letter
and was able to convince higher Vichy officials that she was Catholic
she was in a boxcar on her way to Auschwitz
and standing on that death camp’s infamous railroad platform
barking dogs and the overpowering stench of burnt bodies
Reille went back to the offices of the Bordeaux prefecture where her hearing had been conducted
to inform Garat and his office that he had sent her to a “deathcamp
an extermination camp.” Many decades later
was put on trial in Bordeaux for crimes against humanity
specifically for signing the deportation orders for 1,560 Jews
testified against Papon at his trial and told her mother-in-law’s story
which was evidence that Papon knew very well the fate of the deportees — despite his defense that he merely signed orders and had no idea where the people he deported ended up
And in Reille and Silva’s testimony is the key to understanding why Trump’s administration is desperate to keep Abrego Garcia from returning to the U.S.
despite the Department of Homeland Security’s admission that he was the victim of an “administrative error.” And it helps explain
announced that he too would take no steps to facilitate Abrego Garcia’s return
has struck a deal to pay the Salvadoran government $6 million this year to enable the incarceration of prisoners like Abrego Garcia
There are only two conceivable reasons for the U.S
rather than taking every step possible to return Abrego Garcia after discovering its error
to instead be defying court orders to facilitate his return immediately
First is that the administration is intent on establishing unprecedentedly broad powers
including by attempting to diminish the effective abilities of the judiciary
is that the idea of Abrego Garcia returning home and sharing details of his surely horrifying experience at the prison poses an immense threat
Because the administration officials know that whatever Abrego Garcia might report would not only risk raising already heightened public outrage over mass deportations, conducted with minimal justification and in possible defiance of the judiciary
He was found guilty of complicity in the arrests and detentions of some of the named Jewish victims
probably because while it was proven that he knew that the deportees would die
he did not have the requisite intent to kill them
He ultimately served less than 3 years of his sentence and died in 2007.)
No Trump official wants to end up in Papon’s shoes
Their insistence on ensuring Abrego Garcia does not return to the U.S
should be seen as a glaring admission that they understand their conduct is of the kind that history could hold against them
with possible material consequences for their well-being
is funding something like a concentration camp in El Salvador
and if the administration is eager to cover that up
That should be a further incentive for the judiciary to expedite in any way possible Abrego Garcia’s release — despite the administration’s efforts to stop them
Fredric Brandfon is the former chair of the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Stockton University in New Jersey and was the founder of the Department of Religion at the College of Charleston
A History of Jews and Catholics in the City of Rome
The views and opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Forward. Discover more perspectives in Opinion. To contact Opinion authors, email [email protected]
So during the New Pres’ speech to Congress
Representative Al Greene had the courage stand up to the Dear Leader. He graciously allowed himself to be led out of the chamber by the Sgt at Arms after being ruled out of order. But his behavior has since been voted by the US House as worthy of formal Censure
10 Democrats voted with the Republicans to Censure Re Greene. Here are there names. Should you live in one of these districts
please contact them and voice your displeasure in the most forceful terms you are comfortable with
Vichy Dems:
The 10 House Democrats who joined Republicans to vote for Green’s censure were California Representative Ami Bera
Pennsylvania Representative Chrissy Houlahan
Washington Representative Marie Gluesenkamp Perez and New York Representative Tom Suozzi
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If you’re looking to enhance your skincare routine
the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum might be the perfect addition
This serum promises to brighten your skin and diminish signs of aging
this serum aims to boost collagen production
Let’s dive into the details and see if it lives up to the hype
I’ve been using the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum for a couple of months now
and I can confidently say it’s made a noticeable difference in my skin’s appearance
I’ve seen my complexion become brighter and more even
The lightweight texture absorbs quickly into the skin
making it easy to layer with other products
the non-greasy formula ensures it suits all skin types
The Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum boasts a highly effective and powerful skincare formulation that helps to brighten and even out skin tone
it boosts collagen production and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
making it a comprehensive solution for multiple skin concerns
One of the standout features of the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum is its lightweight texture that absorbs quickly into the skin
This makes it easy to apply and layer with other skincare products
Its non-greasy and non-sticky formula ensures that it is suitable for all skin types
making it a versatile addition to any skincare routine
dark glass bottle that protects the vitamin C from air and light exposure
preventing degradation and ensuring potency until the last drop
This thoughtful packaging design enhances the product’s effectiveness
making it a reliable choice for those seeking long-lasting results
Many users have praised the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum for its remarkable brightening effects
Testimonials mention noticeable improvements in skin brightness and texture
with some users experiencing reduced dark spots and a youthful glow
These positive reviews highlight the serum’s ability to deliver visible results
Despite its high concentration of active ingredients
the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum is priced affordably at $34.99
This makes it accessible to a wider audience who are looking for effective skincare solutions without breaking the bank
