Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker A new 3,000-pound marble monument showcasing the artistic traditions of Cagli and bonding the small town with Spokane is on permanent display at the Connections Garden at Riverfront Park Spokane’s other Sister Cities are Nishinomiya The Sister Cities Association of Spokane dedicated the “Teatro and Torrione” Carrara marble monument as well as a locally produced “Kokanee Steel” one in a ceremony Saturday at the Spokane Pavilion at Riverfront Park of Sister Cities International and Order of the Sons and Daughters of Italy in America told the more than 50 people in attendance at the Pavilion who has worked on some of the most important historical buildings in central Italy Gambioli depicted the ceiling of Teatro communale (1878) “The message of this sculpture is to represent the city of Cagli with two of the most important symbols,” Gambioli wrote “Making this sculpture gave me the opportunity to pay homage to the city of Cagli and Spokane.” which was created by Spokane artists Melissa Cole and Brad McDonald represents the once abundant fish in the Spokane River and the Indigenous peoples of the region “It is only through the inclusiveness of our world’s cultures while at the same time treating all people equitably will we ever gain a justly diverse community which will be the city of choice of future generations,” former Mayor David Condon told the crowd Saturday president of the Sister Cities Association of Spokane said before the ceremony that the relationship with Cagli started because Caputo has taken Gonzaga students to Cagli the past two decades He said an exchange program sends 10 Spokane students to Cagli and 10 Cagli students to Spokane each summer “In a time that we’re focusing on diversity I think it’s paramount that we continue the vision of building relationships truly based on friendship,” Condon said Editor’s note: This story was updated on Oct 2021 to reflect the correct weight of the monument Give directly to The Spokesman-Review's Northwest Passages community forums series -- which helps to offset the costs of several reporter and editor positions at the newspaper -- by using the easy options below Gifts processed in this system are tax deductible Get breaking news delivered to your inbox as it happens © Copyright 2025, The Spokesman-Review | Community Guidelines | Terms of Service | Privacy Policy | Copyright Policy ‘Transatlantic Bridges: Corrado Cagli, 1938-1948‘ Center for Modern Italian Art, 421 Broome Street, Fourth Floor The Center for Modern Italian Art is tucked into an airy loft on New York City’s Broome Street, drawing inspiration from SoHo’s chicness and Little Italy’s ancestral homeland. It opens to visitors on Fridays and Saturdays, and reservations are encouraged. Its “Transatlantic Bridges: Corrado Cagli, 1938-1948” is a show that the uptown behemoths would be delighted to host, and will regret that they didn’t. Cagli’s charismatic art is surpassed only by his improbable life. Born in 1910 to a Jewish Italian family, Cagli was something of a prodigy, notching a solo exhibit at the Gallery of Art of Rome at 22. He was among the nucleus of artists who made up the Scuola Romana, committed to Expressionism at a time of classical revanchism. Cagli wrote that in a primordial dawn all has to be reconsidered. Another member of the group, Roberto Longhi, called for an “eccentric and arachnoid art.” Hopeful revolutionary days would end in 1938, when Il Duce, Benito Mussolini, began in earnest to enforce the program of his senior partner at Berlin. Cagli fled to Paris and then New York. He’d be back in Europe, though, as an enlisted man in the American army, landing at Normandy and fighting across a swath of Germany and Belgium. He was among the forces that liberated Buchenwald, an experience he would commit to paper.  The show, curated by Raffaele Bedarida, covers work Cagli made in America during a decade when his homeland succumbed to fascism. Cagli initially supported Mussolini, only for the fascists to turn against him for both his Jewishness and his gayness. Cagli would alchemize both of those identities into an art that is palpably Jewish and thrummingly erotic. He returned to Italy in 1948, and lived there for the rest of his life. The exhibit unfolds across just a few rooms, but it gathers a riveting body of work. One showstopper is “Card Game,” first seen at New York in 1937 and now in private hands. Indebted to Cezanne’s series “The Card Players,” Cagli’s riff is suggestive and conspiratorial, the players watching their hands and one another. Beautiful bodies telegraph that the game could be adjacent to sex, and that this isn’t the first time this group has convened. A more serious confrontation is captured in “David and Goliath,” where the lithe shepherd, naked and possessed of unruly hair, pouting lips, and a longsword, has just sliced the Philistine giant’s head from his body. Goliath is seen from the back, the muscles in his shoulders and back rhyming with the sloping hill on which the duel has just taken place. Cagli’s summoning of the sensual charges the scenario with a sense of stakes that reanimates the tale.  “The Neophytes,” executed with encaustic tempera, appears to indicate that Cagli had been thinking of Picasso. The three flesh-covered figures set against a pool and a red-dust landscape echo the Spanish master’s “Three Women at the Spring,” from 13 years earlier. Here, though, the figures are men, glimpsed from behind. Their long bodies are accentuated by the painting’s foreshortened construction, telegraphing the work’s focus. Cagli’s interest in the body — its angles, features, and flexes — finds more gruesome expression in “Buchenwald,” an eyewitness drawing. Courtesy of just a few lines of ink, we are in the surreal hellscape that GIs encountered when they entered the camp, which Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower would visit. A tangle of emaciated corpses, unnaturally bent, are splayed across the foreground, with barbed wire marking off the left hashmark.  A decade before Cagli entered Buchenwald, he prepared a study for a Zodiac fountain built at Terni. It is a gorgeous retelling of the celestial cast. Men, women, and animals all stride across the stars. They recall similar arrays at ancient synagogues that dot the Galilee. The original mosaic was damaged by bombing, but Cagli himself returned in 1961 to supervise its reconstruction. He insisted, though, that the glass tesserae be replaced with stone ones.  Mr. Hoffman is an associate editor of the Sun, where he covers politics and culture. He holds a PhD from Harvard and a law degree from Stanford. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy The material on this site is protected by copyright law and may not be reproduced The Palazzo Cipolla Museum in Rome presents from November 8 2020 the anthological exhibition Corrado Cagli Folgorazioni e Mutazioni dedicated to the artistic activity of Corrado Cagli.Curated by Bruno Corà in collaboration with theCagli Archive promoted by the Fondazione Terzo Pilastro - Internazionale and organized by Poema S.p.A the exhibition will display a wide selection of paintings and a corpus of drawings tapestries and graphics from important institutions and prestigious private collections About two hundred works that aim to reconstruct the vast artistic production of one of the major protagonists of the Italian and international artistic debate of the 20th century The major pictorial cycles created by the artist will be on display: from the early youthful works in majolica to those made in oil or other techniques from the period of the Roman School (1928 - 1938) from the neo-metaphysical proofs (1946 - 1947) elaborated in New York to the studies on the Fourth Dimension (1949) the evocative and enigmatic Carte series (1958 - 1963) and finally concluding with the Modular Mutations developed until the mid-1970s “Today Cagli’s art demands new reflections a new debate on the language and aesthetic thought of this undisputed Master of the 20th Century must be opened This exhibition moment will allow to investigate and affirm whose protean action never ceases to amaze and to exert stimuli to artists calling today to decline the ways of his incessant research and his highest outcomes,” said curator Bruno Corà “Already in the 1930s Cagli was a leading figure in Italian art and represented the country in prestigious international exhibitions: by many he was seen as a privileged exponent of an Italian way to modernity an alternative to Futurism on the one hand and to traditional twentieth-century art on the other.Later the precarious condition and nomadic lifestyle of his American exile period led him to produce art with what essayist Raffaele Bedarida called ”stylistic schizophrenia,“ something that made the works of that time very ”significant on a personal level and beyond.“ Moreover a key characteristic of Cagli is certainly his continuous effort toward contamination seeking collaborations outside the boundaries of a single discipline: not only with literati but also with musicians he is a strongly and incredibly contemporary artist to remember and re-propose today his incessant varied and never trivial expressive research,” added the President of Fondazione Terzo Pilastro - Internazionale some of the iconic moments of Cagli’s painting will be tackled such as those aimed at giving an identity to Italian muralism in the search for “a cyclic and polyphonic art”; for the occasion some of the panels of the cycle exhibited and partly censored at the 1937 Universal Exhibition in Paris will be brought together Also present will be some of the works exhibited in the exhibition of his return to Italy which provoked a backlash from the artists of the Forma group architectural sketches for the Zodiac Fountain in Terni and those for the Göttingen Monument in Germany the exhibition will feature the monumental cartoon of the wall painting executed for the XXI Venice Biennale in 1938 and a section devoted to his activity as a theatrical set and costume designer particularly his New York experience with the Ballet Society together with George Balanchine Ensure browser cookies and javascript are enabled The Sister Cities “Connections” Garden in Riverfront Park officially opens Friday with a ceremony at 11 A.M The garden is a space to honor and celebrate the importance of our Sister Cities through nature and art It’s placed at the site of the former Japanese Pavilion at the Expo ’74 World’s Fair Sister Cities “Connections” Garden Opening Celebration Location: North of the Rotary Fountain, across the orange bridge on the Howard Street Promenade (map) symbolizing connections of each of the rivers of our Sister Cities to the oceans of the world featuring sculptures from partnerships with Limerick The garden also includes six concrete panels of a rock-walk reflexology path developed by youth delegates at the 2005 Sister Cities International Conference held in Spokane Plans are underway for art from partner cities in Jilin The garden is a partnership between the Sister Cities Association of Spokane and their generous sponsors and City of Spokane Parks and Recreation.  an Irish Harp was created by the late Sister Paula Mary Turnbull before she passed The harp includes music developed by musicians in Limerick Sister Paula created Riverfront’s Garbage Goat for Expo ‘74 Japan        A half-sized replica of the Imazu Lighthouse in the bay in Nishinomiya stands in the garden.  The 11-foot high lighthouse The five-foot-high Kokanee Steel salmon sculpture symbolizes the historical site of the river and the Salish tribes of Native Americans who met and fished at the banks of the Spokane River It was created by Spokane artist Melissa Cole.  Plans for artwork are underway representing sister cities in Jilin Metrics details Resistive switching (RS) based on the formation and rupture of conductive filament (CF) is promising in novel memory and logic device applications Understanding the physics of RS and the nature of CF is of utmost importance to control the performance variability and reliability of resistive switching memory (RRAM) the RESET switching of HfO2-based RRAM was statistically investigated in terms of the CF conductance evolution The RESET usually combines an abrupt conductance drop with a progressive phase ending with the complete CF rupture corresponding to the initial and final phase of RESET are found to be controlled by the voltage and power in the CF A Monte Carlo simulator based on the thermal dissolution model of unipolar RESET reproduces all of the experimental observations The results contribute to an improved physics-based understanding on the switching mechanisms and provide additional support to the thermal dissolution model the microscopic nature of the CF is still under discussion the detailed process of the CF rupture and the physics of the RESET transition has not yet been fully addressed Three typical experimental G–V and I–V curves showing abrupt RESET (black curves) RESET in several successive jumps (green curves) and progressive RESET (red curves) Insets A to D show the different stages of the CF during the RESET processes Experimental RESET behavior of a Pt/HfO2/Pt RRAM device (a) 10% G–V curves randomly selected from 1250 RESET cycles (b) and (c) scatter plots for RESET1 (red circles) and RESET2 (blue circles) with data corrected by RS = 28 Ω (d) Evolution of the conductance distribution with V in the 1250 successive RESET cycles The intermediate states are those with conductance below 50G0 The probability density function of the normalized conductance (n = I/(G0V)) for some illustrative values of V The probability density function of n is expressed as ΔF/Δn where F is the cumulative probability of each n ordered in increasing order there are one or several characteristic conductance peaks the characteristic conductance peaks shift towards lower values finally reaching approximately 1G0 before the final CF rupture associated with RESET2 where RCF is the CF electrical resistance, T0 is room temperature and TR is the critical RESET temperature. A value of TR = 750 K provides a good fit to the scatter plot in Figure 2b (1) also shows that a key element to explain the experimental results is an adequate modeling of Rth which should include the contributions of two different heat evacuation paths: the parallel thermal resistance (R||) related to the heat loss along the CF and the perpendicular thermal resistance (R⊥) accounting for the heat transfer from the CF surface to the surrounding oxide the combined thermal resistance Rth can be calculated as instead of varying the initial CF resistance Our results provide a much clearer picture of the dependence of the RESET parameters on RCF and provide stronger experimental support to the CF thermally-assisted dissolution model plays an important role in the occurrence of abrupt or progressive RESET event and the