Murrow Center for Global Diplomacy proudly hosted a timely event featuring Carlo Capua to explore the role of citizen diplomacy in fostering global understanding and cooperation a longtime advocate for public diplomacy and international collaboration specifically within the Asia-Pacific Region led a thought-provoking discussion on the enduring importance of soft power in today’s complex global landscape His virtual visit provided the opportunity for students to engage with someone at the forefront of grassroots diplomacy where everyday citizens become ambassadors of goodwill Sister Cities International was envisioned as a people-to-people movement designed to build global partnerships that foster peace through mutual respect and cooperation—one individual and one community at a time especially in an era where local connections can have a global impact Capua shared personal stories from his work in the Asia-Pacific region where he has helped shape citizen-led initiatives that foster economic development emphasizing the unique power of individual and community-level relationships in advancing global cooperation particularly in times of tension or transition Sister Cities International continues to be a force for connection linking more than 400 members with 1,800+ partnerships in over 140 countries around the world From community development collaborations to youth exchanges and trade delegations the organization stands as a testament to the enduring belief that diplomacy doesn’t belong solely to diplomats The Murrow Center is honored to have hosted Carlo Capua for this meaningful exchange His visit underscored the relevance of public diplomacy in shaping a more interconnected and peaceful world—and inspired a new generation of students and practitioners to see themselves as global citizens capable of making a difference For more on Sister Cities International and how to get involved, visit sistercities.org chief of strategy and innovation for the city of Fort Worth has been appointed national chair of Sister Cities International’s new board of directors Capua will serve a two-year term on the 26-member board focusing on Japan and Pacific Island relations Capua’s involvement with Sister Cities goes back to his participation in a youth leadership academy at age 14 The experience motivated him to study Japanese at TCU and to teach English in Japan and Mexico for seven years Capua recently completed a master’s in international relations at Harvard University "Carlo is the embodiment of Sister Cities," said Fort Worth Mayor Mattie Parker in a statement "He brings an enthusiasm for all things international that has expanded the global footprint of not only our city but our entire region all while serving as a leader in Fort Worth as it continues its climb as one of the fastest-growing cities in the country." Capua also serves as the city's protocol officer His work includes various projects to tie Fort Worth to the rest of the world through collaboration Capua will succeed Peter Svarzbein of El Paso as chair Capua’s appointment to the board will ensure Fort Worth’s representation amongst the world’s leaders in cultural collaboration He anticipates bringing 250 global leaders to Fort Worth for the Sister Cities International Annual Business Meeting in Summer 2025 is the world's oldest and largest volunteer network of citizen diplomats SCI connects over 400 member communities with more than 2,000 partnerships in more than 140 countries and cultural understanding through people-to-people relationships either observed and verified firsthand by the reporter or reported and verified from knowledgeable sources Translations may contain inaccuracies—please refer to the original content Ilaria Capua flopped onto the couch of her brother's apartment in Rome every cusp on her narrow face pleated in distress She dreaded having to return to the parliamentary session after lunch and wondered whether it was worth the trouble had taken a leave of absence as the director of the Division of Biomedical Science at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe) in Padua Capua was known as the Influenza Diva for her work developing a tool for differentiating between infected and vaccinated birds during two devastating avian flu outbreaks Capua wanted to use her newfound platform to combat the country's uneasy relationship with science In her inbox was an email from a journalist at L'Espresso who wanted to know something about bird flu She was well known for wanting to put genetic data about bird flu strains into the public domain to speed up the development of vaccines and treatments Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Ebola information sharing led to the quick development of viable treatments She had already spoken with a prosecutor in 2007 about something like this The outbreak had sickened birds and at least seven poultry farmers Capua was eager to speak about her thoughts on furthering open science on Italy's "brain drain" and mass exodus of researchers and their research funds (too much red tape at home) and on a number of initiatives she had planned to announce before the coming general elections She got on the phone and the reporter was instantly interrogatory "I'm writing