The combination of quality and affordability makes this serum a popular choice among consumers
The serum’s non-greasy and non-sticky formula makes it suitable for a wide range of skin types
Users have reported that it does not cause breakouts and can be easily integrated into existing skincare routines
This versatility is one of the key reasons for its popularity
The Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum comes highly recommended by dermatologists
Many users decided to purchase the serum based on professional advice
emphasizing its credibility and effectiveness
Dermatologists often recommend this serum for its ability to brighten skin and reduce signs of aging
Multiple reviews highlight positive user experiences with the serum
and the noticeable improvements in their skin
Some have mentioned that it outperforms other vitamin C serums they have tried
it is recommended to use the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum consistently
Users have reported the best outcomes when incorporating it into their daily skincare routine
This consistency helps achieve and maintain the serum’s brightening and anti-aging benefits
While the serum is generally well-tolerated
some users with sensitive skin have reported initial breakouts
It is advisable to introduce the product gradually and monitor any reactions
Once the correct order of application is established
even those with sensitive skin have experienced positive results
the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum is a powerful addition to any skincare routine
Its effective formula and user-friendly packaging make it a standout product for those looking to improve their skin’s brightness and texture
Given its reasonable price point and the positive results I’ve experienced
I highly recommend giving this serum a try
It’s a small investment for a significant boost in your skincare regimen
Question: How should I apply the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum
Answer: Apply 4-5 drops to your face and neck
and pat it into the skin to ensure absorption
Question: Can I use this serum with other skincare products
the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum can be layered with other skincare products
but make sure to apply it before moisturizers and sunscreens
Question: Is this serum suitable for sensitive skin
Answer: While some users with sensitive skin have experienced breakouts
It’s recommended to do a patch test before full application
and I can confidently say it's made a noticeable difference in my skin's appearance
I've seen my complexion become brighter and more even."}]}{"@context":"https://schema.org/","@type":"FAQPage","mainEntity":[{"@type":"Question","name":"How should I apply the Vichy LiftActiv Vitamin C Serum?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Apply 4-5 drops to your face and neck
and pat it into the skin to ensure absorption."}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Can I use this serum with other skincare products?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"Yes
but make sure to apply it before moisturizers and sunscreens."}},{"@type":"Question","name":"Is this serum suitable for sensitive skin?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"While some users with sensitive skin have experienced breakouts
It's recommended to do a patch test before full application."}}]}
PARIS — Emmanuel Macron’s rupture with Benjamin Netanyahu is growing by the day
hit back Tuesday at the French president’s comments over the United Nations’ role in the foundation of Israel — telling Macron that Israel was founded by Holocaust survivors “including from the [Nazi collaborationist] Vichy regime in France.”
Macron had noted earlier Tuesday that the Israeli leader should not “ignore United Nations decisions,” during a closed-door meeting with his French ministers
“Mr. Netanyahu must not forget that his country was created by a U.N. decision,” he was quoted as saying, referencing the U.N. General Assembly’s November 1947 vote that terminated the British mandate of Palestine and split the land into a Jewish and an Arab state
Tensions have been rising between Macron and Netanyahu as Israel continues its strikes against the Iran-backed Hezbollah militant group in Lebanon — a country that has long historical ties to France — especially as the Israel Defense Forces hit U.N
saying that Israel was created not by a U.N
ruling but by the 1948 war of independence
“A reminder to the president of France: It was not the U.N
resolution that established the State of Israel
but rather the victory achieved in the War of Independence with the blood of heroic fighters
many of whom were Holocaust survivors — including from the Vichy regime in France,” Netanyahu said in a statement
The Vichy regime collaborated with Adolf Hitler’s occupation forces in World War II and helped Nazi Germany deport 76,000 Jews from France to concentration camps
Macron also recently called for a halt to arms deliveries to Israel in an interview with French radio
which triggered an angry response from Netanyahu who declared “shame” on the French president
France had last month attempted to broker a 21-day cease-fire between Israel and Hezbollah
which was scuppered when Netanyahu ordered strikes against the group’s headquarters
EU executive is planning a two-track approach of incentives and retaliatory measures to convince the White House to strike a deal
Paris accused Russia’s Fancy Bear group of conducting cyberattacks on the French president’s campaign team
Paris and Berlin have been at loggerheads for years
you’re horrible people” and walk away if Moscow or Kyiv don’t play ball
A certain vitamin C serum is considered the gold standard for skincare fans
So one woman was thrilled when her dermatologist told her about a beauty brand that makes a dupe for a fraction of the cost
She raved about the product in response to a post on Reddit discussing the “best vitamin C serum that doesn’t break the bank.”
“My derm told me to use the Vichy Liftactiv, she said, writing under the handle ConceptHumble2021
“He said that SkinCeuticals everyone considers the gold standard (and said it is mostly due to marketing)
She said Vichy’s vitamin C serum is sold in a smaller bottle than SkinCeuticals's version, but you don’t have to use much of the product to get good results.
The serum isn’t the only product by Vichy she uses in her daily routine.
“Side note: I have also been using Vichy Mineral 89 (hydrating booster) and love it,” she said.