corresponding change of the CF morphology Considering the series combination of the CF and RS the applied voltage at RESET can be calculated as and the total normalized conductance is given by n = 1/[(RCF + RS)G0] Eliminating RCF from these two equations and Eq CFs with high and low conductance display different behaviors If the initial conductance is relatively low and located in the lower branch the conductance shows small drops because any conductance drop leads to an increase of the voltage required to maintain TR there is a negative feedback process that limits the conductance drop at constant voltage thus leading to the progressive RESET behavior if the CF conductance is initially high and the RESET occurs in the upper branch any small drop of the conductance causes an increase of VCF because a smaller fraction of the applied voltage drops in the series resistance The increase of VCF produces a subsequent increase of the CF temperature (TCF) which is maintained above TR until the CF conductance reaches the lower branch the series resistance effects explain the large RESET currents and the large and abrupt conductance drops observed at RESET1 in those cycles with a high initial CF conductance The magnitude of the abrupt conductance drop registered at RESET1 is as large as necessary to reach the lower branch of the curve (with a certain statistical dispersion) The magnitude of this abrupt conductance drop is related to GON and it is determined by the voltage-dependent separation between the two conductance branches Once the conductance has dropped from the high branch to the low branch there is also a non-negligible probability of the CF to be completely ruptured at RESET1 due to damage propagation effects This abrupt RESET is more probable when the initial CF conductance is very high and the RESET current reaches the maximum values there is no progressive RESET following the abrupt RESET1 event which directly decreases the CF conductance well below G0 We simulate the application of a staircase voltage ramp the applied voltage is kept constant as V(i) = I × ΔV and the evolution of the normalized CF conductance (nCF) is stochastically decided by generating random numbers and comparing them with the RESET probability the RESET is considered to occur by the out-diffusion of the conducting defects (i.e. oxygen vacancies) when the local CF temperature TCF(i) is close enough to a critical value the average number of RESET events occurring during a fix time interval (such as the ith interval of our MC simulation) is also thermally activated and can be expressed as where Ea is the activation energy (likely related to the process of oxygen diffusion) KB is the Boltzmann constant and TCF(i) is the temperature of the CF during the ith interval Considering that the RESET events occur at random the probability that at least one RESET event occurs during the ith simulation interval can be calculated according to the Poisson distribution: According to this probability distribution ~63% of the samples have suffered RESET when the CF temperature reaches TR The width of the distribution of temperature at RESET depends on the activation energy the narrower the distribution of RESET temperature the CF temperature TCF(i) is related to the CF voltage according to Flowchart of the Monte Carlo simulator used for the simulation of RESET switching cycle Simulation results of the RESET switching with fixed Ea and R⊥ (a) 10% G–V curves randomly selected from 1250 RESET cycles. The inset shows three typical G–V curves similar to those in Figure 1 (b) and (c) scatter plots for RESET1 (red circles) and RESET2 (blue circles) Simulation results of the RESET switching with variable Ea and R⊥ (d) Evolution of the conductance distribution with V in 1250 RESET cycles Ea is assumed to obey a constant distribution between 0.8 eV and 1.4 eV and R⊥ is assumed to range between 2 × 106 K W−1 and 1 × 107 K W−1 and obey a Gaussian distribution with a mean of 4 × 106 K W−1 and a standard deviation of 3 × 106 K W−1 the voltage-ramp induced RESET of HfO2-based RRAM devices is reported to show both abrupt and progressive phases preceding the final complete CF rupture Different RESET phenomenology has been reported as a function of the initial CF conductance High conductance paths usually show a first voltage-controlled abrupt RESET jump followed by a power-controlled progressive RESET phase The most resistive CFs directly enter into the progressive RESET phase These two phases are related to two different thermal evacuation regimes in which the heat flows through the CF in the electron transport direction and from the CF surface to the surrounding oxide Based on the thermally activated CF dissolution model we constructed a Monte Carlo simulator that remarkably reproduces the main experimental features of the RESET process including the abrupt and progressive phases and the evolution of the conductance distributions The results strongly support the thermal dissolution model improve our understanding of the progressive rupture of the CF under unipolar switching conditions and highlight the impact of the series resistance on the RESET dynamics The progressive RESET process increases the stress requirements for the full transition to the HRS which is not advantageous to uniformity of the device This issue needs to be accounted in the design of the RESET operation algorithms to avoid RESET failures in the one-bit/cell device Current sweeping mode can facilitate effectively eliminating the intermediate states in RESET transition the RRAM device is operated in pulse mode and the probability of the progressive RESET will be strongly suppressed at the high stress voltages required for fast pulse RRAM operation filament engineering such as introducing metal NC or other electric-field-concentrating initiators to control the CF formation path is advantageous to improve the uniformity and reliability of RRAM Our methodology reported in this work can be easily extended to the RESET and SET switching in all kinds of RRAM devices which will guide people to understand the physics of RS behavior more clearly and optimize the performances of RRAM device with effective methods The studied RRAM device with a Pt/HfO2/Pt structure was fabricated onto a tungsten plug The 10-nm-thick HfO2 resistive switching layer was deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at 350°C on the Pt bottom electrode (BE) followed by Pt top electrode (TE) deposition and patterning by photolithography and etching Pt BE and TE were deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) a preliminary electroforming process similar to a soft dielectric breakdown event is required It is a one-time writing process at voltage higher than regular operation voltage long lasting repetitive cycling experiments were performed using voltage ramp stress (VRS) both for SET and RESET with an Agilent 4155C semiconductor parameter analyzer The I–V curves in the 1250 successive SET/RESET cycles were recorded to a device with an area of 1 µm2 a compliance current with 1 mA was applied by 4155C to avoid the hard breakdown of the HfO2 layer RESET test was stopped when the HRS resistance was 300 or 350 times higher than the LRS resistance Nanoionics-based resistive switching memories Redox-based resistive switching memories-Nanoionic mechanisms Resistive switching in transition metal oxides high-endurance and scalable non-volatile memory device made from asymmetric Ta2O(5−x)/TaO(2−x) bilayer structures Overview of candidate device technologies for storage-class memory Dynamic-load-enabled ultra-low power multiple-state RRAM devices Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevices Nanofilamentary resistive switching in binary oxide system: a review on the present status and outlook Atomic structure of conducting nanofilaments in TiO2 resistive switching memory Modeling of set/reset operations in NiO-based resistive-switching memory (RRAM) devices Experimental and theoretical study of electrode effects in HfO2 based RRAM On the stochastic nature of resistive switching in metal oxide RRAM: physical modeling Monte Carlo simulation and experimental characterization In situ imaging of the conducting filament in a silicon oxide resistive switch Real-time observation on dynamic growth/dissolution of conductive filaments in oxide-electrolyte-based ReRAM Observation of conducting filament growth in nanoscale resistive memories Switching the electrical resistance of individual dislocations in single-crystalline SrTiO3 Evidence for an oxygen diffusion model for the electric pulse induced resistance change effect in transition-metal oxides Physical electro-thermal model of resistive switching in bi-layered resistance-change memory Random circuit breaker network model for unipolar resistance switching Scaling behaviors of reset voltages and currents in unipolar resistance switching Scaling theory for unipolar resistance switching Mechanism for bipolar resistive switching in transition-metal oxides Redox reaction switching mechanism in RRAM device with Pt/CoSiOX/TiN structure Origin of hopping conduction in graphene-oxide-doped silicon oxide resistance random access memory devices On the switching parameter variation of metal-oxide RRAM – Part I: physical modeling and simulation methodology On the switching parameter variation of metal-oxide RRAM – Part II: model corroboration and device design strategy Reset statistics of NiO-based resistive switching memories Cycle-to-cycle intrinsic RESET statistics in HfO2-based unipolar RRAM devices A model for the set statistics of RRAM inspired in the percolation model of oxide breakdown Controllable growth of nanoscale conductive filaments in solid-electrolyte-based ReRAM by using a metal nanocrystal covered bottom electrode Filament conduction and reset mechanism in NiO-based resistive-switching memory (RRAM) devices Self-accelerated thermal dissolution model for reset programming in unipolar resistive-switching memory (RRAM) devices Physical models of size-dependent nanofilament formation and rupture in NiO resistive switching memories Resistive switching by voltage-driven ion migration in bipolar RRAM – Part I: experimental study Resistive switching by voltage-driven ion migration in bipolar RRAM – Part II: modeling Transport properties of oxygen vacancy filaments in metal/crystalline or amorphous HfO2/metal structures Quantum-size effects in hafnium-oxide resistive switching Nonlinear conductance quantization effects in CeOX/SiO2-based resistive switching devices Observation of conductance quantization in oxide-based resistive switching memory From stochastic single atomic switch to nanoscale resistive memory device Quantized conductance in Ag/GeS2/W conductive-bridge memory cells Quantum conductance and switching kinetics of AgI-based microcrossbar cells Conductance quantization and synaptic behavior in a Ta2O5-based atomic switch Atomic-level quantized reaction of HfOX memristor Download references This work was funded in part by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology under contract TEC2012-32305 (partially funded by the European Union FEDER Program) the DURSI of the Generalitat de Catalunya under contract 2009SGR783 2009CB930803 and 2011CB921804 and the NSFC under Grant Nos also thanks the support of the ICREA ACADEMIA award and Chinese Academy of Sciences Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists Devices and data were obtained in the frame of internal CEA-LETI research programs Lab of Nanofabrication and Novel Device Integration Department of Materials Science and Engineering did the data analysis and interpreted the results fabricated the devices and performed the voltage-ramp cycling experiments All authors critically read and contributed to the manuscript preparation The authors declare no competing financial interests This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Download citation Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing: AI and Robotics newsletter — what matters in AI and robotics research Cagli is a small town in the Marche region of Italy about 150 miles north of Rome and 30 miles inland from the Adriatic Sea some Gonzaga University students have spent summers there learning the language meeting the people and taking courses in the medieval town as 10 Cagliese students will visit Spokane for three weeks it is their first trip to the United States The visit is just one part of the upcoming designation of Cagli as an International Sister City with Spokane another Italian delegation will visit the city in October when Spokane Mayor David Condon and Cagli Mayor Sindaco Alessandri will hold a formal signing ceremony recognizing the sister city status The ceremony will coincide with the Order of the Sons of Italy grand council meeting in Spokane and will be part of the local American Italian Club’s 50th anniversary Tagliatesta Ramona has only dreamed of traveling but I can’t wait to travel the world,” Ramona wrote in an email “It’s my biggest dream and I hope that Spokane will be just the beginning of a long trip.” is filled with images of what Spokane might hold She imagines Spokane to have “lots of green parks with high trees and under their shadows Alessia Barzotti called the upcoming trip an “impossible dream.” Barzotti said Spokane and Cagli would make good sister cities because they share many characteristics mountains and a population with a penchant for winter sports “You enjoy baseball and basketball and surely savor a good burger,” she wrote Cagli will be the sixth sister city for Spokane The idea for international sister cities began with President Dwight Eisenhower in 1956 when he laid out a vision of cooperating cities fostering peace and prosperity around the world Gonzaga has been taking students to the town since 2004 and plans to keep the relationship between the towns going the Gonzaga professor who heads up the Cagli Project through the university’s communications and leadership studies department said though the sister city project is now larger than his program the university remains “at the heart of the initiative.” “We have come a long way in carefully crafting the development of a long term relationship between our two communities,” Caputo said “This has all been done as part of our tradition and the COML department’s attempt at global outreach and sister city status makes the paths to continue this growth and expand the relationships outside the university as well.” it’s about the Italian students travelling halfway across the world to experience a new culture Eleonora Pantaleoni is excited to see how Americans live “In Spokane I hope to see all the landscape of this country improve my English and learn something about this culture,” Pantaleoni said in an email “We were told to have lots of trips and excursions I’m looking forward to come in Spokane and have fun!” Marche will most likely decide who will be the winner of the 59th edition of the