a piece about illegal trafficking of viruses and vaccines," he said Capua's vision sharpened and the world around her shrunk "There is an investigation into the illegal trafficking of vaccines and viruses," he said "and you are involved." The phone then went silent The story that was eventually published had all the ingredients of a biothriller: Scientists who trafficked in potentially dangerous viruses Company executives who produced and sold an illegal animal vaccine Corrupt government officials turning a blind eye The Italian police report alleged that between 2000 and 2008 a "criminal organization" of more than 40 people colluded to profit financially from Italy's fight with avian influenza—and possibly even helped spread the disease unpublished but obtained by Newsweek along with 1,300 pages of subsequent court documents was the culmination of a 10-year investigation by the Italian Carabinieri The report detailed myriad transactions that included the two previous bird flu outbreaks in which vaccines were allegedly illegally imported into the country and virus cultures were distributed among researchers without official approval the report alleged that Capua and her colleagues were seeking to make a profit off the vaccines being developed to stop an outbreak they had created was implicated in the case and the Italian military police began tapping his phone European Union regulations forbade the use of vaccines to bring avian influenza outbreaks under control because vaccinated poultry can spread the virus without getting sick outbreaks are usually stamped out by culling infected flocks though Capua's technique would make it possible to vaccinate some birds in advance to prevent the mass cullings The report said that Capua was responsible for "attempted epidemics": that she had worked alongside the pharmaceutical giant Merial and ignored the rules by producing an illegal vaccine against H7N1 in 2000 and selling it to Italian farmers eager to save their flocks Police caught veterinarians administering the unregistered vaccine at a farm in Bagnolo di Sogliano al Rubicone The report quotes a wire-tapped phone conversation asked a colleague "Did we buy it?" apparently referring to the deactivated virus to be used for vaccine development as we did with all the strains we bought from her." Candoli and his colleague were talking about Capua would go into their own "quarantine" for years as the prosecutor sat on the case But she knew sharing deactivated viruses wasn't wrong the virus strains the Carabinieri mentioned in their report were all wrong Eventually the charges were dropped because of Italy's strict statute of limitations and because a judge felt the Carabinieri had "built up accusations that are totally unfounded," and were "difficult to understand." That didn't matter That's what they tried to do," Capua told me "Any one of the doctors now working on COVID could get involved in [a similar investigation]." She warned her cautionary tale went beyond the current pandemic for as yet undiscovered coronaviruses and other infectious diseases Capua's story and the race to find a coronavirus vaccine both illustrate how important open science is either because the science is misunderstood—or because people are actually acting outside the contours of the law The advent of the scientific journal can be dated to the Royal Society founded in the 1660s as a learned society with the motto "take nobody's word for it." The open science movement similar to the open source movement in technology that offers software and hardware specifications in a shared forum of transparency enabled scientists and gave thinkers a basic tenant: the open dissemination of information which would be open to question All results in the field of science must be repeatable And the myriad scientific publications of today including preprint servers which offer medical research before that research is peer-reviewed have furthered that centuries-old idea of openness as the scientific community began operating in closed parameters are kept secret for fear of duplication and lost revenues Giving full access to something for free was the antithesis of early and late capitalism And competition over who might create the next mass vaccine or scientific discovery meant security of information prohibited the open sharing of calculations analysis and simulations to the scientific community and the general public they go to the highest bidder—that would be terrible for the world," Melinda Gates supports health research to the tune of billions in charitable donations And that's why it's got to take global cooperation." She was addressing the fear that President Donald Trump might turn the race to a vaccine into a contest that "America First" would incite death and facilitate the spread of the virus Despite early efforts by Trump to secure exclusive "U.S only" access to a COVID-19 vaccine developed by CureVac the scientific community is witnessing an unprecedented moment in open science throughout the global coronavirus pandemic where the virus is thought to have originated released the complete genome of the virus on January 10 the blueprint touched off a wave of analyses and studies director of the Gladstone Institute of