“I compared many to SC and they are so similar.”
She wasn't the only fan to vouch for the serum
A top commenter said they’ve “absolutely noticed a difference” in their skin since they started using Vichy products
SkinCeuticals C E Ferulic with 15% L-Ascorbic Acid costs $182 on the brand’s website
It has been formulated to clinically improve eight signs of aging
Vichy 16% Pure Vitamin C Brightening Serum
C E Ferulic with 15% L-Ascorbic Acid
Fans of the product have seen their wrinkles reduced
Meanwhile, Vichy's 16% Pure Vitamin C Brightening Serum is discounted from $34.99 to $27.99 at Ulta
and more even within 14 days of consistent use
The brand recommends applying four to five drops of the serum each morning to a clean and dry face
One customer described the serum as the “best on the market” after being impressed by how effective it was for them
Topical Vitamin C has several benefits for skin including hydrating
According to Healthline
it may also help to promote collagen production and reduce the appearance of sun damage
Research shows that it is safe for most skin types but may cause irritation in concentrations above 20%
Experts recommend doing a patch test on a small skin area and waiting 24 hours to see if there are side effects before applying it to your face
Discontinue topical use of vitamin C if you experience rashes
Connect with L'Oréal in your location
Founded in 1931 by Dr. Prosper Haller, Vichy Laboratoires is a brand recommended by dermatologists worldwide
with a dermatological expertise committed to one mission: the quest for skin health
We approach skin health through the lens of exposome science
explaining the impacts of everyday life on our skin
hormonal variations are all factors that have an impact on the biological function of the skin
is leading our innovations in anti-aging and dermatological haircare solutions
we support the development of scientific knowledge and are committed to providing cutting-edge
derm-grade solutions for every skin and scalp issue
and reliable innovations that contribute to healthier skin
positively impact people’s well-being at every stage of their lives
Vichy’s mission is stronger than ever: to empower you all
of different ages and phototypes and help you decode and anticipate the changing needs of skin and scalp at every stage of life
This science led us to develop a multi-disciplinary approach to dermo-cosmetic
combining Dermatology with other medical fields (Endocrinology
we can address the visible symptoms of certain skin dysfunctions
which efficacy is tested in real life condition
Our protocols consist of powerful combinations of dermatological actives developed in hypoallergenic formulations
and health habit recommendations endorsed by our multi-disciplinary medical board
This global approach helps women to take action to counteract Exposome factors that accelerate their skin’s aging process
Vichy is committed to gaining a better understanding on Exposome factors and their influence on skin’s health
and supports this highly important area of research at the international level through our annual Vichy Exposome Grant
In Partnership with Wellbeing of Women and Supporting Women's Health Collective Canada
a renowned skincare brand recommended by 70,000 dermatologists globally
announces the Canadian launch of Hormonall
a program going beyond skincare to support women through every life stage
Recognizing the impact of hormonal changes on women's holistic wellbeing
Hormonall provides access to trustworthy information
"We are thrilled to bring Hormonall to Canadian women," said Marie-Pier Michaud
empowering women with the knowledge and tools they need to navigate their hormonal changes with confidence."
2 OUT OF 3 WOMEN STRUGGLE IN SILENCE WHEN FACING HORMONAL CHANGES FEELING MISUNDERSTOOD
A KANTAR quantitative study of over 2,000 women in countries around the world found that two out of three struggle in silence when facing the impact of hormonal changes on their mental and physical wellbeing
Women share these feelings regardless of age
There are three causes of societal misunderstanding and individual loneliness related to hormonal wellbeing
a lack of prioritisation of women's health in the health care system in the field of women's health
and yet women's health research receives only 7% of federal health research funding in Canada
Women are not encouraged to share their burdens or to ask for support
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Paxton’s work continues to educate the world about the history of Vichy France
Paxton have profoundly reshaped our understanding of central issues in twentieth-century European and world history
1963) taught at the University of California-Berkeley and State University of New York-Stony Brook
where he is Mellon Professor Emeritus of Social Science
and the Holocaust in France include:
Parades and Politics at Vichy: The French Officer Corps under Marshal Pétain (Princeton University Press
Europe in the Twentieth Century (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
(with Michael Marrus) Vichy France and the Jews (Basic Books
French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères’ Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture
These texts continue to educate readers around the world
He also served in 2009 as guest curator for “Between Collaboration and Resistance: French Literary Life Under Nazi Occupation,” an exhibition held at the New York Public Library.
The Institute for the Study of War and Democracy is grateful for the opportunity to interview Robert O
Jason Dawsey conducted the following email interview with Paxton in November 2021
Parades and Politics at Vichy: The French Officer Corps under Marshal Pétain (1966)
grew out of your doctoral dissertation at Harvard
Could you discuss the influence of Harvard scholars H
Stuart Hughes and Stanley Hoffmann on your work
I came by accident to the topic of the French officer corps during the German occupation (1940-1944)
I went to Paris in September 1960 expecting to carry out research for a doctoral dissertation on the history of the French military academy at Saint-Cyr
When I arrived at the Service Historique de l’Armée de Terre at the chateau of Vincennes
I was informed that there were no archives concerning Saint-Cyr since everything had been destroyed in an American bombing raid in 1944
I returned for advice to Professor Raoul Girardet
the expert on French military matters at Sciences Po.