Tirreno-Adriatico this beautiful region has given us the by now legendary “stage of the walls” a thrilling day from a technical and scenic point of view but in 2024 Marche will host no less than the Queen Stage of the entire competition The climb is a 10.1 kilometres long killer and is clearly bound to be a big GC decider this will be the last chance for the men in the rankings to try and shake things up the San Benedetto del Tronto catwalk will offer no room to make any tangible difference The asperity starts in the town of Cagli and constitutes a true gem of the northern part of the Marche region Though very popular with local cycling enthusiasts by hosting the Queen Stage of the Tirreno-Adriatico this col certainly aims to attract an increasingly national and international audience the municipality of Cagli has had a monument erected on the summit dedicated to the greatest ever cyclist from this region giving fans one more reason to pay a visit The climb is very regular and has a perfect road surface after which the road climbs steadily on long straight stretches interspersed with a few hairpin bends until reaching a sudden change of scenery The rich vegetation disappears to make way for large fields with cows and horses the road flattens out a little and the horizon offers an exceptional view of Monte Nerone and the Furlo Gorge After leaving the sequence of hairpin bends behind the road climbs again and re-enters the forest until the very last section this will not be a first for Monte Petrone in great cycling There is a very prestigious precedent dating back to the Giro d’Italia centenary in 2009 In an edition that stretched from north to south the Marche climb was not simply tackled in the final week of the competition (which would be enough of an honour) but was the climax of what everyone described as the Queen Stage of that Giro The final asperity was tackled after a gruelling day featuring the climbs of Monte delle Cesane with Ivan Basso and Danilo Di Luca unsuccessfully trying to put the Maglia Rosa Denis Menchov in trouble Tour de France winner just 10 months earlier The Spaniard managed to break away not far from the summit and deservedly took a solo win atop Monte Petrano the overall mileage and elevation gain will be significantly lower but the big names will still battle it out with the aim of taking home one of the most fascinating trophies in international cycling founder of what would become the communications department at Loyola University Maryland and a longtime member of the board of directors of the Cathedral Foundation that once oversaw the Catholic Review He was 89 and had been living in Russia since 2018 with his wife Ciofalo earned a bachelor’s degree in English and philosophy from Brooklyn College and a master’s degree in journalism from Columbia University in New York He arrived at Baltimore’s Jesuit university in 1983 to oversee the establishment of the writing and media department that would evolve into a communications department that included journalism public relations and advertising components Ciofalo established the Cagli Program in International Reporting for Loyola in 2002 creating a multimedia study abroad program in Cagli the Institute for Education in International Media.   who retired from Loyola in 2010 with the title of professor emeritus was also a driving force behind the 2004 launch of Apprentice House Press an innovative publishing house run by Loyola students Ciofalo served as travel editor from 1994 to 2000 He produced articles for special travel sections that described his adventures in countries including Russia He served on the Cathedral Foundation board for several years up until the late 2000s former associate publisher/editor of the Catholic Review remembered Ciofalo for his leadership in journalism “He was very important to the growth of the Catholic Review and the Cathedral Foundation,” Medinger said sending his best students to come to work at the Catholic Review He also helped start our books division and our travel services.” Medinger said Ciofalo was “a great help at board meetings,” promoting new initiatives and supporting technological investments “Andy was the best of what a Catholic layman serving the church can be: supportive challenging and positive and always ready to help,” Medinger said Stefani Manowski was a Loyola student Ciofalo recruited to work at the Catholic Review.   “Andy was the moderator for my group capstone project during my senior year at Loyola “He announced during a class early on that the Catholic Review was seeking an editorial intern but Andy mentioned to me after class that I should apply not knowing that he had already told (Medinger) to choose me if I sent in my résumé.” Manowski spent more than 11 years at the Review “What I remember most is his sense of humor and the easy rapport he had with the students,” Manowski said Ciofalo was the author of “American in Moscow: Final Thoughts on Life Love and Liberty.” He also regularly published online commentaries Ciofalo reflected on the state of journalism today lamenting the lack of authenticity in the field “The new challenge for communications programs is to design a curriculum that enables the student to distinguish the authentic from the objective and the ideological,” he wrote “And in that authenticity not only will budding journalists discover their unique voices but they will also connect to their core values – a necessary step before moving to that vaunted ‘next level’ of imbuing their work with a deeper meaning and social context.” Ciofalo said each student doing journalism must answer the question Is it to bend information to talking points Two previous marriages ended in divorce.  He will be remembered during the 12:10 p.m Mass April 8 at Loyola’s Alumni Memorial Chapel with a celebration of life to be held at Loyola in the spring Email George Matysek at gmatysek@CatholicReview.org Copyright © 2024 Catholic Review Media  Print Catholic Review Media communicates the Gospel and its impact on people’s lives in the Archdiocese of Baltimore and beyond Catholic Review Media provides intergenerational communications that inform inspire and engage Catholics and all of good will in the mission of Christ through diverse forms of media Catholic Media Assocation Maryland-Delaware-DC Press Association The Associated Church Press © 2025 CATHOLIC REVIEW MEDIA, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Areas of the Province of Ancona have been particularly badly affected flash floods caused damage in the communes of Sassoferrato Other affected areas include Trecastelli and Ostra Communities in Pesaro-Urbino province were also affected Many areas have been left without electricity and in some cases telecommunications and drinking water Schools and some public services have been closed Roads in the area have been cut leaving some communities isolated Italy’s fire service Vigili del Fuoco said teams involving 300 personnel rescued dozens of people in areas of Ancona and Pesaro-Urbino Provinces Many had taken refuge on the roofs of houses and in trees to escape the flooding More than 400 interventions have been carried out Vigili del Fuoco reported 7 people had died and 3 are missing Some of those rescued have been taken to hospital with injuries or for treatment for hypothermia Officials from Italy’s Civil Protection Department said 420 mm of of rain fell in just a few hours. Several streams and rivers have broken their banks, including the Cesano river in Barbara and the Misa river in Senigallia as it did so dramatically in 2014 but the Marchega community is strong and will know how to react My thoughts are with the missing people and their families to whom I express my sympathy and closeness.” the equivalent of half a year’s rain fell… it’s not bad weather but dramatic climate change It makes us feel numb in the face of the power of nature that we are not respecting as we should and which is punishing us.” The situation is evolving and authorities are yet to get a true picture of the full extent of the damage — Vigili del Fuoco (@vigilidelfuoco) September 16, 2022 — Vigili del Fuoco (@vigilidelfuoco) September 16, 2022 Richard Davies is the founder of floodlist.com and reports on flooding news Cookies | Privacy | Contacts © Copyright 2025 FloodList A journey into the surprising world of Corrado Cagli (Ancona a great painter and master of the 20th century: is the one proposed by the exhibition Cagli 1947-1959 at the Galleria Antichità Alberto Di Castro in Rome 2023.Cagli’s activity has always been oriented toward a multidisciplinary horizon His experiments have been of great inspiration to artists such as Afro The works on display - some 30 of the most iconic of his output - were made in the postwar period staying first in Paris and then in New York where he met and frequented the most important cultural avant-gardes collaborating with Stravinsky and Balanchine establishing himself at the center of the Italian art scene The paintings in the exhibition date from the most prolific and highest quality phase within his oeuvre André Breton continued these studies during his American exile involving Cagli and artists who frequented the Julien Levy Gallery in New York The exhibition presents some of his most recognizable esoteric tarot-related images such as Wheel of Fortune and the Bagatto as Harlequin Also featured is a selection of works from 1949 that experiment with the fourth dimension characterized by a strongly expressive gestural style experimenting with new techniques that would give rise to “direct imprints” and “indirect imprints”-of which one of the most historicized masterpieces Ça Irà-is on display in the exhibition "Ça Irà somehow remains in Cagli’s lyricism what Guernica is in Picasso’s realism"(E Also exhibited will be works that enhance his search for the primordial(Symbols which stimulated young Roman artists of Capogrossi’s caliber an impressive series of “mute papers” made between 1958 and 1959 craftsmanship and theory to create extraordinary optical effects The exhibition constitutes the second collaboration between Alberto Di Castro and Gian Enzo Sperone longtime friends as well as professional colleagues: Sperone an avant-garde gallery owner and world-renowned collector; Di Castro a historic reference of international antiques Joining them for the first time are Denise Di Castro representative of the fifth generation of the family after earning her master’s degree at the Courtauld Institute of Art curates important cultural projects and new exhibitions at the gallery; and Yuri Tagliacozzo a young collector who gathered the paintings for the exhibition contains introductions by Denise and Alberto Di Castro and historical contextualization by Veronica Prestini The exhibition is organized in collaboration with theCorrado Cagli Archive Corrado Cagli was born in Ancona on February 23 1910 to a family belonging to the Jewish community In the 1930s in Rome he proposed the poetics of Primordialism and Archaism in the School that saw him as a protagonist together with Capogrossi and Cavalli In 1936 he made the monumental Battaglia di San Martino e Solferino (Battle of San Martino and Solferino) for the VI Triennale in Milan In 1937 the French Republic awarded the artist a gold medal for creating a cycle of paintings (168 sq m.) in the vestibule of the Italian pavilion at theExposition Internationale in Paris taking refuge first in Paris and then in New York where he enlisted as a volunteer in the U.S Army and participated in numerous campaigns in Europe such as the Normandy landings and the liberation of the Buchenwald concentration camp in 1945 From 1948 onward he settled permanently in Rome and here he experimented with techniques and pictorial languages for his formal and abstract works which also led him to receive numerous awards: the Guggenheim Fellowship for painting (1946) and the President of the Republic Award for painting from theAccademia Nazionale di San Luca (1973) For all information, you can visit the official website of Antichità Alberto Di Castro Metrics details Neuronal activity in sensory cortex fluctuates over time and across repetitions of the same input This variability is often considered detrimental to neural coding The theory of neural sampling proposes instead that variability encodes the uncertainty of perceptual inferences modulation of variability by sensory and non-sensory factors supports this view it is unknown whether V1 variability reflects the statistical structure of visual inputs as would be required for inferences correctly tuned to the statistics of the natural environment Here we combine analysis of image statistics and recordings in macaque V1 to show that probabilistic inference tuned to natural image statistics explains the widely observed dependence between spike count variance and mean and the modulation of V1 activity and variability by spatial context in images Our results show that the properties of a basic aspect of cortical responses—their variability—can be explained by a probabilistic representation tuned to naturalistic inputs to explain the properties of response variability in sensory cortex we hypothesize about functional and computational principles of cortical processing to generate predictions about cortical activity we propose that probabilistic inference tuned to the statistics of natural images can explain the properties of response variability in visual cortex a Representation of the generative process of the Gaussian scale mixture (GSM) model (Methods Eq. 1) The image (left) is described as the combination of local oriented features weighted by Gaussian coefficients further multiplied by a global modulator and corrupted by additive Gaussian noise b Encoding of sensory information according to the sampling hypothesis: the goal of a model neuron is to represent the posterior distribution (orange The activity of the neuron corresponds to samples from that distribution therefore the histogram of spike counts over time or repetitions (green c Tuning of mean and variance in a 1-dimensional version of the GSM with no noise the visual feature g and the modulator ν are bound to lie on the hyperbole ν = x/g (black line) a larger estimate of ν implies reduced mean and variance of the posterior distribution of g (blue versus brown curves) d Mean versus variance of a GSM model neuron in response to 1000 patches of natural images with the requirement of sufficient signal strength inside the RF above the median of the full distribution of \(({x}_{1+}^{2}\,+\,{x}_{1-}^{2})\) on natural scenes where x1+ and x1− are the odd and even phases of the center-vertical filter (see Methods) e The Fano factor (FF; ratio between mean and variance) as a function of the mean for the same GSM simulation reported in (d) Red dashed line represents the best linear fit two-sided t test of the null hypothesis of zero correlation) we show that stimuli in the RF surround modulate these interactions