Virology in San Francisco compared the current outbreak to the 1980s when AIDS was still new and unstudied What's fundamentally different now is that we have generated this community of collaboration and data-sharing Anything on deadline is bound to be rushed hang in the balance there are certain to be errors Open science allows for those errors to be a springboard to improvements and fewer mistakes by all But sometimes those mistakes need to be reviewed Capua found herself in the Italian judiciary's crosshairs (The journalist who first published court documents about the case and who initially provided Newsweek with partial copies of the court documents did not make himself available for a follow-up interview.) to begin work at the University of Florida in the summer or 2016 she had been in Florida for less than three weeks and felt the pull of home questions unanswered as the prosecutors handled her case She found it difficult to get a social security card which she needed before getting her campus identification busying herself with the dishwasher and setting place mats atop the breakfast table The former secretary general of the Ministry of Health in Italy told me that he and several on his team were suspended The labs where the viruses were tested were part of the investigation according to the World Health Organization The sharing of viruses facilitates pandemic risk assessment the development of candidate vaccine viruses updating of diagnostic reagents and test kits and surveillance for resistance to antiviral medicines." While Capua wasn't managing a global pandemic she was managing the local spread of avian flu She told me her case was a petri dish for what might follow in the wake of coronavirus "You realize this investigation into how the pandemic was managed could cripple the country," she said the judge citing factual disparities in the case as the virus the prosecutor had said was spread by the scientists was not the one that impacted the avian flocks in the north The statute of limitations had also long expired An investigation was opened into the prosecutor of the case but he retired shortly after and no action was taken against him A superior at the University of Florida in Gainesville confirmed the prosecutor and Carabinieri had mixed up the viruses in the case there is pervasive fear about making a misstep and facing a similar fallout one that friends of Capua feel risks happening again is always possible because we have many obscure and contradictory laws," said Carlo Nordio who spent his career at the District Attorney's office in Venice and was familiar with the case because if a pupil gets infected with COVID-19 they could be investigated." with guidelines ensuring that the practice is conducted safely but there have been recent charges brought in America which underscore the need for the type of scrutiny faced by Capua and her colleagues at Boston's Logan International Airport and charged by criminal complaint with attempting to smuggle 21 vials of biological research to China and a National Institutes of Health and Department of Defense grant recipient who was under contract from the lab in Wuhan tasked with researching viruses like Covid-19.) The arrest comes a year after vials containing SARS and MERS were seized by U.S Customs and Border Protection agents at the Detroit Metro Airport Capua is still a recurring feature in the European media for her calls to rein in government encroachment on data and science sharing she is now working with the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Switzerland to develop an open access archive dedicated to COVID-19 where real time data from hospitals and healthcare providers can be viewed alongside available pollution a fuller picture of the outbreak and how it spreads She hopes that database will be the foundation to develop similar tools for open science Capua published the digital version of her book Circular Health: Empowering the One Health Revolution a conversation with an Italian journalist on rethinking the way healthcare is managed around the world Capua told me that she hoped Circular Health would be a methodology that might help rebuild the world post-COVID-19 "It's about starting to think in a different way And the pandemic has accelerated that need." She still seeks acknowledgement from the Italian government hoping they'll own their mistake and clear her name From our various discussions over the last several months it was apparent that what happened had been like a cardiac arrest to her ontological security about the case) described this feeling of unexpected prosecution and the devastation that it wrought with the remove of a medical writer hoping to take a closed circuit industry and make it accessible to all paradoxical characteristic: you tend to think about it when it's not there; you appreciate it most when it's gone." Alessio Perrone contributed reporting from Milan Newsweek is committed to challenging conventional wisdom and finding connections in the search for common ground Newsletters in your inbox See all a world leading Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) and generics supplier announced today the acquisition of Capua BioServices S.p.A. a global provider of CDMO