If you are interested in the French officer corps
you should study their reactions to the German occupation of 1940-1944
for that was a time of deep uncertainty and division
with major implications for the Liberation of France and for its postwar politics.
French career officers disagreed in 1940-1942 about who was their legitimate leader
Each leader had a following among French officers
and some of them (but not all) came together
after the United States brought French North Africa back into the war in November 1942
in the great project of the Liberation of France.
and Girardet offered to put me in touch with senior French officers involved in Vichy
My Harvard mentors did the favor of leaving me very much alone while I prepared my doctoral dissertation
Stuart Hughes was a fine teacher of European history
but when I reached the dissertation stage he was preoccupied by a run for the Senate in Massachusetts in 1961-62.
Stanley Hoffmann’s lectures were a brilliant introduction to French politics in general
but he was in the Government Department while I was a degree candidate in History and thus not directly involved with the dissertation
when I had written Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order
Stanley Hoffmann gave me an indispensable hand up by persuading the Éditions du Seuil
to bring out a French translation of this book
an essential step in attracting attention in France
Your interest in Vichy France developed against the backdrop of momentous events in French and American history: the end of Algeria’s war of independence (1954-1962) and the beginning of the United States’ war in Vietnam (1964-65)
as well as the upheavals of 1960s in both countries
What impact did these events have on the directions taken by your research
I do not think I was influenced by any of these contemporary events
It was mostly the internal momentum of my studies that carried me along
After I had finished my doctoral dissertation
and had published it as Parades and Politics at Vichy (Princeton
I realized that I already had a lot of material on hand for a general book about the Vichy regime.
I had not only a good bit of French material
but I also had the crucial German archives that had been captured by Allied forces at the end of World War II
I would be able to reconstruct the Vichy-German relationship far more fully than the main earlier book on this subject
Robert Aron’s Histoire de Vichy (1954)
Parades and Politics at Vichy was published shortly before Peter Novick’s The Resistance Versus Vichy: The Purge of Collaborators in Liberated France (Columbia University Press
This was a crucial time in Anglophone scholarship on Vichy
You then turned to a general history of the regime
This book is certainly one of the most important works in the study of modern French and European history
What aspects of Robert Aron’s History of Vichy (1954)
then the authoritative work on the subject
Robert Aron’s Histoire de Vichy was so generally considered authoritative that no serious rival general account was published in the dozen years after it appeared in 1954
on a rather narrow documentary base.
Its principal source was the stenographic transcripts of the postwar collaboration trials
in which the French Fourth Republic authorities had charged Vichy officials with treason while these same officials had tried to justify their actions
The courtroom debates turned mainly on whether or not the defendants had cooperated with the German occupation authorities
Yet Aron (who probably did not read German) had no access to the whole run of German archives
where he could have delineated these relations more clearly
Aron’s focus on the trials tended to center his book too narrowly on supposed German pressures
I looked at the German record and saw that
while the Germans were obsessed in 1940 with military security and with the extraction of booty from defeated France
in how the Vichy government dealt with internal French matters.
The Vichy regime’s program for French revival grew mostly out of the French quarrels of the bitterly divided 1930s
and most particularly out of the conservative response to the Popular Front of 1936
One needed to see exactly what the Germans wanted
and simultaneously to place the history of Vichy firmly within recent French history
I should add that I visited Robert Aron when I began my research in France in the fall of 1960
and that he was hospitable and generous in his advice to a young historian
I did not set out to knock his book out of the ring
Free French fighters remove a sign from the former Vichy Commissariat-General of Social Action for French Working in Germany in Besancon
after the US Seventh Army liberated the town
What obstacles did you face in doing your research for the book
what do you consider to be the most durable claims made in Vichy France
Are there things about that study you would do differently today
The main obstacle I faced was that the Vichy government archives were not yet open to scholarly research in 1960 when I began work
This was to some degree counterbalanced by the survival of eye-witnesses who could be interviewed
although their statements would certainly be colored by their efforts at self-justification
You refer in Vichy France to Marcul Ophuls’s astonishing 1969 documentary film about Vichy
Le Chagrin et la Pitié (The Sorrow and the Pity)
as an “extraordinary film evocation.” The publication of your book is often grouped with The Sorrow and the Pity as watershed moments in the French nation’s confrontation with its history in World War II
What do you think our audience should know about the reception of your book in France in the 1970s
My general book on Vichy France had a mixed reception when it appeared in French translation in 1973 as La France de Vichy
I had expected that my very thorough documentation and abundant footnotes would impress the academic world
whereas general readers might be put off by my radical rejection of the familiar idea that the Germans had obliged Vichy to do what it did.