we test predictions about surround modulation of firing rate and variability with recordings in V1 of awake and anesthetized macaques viewing natural images and gratings Our results show that visual context modulates neuronal response strength and variability independently suggesting these modulations reflect probabilistic inference about local visual features Our work thus provides evidence that the tuning of cortical variability can be explained assuming the brain performs operations of probabilistic inference of natural image statistics the variance of the spike count distribution (i.e. the neuronal variability) reflects the variance or width of the posterior corresponding to the uncertainty about the coefficient of the encoded feature The p values were computed with a two-sided paired sample t test of the null hypothesis that the difference between the two conditions had mean equal to 0 d–f Tuning of the mean spike count (green) and FF (blue) because the experiments of (c) used images with a broader range of orientation and frequency content than (d) for two example neurons and a single image presented at different sizes Mean rate (green dots) and FF (blue dots) have been computed over 110 stimulus presentations f Population average across neurons (86 in total) and image patches (10 in total) indicating that the mean–variance dependence arises from matching the generative model’s structure to image statistics (i.e. multiplicative latent interactions) rather than fine-tuning its parameters our result establishes a precise link between image statistics and cortical variability validating our intuition that surround stimuli reduce uncertainty because they result in a higher estimate of the global modulator Therefore large images might reduce variability by providing stronger drive to the RF in those cases where small images did not completely cover the RF To test whether stimuli larger than the RF induced further reduction of the FF beyond the reduction caused by the stronger RF drive we considered responses to circular patches of natural images with sizes ranging from much smaller to much larger than the typical RF The difference between the behavior of the FF and the mean indicates that it should be possible to dissociate the effects of variability reduction from the modulation of spike count mean: stimuli smaller than the RF and larger than the RF can elicit similar average responses but with different variability ruling out the possibility that microsaccades in the awake animals might have introduced biases a Surround-orientation tuning of the mean spike count (green circles) and FF (blue circles), relative to the center stimulus alone (dashed lines) in the GSM model. Error bars: 68% c.i. computed by bootstrapping. Scaling factor (Methods Eq. 4) c = 40 (b c) Percent change in the mean spike count (b) and Fano factor (c) from orthogonal to matched surround orientation Yellow bars denote neurons with a significant change across conditions The difference is considered significant when the 68% c.i.’s of the two conditions (computed by bootstrapping) do not overlap which in turn resulted in weaker surround suppression of variability Our analysis shows that surround suppression of variability in V1 is tuned to the orientation of surround stimuli in a manner similar to the tuning of firing rate suppression this tuning arises because only matched surround stimuli provide information about the global modulator and thus reduce uncertainty the tuning of contextual modulation of variability was similar to (although weaker than) that of mean spike counts Understanding cortical processing requires addressing this variability which we have done via the neural sampling theory Our analytical results on normalization and variability bridge the gap between this literature and a theory of the computational role of variability without further tuning the conversion from membrane potential to spikes was sufficient for a coarse grained account of contextual effects (such as changes in sparseness and reliability) but our analysis unveils a more complex repertoire of contextual effects for natural images leading to detailed predictions that related statistical dependencies across visual space to contextual modulation of V1 variability future experimental work could further distinguish between these theories by comparing higher-order statistics of V1 responses to the corresponding statistics in the visual inputs The responses of the 18 filters form a 18-dimensional input vector The generative model uses latent variables to capture the statistics of x We assume that g and η are generated from multivariate normal distributions respectively; ν follows a Rayleigh distribution with mean 1 Note that changing the Rayleigh parameter is equivalent to rescaling Cg The image patches used for training are considered noise-free and the noise level in the trained model is tuned heuristically and by noticing that pixel noise tended to be small reflecting the digital quality of images and not indicative of sensory noise where \({O}({\lambda }^{-1})\) represents a generic function that drops to zero asymptotically with λ−1. This shows that the estimate of the mixer depends on the outputs of all filters. Second, the distribution of the feature of interest, \(P({g}_{1+}|\tilde{{\bf{x}}})\), can also be expressed in closed-form in the low-noise limit (Supplementary Text as it allows us to obtain analytical insights on the scaling of mean and variance with x1+ and λ Although we focused here on qualitative predictions for quantitative fits of GSM models to neural data one could leverage the flexibility afforded by modifying the mixer prior and introducing additional free parameters For the purpose of our analysis, x1+ in Eq. 3 is assumed greater than 0 (e.g. a grating stimulus in-phase with the filter) and appropriately express neural response and FF in terms of spike counts we performed the following transformation: we compute a single-trial response r for each sample of g1+ variance and FF of the model neuron are then found numerically anesthesia was induced with ketamine (10 mg/kg of body weight) and maintained during surgery with isoflurane (1.5–2.5% in 95% O2) Eye movements were reduced using vecuronium bromide (0.15 mg/kg per h) Temperature was maintained in the 36–37 C° range and airway pressure) were monitored continuously to ensure sufficient level of anesthesia and well-being We implanted a 10 × 10 multielectrode array (400 μm spacing For awake experiments the animal was first familiarized with a restraining chair (Crist Instruments) Then a titanium headpost was implanted under full isoflurane anesthesia in an aseptic environment Postoperative analgesic (buprenorphine) and antibiotic (enrofloxacin) were provided the animal was trained to fixate in a 1.3° × 1.3° window Eye position was monitored with a high-speed infrared camera (Eyelink a second surgery was performed in which a craniotomy and durotomy were performed over the occipital cortex A 96-channel and a 48-channel microelectrode array were implanted in V1 (and a third The dura was sutured over the arrays and covered with a gelatin film (Duragen) The craniotomy was covered with titanium mesh On the first day of recording we mapped the spatial receptive fields of the sampled neurons by presenting small patches of drifting full contrast gratings (0.5° diameter; 4 orientations 250 ms presentation) at 25 distinct positions spanning a 3° × 3° region of visual space Subsequent stimuli were centered in the aggregate RF of the recorded units All procedures were approved by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and followed the guidelines in the United States Public Health Service Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Visual stimuli were generated with custom software (EXPO V1.5; https://sites.google.com/a/nyu.edu/expo) and displayed on a cathode ray tube monitor (Hewlett Packard p1230; 1024 × 768 pixels with ~40 cd/m2 mean luminance and 100 Hz frame rate) viewed at a distance of 110 cm (for anesthetized) or 60 cm (for awake) separated by a uniform gray screen (blank stimulus) All grating stimuli were presented at 100% contrast We measured surround modulation in anesthetized animals with grayscale natural images (as described in33) we presented four variants rotated in steps of 45° to increase the probability that each variant would drive at least some of the recorded neurons Images were presented for 200 ms followed by 100 ms blank screen in pseudo-random order we measured size tuning with static circular gratings We set the spatial frequency (1 cycle/deg) to be appropriate for V1 neurons at the recorded eccentricity testing a larger range of conditions (diameters of 0.34 We measured orientation tuning of surround modulation in two awake monkeys using static compound gratings with a spatial frequency of 1 cyc/deg presented for 200 ms (100 ms interstimulus interval) For monkey M we used a central grating of diameter 1° and an annular surround with inner diameter of 1° and outer diameter of 6° with orientation either matched or orthogonal to the center the central grating was 0.5° in diameter; orientations were 0 and 135°; and a surround with inner diameter of 1.5° and outer diameter of 5° We introduced this gap between center and surround stimulus to reduce the extent to which the surround stimulus encroached on the neurons’ RFs The results for both monkeys were qualitatively similar For each electrode, we extracted waveform signals (sampled at 30 kHz) whenever the extracellular voltage exceeded a threshold of 5 times the square root of the mean square signal on each channel. We then sorted waveforms manually using Plexon Offline Sorter V3, and isolated both single and multi-unit clusters, here both referred to as neurons. Data analysis was then performed in Julia 1.5 (https://julialang.org) We computed the mean spike count by averaging across trials the ratio between across-trial variance and mean of the spike count it quantifies changes in variability beyond the changes in mean activity We excluded neurons whose average FF across all stimulus conditions was larger than 2 Lastly, we excluded the neurons whose mean spike count was zero for any given stimulus size (for size-tuning experiments) or surround condition (for surround-orientation tuning experiments), because the FF is not defined in those cases. For the surround-orientation tuning experiments (Fig. 3) we analyzed only the preferred orientation out of those presented to ensure responses were robust enough that we could measure surround suppression effects reliably The differences in FF across sizes were measured as: but with α representing the stimulus with orthogonal surround Confidence intervals in the population plots were estimated by bootstrapping one-sided t test of the null hypothesis that differences between samples from the two conditions (i.e. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article Code for model simulations and data analysis is available without restrictions on GitHub https://github.com/rubencoencagli/festa-et-al-2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4710150 Neuronal variability: non-stationary responses to identical visual stimuli The statistical reliability of signals in single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex Stimulus dependence of neuronal correlation in primary visual cortex of the macaque Stimulus onset quenches neural variability: a widespread cortical phenomenon Stimulus-dependent variability and noise correlations in cortical MT neurons Incremental integration of global contours through interplay between visual cortical areas Local and global correlations between neurons in the middle temporal area of primate visual cortex Attention stabilizes the shared gain of V4 populations Neural variability and sampling-based probabilistic representations in the visual cortex Relating divisive normalization to neuronal response variability Attention improves performance primarily by reducing interneuronal correlations Spatial attention decorrelates intrinsic activity fluctuations in macaque area V4 Suppression of cortical neural variability is stimulus- and state-dependent Locomotion enhances neural encoding of visual stimuli in mouse V1 Attention-related changes in correlated neuronal activity arise from normalization mechanisms The variable discharge of cortical neurons: implications for connectivity Population coding in neuronal systems with correlated noise Inference and computation with population codes Statistically optimal perception and learning: from behavior to neural representations just wrong: the role of suboptimal inference in behavioral variability Flexible models for spike count data with both over- and under-dispersion model-based approach to partitioning neural variability Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images The “independent components” of natural scenes are edge filters Natural signal statistics and sensory gain control Emergence of complex cell properties by learning to generalize in natural scenes Hierarchical Bayesian inference in the visual cortex Bayesian inference with probabilistic population codes Spontaneous cortical activity reveals hallmarks of an optimal internal model of the environment Perceptual inference predicts contextual modulations of sensory responses Flexible gating of contextual influences in natural vision Interpreting neural response variability as Monte Carlo sampling of the posterior Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Predictive coding of dynamical variables in balanced spiking networks The competing benefits of noise and heterogeneity in neural coding The Bayesian brain: the role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation Perceptual decision-making as probabilistic inference by neural sampling The emergence of contrast-invariant orientation tuning in simple cells of cat visual cortex Mixtures of conditional Gaussian scale mixtures applied to multiscale image representations Statistical models of linear and nonlinear contextual interactions in early visual processing Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Cortical surround interactions and perceptual salience via natural scene statistics Context-dependent interactions and visual processing in V1 Contrast’s effect on spatial summation by macaque V1 neurons Asymmetric suppression outside the classical receptive field of the visual cortex Circuits for local and global signal integration in primary visual cortex Nature and interaction of signals from the receptive field center and surround in macaque V1 neurons Selectivity and spatial distribution of signals from the receptive field surround in macaque V1 neurons Synaptic and network mechanisms of sparse and reliable visual cortical activity during nonclassical receptive field stimulation Correlations in V1 are reduced by stimulation outside the receptive field Marginalization in neural circuits with divisive normalization Simoncelli, E. P. & Freeman, W. T. The steerable pyramid: a flexible architecture for multi-scale derivative computation. Proceedings., International Conference on Image Processing, vol. 3, pp. 444–447 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.1995.537667 (1995) Contour detection and hierarchical image segmentation R.Contextual influences on visual processing Linear and nonlinear contributions to orientation tuning of simple cells in the cat’s striate cortex Early and late mechanisms of surround suppression in striate cortex of macaque Circuits and mechanisms for surround modulation in visual cortex Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling Of Neural Systems (The MIT Press Gao, D. & Vasconcelos, N. Bottom-up saliency is a discriminant process. 