services in the field of microbial fermentation as part of a continuing expansion of its global footprint      (Logo: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/813568/Olon_SpA_Logo.jpg )      (Logo: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/777068/Capua_Logo.jpg ) Olon will have the opportunity to accelerate growth by adding new CDMO projects and to be recognized as European Leader in the CDMO of microbial fermentation (total fermentation capacity of 4.500 m3) It comes with a world-class manufacturing facility and a dedicated team of experts that will support us in delivering high-quality services that meet or exceed customer expectations "Following the acquisition of Ricerca Biosciences' Chemical Division in mid-2017 and the manufacturing site in Mahad (India) announced in Q3 2018 with closing in Q1 2019 we have now completed a further step in our strategic plan With this acquisition Olon has successfully finalized his 3 years' development plan." Capua BioServices is a global provider of high-quality services in the field of custom microbial process development and manufacturing Capua BioServices offers dedicated solutions for proteins specialty small molecules and microorganisms for applications in pharma The site is beta-lactam free with a total fermentation capacity of about 1.400 m3 nearby Naples (South of Italy) with approximately 230 employees the company has built a track record based on extensive experience in working with a variety of bacterial No impact on jobs is planned and Olon intends to invest in the site and pursue business development opportunities to optimize the plant's utilization and expand its customer base OLON is an Italian company leader in the production of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) via synthesis and biological processes for the generic market and for contract development and manufacturing (CDMO) requirements Complementary to our activities is the Dossier Unit whose team of dedicated professionals work on the development of the Finished Drug Formulations (FDFs) and the preparation of the Common Technical Documents (CTD) dossier with more than 250 APIs (31 under CMO) for the Generic market and 33 chemical intermediates (under CMO) Olon is holder of about 130 active US DMFs and 50 granted CoS and is able to handle several particular process technologies of which 200 alone are in the specialized R&D team Olon offers complete integrated packages and services to support  full development of APIs based on strong knowledge in both Chemical and Biological process all in full cGMPs and with  regulatory coverage Olon has 10 manufacturing facilities - 7 located in Northern Italy all  compliant with international requirements and 3 branch offices in  Hamburg (Germany) Florham Park NJ (USA) and Shanghai (China)   The manufacturing sites are regularly inspected by the most important national and international Authorities and regularly audited by our partners and customers The facilities are FDA-inspected and self-identified under GDUFA In addition to pharmaceutical certifications Olon has dedicated areas for food-grade manufacturing and complies with Kosher Mrs. Elena Barboni Tel.: +39-02-9523-5208 - E-mail: [email protected] Do not sell or share my personal information: Prophecy in its multifaceted aspects will be the topic of the 2024 Symposium in Capua In the ancient Greek and Roman world prophecies influenced the course of history or failed to be influential and at least in historical and political discourses or not believing prophecy recurs as a theme in many famous literary and historical accounts ranging from Cassandra in the Trojan War and in Aeschylus’s Agamemnon Croesus causing a mighty empire to fall when he made war on the Persians the foretold death of Cambyses in Ecbatana (Syria the Theban quest for revenge on Athens (Hdt Athenians trusting in wooden walls against Xerxes (while a few fortified the Acropolis with a wooden wall) the people of Velletrae receiving an oracle that one of their citizens would rule the world so they repeatedly fought Rome and lost centuries before Augustus was born (Suet Father Liber and Nigidius Figulus on separate occasions telling Gaius Octavius (pr 62) that his son would rule the world (Suet Celaeno foretelling to the Trojans that hunger would force them to devour their very tables in Italy (Aen Delphi warning Nero to beware of the 73rd year (Suet to the false and real prophecies of Alexander the Quack-Prophet in Lucian of Samosata and so on.  The emotional and tragic style in history writing delighted in exploiting prophecies and in the expectation of their fulfillment.  Thucydides and Polybius argued against such an historical style although it was extremely popular among readers and had its first great model in the Histories of Herodotus (see Croesus but also how the Heraclids should have vengeance on the Mermnadae in five generations in Lydia Chilon of Lacedaemon warning Peisistratus’s father not to have a son The Delphic Oracle (1978) says that most surviving Delphic oracles were straightforward but Herodotus has distorted how we think of them.  