I had the reverse: a positive review in Le Monde by a journalist and a negative review by a scholar in the Revue française de Science politique
reactions to my book varied mostly with age and with political affiliation
Young people and people on the Left generally approved
and older people and conservatives generally disapproved
I was gratified over the years to discover that younger French scholars who worked on Vichy
and who gained increasing access to French archives
mostly agreed in general with my interpretation
even if they might disagree on this detail or that
Over time my books were more and more widely accepted in France
a monograph you co-authored with esteemed Holocaust historian Michael Marrus
What led to this book and how did your collaboration with Marrus come about
Vichy France and the Jews was commissioned by a French publisher
a year before Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order was published
an editor with the Paris publisher Calmann-Lévy
asked me to write a book about the measures taken against Jews by the Vichy regime.
I had initially not expected to write further about Vichy after the general work that was then nearing completion
and I feared a similar neglect of the second book then about to appear
I thought that the best way to get my views before the French public was to accept M
Before I could write the book I had promised M
I had to fulfill a contract and finish my textbook on Europe in the Twentieth Century
Then I began to work actively on Vichy France and the Jews
and the amount of material available was overwhelming
In 1976 I told Roger Errera that I wanted to abandon the project
He suggested lightening the load by bringing in a co-author
for he had already published the French edition of Marrus’s first book
a study of the French Jewish community during the Dreyfus Affair
who was a graduate student at Berkeley during my last year as an Instructor there
was available and willing to become the co-author of Vichy France and the Jews
Marrus and I divided the tasks so that I worked in the German archives and in the United States archives (reading the reports of American diplomats assigned to Vichy France)
while Marrus worked on French and British sources
We got along very well and had no serious disagreements about how to interpret and present this history
Former Vichy Premier Pierre Laval Surrenders to Americans
Vichy France and the Jews is still one of the landmark studies of the Holocaust in France
What do you think are the most significant findings of the research you did with Marrus
As with Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order
the central finding of Vichy France and the Jews was that Vichy France’s legal measures to exclude Jews from public service
and intellectual life were not imposed by the Germans
The actions originated with the Vichy French leaders
influenced by the growth of antisemitism in France during the Great Depression of the 1930s and after the defeat of June 1940
had a different idea when they began their occupation of France in the summer of 1940
They had no interest in making France as hostile to Jews as Germany was
they wanted to use France as a dumping ground for German Jews
whom they wanted to expel into France.
They actually began to do so in October 1940
stopping in the face of outraged protests from Vichy
Gradually the Germans came to see Vichy antisemitism as something they should encourage and even enhance
but that was not their position at the beginning
You served as an expert witness in the trials of Vichy officials Paul Touvier (1994) and Maurice Papon (1997)
How do you look back on those experiences now
Testifying in these trials was quite daunting
and one could almost feel the angry glare of the accused
particularly that of the combative Maurice Papon
I tried to make some of the points I had made in my books
particularly the French rather than German origins of the first anti-Jewish measures of the Vichy regime
I believe that these trials served a useful purpose in calling the French public’s attention to the Vichy government’s initiatives in excluding Jews from public service jobs
and from intellectual roles starting in 1940
even before the deportations began in 1942
completing two major monographs on the topic: French Peasant Fascism: Henry Dorgères’ Greenshirts and the Crises of French Agriculture
1929-1939 (1997) and The Anatomy of Fascism (2004)
what pulled you to examine farmers and the appeal of far-right politics in prewar France
After writing three books about Vichy France
I wanted very much to turn to something else
My Vichy books had emphasized the importance of the French background
So I looked for something new to say about the power of the Right in 1930s France.
I was struck by how little attention the existing works on this subject gave to the rural population
That seemed strange for two reasons: France had the largest agricultural sector of any European country
and farmers had played a major role in the success of both Hitler (whose most massive vote came in dairy-farming Schleswig-Holstein) and Mussolini (whose first major successes came in breaking strikes by farm workers in the Po Valley).
So I decided that the role of the French peasantry in the growth of the Right in 1930s France was a significant gap in the existing historiography
This led me to Henry Dorgères and his right-wing peasant movement
Also I had studied France up to this point mainly in non-French archives (German
and it was a pleasure to plunge deeply into rural France by doing research in provincial archives
In The Anatomy of Fascism you characterized your intention as proposing a “fresh way of looking at fascism that may rescue the concept for meaningful use and account more fully for its attractiveness
and its ultimate horror.” What kinds of historical insights do you believe this book offers about what you call the “major political innovation of the twentieth century—and the source of much of its pain” that the vast literature on fascist movements and dictatorships does not
Do you still support downplaying the role of ideas and ideology in understanding fascism
I taught a seminar on fascism at Columbia University
The study of fascism seemed to me an excellent path into the most central issues in the history of twentieth-century Europe
meant paying as much attention to the contexts within which fascism started and grew and took power as to the movements themselves
The existing literature tended to focus on the fascist movements in isolation
without much attention to political blockages
Another problem was that studies of fascism worked
with an unstated analogy to traditional political parties
Traditional political parties started with a program and used it to appeal to voters
the existing literature studied fascism by concentrating on its programmatic statements.