2007 IEEE 11th International Conference on Computer Vision, pp. 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2007.4408851 (2007) Visual perception and the statistical properties of natural scenes Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects Emergence of phase- and shift-invariant features by decomposition of natural images into independent feature subspaces Correlations and neuronal population information Fast sampling-based inference in balanced neuronal networks Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Ensembles of spiking neurons with noise support optimal probabilistic inference in a dynamically changing environment Spatio-temporal representations of uncertainty in spiking neural networks Cortical-like dynamics in recurrent circuits optimized for sampling-based probabilistic inference The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance Decision-related activity in sensory neurons may depend on the columnar architecture of cerebral cortex Predictive coding as a model of response properties in cortical area V1 Visual nonclassical receptive field effects emerge from sparse coding in a dynamical system Sparse coding and decorrelation in primary visual cortex during natural vision Normalization of cell responses in cat striate cortex Normalization as a canonical neural computation A recurrent circuit implements normalization Analysis of the stabilized supralinear network The stabilized supralinear network: a unifying circuit motif underlying multi-input integration in sensory cortex The dynamical regime of sensory cortex: stable dynamics around a single stimulus-tuned attractor account for patterns of noise variability Representation of visual uncertainty through neural gain variability Amplification of trial-to-trial response variability by neurons in visual cortex Scale mixture of Gaussian modelling of polarimetric SAR data Soft mixer assignment in a hierarchical generative model of natural scene statistics Spatial and temporal scales of neuronal correlation in primary visual cortex Festa, D., Aschner, A., Davila, A., Kohn, A. & Coen-Cagli, R. Code for ‘Neuronal variability reflects probabilistic inference tuned to natural image statistics’. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4710150 (2021) Download references and Gergo Orbán for discussion and comments on a previous version of the paper This work was supported by NIH grants EY030578 and EY021371 Department of Systems and Computational Biology Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Máté Lengyel and the other reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23838-x Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science The session would cost about $500 less if done without academic credit Info: info@communicationandcultureitaly.com or communicationandcultureitaly.com/details or (509) 220-5582 who led the popular Gonzaga University program for 12 years is launching a new cultural-communication immersion program in Cagli will run the program open to any adult for college credit or not brought university students to Cagli to learn about the language meet the residents and take courses in the medieval town I had this idea to relaunch the study abroad because of the value and experiences we were having,” said Caputo who recently retired as a professor in Gonzaga’s communications and leadership studies department the program’s expected cost is $4,495 per person “People recommended things such as you don’t really have to do this program for credit because a lot of people in midlife or further ages who would value doing this but they don’t want a traditional academic experience “They like to be around a place where they’re really learning a lot popular aspects of the program will remain such as participants contributing to a multimedia project to share stories about people they’ve met “We actually do write stories and do photography working with a professional photographer who does the photo class We work with an Italian language teacher who does conversational language “We put together both a hard copy book as well as web pages The actual immersion and telling stories of people you’re meeting is still a central component.” students earn them through Sapienza University of Rome The Cagli session will start at Sapienza before the group goes to Cagli “The biggest change is the idea of opening this up for non-university students,” Caputo said The places we visit will all have a learning component.” Cagli is a small town in the Marche region of Italy about 150 miles north of Rome and 30 miles inland from the Adriatic Sea Get the day’s top entertainment headlines delivered to your inbox Thursday afternoons In the spaces of the Palazzo Cipolla Museum on Via del Corso in Rome the retrospective anthology entitled Corrado Cagli dedicated to the vast oeuvre of Corrado Cagli (Ancona 1976).The exhibition is curated by Bruno Corà promoted by the Fondazione Terzo Pilastro - Internazionale The exhibition presents a wide repertoire of selected paintings as well as a substantial body of drawings for a total of about 200 works from important institutions and prestigious private collections The exhibition reconstructs in its entirety the vast creative activity of one of the major protagonists of the Italian and international artistic debate of the 20th century and brings Cagli back to Rome after the 1999 solo exhibition held in the rooms of the Archivio Arco Farnese gallery curated by Fabio Benzi The exhibition allows the public to view the major pictorial cycles created by the artist: from the first youthful works in majolica to those made in oil or with other techniques of the Roman School period (1928 - 1938) the evocative and enigmatic Carte series (1958 - 1963) and finally concluding with the Modular Mutations developed until the mid-1970s Some of the iconic moments of Cagli’s painting are highlighted in the exhibition such as those aimed at giving an identity to Italian “muralism” (in parallel with Sironi) in the search for “a cyclic and polyphonic art”; some of the panels constituting the cycle exhibited and partly censored at the 1937Paris World’s Fair are brought together for the occasion Also featured are some works exhibited in the exhibition of his return to Italy architectural sketches of the Zodiac Fountain in Terni and those of the Göttingen Monument in Germany one can also see also the monumental cartoon of the mural painting executed for the XXI Venice Biennale in 1938 and a relevant section focusing on his activity as a theatrical set and costume designer with an emphasis given to his New York experience with the Ballet Society together with George Balanchine published by Silvana editoriale and introduced by a critical essay by curator Bruno Corà as well as a considerable historical-critical apparatus and a selection of the artist’s writings edited by Giuseppe Briguglio of the Cagli Archive in Rome For all information you can visit the official website of the Cagli Archive the Musei di Palazzo dei Pio in Carpi will open the exhibition The Noise of Memory on January 27 Art and Civic Engagement for 50 Years of the Museum to the Deported curated by Ada Patrizia Fiorillo and Lorenza Roversi the exhibition presents a selection of seventy-one works with the engravings Dream and Lies of Franco I and II (1937) Julio Gonzales with the drawing Study of a Shouting Figure (1941) Corrado Cagli with the series of drawings Buchenwald (1945) and Emilio Vedova with the painting Burning the Village (1945).The exhibition aims to bring to collective attention the tragic history of racial segregation in Italy later transformed into a police and transit camp used by the SS as an antechamber to the Nazi lagers Starting with some plates by the BBPR architects’ studio in Milan (Lodovico Barbiano di Belgiojoso to whom we owe the structure of the Museo al Deportato conceived in the 1960s and inaugurated on October 14 the exhibition itinerary features original sketches by Renato Guttuso and Corrado Cagli who created some of the walls inside the museum’s thirteen rooms Also exhibited are paintings and sculptures by Giacomo Manzù (the bas-relief Christ with General from 1947) Sandro Cherchi (the terracotta Figura from 1948) Franco Garelli (the painting L’impiccato from 1944) Mirko Basaldella (the mosaic Furore from 1944) Corrado Cagli (the sculpture Figura d’man datable to the late 1940s) by Tono Zancanaro (an Indian ink from the Peragibba series of 1943) and by Ennio Morlotti (the oil painting Summer 1946) to which the second section of the exhibition is connected is devoted to Aldo Carpi’s graphic corpus of drawings made largely during his imprisonment in Mauthausen and Gusen Small-format pages that describe a slow descent into hell from which Carpi managed to survive thanks to his artistic talent “The artist painted many pictures for the Germans to which he alternated images of devastating daily life documenting lager life mostly in pencil on sheets of sheet music or those recovered from the infirmary: comrades the unspeakable suffering of the muselmann and even ’flashes’ of normality and hope,” curator Lorenza Roversi recalled the last part of the exhibition displays works from the early 1960s by Carlo Carrà a Woman’s Face made at the “Il Bisonte” Printworks in Florence For info: palazzodeipio.it Metrics details Adult neurogenesis is a unique form of neuronal plasticity in which newly generated neurons are integrated into the adult dentate gyrus in a process that is modulated by environmental stimuli Adult-born neurons can contribute to spatial memory but it is unknown whether they alter neural representations of space in the hippocampus we find that male and female mice previously housed in an enriched environment which triggers an increase in neurogenesis have increased spatial information encoding in the dentate gyrus Ablating adult neurogenesis blocks the effect of enrichment and lowers spatial information as does the chemogenetic silencing of adult-born neurons Both ablating neurogenesis and silencing adult-born neurons decreases the calcium activity of dentate gyrus neurons resulting in a decreased amplitude of place-specific responses These findings are in contrast with previous studies that suggested a predominantly inhibitory action for adult-born neurons We propose that adult neurogenesis improves representations of space by increasing the gain of dentate gyrus neurons and thereby improving their ability to tune to spatial features This mechanism may mediate the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on spatial learning and memory it is unclear how these properties change DG circuits to improve memory it is unclear how this would affect neural representations of space during the formation of a new memory as the animal explores a novel environment we investigated whether increasing adult neurogenesis by housing mice in an enriched environment (EE) would change the DG spatial code We recorded activity from mature granule neurons in the DG using two-photon calcium imaging as the mice walked on a moving treadmill with spatial cues To directly demonstrate the role of adult neurogenesis in the DG neural code we either chronically ablated DG neurogenesis by focal irradiation of the hippocampus or acutely silenced immature ABNs using chemogenetics and assessed the effect of these manipulations on DG spatial information content We found that EE-exposure results in increased spatial information content in the DG and that this increase requires immature ABNs our results show that ABNs act to increase the mean activity rates of individual mature DG granule neurons and the spatially selective activity of neurons that are tuned to a single location on the treadmill These findings elucidate the action of ABNs on the encoding of information in the DG b Example of calcium imaging field of view Cells that were active during a recording are shaded in color c Immunofluorescence labelling of DCX positive neurons in the DG of non-irradiated (top) and irradiated (bottom) mice Arrows denote neurogenic subgranular layer in the upper and lower leaves of the DG where DCX-expressing cells can be found d Number of DCX-expressing neurons in imaged mice from regular cage (RC) enriched environment (EE) groups and corresponding irradiated groups (Irr+RC Welch ANOVA test with Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons e Example calcium traces (top) and respective position of animal on the treadmill (bottom) f Accuracy in decoding position of mouse on treadmill from calcium traces (RC vs Irr+RC: *p = 0.006 Holm-Sidak correction for multiple comparisons Dotted line is chance performance level (5%) a–d Population Fisher information determined with noise correlations and after random shuffling to disrupt noise correlations (RC vs RC w/o NC: p = 0.057 n.s e Single-cell spatial information content determined using Fisher information (FI) (RC vs Irr+RC: ****p < 1/100000 statistical analysis: bootstrap (two-sided) and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (see methods) f Distribution of spatial information content across the imaged neurons g Distance between two positions that DG single-cells are able to discriminate correctly 70% of the time (RC vs Irr+RC: **p = 0.0038 nRC = 5 mice Holm-Sidak correction for multiple comparisons) irradiated cohorts both in RC and EE conditions had increased discrimination thresholds These findings indicate that the observed changes in DG spatial information occur primarily at the single-cell level which led us to further study how the activity of individual cells changes with EE exposure and the ablation of adult neurogenesis a Example calcium traces of cells with low (yellow) and high (blue) tuning indices b Tuning vectors from cells in A plotted in polar coordinates c Tuning indices of cells in non-irradiated and irradiated groups (RC vs Irr+RC: ****p < 1/100000 d Activity measured as integrated calcium traces normalized to distance travelled (RC vs EE: ****p < 1/100000 e Schematic of tuning curve properties of individual cells fitted with Von Mises function f Cross-validated goodness of fit (R2) of tuning curves (RC vs EE: *p = 0.01617 