Understanding the roles of touch and sight in day-to-day activities may help develop rehabilitation aids
Neuroscientists Robert Volcic and Ivan Camponogara of New York University Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates found that using sight and touch together substantially improves reach-to-grasp actions
suggesting that touch plays an important role in our movements
The team compared grasping actions in a group of young
When they could both see and touch an object
their movements were faster and they formed smaller
The researchers say sight and touch can be flexibly used together to optimize the execution of grasping movements because they are able to provide information about the size and position of an object
These findings could be used to develop new rehabilitation aids for people with Parkinson's disease or stroke survivors
who often struggle performing basic reaching and grasping movements
They could also help people with curable congenital blindness
to learn how to use touch to guide their actions
"By providing them with a rehabilitation protocol in which touch educates vision
we could speed up their learning process," explains Camponogara
the team plans to explore other unknown facets of how the brain guides movements by integrating information provided by external cues that are sensed through vision and touch
This could generate data that might be useful for building robots that can be programmed to learn and execute movements by interacting with the environment
Grasping movements toward seen and handheld objects
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Grasping movements are typically performed toward visually sensed objects
planning and execution of grasping movements can be supported also by haptic information when we grasp objects held in the other hand
In the present study we investigated this sensorimotor integration process by comparing grasping movements towards objects sensed through visual
When movements were based on haptic information only
the digits closed on the object more slowly
and the final phase was more cautious compared to movements based on only visual information
the simultaneous availability of vision and haptics led to faster movements and to an overall decrease of the grip aperture
Our findings also show that each modality contributes to a different extent in different phases of the movement
with haptics being more crucial in the initial phases and vision being more important for the final on-line control
vision and haptics can be flexibly combined to optimize the execution of grasping movement
how humans perform grasping movements based on haptic input or on the combination of visual and haptic sensory inputs remains to be fully established
the maximum grip aperture of the contralateral hand consistently scales with the haptically perceived size of the object
how does grasping under haptic guidance compare to visually guided grasping
does haptic information support vision when both are available during the execution of a grasping action
haptic information may have been completely ignored and movements were planned and executed by relying on visual information alone
blending the haptic with the visual information when both are available even prior to movement start would be the best strategy to minimize the risk of misestimating the position and/or the size of an object
we compared grasping actions under haptic only
visual only or visuo-haptic guidance to further investigate the unisensory and multisensory processes in prehension
participants had full vision of the object and the workspace
vision was prevented and participants used their left hand to continuously feel the object that was the target of the grasping action performed with their right hand
participants could make use of both visual and haptic information throughout the movement
the object that was the target of the grasping action was the exact same object that the participants felt with the other hand
To understand how unisensory and multisensory information is used to plan and execute grasping movements we have monitored the movements of the hand and the digits as the reach and grasp unfolded throughout the entire movement trajectory instead of relying only on specific kinematic markers (maximum grip aperture
There are important advantages of this approach
movements that are indistinguishable in terms of kinematic markers might turn out to fundamentally differ in other important aspects
the relative role of visual and haptic information in multisensory integration is not necessarily fixed and might instead dynamically develop along the movement
We tested a sample of 20 participants (10 male
recruited at New York University Abu Dhabi
All had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no known history of neurological disorders
All the participants were naïve to the purpose of the experiment and were provided with a subsistence allowance
The experiment was undertaken with the understanding and written informed consent of each participant and experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of New York University Abu Dhabi in compliance with the Code of Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki)
Experimental setup: top view of the subject’s start (a) and end (b) positions
A pair of occlusion goggles (Red Scientific
USA) was used to prevent vision of the workspace in the haptic condition and between trials
65 dB of intensity was used to signal the start of the trial
while another one of 600 Hz with the same length and intensity to signal its end
thumb and wrist movements were acquired on-line at 200 Hz with sub-millimeter resolution by using an Optotrak Certus system (Northern Digital Inc.