The problem with this approach was that Hitler and Mussolini
abandoned much of their initial programs (which had been quite critical of capitalism) and made alliances with conservatives and the world of business against socialism and communism
They recruited a fanatical following more by arousing passions than by promising to fulfill a program
In power they governed without much attention to their early programs
and sometimes in direct contradiction to them
Another problem with the existing literature’s unstated analogy of fascism with traditional political parties was that fascism developed another kind of belonging
This channeled an astonishing burst of political energy quite unlike the narrower electoral engagement of traditional parties
A final problem of the existing literature was a tendency to seek a fascist essence
The growth of fascism needed to be perceived as a dynamic process
through several stages of development.
I identified five stages: the creation of movements
an existential choice between becoming more aggressively radical
Each stage of this process had its own particular features and qualities
without taking all the stages into account
Much of your work on fascist and extreme right-wing politics is
How do you explain the resurgence of neo-fascist
and right-wing populist ideologies two decades into the twenty-first century
Is fascism a permanent threat to contemporary societies despite its catastrophic defeat in 1945
Today’s resurgence of a radical activist right is not something I expected
The original wave of fascism emerged out of extreme conditions of war and depression
Today’s circumstances seem much less dramatic
without the fundamental disruptions that gave birth to the first fascisms
more than 50 years after the end of World War II
the public has forgotten the nearly universal scorn and loathing that surrounded the dead dictators
nationalist anti-socialism once again looks fresh and new
while the long-standing moderate parties seem conventional and tired
the challenge by people of color and women to White male dominance
both within the United States and internationally
seems to be arousing a powerful response that resembles the original fascisms’ violent rejection of the rise of socialism in the early twentieth century
I admit that I do not yet have a fully satisfying answer to this question
I suspect that the replacement of books and newspapers
carefully moderated by professional journalists and editors
as the main sources of knowledge by the wide-open unmoderated arena of the internet may also be playing a role in the resurgence of violent activism on all sides
But it is still too early to understand fully what is afoot
if you will: what have been the challenges of writing French history as an outsider
as a foreigner who disrupted conventional ways of seeing modern French history
I was likely to arouse some anger and resentment in France
I was warmly received by many French people
Indeed the trend has been toward wider general approval
The French have surprised me by their willingness to accept a foreign historian’s critical view
I suspect that Americans might be less tolerant of a critical French writer
Perhaps they were pleased that a foreigner chose to devote his life’s work to studying their history
Better to be criticized than to be ignored
I always tried to make clear my belief that there were always admirable people in France even when their government did evil things
Another challenge was to use the French language correctly
for the French value their language as one of their prime achievements
It was essential to display respect for the people one studies
is ASU WWII Studies Consultant in the Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy.
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the entire country was not occupied – at first
a nominally independent regime was established in the city of Vichy
Shannon Fogg answers the key questions about the regime
including how Vichy France adopted a policy of collaboration
Although France declared war on Germany in September 1939
it would not be for another eight months – a period known as the Phoney War – before the Nazis launched their assault on western Europe
“Petain requested an armistice on 17 June,” which was signed on 22 June and went into effect on 25 June 1940
with the Germans initially occupying some three-fifths of the country
The much-disputed region of Alsace-Lorraine
could choose its own seat – and they went for Vichy
as a tourist destination for its thermal baths
it had plenty of empty hotel space to accommodate the government
the National Assembly met in the casino in Vichy and voted overwhelmingly to grant full powers to Petain to revise the constitution
He could make laws and no longer had to consult the legislature,” says Fogg
He established a conservative and authoritarian government
The term was also used to refer to the parts of France not initially occupied by the Germans
“One of the things that Vichy France really tried to maintain throughout the war was its sovereignty,” states Fogg
“Some people like to talk of it as a puppet regime
but it wasn’t really: they tried to assert their authority
just always within the confines of occupation
“They were one of the few European governments that did not flee
Vichy France was not under direct German administration
but Vichy laws applied to the whole country
The Vichy government instituted rules regarding rationing
and anti-Jewish statutes – often without the Germans demanding them
the French empire stretched across the globe
with extensive holdings in north and west Africa
The mobilisation in 1939 had seen soldiers from all over the empire make up 10 colonial divisions out of the overall 80 in the French forces
French Equatorial Africa – sided with Petain
The first article of the agreement ended fighting between Germany and France
and they would remain unoccupied during the war
by then there were more than 85,000 colonial prisoners of war from the 10 divisions
Vichy France did enjoy support among the French people: many were relieved that the fighting was over quickly
“He was telling them that he was going to protect them from the death and destruction seen in the First World War.”