g Peak width of tuning curves of well-fitted cells h Peak amplitude of well-fitted cells (RC vs Irr+RC: p < 1/100000 Statistical analyses: Bootstrap (two-sided) and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons Error bars represent mean ± SEM in all plots b Immunofluorescence images of HA-tag positive neurons (red) and DAPI labelled nuclei (blue) c Schematic of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) task and images of context A and context B d Percentage of time spent freezing in shocked and novel contexts (hM4Di- Ctx A vs Ctx B: **p = 0.0015 e Discrimination index of freezing between contexts (hM4Di- (control) vs hM4Di + : *p = 0.0159 Statistical analyses c) and d): Two-sided Mann-Whitney test g Fisher information (Baseline vs CNO: **p = 0.00345 Baseline vs CNO (hM4Di- control): p = 0.08291,) i Activity (Baseline vs CNO: ****p = 0.00005 Baseline vs CNO (hM4Di- control): *p = 0.01964) k Tuning index (Baseline vs CNO: *p = 0.0173 Baseline vs CNO (hM4Di- control): p = 0.13226) m Goodness-of-fit (R2) of the Von Mises function to the tuning curves of all cells (Baseline vs CNO: p = 0.44973 Baseline vs CNO (hM4Di- control): p = 0.47035) o) Goodness-of-fit of well-fitted (R2 > 0.5) cells (Baseline vs CNO: **p = 0.00776 q Peak width of well-fitted cells (Baseline vs CNO: p = 0.49976 Baseline vs CNO (hM4Di- control): p = 0.17618) s Peak amplitude of well-fitted cells (Baseline vs CNO: **p = 0.00636 Baseline vs CNO (hM4Di- control): p = 0.3244) Statistical analyses f) thru s): Two-sided bootstrap Silencing ABNs also resulted in a decrease in overall Ca2+ activity and a decrease in activity at the maximum of the tuning curve these findings suggest that ABNs may contribute to cognition by modulating information encoding in the DG which differs from our work and partially differs from the data of McHugh et al differences in the experimental and analysis methods could account for the different findings: a different implantation surgery that requires the partial removal of CA1 and different methods to estimate Ca2+ activity and spatial information In an attempt to reconcile the findings of different labs we have made the datasets and analysis software used in this publication openly available This confirms that the changes in neuronal activity leading to improved spatial coding occur in the mature granule cells therefore we do not expect that OB ABNs contribute to DG spatial representations our results are consistent across the two techniques used to induce a loss-of-function of immature ABNs this difference was not significant with our sample size since the retrograde labeling approach resulted in a significantly smaller number of active neurons per field of view This was likely due to lower labeling efficiency resulting in lower copy number of the AAV vector and in our data the effects of noise correlation do not appear to be qualitatively modulated by adult neurogenesis the action of ABNs did not induce a switch from detrimental to beneficial noise correlations Recordings during other specific behavioral tasks or in the ventral portion of the DG may still reveal different functional roles for ABNs the gain amplification effect we identified could generalize beyond spatial information and improve encoding across other modalities our findings provide a different mechanistic model of how ABNs may contribute to memory paving the way for further research on adult neurogenesis as a therapeutic target for memory disorders We used C57BL6/J (Jackson Labs Stock #664) mice or, for chemogenetic silencing experiments, the offspring of hM4Di-Dreadd (Jackson Labs #26219) and Ascl1-Cre-ERT2 mice (Jackson Labs #12882). The sex of individual mice is indicated in Supplementary Table 1 All mice were kept on a 12 h light/dark cycle under standard environmental conditions (18–23 oC 40–60% relative humidity) and were allowed standard chow and water ad libitum Animals were housed in groups of 3–5 and littermates were divided between experimental groups Mice assigned to enriched environment (EE) housing were housed in groups of 5–10 in a large 121 × 61 cm enriched cage Mice assigned to EE experimental groups were housed in EE cages starting the day after the implantation surgery and for a period of 2 weeks after which they were returned to RC conditions for the remainder of the experiment Female and male mice were never mixed in the same cage and all males were housed with littermates Regular cage (RC) controls were housed in groups of up to 5 mice in standard mouse cages (dimensions 28 cm × 18 cm) containing a wire feeder and a water bottle Experiments were carried out during the light phase of the cycle All mice were euthanized with a lethal dose of ketamine followed by transcardiac perfusion for tissue preservation All procedures were done in accordance with a protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol #: 00001197) Irradiated mice were allowed one month to recover prior to imaging followed either 17 or 25 days later by an injection of AAV-Syn-jRGECO1a into CA3 The alveus and all hippocampal structures were left untouched during this procedure A small titanium bar (9.5 × 3.1 × 1.3 mm) was also attached to the skull in order to attach the animal to the microscope stage Mice were given carprofen (5 mg/kg) for inflammation and analgesic relief In vivo calcium imaging was performed 3 to 4 weeks after surgery when mice were 11.5–13.5 weeks of age We used a two-photon microscope (Thorlabs Bergamo) equipped with a 16 × 0.8 NA objective (Nikon) and a Fidelity-2 1070 nm laser (Coherent) as a light source Data acquisition was done with ThorImage 4.0 and ThorSync 4.0 software (Thorlabs) Mice were head-fixed and placed on a treadmill belt the angle of the mouse’s head was adjusted to ensure that the imaging window was perpendicular to the optical axis of the objective Movies of calcium activity were acquired at 15 frames/s using an average laser power of ~120–180 mW The treadmill consisted of a belt with 4 different textures each 45 cm length (velvet 2.5 cm-diameter sandpaper disks of 100 and 60 grit) wound around two wheels An optical rotary encoder was attached to the axel of one wheel to measure the movement of the belt enabling the estimation of the position of the mouse along the belt Four radio frequency identification (RFID) tags were attached to the belt at transition zones between textures to correct the accumulating error of position estimation by the rotary encoder data Data from the treadmill was acquired using digitizer hardware (National Instruments) and the ThorSync software (Thorlabs) The treadmill and microscope setting were completely novel to the mice which were allowed to sit still or freely move and explore the treadmill during initial setup in an enclosed box built around the microscope We used littermates lacking the Cre allele as controls for the unspecific effects of CNO and Tam all movies were registered for motion correction the cell contours of active cells were detected and calcium traces extracted for each cell Movement (rotary encoder) and texture (RFID) data were matched with the corresponding imaging frames The position of the mouse on the treadmill was determined by calculating the cumulative sum of the treadmill rotation signal for every frame of the calcium imaging movie The position data was segmented into 20 bins and ΔF/F unfiltered calcium traces were used as input data The population activity was projected onto the decoder weights to obtain a 1D signal and compute d-prime squared (which is equivalent to linear Fisher information) a bias-corrected signal to noise ratio was computed where the signal is the square of the difference of the mean activity at two locations on the treadmill and the noise is the average variance of the activity at each location The position data was segmented into 20 bins The mean of the thresholded firing rates at each location was calculated for every neuron and normalized to the time the mouse spent at that position The tuning index was defined as the modulus of this normalized tuning vector Calcium activity was calculated on a per-cell basis: ΔF/F data was first filtered with a third order Butterworth lowpass filter by applying the filter to the data both forwards and backwards to compensate for phase shifts Significant calcium transients were determined as the consecutive frames that start when the ΔF/F fluorescence signal rises 2 standard deviations (σ) above the rolling-mean baseline and end when the signal drops below 0.5 σ The significant transients were then removed and the remaining calcium trace was used to calculate a new rolling mean baseline The resulting significant calcium transient was used to determine the activity as the cumulative sum of the trace for each cell The result was normalized to the total distance traveled by the mouse To study the properties of tuning of every cell we first generated a tuning curve by mapping the unfiltered ΔF/F fluorescence data of each cell to one of 20 angular position bins on the treadmill belt This fluorescence data was averaged over all laps This circular tuning curve was fitted with Von Mises function: \(k\) is a measure of concentration and φ is the location of the peak of tuning The parameters of the function were optimized numerically by minimizing the sum of squared differences between data and model The goodness of fit was calculated and cross validated as follows: Where ss_res is equal to the sum of the squares of the residuals and ss_tot equals the sum of the squares of the differences from the mean Note that this value of R2 is normalized between 0 (null model ss_res_oracle = 0): a R2 value of zero corresponds to a model where none of the variance can be explained by the Von Mises function and 1 corresponds to an error equal to zero The cross-validation was done using 75% of the data in each bin to train and 25% of the data to test the model The width of the peak was determined as the circular variance using the function below: Where \({I}_{1}\) is the Bessel function of order 1 and \({I}_{0}\) is the Bessel function of order 086 In order to quantify the numbers of ABNs we labeled brain tissue with an antibody against Doublecortin (DCX) (CST 14802 S we stained brain tissue with an antibody against HA-Tag (CST 3724 S we stained brain tissue with an antibody against Iba1 (Fujifilm Wako 019-19741 all animals were perfused with ice cold 0.1 M phosphate buffer saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and were then post-fixed in 4% PFA for 24 h Brains were then cryoprotected in 30% sucrose and the hippocampus was sectioned at 40 μm thickness on a freezing microtome three sections were stained for each mouse all within the implanted region of the hippocampus Sections were rinsed three times in 0.1 M PBS (pH = 7.4) and incubated in a blocking solution (10% goat serum The sectioned tissue was then incubated in a primary antibody in block for 48 h The sections were then incubated for 2 h in Alexa 488 (A11034) or Alexa 633 (A21070) goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (Invitrogen) diluted at 1:500 in 0.1 M PBS counterstained with 300 nM DAPI in 0.1 M PBS and then mounted and cover-slipped with Fluoromount-G (Southern Biotech) The tissue was then imaged on a Zeiss Axio Imager.A2 fluorescence microscope or a Zeiss LSM 880 Airyscan confocal microscope Exposure time and excitation light intensity were kept constant for each experiment Analysis of the branching of Iba1-stained microglia was done with the Imaris Software (Oxford Instruments) The position of microglia soma was estimated using the spot function and branching was traced using the filament reconstruction function using manual curation to discard cells that branched outside of the field of view or whose the reconstruction was inaccurate Mice were placed in a fear conditioning chamber within a sound-attenuating cubicle (Med Associates VideoFreeze) mice were allowed 3 min of free exploration of a pre-cleaned cube-shaped chamber with a grid floor (context A) before receiving three mild foot-shocks (2 s Mice were returned to their home cage 30 s after the last shock Contextual fear memory was tested 24 h later by re-exposing mice to context A for 3 min of free exploration (no shocks) mice were tested on discrimination of a novel context B (plastic floor mice were allowed 3 min of free exploration (no shocks) Context discrimination was measured as a discrimination index DI: (Time freezing in A – Time freezing in B)/(Time freezing in A + Time freezing in B) we expressed hM4Di specifically in a cohort of immature ABNs so they could be silenced by the selective ligand CNO Conditioning and re-exposure to context A took place without CNO but were injected with CNO 30-40 min prior to exposure to the novel context B To control for unspecific effects of CNO we used mice that lacked a Cre allele and therefore did not express hM4Di (hM4Di-) Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article Spatial navigation training protects the hippocampus against age-related changes during early and late adulthood Association of Lifetime Intellectual Enrichment With Cognitive Decline in the Older Population and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of population-based data Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories An old test for new neurons: refining the Morris water maze to study the functional relevance of adult hippocampal neurogenesis Adult-born hippocampal neurons promote cognitive flexibility in mice A Functional Role for Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Spatial Pattern Separation Increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis is sufficient to improve pattern separation Young Dentate Granule Cells Mediate Pattern Separation whereas Old Granule Cells Facilitate Pattern Completion Suppression of adult neurogenesis impairs population coding of similar contexts in hippocampal CA3 region Hippocampal Neurogenesis Regulates Forgetting During Adulthood and Infancy Optical controlling reveals time-dependent roles for adult-born dentate granule cells 4- to 6-week-old adult-born hippocampal neurons influence novelty-evoked exploration and contextual fear conditioning Unique Processing During a Period of High Excitation/Inhibition Balance in Adult-Born Neurons Functional maturation of adult-generated granule cells Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat An information-theoretic approach to deciphering the hippocampal code in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 1030–1037 (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. Stefanini, F. et al. A Distributed Neural Code in the Dentate Gyrus and in CA1. Neuron https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.05.022 (2020) Targeted Activation of Hippocampal Place Cells Drives Memory-Guided Spatial Behavior Effects of Adult Neurogenesis on Synaptic Plasticity in the Rat Dentate Gyrus Enhanced synaptic plasticity in newly generated granule