Markers were attached on the first phalanx of the thumb and index digit onto the
The Optotrak system and the occlusion goggles were both controlled by a custom Matlab program
Participants sat comfortably in front of the table, with the center of their torso positioned between the object, located on their left side, and the home position, located on their right side (Fig. 1a)
Participants were required to perform a precision grip with their right thumb and index digit along the y-axis of the stimulus in three different conditions: Visual (V): Participants were allowed to see the object (goggles open); Haptic (H): Vision was prevented
participants were allowed to touch the object along its y-axis with the left hand (goggles closed); Visuo-haptic (VH): Participants were allowed to both see and touch the object (goggles open)
All the trials started with the participants’ thumb and index digit of the right hand positioned on the home position (Fig. 1a)
the left hand positioned on the left side of the object (at a comfortable distance) and the shutter goggles closed
Before each trial the object was set to the appropriate size (5 cm or 6 cm)
the experimenter signaled to the participants to touch the object with their left hand (i.e.
sense its size and position by means of tactile and proprioceptive feedback) while shutter goggles remained closed
the goggles turned transparent to enable the participant to see the object
the participants had to touch the object with their left hand and the goggles turned transparent
Representation of the task under Haptic
The grasping action was always performed with the right hand
In H and VH participants were already holding the object with their left hand before the start of the grasping action
three different configurations of the cube’s sides were used: one where both the expandable sides were in
one where the thumb side was slid out and one where the index digit side was slid out
All the analyses will consider the latter two configurations in which the object was of the same size (6 cm)
These data were collapsed for all further analyses
Each modality condition was recorded in a separate block of trials
The order of these blocks was randomized across participants
while sides configurations were randomized within each modality
We ran ten trials for each configuration which led to a total of 90 trials per participant (30 for each modality)
a training session was performed in which ten trials were run in each modality to accustom the participants with the task
Trials in which the end of the movement was not captured correctly or the missing marker samples could not be reconstructed using interpolation were discarded from further analysis
The vast majority of the trials with missing marker samples was among the same four participants
The exclusion of these participants left us with 960 trials from which another 61 trials had to be removed from further analysis
Average performance in terms of (a) movement duration, (b) maximum grip aperture, (c) maximum wrist velocity, (d) maximum wrist deceleration, in the haptic (H), visual (V), and visuo-haptic (VH) conditions. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.
Top view of the average thumb and index digit trajectories in the three conditions
The lines on the top represent the trajectories of the index digit
the lines on the bottom represent the trajectories of the thumb
V and VH modalities are represented respectively in light green
Triangles represent the position along the trajectory where participants reached the MVW
The vertical position of the symbols coincides with the midpoint between the thumb and index digit positions
The pMGA of the V condition is not visible
For each kinematic variable we performed a repeated measures ANOVA considering as within factor the three modalities: Visual
Bonferroni correction was applied to the follow-up pair-wise comparisons
thumb and index digit trajectory was resampled in 201 points evenly spaced along the three-dimensional trajectory in the range from 0 (movement onset) to 1 (movement end) in 0.005 steps using cubic spline interpolation
Grip aperture and wrist velocity were then determined at each step of the space-normalized trajectories. To investigate the unfolding of the grip aperture and the wrist velocity between modalities (H-V, VH-V, and VH-H) we ran a Bonferroni corrected paired t-tests at each step of the space-normalized trajectories (Fig. 5).
Average (a) grip aperture and (b) wrist velocity in the H
V and VH conditions along the space-normalized trajectory
Shaded horizontal bars below each panel represent the evolution of the p-value along the trajectory for each comparison
this movement rapidity did not hinder performance
the MGA reduction suggests that the joint visuo-haptic information actually optimized grasping movements
The above analyses did not show striking differences between the H and V modalities. However, based on this evidence we cannot conclude that the actions were actually performed in a similar fashion. In fact, the analysis of pMGA and pMWD showed that the MGA and MWD occurred earlier along the movement in H compared to V and VH (Fig. 4)
the kinematic peaks in V and VH occurred in virtually the same portions of the movement
It is clear that the available sensory information directly determined the planning and execution of grasping movements
To investigate these distinctions more thoroughly we proceeded with a series of analyses that take into account the grip aperture and the wrist velocity along the whole unfolding of the movement (i.e.