Fogg stresses that around two per cent of the population were actively committed to Vichy’s collaboration with the Germans
and a similar percentage actively resisted it
and while many French people opposed the foreign occupiers
they were “much slower to lose confidence in Vichy and even slower to become disillusioned with Petain.”
daily life became increasingly difficult in France
but experiences differed based on where a person lived
and how they were defined under the Vichy or occupying regimes
they had a visible embodiment of occupation: the constant presence of troops
There would not be German troops in the south until after November 1942
the Nazis used this as a reason to occupy the whole of France
especially how France was required to pay the costs of the occupation
really had an effect on people’s lives,” says Fogg
“The Nazis requisitioned food and industrial products as part of the plan to make sure the people of Germany did not suffer like they had during the First World War
But that meant the French people did experience shortages.”
Rationing was introduced early on
“I think the amount guaranteed by ration cards went as low as 900 calories per day
but not starvation at the level seen in places like Greece.” Queuing and the search for food – including people from cities venturing to the countryside to buy from farmers – became a way of life for those in occupied France
Access to bread was limited since the bakeries could only sell day-old bread
while the quantities of wheat in each loaf diminished over time
The ideals of Petain’s ‘national revolution’ – his grand vision for France – glorified the family
but while financial incentives were provided to large families
Fogg stresses that policies were passed to hamper women’s access to divorce and abortions
The education system was also revised to include religious instruction in the curriculum
and to promote nationalism and anti-Semitism
Vichy instituted its own anti-Semitic laws
beginning in October 1940 with a statute limiting the number of Jews who could work in certain professions
and allowing foreign Jews to be interred or assigned residence
there were several hundred laws specifically related to the Jewish population
“One thing that especially affected Jews was the expropriation of their property
Economic Aryanisation transferred Jewish-owned businesses and property into non-Jewish hands
French laws actually defined Jews more strictly than the Nazi definition.” There were those in France helping Jews escape: at first
by illegally crossing into the unoccupied zone – which was perceived as safer – or to neutral Spain and Switzerland
the resistance was not all that successful
“But was it resistance to get people to think differently
or to listen to the BBC or to read clandestine newspapers
Rescue could be seen as an important form of resistance too.” Even so
the overall success of changing the course of the Vichy regime is “hard to measure”
On the same day that Petain announced his intention to seek an armistice with Germany, 17 June 1940, General Charles de Gaulle flew to London
Although an undersecretary in the war department and only in the government for a short time
especially after a famous speech about how the “flame of resistance must not be extinguished”
de Gaulle’s government-in-exile was recognised by the British as Free France
legitimising it as an alternative to Vichy
that the different organisations and resistance networks were able to be brought together under the umbrella of the Free French
“After the Allied invasion of North Africa in 1942
the Free French got a much stronger foothold
and it was in 1943 and 44 that the French Committee of National Liberation was recognised as the intended new government once the war was over.”
Following the Allied landings at Normandy on 6 June 1944 in an operation widely known as D-Day
Paris would be liberated in August and most of France by early September
The Nazis forcibly removed Petain and Pierre Laval
to a castle in Germany in the false hope that they would be brought back to power in the future
“Petain was trying to plan how he could transition into the leader of whatever new government was put in place at the end of the war,” says Fogg
“and he was angry with the Germans for taking him out of France.”
“He also claimed that he had been playing a double game and was in contact with the British. This was not true.”
Petain was found guilty of treason and condemned to death, but his age – he was nearing 90 in 1945 – saw his sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Other prominent members of Vichy, including Laval were also tried, some being sentenced to execution and others put in jail.
The last trial would be held in July 1949, although there was a kind of “resurgence” in the mid-1990s, according to Fogg, when people who had been leniently sentenced were retried for crimes against humanity. “It wasn’t until 1995 that France publicly acknowledged its complicity in the Holocaust.”
Shannon Fogg is a professor of history and political science at Missouri University of Science and Technology, and author of The Politics of Everyday Life and Vichy France Foreigners, Undesirables and Strangers (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
German officers and Parisians near a sidewalk cafe on the Champs Elysees on Bastille Day in 1940
The German armed forces occupied France earlier that year
Spanish dictator General Francisco Franco (centre left) during a visit to Vichy French leader Marshal Henri-Philippe Petain (centre right)
(Photo by Three Lions/Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)“The economic effects of the armistice
Rationing was introduced early on
On the same day that Petain announced his intention to seek an armistice with Germany, 17 June 1940, General Charles de Gaulle flew to London
Following the Allied landings at Normandy on 6 June 1944 in an operation widely known as D-Day
Neither the Nazis or Petain got their wish. The Vichy leaders were tried after the war, not in international courts like the Nuremberg Trials but at the French High Court
Although Petain had been offered asylum in Switzerland
Fogg says: “His defence strategy was to claim that Vichy had acted as a shield
protecting the French from the worst of Nazi demands through collaboration
US troops marching down the Champs Elysees
(Picture by Getty)“He also claimed that he had been playing a double game and was in contact with the British
Petain was found guilty of treason and condemned to death
but his age – he was nearing 90 in 1945 – saw his sentence commuted to life imprisonment
some being sentenced to execution and others put in jail
although there was a kind of “resurgence” in the mid-1990s
when people who had been leniently sentenced were retried for crimes against humanity
“It wasn’t until 1995 that France publicly acknowledged its complicity in the Holocaust.”