Many true prophecies are known and numerous historians concocted detailed prophecies pretending that they were uttered before the events such as the many signs pointing to Augustus and later to Vespasian as rulers of Rome The stories of vague and ambiguous prophecies open to different or even antithetic interpretations are better known.  And some were unclear in order to give the oracle an escapeway in case of a mistake.   and literature generously deal with prophecies at some turning points of history or literary plots The Roman authors followed both the Greek model of “dramatic historiography” and that of “factual historiography” by giving different roles to prophecies The Romans and Italic peoples had a different approach to prophecy They resorted rarely to famous Greek oracles based on lot by means of knucklebones and collection of short oracular texts just called sortes The libri Sibyllini were often consulted in Rome to obtain pieces of advice by Apollo The sortes Praenestinae were extremely famous but almost every city in Italy had its own collection of sortes We know little of the content of these little prophetic texts and the few preserved sortes are mostly ambiguous and simple pieces of advice The task of interpreting these divine answers fell on experts and priests such as the Roman decemviri sacris faciundis.  unveiled the process of creation of an oracle by a clever man which investigates the creation and spreading of fictitious oracles The Roman government once organized a meticulous study of the Sybilline Books to cast out spurious prophecies.  Phlegon of Tralles collected oracles and prophecies set up in the Hadrianic period when the reliability of oracles was discussed and questioned tried to restore the status of many of the oracles of polytheist Greece and Rome which had been persecuted under his immediate predecessors.  Prophecy was a major attribute of the god Apollo in both Greece and Italy.  Many events in history and mythology hinged upon a consultation with the gods to obtain a favorable prophecy governing personal or political decisions.  In the Iliad many characters are able to prophesy the destruction of Troy or but several fail to foretell their own deaths in the Trojan War even as they warn their comrades of their demise (starting with Merops and his sons Adrastus and Amphius 2.830 ff.).  Some prophecies fail to come true.  Cornelius Lentulus heard that three Cornelii would rule Rome and expected to be the third   Hadrian executed two possible rivals “fated to be emperor” (HSA Hadr 23.2).  Was Apollo at fault here for failing to prophesy the future correctly or did mankind find a way to foil destiny?  Some other unlikely individuals rose to power such as Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse (a penniless but talented wretch) and Vespasian (both younger brothers).  Hermes first told Circe that Odysseus would prove immune to her magic tricks and then intervened to give his great-grandson moly (mandrake) with which he invalidated Circe’s spells.  Tiberius had heard the prophecy that Galba would rule Rome in his old age but decided not to execute him because it would happen long after Tiberius had died.  Did Apollo change Tiberius’s mind to ensure the validity of his own prophecy In many stories in epic literature and mythology hearing a prophecy about parricide or an overthrow an individual tried to change the future by exposing an infant.  The child always survives to fulfill the prophecy (Acrisius and these prophecies changed history every time.  In literature exposing a newborn never works; in real life a bear or wolf almost always eats the baby.  How do infants of prophecy beat the odds?  We are curious to hear your thoughts on prophecies that changed the story (mythological or literary) if fictional or history if it was real.  This year we will entertain topics pertinent only to the Greeks and peoples that have important relationships with them.  The conference proceedings will be published hopefully in 2025.  For those who are unable to come to Italy The Symposium 2024 will meet in Santa Maria Capua Vetere at L'Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli and may include one session in Caserta either in the royal palace or in a seat of the University.  Excursions will be organized to visit sites in and near Santa Maria Capua Vetere.  Capua is an important archaeological and historical site where an amphitheater and an ancient gate (the Arch of Hadrian) are located An interesting museum is in Caserta and another two in Capua Very near are a large range of other Roman sites: Nola is 29 km away; Herculaneum 40 km away 15 April 2024 midnight CA time.  Please send abstracts in English by 31 March so that we can figure out if we have enough participants to add June 10 for more papers All conference papers will be read in English.  If you need help translating into English Gaius and Patricia will help you translate (for free) before the conference.  Please do not wait until the last minute to take advantage of this offer.  Publications in English now reach a wider audience than in any other language.  Therefore it is wise to publish in English.  Please feel free to contact the organizers with questions.   You can fly into Naples or Rome and take a bus or train to a SMCV.  Trains from the Naples airport are about 1 hr 10 min with one change of lines.  