The haptic modality thus seems to have an important role in action guidance in the early stages of the action
whereas vision takes control in the later stages
when the hand is in the object’s proximity
the wrist velocity in V was significantly lower than in VH from the 7% to the 10.5%
and a second time from the 75% to the 95% of the trajectory (5b
as we have found in the grip aperture analysis
our data suggest that vision plays a very relevant role in the final phases of the movement
the faster movement in VH compared to V supports the idea that visual and haptic information is combined to accomplish the grasping action in the most efficient way
The aims of the present study were twofold
we compared grasping movements toward an object that was only seen (visual input) and toward an object that was continuously felt by the other non-grasping hand (haptic input based on both proprioception and touch) to unravel the differences and the similarities between these grasping categories
we tested whether the motor system makes use of the multisensory information when grasping movements are under both haptic and visual guidance
Our results show that grasping movements under haptic or visual guidance share some similarities but also exhibit some critical differences
the combined visuo-haptic information optimizes grasping by speeding up the movement and
by reducing the grip aperture that is necessary to successfully grasp the object
even though the haptic on-line feedback from the non-grasping hand was potentially available
From this we may infer that haptic information about either the size or the position of the object
is less reliable than in vision and it thus promotes a different grasping behavior
participants in our study could see that their left hand was holding the object while performing the reach-to-grasp action with the right hand
thus making it obvious that what they were feeling was the same object that they were looking at
two signals supply us with independent haptic information
The fingers enclosing the object provide information about the object size
the flexion-extension of the arm provides information about the position of the object
the visual and haptic signals could be integrated in several ways to plan the grasping action
the haptic position estimate would be integrated with the visual position estimate to promote a better visual size estimate which
would be integrated with the haptic size estimate
the estimate of distance would be based only on vision and thus only the haptic size estimate would be integrated with the visual size estimate
only the haptic and visual distance estimates would be integrated to provide a multisensory distance estimate used to scale the visual size information
the sensory feedback from the visual and haptic modalities needs to be integrated also in real-time along the movement trajectory
The current data do not allow to distinguish between these scenarios and they will thus needed to be addressed in future studies
we showed that the simultaneous availability of both visual and haptic information of the target object substantially improves reach-to-grasp actions
the nervous system combines visual and haptic information to optimize movement execution
The authors can make the data available upon request
The Neural and Behavioural Organization of Goal-Directed Movements (Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press
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Gradual molding of the hand to object contours
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Visual illusions affect planning but not control
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How humans combine simultaneous proprioceptive and visual position information
When feeling is more important than seeing in sensorimotor adaptation
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Matching locations is not just matching sensory representations
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Contribution of visual and proprioceptive information to the precision of reaching movements
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Differential effects of delay upon visually and haptically guided grasping and perceptual judgments
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Coordination between the transport and the grasp components during prehension movements
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Manual discrimination and identification of length by the finger-span method
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conducted the experiment and analyzed the data
designed the experiment and wrote the manuscript
The authors declare no competing interests
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Abu Dhabi: A group of six athletes based in Abu Dhabi smashed the Guinness World Records (GWR) title for most chest to ground burpees in 24 hours
the team managed to double that with 12,502 burpees in the same allocated time," GWR said in a statement on Sunday to Emirates News Agency (WAM)
a serial Guinness World Records record-breaker
super-fit trainer and mom of three; Ivan Camponogara
a researcher in human movement science; Daniel Gill
assistant director of wellness at a UAE-based university; Tereza Petrovicova
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The thing that I try to preach and practice each day is to encourage women to explore their potential."
As this period of training is different but nonetheless valuable
the team was trying to make the most of unusual circumstances
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I take on each adversity with a determined mindset and a will to succeed," said Ivan Camponogara
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senior marketing manager at GWR’s MENA office said
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they adapted quickly to our newly launched Remote Adjudication service
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Our job is to inspire and encourage brands and individuals to celebrate their achievements wherever they are."
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but it can be a better normal," added Anna Erdi
who also celebrated graduation with a psychology degree
Clarke has just added another world record to her total of 12 including most pull-ups in one hour (female)
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as well as most burpees in 24 hours (female)
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