Shannon Fogg is a professor of history and political science at Missouri University of Science and Technology
and author of The Politics of Everyday Life and Vichy France Foreigners
Undesirables and Strangers (Cambridge University Press
Rhiannon DaviesFreelance journalistA former BBC History Magazine section editor
Rhiannon has long been fascinated by history and continues to write for HistoryExtra.com
She has appeared on the award-winning HistoryExtra podcast
interviewing experts on a variety of subjects
from Lucy Worsley discussing Agatha Christie to Sir Ranulph Fiennes on the perils of polar exploration
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2020Photo by Laura MurrayAll products featured on Bon Appétit are independently selected by our editors
This is Highly Recommend
a column dedicated to what people in the food industry are obsessed with eating
I hesitate to write this—because the general public already thinks that the editors at Bon Appétit are all shriveled, sodium-obsessed freaks—but here it goes: I like my water salty. And no, I’m not talking about pasta water
or water for storing freshly cut crudités—all of which I want to taste like the sea
For context: The USDA recommends that adults consume no more than 2.3 grams of sodium per day
this water has about as much sodium in it as a MF’ing Big Mac
It is the mineral water equivalent of an aggressive scrub down at a bathhouse or a deep tissue massage: punishing
I remember my first taste of the stuff like it was yesterday
My dining companion and I decided to splash out for sparkling water at Frenchette
a tony modern French restaurant in Manhattan
and we were so engrossed in conversation that I didn’t even notice our water glasses being filled from a frosty
I took a big swig mid-sentence and gasped with pleasure
like a gripping glass of Grüner cooled with rocks from a pebble beach
I knew I had found the water that I would judge all others by
I fully understand if nothing I’ve said about my beloved Vichy Catalan makes it sound appealing to you. Different strokes! But just saying: If you’ve found yourself heeding any of BA’s insistent salt-related advice and found it changed, say, your pasta or grilled meat game for the better, consider giving Vichy Catalan a shot. A person can have a little salty water. You know, as a treat.
University of Notre Dame
Keough School of Global Affairs
Some think of the expensive skin care brand or the historic thermal spa city frequented by Emperor Napoleon
Others immediately think of the pro-Nazi collaborationist “Regime de Vichy” and “État Français” that existed from 1940 to 1944
Vichy is a small city in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France. It was recently named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the category of Great Spa Towns of Europe
at the time of my recent three-week stay during a university break
this element of Vichy’s identity was prominently marketed
Supported by an Advance Language Training grant from the Keough School’s Nanovic Institute for European Studies
my time in Vichy helped me improve my French language skills and dig deeper into the city’s complex history
I found that France remains divided over the role of the Vichy government and there are multiple interpretations of the level of collaboration and the severity of the government’s crimes
there stands a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust
but even this epigraph displays lower deportation numbers than official estimates
It also only mentions “Juif étrangers” (foreign Jews)
brushing over the fact that Vichy France also arrested and deported Jewish French citizens
and murderers,” and is known for his incendiary remarks and staunch anti-immigration
Zemmour and other right-wing politicians favor protectionist policies and are generally “Eurosceptics” (that is
There are some interesting similarities with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) party in Germany—founded by Eurosceptic former members of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU)—which is now regarded as Germany’s anti-immigration party
While this visit was my first time in France
I quickly realized that far-right political parties in France promote similar agendas to far-right parties in Germany
the country had taken over the European Union’s rotating presidency for six months starting in January 2022
the government removed an EU flag that had been attached to the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and had attracted criticism and protests from right-wing politicians
Marine Le Pen claimed that “replacing the French flag at the monument was an attack on the country’s identity,” and Zemmour called it an “outrage.” Before my flight to return to the US
I stayed in Paris and walked by the Arc de Triomphe and other major attractions
and the Hotel de Ville (City Hall) were all lit up with the EU flag’s distinctive blue and its gold stars
I was interested in studying the French language in Vichy because of the Régime de Vichy’s complicated and dark history from 1940 to 1944
Living in a city with this historical memory of the Holocaust and its dark legacy of faith-based discrimination and anti-Semitic policies informed my research on right-wing nationalism
and the development of xenophobic policies in Europe
The recent news regarding the right-wing candidate Eric Zemmour
the widespread protests over vaccine mandates
and reactions to the EU presidency certainly made the experience more memorable and helpful for my academic research
Emma Jackson is a master of global affairs student in the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame
she undertook immersive French language training at CAVILAM Alliance Française in Vichy
Top photo: Emma Jackson in front of Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris
which is lit with the blue background and yellow stars of the European Union flag
Originally published by Emma Jackson at nanovicnavigator.nd.edu on June 03
Keough School of Global Affairs
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