cells of the adult hippocampus Adult-born dentate granule cells promote hippocampal population sparsity Distinct Contribution of Adult-Born Hippocampal Granule Cells to Context Encoding Hippocampal neurogenesis confers stress resilience by inhibiting the ventral dentate gyrus Adult neurogenesis modifies excitability of the dentate gyrus Effects of adult-generated granule cells on coordinated network activity in the dentate gyrus Compensatory network changes in the dentate gyrus restore long-term potentiation following ablation of neurogenesis in young-adult mice Activation of local inhibitory circuits in the dentate gyrus by adult-born neurons A mouse model replicating hippocampal sparing cranial irradiation in humans: A tool for identifying new strategies to limit neurocognitive decline Sensitive red protein calcium indicators for imaging neural activity Functional Imaging of Dentate Granule Cells in the Adult Mouse Hippocampus AAV ablates neurogenesis in the adult murine hippocampus Experience-Specific Functional Modification of the Dentate Gyrus through Adult Neurogenesis: A Critical Period during an Immature Stage Experience-dependent increase in CA1 place cell spatial information is dependent on the autophosphorylation of the alpha-isoform of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II Place cell maps slowly develop via competitive learning and conjunctive coding in the dentate gyrus Measuring and interpreting neuronal correlations Correlations and Neuronal Population Information Measuring Fisher Information Accurately in Correlated Neural Populations Scaling of sensory information in large neural populations shows signatures of information-limiting correlations A Distributed Neural Code in the Dentate Gyrus and in CA1 Noise correlations in neural ensemble activity limit the accuracy of hippocampal spatial representations Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems Relating Divisive Normalization to Neuronal Response Variability Neurons born in the adult dentate gyrus form functional synapses with target cells Maturation and Functional Integration of New Granule Cells into the Adult Hippocampus Adult-born neurons modify excitatory synaptic transmission to existing neurons Ascl1 (Mash1) Defines Cells with Long-Term Neurogenic Potential in Subgranular and Subventricular Zones in Adult Mouse Brain Cre-dependent DREADD (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) mice Autoradiographic and histological evidence of postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in rats Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is abundant in neurologically healthy subjects and drops sharply in patients with Alzheimer’s disease Molecular landscapes of human hippocampal immature neurons across lifespan Parallel emergence of stable and dynamic memory engrams in the hippocampus Parallel processing of sensory cue and spatial information in the dentate gyrus Tuncdemir S. N. et al. Adult-born granule cells facilitate remapping of spatial and non-spatial representations in the dentate gyrus. Neuron S0896-6273(23)00703–1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.016 Delayed Coupling to Feedback Inhibition during a Critical Period for the Integration of Adult-Born Granule Cells Differential Coupling of Adult-Born Granule Cells to Parvalbumin and Somatostatin Interneurons Exercise increases information content and affects long-term stability of hippocampal place codes The enigmatic mossy cell of the dentate gyrus Inhibitory stabilization of the cortical network underlies visual surround suppression The Dynamical Regime of Sensory Cortex: Stable Dynamics around a Single Stimulus-Tuned Attractor Account for Patterns of Noise Variability Microglia morphology in the physiological and diseased brain - from fixed tissue to in vivo conditions Savage, J. C., Carrier, M. & Tremblay, M.-È. Morphology of Microglia Across Contexts of Health and Disease. in Microglia: Methods and Protocols (eds. Garaschuk, O. & Verkhratsky, A.) 13–26 (Springer, New York, NY, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9658-2_2 Distinct Morphological Stages of Dentate Granule Neuron Maturation in the Adult Mouse Hippocampus Transgenic Mice for Intersectional Targeting of Neural Sensors and Effectors with High Specificity and Performance Sparse Activity of Hippocampal Adult-Born Neurons during REM Sleep Is Necessary for Memory Consolidation Calcium imaging of adult-born neurons in freely moving mice Ultrasensitive fluorescent proteins for imaging neuronal activity High-Resolution In Vivo Imaging of Hippocampal Dendrites and Spines Treadmill-based task for assessing spatial memory in head-fixed mice Tracking the Time-Dependent Role of the Hippocampus in Memory Recall Using DREADDs Pachitariu, M. et al. Suite2p: beyond 10,000 neurons with standard two-photon microscopy. bioRxiv 061507 https://doi.org/10.1101/061507 Robustness of Spike Deconvolution for Neuronal Calcium Imaging Orientation tuning curves: empirical description and estimation of parameters Frechou, M. A. et al. Dataset for ‘Adult neurogenesis improves spatial information encoding in the mouse hippocampus’. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10985968 (2024) Frechou, M. A. et al. Analysis code for ‘Adult neurogenesis improves spatial information encoding in the mouse hippocampus’. Zenodo /https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986236 (2024) Download references were funded by The Einstein Training Program in Stem Cell Research from the Empire State Stem Cell Fund through New York State Department of Health Contract C34874GG was supported by the Whitehall Foundation (Research Grant 2019-05-71) and the National Institutes of Health (NINDS R01NS125252) was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NEI R01EY030578 Confocal microscopy experiments were supported by a shared instrumentation grant (1S10OD025295-01A1) This article is dedicated to the memory of Dr Frenette (1965-2021) who provided invaluable encouragement and support for this project Present address: Laboratory of Neurotechnology and Biophysics Gottesmann Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine G.; Experimental design and data acquisition: The authors declare no competing interests Nature Communications thanks Benoit Paquette and the other reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50699-x The history of fashion from the 18th century to the 2000s illustrated by captivating glimpses in an interplay between art and the historical environment of the MuseumAfter four years of renovation and adaptation works of the elegant historical premises of the Palazzina della Meridiana the rooms which traditionally houses the collections of the Museum of Costume and Fashion reopened completely The Museum inaugurated in 1983 at Pitti Palace - already known for being the "temple" of fashion in the post-war period - and was the first Italian State museum dedicated to the history of fashion the evolution of taste through the centuries The new arrangement of the Museum offers the visitor a selection of rare and precious dresses accompanied by accessories which exemplify through suggestions and samples a vast collection which in total has more than 15,000 items and which is going to be put on display over time and according to rotations grouped by typologies while always maintaining the criterion of the new arrangement which aims to propose a journey through the evolution of fashion and taste seen in their historical development Another characteristic element of the new arrangement is indeed the interplay strongly recommended by Director Simone Verde and the Museum's curator Vanessa Gavioli between the dresses and accessories and the most diverse forms of art through the comparison between the gorgeous dresses on display and some fascinating coeval portraits and paintings which help to make fashion also through the representations of painters such as Carle Vanloo Laurent Pecheux and Jean-Sébastien Rouillard passing through the elegant portraits by the nineteenth-century ones such as Tito Conti Edoardo Gelli and Vittorio Corcos to get to some of the most relevant artists of the Italian avant-garde including Massimo Campigli fashion is by definition an art that has always lived in symbiosis with the most diverse disciplines and the new arrangement of the Museum aims to recreate an ideal palimpsest in which one can also catch the relationships between different arts Therefore not only between fashion and painting but also between fashion and plastic arts (the match between the handles of porcelain vases and the sleeves of eighteenth-century dresses are intriguing); fashion theatre and sculpture (the relationship between Mariano Fortuny's dress worn by Eleonora Duse and the actress's face sculpted by Arrigo Minerbi is a particularly fascinating example); but also between fashion and architecture with the dresses that stand in close connection with the historical space around the furnishings and frescoes of the Palazzina della Meridiana; to end with a visual dialogue virtually reconstructed thanks to the use of video screens between the current arrangement and the historical ones in those same rooms that we can visit again today Italian high fashion was establishing itself internationally as one of the most renowned and praised world excellences according to a tradition that still goes on to the present day seamlessly A monumental presentation of twenty sculptures exhibited outside the fort and within the villa in addition to an extensive collection of drawings allow the public to admire the always supreme graphic activity of Mattiacci aimed at exploring the sublime of the cosmos the rhythms and geometries that belong to the infinite universe iron sculptures that are actual assemblies of a new Mattiacci has understood how to blend and reunite gestures that are human and those of the metaphysical imagination with the unfathomable nature of life in the universe and with the immeasurable energy of matter and among the stars the forces that are visible and those not still invisible in space and time “I feel attracted by the sky with its stars and planets and all that lies beyond as if it seeks challenging imagination itself I would like to launch one of my sculptures into orbit in outer space It would truly be a magnificent dream to know that one of my spatial shapes is orbiting out there,” stated Mattiacci to whom personal exhibitions have been held in various museums and foundations around the world including the National Gallery of Modern Art in Rome the Kunstforum Stadtische Galerie in Munich the Fattoria di Celle – Gori Collection in Pistoia the Italian Cultural Institute in Los Angeles and Toronto and the MART – Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto “We once again return to the Forte di Belvedere – said the Mayor Dario Nardella – with a major exhibition dedicated to a contemporary artist The Medicean Fortress is once again opened to the public with an exhibition that traces the entire artistic activity of Eliseo Mattiacci and offers us a marvellous glimpse into his cosmogony Florence confirms itself as a vital and dynamic city and not only as the cradle of the Renaissance claiming with humility and tenacity its role as a protagonist in contemporary art and in public art in particular.” exhibition curator and artistic director of the Museum of the Twentieth Century writes: “With this exhibition of Eliseo Mattiacci at Forte di Belvedere all of Florence reinforces its image as a contemporary city that reflects on its civil history and on its artistic heritage on the major cultural legacies of the past and modern society And it does this by offering for the admiration of the public and tourists the works of one of the great masters of our time creator of sculptural shapes and graphic paths that have force enough to combine the dimension of materialism with that of the metaphysical dream the ctonio world and that of infinite space an indispensable presence in the history of art starting from the first works that permitted him to wed the work of the earth and technology with the reactivation of myths and the contemplation of the stars (Scultura lunatica / Lunatic sculpture Until arriving at his most recent works and installations with which the artist from the Marches region has sought to present his idea of the cosmos to the world continuing on a journey of discovery and wonder within nature and the universe that unites Lucretius and Galileo Galilei poets and artists of yesterday and today.” Located within the interior spaces of the Fortress important historical works such as the Tubo (Tube) (1967)  can be found measuring approximately sixty metres of extension will be presented along with – for the first time since the exhibition at the Galleria L’Attico in Rome –  the Installation Recupero di un mito (Recovery of a Myth) (1975) as will also be found the sound installation Echi di suoni e cani che abbaiano (Echoes of sounds and dogs barking) (1983) Also exhibited will be the early works such as Scultura lunatica (Lunatic sculpture) of 1962 an entire room will host the installation with the planets in aluminium on the layered surface in lead pellets La mia idea del cosmo (My idea of the cosmos) (2001) while the large propellers in aluminium of Dinamica Verticale (Vertical Dynamic) (2013) will dominate the spaces on the ground floor the public will intercept a sequence of rooms dedicated entirely to drawing a true “exhibition within the exhibition” that will systematically examine the dense seasons of this constant and yet so little probed practice of the work of Mattiacci Drawings will be exhibited that evoke the atmosphere of the performance of the Seventies the cycle Predisporsi ad un capolavoro cosmico-astronomico (Preparing yourself for a cosmic-astronomical masterpiece) of 1980-1981 the frottages on metal of the Campi magnetici (Magnetic fields) up to the recent Corpi Celesti (Celestial Bodies) of 2005-2015 in the large terraced gardens of Forte di Belvedere one finds the large works of corten steel of cosmic astronomical inspiration with one side oriented toward the great Renaissance construction site which is the city of Florence and the other side directed toward the hills that host the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory not far from the final residence of Galileo Galilei Making  use of the generous loans from public and private collections in this system of spatial references the works will be arranged starting from the end of the Eighties up until the most recent years such as the two totems Verso il cielo (Toward the sky) (1987) Equilibri precari (Precarious equilibria) quasi impossibile (almost impossible) (1991) Segno australe – Croce del Sud (Southern Sign – Southern Cross) (1991) the disks of Ordine cosmico (Cosmic order) (1995-96) Totem con nuvola (Totem with cloud) (1996) and the as yet unseen Scultura che guarda (Sculpture that watches) (1997-2013) the Museum of the Twentieth Century will present a preview of the sculpture Per Cornelia (For Cornelia) (1985) and the large drawing Occhio del cielo (Eye of the sky) (2005) in conjunction with the reopening of the permanent collection of the Alberto della Ragione collection to enshrine a scientific and design correlation between the spaces of the Fortress of San Giorgio and those within the former Leopoldine The exhibition is made possible thanks to the fundamental support of Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena – main sponsor of the event – and thanks to the sponsorship of Carpisa to the technical sponsorship of Forma and with the support of Galleria Poggiali The Palazzo Vecchio Museum participates in the Art DISCOVER THE PROJECT Designed & developed by Alias2k Rafael Cagli’s experimental fusion of Latin American and Italian cuisines has won over the tastebuds of critics and diners alike crowned SquareMeal’s most highly rated London restaurant for the year ahead Bethnal Green’s two Michelin star restaurant Da Terra has been named SquareMeal’s number one restaurant in London for 2023.  