From the Fiumicino airport one must ride to Termini and change trains to go to SMCV the journey is about 2 ½ hrs if one takes the faster train to Termini and many of the collected papers have been published by Acta Antiqua in Hungary.  Before that they were "Symposia Cumana--held at the Villa Vergiliana for the Vergilian Society.  Now we move around Europe--hence the name "Peregrina."  Many of the earlier collections were also published in Acta Antiqua 2. Davide S. Amore, “The Origins of the Norsemen According to the Graeco-RomanSources”davideamore@icsdannunziomotta.it    I.C D'Annunzio" SISRThe Norsemen have been a source of fascination and mystery for centuries Their origins and early history have been the subject of much debate and numerous theories attempt to explain their cultural and ethnic roots one of the most influential sources of information on the Norsemen provides valuable insights into the perceptions and attitudes of these seafaring warriors in the ancient world Greek and Roman sources regarded the Norsemen as a mysterious and terrifying people known for their brutal raids and conquests along the coastlines of Europe and the Mediterranean these sources also provide valuable information on the cultural and ethnic origins of the Norsemen One of the earliest accounts of the Norsemen comes from Herodotus a group of nomadic warriors who inhabited the region near the Black Sea Although the identity of the Scythians and the Norsemen is still a matter of debate some scholars believe they have found many similarities between the two groups Tacitus also wrote about the Germanic tribes in his famous Germania He provides a comprehensive overview of the customs and beliefs of the Germanic tribes and offers valuable insights into their cultural and ethnic origins and mentions the importance of shipbuilding and seafaring in their lives While much of the information contained in Greek and Roman sources must be approached with caution they remain an important part of the historical record providing valuable insights into one of the most fascinating and mysterious peoples of the ancient world 3. Vincenzo Bellelli – Carmine Pellegrino, “To be Etruscan in Campania”vincenzo.bellelli@cultura.gov.it; cpellegrino@unisa.it Parco Archeologico di Cerveteri e Tarquinia        ZoomThe written sources record the domination of the Etruscans over a large part of Campania the area between the Campanian plain and the Sarno river Valley and the Agro Picentino in the Gulf of Salerno Ancient authors refer to the period between the sixth and the first half of the fifth century BCE as also suggested by the diffusion of Etruscan writing and bucchero pottery in this phase.Our lecture intends to verify origin and nature of this Etruscan presence in the region Recent studies have reduced the importance of migratory and colonization movements in the “Etruscanization” of the archaic period (the so-called “second colonization”) They have enhanced the political and cultural dimension of the phenomenon and the relationship with the urban structuring process of the local communities the Etruscan paradigm has characterized Pontecagnano since the restructuring of the settlement in the last quarter of the eighth century BCE coming above all from the Hirpinian hinterland were integrated into the new political community the inscriptions testify to the use of the Etruscan language and the most important aristocratic group gets its gentilic name (Rasunie) from the Etruscan autonym Rasna.The development of Pontecagnano in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods allows us to go back to the “Villanovan” origin of the center and more generally to reflect on the presence of the Villanovan facies in the region 4. Ennio Biondi, “Origines Scythorum, the Origin of the Scythians”enniobiondi@hotmail.it  Università di Catania     ZoomHerodotus 4.5-7 discusses the Origines Scythorum relating a tale with very complex features Our paper aims to search for meanings in the light of the Scytho- Iranian origin of the tale but also according to the perception that Herodotus had about these traditions with which he came into contact while studying the Scythian civilization has various parallels in the Indo-European world probably connected with the Indo-Iranian trifunctional division of the society into sacred priests Other symbols of the story recall Iranian royal ideology It is also uncertain whether there is a link between the three lineages and the geographical division of the Scythians into farmers The story told by Herodotus reflects the dynamics between the various Scythian tribes in the moment in which struggles took place for the domination of large regions around the Dnieper River 5. Alain Blomart, “Origins of Rome and Republican Religious Topography: Palatine versusAventine”alaingfb@blanquerna.url.edu    Ramon Llull University (Blanquerna – FPCEE) SpainI will reflect on the symbolism of their topography of the temples of the Palatine and Aventine - two hills related to the origins of Rome and I will explore the ideology that can be identified behind the divinities of these temples Identifying values divinised or personified by these cults will allow us to understand the Roman ideology because they