Awarded on January 16, the announcement was made as a part of SquareMeal’s annual awards, crowning the top 100 restaurants in the UK and London.  Restaurants are judged on a combination of the opinion of SquareMeal’s in-house critics and thousands of votes from readers and diners.  A fusion of Latin American cuisine with Italian notes Da Terra’s experimental offering is inspired by head chef Rafael Cagli’s Italian and Brazilian origins and his wide-ranging culinary career.  Cagli thanked his partner Charlie Lee who runs Da Terra’s front of house and said: ‘It is such an honour to be Squaremeal’s best London restaurant for 2023 I am very lucky to have such a passionate and hard-working team around Charlie and myself and nothing could be achieved without them.’ Lee said: ‘A highlight for the restaurant was retaining our two Michelin stars as well as seeing so many return guests come and dine with us again We always try to make eating at Da Terra a friendly and welcoming experience so we are glad to see so many friendly faces return.’ Opening in the heart of Bethnal Green in 2019 Da Terra sits within an Edwardian building modern look offering an elegant and technical dining experience with a playful edge guests are presented with a blind tasting menu of at least nine courses with a selection of wines to complement the food.  The restaurant’s name means from the ground born out of the idea that food reflects where we come from as well as literally being from the roots and the soil beneath us As Lee said: ‘Our menu is always changing based on the seasons and the produce we get in through the doors each day.’  From mushroom and taleggio doughnut bites to aged turbot with manteiguinha beans and farofa (your guess is as good as mine) luckily Da Terra’s expert chefs are on hand to guide diners through each dish They suggest that you leave at least three hours to be immersed in this sensory dining experience.  With dinner and lunch tasting menus priced at £215 and £155 respectively such a fine dining experience doesn’t come cheap but Lee assures us that Da Terra has some exciting plans in store for 2023 that are being kept top secret for now.  And if you’re looking for a rather more relaxed meal in the area Italina on Cambridge Heath Road comes highly recommended by Cagli and Lee – you might even find them in there enjoying one of the restaurant’s Napoli-style pizzas on a well-earnt day off.   If you enjoyed this article, find our food review of Lanterna has been closed since the start of the pandemic Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 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Part of Tower Hamlets Slice newspapers and published by Social Streets C.I.C ITALY - MARCH 09: Stage winner Jonas Vingegaard Hansen of Denmark and Team Visma-Lease A Bike - Blue Leader Jersey attacks in the final climb Monte Petrano (1091m) during the 59th Tirreno-Adriatico 2024 Stage 6 a 180km stage from Sassoferrato to Cagli - Monte Petrano 1091m / #UCIWT / on March 09 PARIS — Two-time defending Tour de France champion Jonas Vingegaard is back on his bike just a month after a bad crash that left him several broken ribs and a collapsed lung And the Danish rider is still hoping to compete at this year’s Tour it’s improving day by day,” Vingegaard said in a video released by his team Of course I hope to be there at the start of the Tour de France We don’t know exactly how my shape and how my recovery will go but I will do everything I can to get there in my top shape.” Vingegaard was hospitalized in Spain last month following the crash that involved other top riders during a chaotic Tour of the Basque Country He also sustained a broken collarbone and a pulmonary contusion during the accident which came less than three months before the start of the Tour de France on June 29 “This is the first time back on the bike for me riding outside and it’s really nice to finally be able to ride like normal again,” Vingegaard said in the video “Finally to be able to ride on the road is really amazing and I’m really looking forward to taking the next steps.” Vingegaard had been considered one of the top favorites at the Tour again alongside his rival Tadej Pogacar who is aiming for a Giro d’Italia-Tour de France double this year Vingegaard was hardly moving when he was put into an ambulance wearing an oxygen mask and neck brace after the crash with less than 18.6 miles (30 kilometers) remaining in the stage The pileup also took out Primoz Roglic and Remco Evenepoel A Division of NBCUniversal DISCLAIMER: This site and the products offered are for entertainment purposes only and there is no gambling offered on this site This service is intended for adult audiences No guarantees are made for any specific outcome If you or someone you know has a gambling problem Illustrious figures protagonists of the Risorgimento era The exhibition entitled L'Italia chiamò (Italy Called) which celebrates the 150th anniversary of the Unification of Italy illustrates how the great moral and patriotic themes and the illustrious historical figures were proposed and elaborated by the artists of the time which once housed the Senate room at the time when Florence was the capital has organised an exhibition which gives the visitors the opportunity to discover less famous works and sites of the Florentine museum Three main topics are illustrated within the exhibition; the celebration of the illustrious men of Italy the Unification of Italy in the twentieth-century painting and the renewal of historical genre painting The latter started in the country just after the Unification of Italy it was inspired by the events of the Risorgimento and it celebrated contemporary subjects The niches beneath the porticos of the Uffizi Gallery were originally designed by Vasari purely as architectural features but by the first half of the nineteenth century they were occupied by 28 statues of famous people from the worlds of politics the same that in the painting by Eugenio Agneni rise like spectres from the cavities of the pilasters of the same loggia shadows of the great Florentines protesting against foreign dominion two monumental illustrations of the battles waged to achieve the Unification of Italy are displayed opposite each other; The Battle of San Martino by Corrado Cagli (1936) and the Battle of Ponte dell’Ammiraglio by Renato Guttuso (1951-1952) Exhibition curated by Carlo Sisi with Giovanna Giusti and Antonio Natali Exhibition catalogue published by Silvana Editoriale (available only in Italian) Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali Direzione Regionale per i Beni Culturali e Paesaggistici della Toscana Soprintendenza Speciale per il Patrimonio Storico Artistico ed Etnoantropologico e per il Polo museale della città di Firenze; Galleria degli Uffizi Traverse the bank of the Shannon River in Limerick and you’ll now find a reciprocal nod to Irish culture in a sculpture of a harp encased in glass and accompanied by Irish music A worldly crowd gathered Friday in Riverfront to celebrate the dedication of the new Sister Cities Connections garden which displays public art that honors Spokane’s relationship with its five sister cities: Jilin Years in the making and championed by the Spokane Sister Cities Association the garden features sculptures from partnerships with Limerick Nishinomiya and the city of Spokane itself There are plans to add pieces representative of Jilin which sits at the northwest end of the Howard Street footbridge Among the dignitaries present was Adam Teskey the deputy mayor of Limerick city and county The Irish harp is the final work of Sister Paula Mary Turnbull It is accompanied by music created by Limerick musicians playable with the simple touch of a button That element is reflective of the “sensory experience” the garden was intended to be The Celtic harp is displayed on Irish currency “When you come over to spend all of the money that you have on Irish whiskey at the Jameson Distillery and the Guinness factory you’ll be spending it with the harp,” Teskey joked The garden also features an 11-foot-tall replica of the Imazu Lighthouse in Nishinomiya as well as a 5-foot-high Kokanee Steel salmon sculpture designed by Melissa Cole and meant to represent the the Salish Indian tribes The deep bonds formed between sister cities is not lost on Mayor David Condon whose parents traveled to Ireland when he was a high school student and who has traveled to the sister cities of Spokane himself we recognize bringing diverse cultures and arts is imperative to uniting us,” Condon said The Sister Cities garden replaces the former Japanese Pavilion which had decayed following its construction for Expo ’74 The Italian soprano Selene Zanetti was born in Vicenza and has won numerous international competitions She gained her first stage experience in the title role of Suor Angelica at the Teatro Comunale in Cagli and in productions of La traviataand Rigoletto during the XII Maria Callas Festival in Sirmione she joined the Opera Studio of the Bavarian State Opera where she was a member of the ensemble from 2018 to 2019 she performed roles such as Marie (The Bartered Bride) she sang Amelia (Simon Boccanegra) at the Hamburg State Opera and at the Stadttheater Klagenfurt She appeared as Micaëla (Carmen) at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples Elena (I vespri siciliani) at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo and as Fiordiligi (Così fan tutte) and Desdemona (Otello) at the Staatstheater Mainz Further engagements included Puccini's Le villi with the Orchestra Arturo Toscanini di Parma Jonas Vingegaard (Team Visma | Lease a Bike) has won the 180 km long Sassoferrato-Cagli (Monte Petrano) 6th stage of the 59th edition of the Tirreno-Adriatico Crédit Agricole ahead of Juan Ayuso (UAE Team Emirates) and Jai Hindley (Bora – Hansgrohe) Jonas Vingegaard retains the Maglia Azzurra the stage winner Jonas Vingegaard said: “The team pulled all day so I felt I had to try and win the stage also today Two stage wins make it a great week for us Bora-Hansgrohe rode at a very high pace on the hill and we thought it was very good for us Jai Hindley went full gas and then I decided to attack myself I am in a better shape than I was one year ago and the year before in March One stage to go before I can celebrate” PROVISIONAL RESULTS1 – Jonas Vingegaard (Team Visma | Lease a Bike) – 180 km in 4h31’57” average speed 39.713 km/h2 – Juan Ayuso (UAE Team Emirates) at 26″3 – Jai Hindley (Bora – Hansgrohe) s.t GENERAL CLASSIFICATION1 – Jonas Vingegaard (Team Visma | Lease a Bike)2 – Juan Ayuso (UAE Team Emirates) at 1’24”3 – Jai Hindley (Bora – Hansgrohe) at 1’52” THE OFFICIAL JERSEYSThe leader jerseys of the 59th Tirreno-Adriatico Crédit Agricole are designed by SPORTFUL Different events have been learned after the fatal accident that happened in Greece Evdokija Cagli is one person who managed to survive the tragic railway accident that took place yesterday in Larisa She narrated the moment when she tried to escape Cagli was in the third carriage of the train she managed to sit in her seat and those who were in the corridor did not escape no one predicted the horrors that would follow "I was in the third carriage and there was another girl in it with her cat We were walking him up and down and playing with him How can we imagine what would happen a few minutes later I feel the wagon roll over and hit my forehead and nose hard on a hard surface I instinctively curl up into a 'ball' to protect my body "I had to decide whether to burn myself or break my bones falling into the void to save myself," she said She said that she heard screams everywhere and in these cases there are few who manage to keep their cool The serious event happened shortly before midnight on Tuesday in Greece Two trains collided with each other causing a fire that has so far claimed the lives of 44 people A train with 350 passengers traveling from Athens to Thessaloniki collided with a freight train The cause of the fire is suspected to be the cutting of an electric cable in one of the passenger train carriages which at the time of the collision proved fatal This site is controlled and managed by KOHA are protected by KOHA's copyright and KOHA retains the reserved rights for them Materials on this site may not be used for commercial purposes without the prior permission of KOHA is prohibited The use of materials from any website or other medium without the permission of the KOHA Group on behalf of all the units that make it up (Koha Ditore is a violation of copyright and of intellectual property according to the legal provisions in force All violators of these rights will face the law The translation of contents into other languages ​​is done automatically and there may be errors Annex of the former Radio Prishtina (first floor) George Bush pn Heavy snow has caused extensive damage to the mediaeval walled town of Urbino and further deteriorated the Colosseum in Rome Partial collapses have been reported at the convents of San Francesco and San Bernardino in Urbino and the roof of the Church of the Capuchins outside the town center has completely caved in There is also water damage in the town's 12th-century Duomo cathedral The roof at the Church of the Holy Cross in the nearby town of Urbania also collapsed and a collection of paintings drapes and ancient globes has had to be removed from the town's Ducal Palace due to fears of a collapse Thirteenth-century church doors in the town of Cagli have also been damaged fragments have fallen from the Colosseum which remains closed to tourists which is at the center of a busy road junction is blackened by pollution and has been losing pieces for years A long-delayed restoration of the 2,000-year-old monument is set to start next month with funding from Italian billionaire Diego Della Valle