refer to the earliest times in Rome to its struggles of power (social conflicts of the beginning of the Republic political conflicts with peripheral people [Latin to its ideology of people coming from abroad and of conquering people etc).I will conduct a historical and anthropological analysis of the Republican temples classified chronologically: on the one hand aristocratic hill in contrast to the southern were the Palatine and the Aventine metaphors for conflict between city and periphery (which would explain the exclusion of Aventine out of the pomerium [the religious border of central Rome] at the Republic time but also an opposition between aristocratic and plebeian power 6. Lorenzo Boragno, “Origins (and teleology) of a Troublemaker: Maximinus Thrax.”lorenzo.boragno@gmail.com     École Française de RomeThe emperor Maximinus Thrax reigned in a turbulent era at the beginning of a complex and rather obscure period He rose through the ranks under Septimius Severus to usurp the imperial power by killing the last member of the dynasty of which he was for long a stalwart champion His three-year reign (235-38 AD) began troublesome age: after his and his son’s tragic death the empire plunged in a period of difficult wars and military defeats From a contemporary perspective the problems that plagued the Empire during the 3 rd century AD were rooted in Rome’s golden past Maximinus represented a true turning point and the cause of a true crisis.Ancient historiography investigated causes and consequences seeking to understand from where or when evil entered the scene while moderns might examine the ethnic origins of Maximinus some ancient historians neglected completely the topic or rather focused on his social background.I will examine these ancient historiographical narratives highlighting in particular their deep teleological structures As facts were carefully chosen and interpreted under the light of a moment in the “future past,” the ethnic element assumed dramatic role in historiographical narratives Ethnic or social origins were therefore presented both to explains a series of events as positive or negative stereotypes provided interpretative coordinates to shed light on personal or political motivations even as foreshadowing of much larger phenomena Focusing simultaneously on the teleological structures of ancient narratives and on the intertextual dialogue between authors from different times and with different agendas the present contribution aims to shed light on how causes origins and the “future past” were intertwined in ancient historiography.Maximinus “Thrax” stands therefore as a perfect case study or cause the “Military  Anarchy?” Looking more closely at the origins of Maximinus may perhaps help to understand the origins of this historiographic problem 7. Nicoletta Bruno, “Archaiologíai, Origines, Antiquitates: Ancient History andAntiquarian Literature”nicoletta.bruno@wiko-greifswald.de    Alfried Krupp Wissenschaftskolleg Greifswald GermanyArchaiología was the Greek term for ‘antiquarian lore’ as distinguished from political and military ‘history’ Varro’s Latin translation Antiquitates became the familiar expression for this branch of indispensable knowledge depreciated or overestimated at later times Archaiología and antiquitas both mean ‘knowledge concerning the very ancient past.’ Arnaldo Momigliano pointed out that the main difference between historiographical work and antiquarian work was the diachronic vs This clear-cut distinction between the ancient antiquary is substantially correct but oversimplifies it Varro’s Antiquitates rerum divinarum et humanarum was considered a work of antiquarian literature but too little is known of this highly fragmentary work for us to determine Varro’s diachronic approach to history (Herklotz 2007) scarcely used in Republican and early Imperial Latin means ‘one who appreciates archaic style and language’ (Tac a meaning curiously similar to the verb ἀρχαιολογέω Origines also can be associated with the Greek archaiologiai: linear chronological history and a description of customs and institutions can be encountered in Cato’s Origines.Clarke 2008 and Thomas 2019 have substantially revisited Felix Jacoby’s reconstruction of the development of historiography Chaniotis 1988 and Thomas 2019 compiled substantial evidence from the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE about honors (honorary inscriptions) for historiographers as they performed accounts of local history (often at festivals) an example of the local history of Rome that has come down to us intact and complete is Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Ῥωμαικὴ Ἀρχαιολογία Can we deduce that the antiquitates and the origines are local histories of Rome which contain chronological elements and what connects it with the Greek politeiai A lexicographical analysis together with a close reading of selected passage will be a starting point for a new assessment on the subject and on the definition of Archaiologíai 8. Helena Catania, “Ethnos Makedonon and Hellenikón. A Reflection on MacedonianIdentity, Self-Perception, and the Greek Point of View”helena.catane@gmail.com   Università di Messina    ZoomThe concept of ethnicity is a particularly difficult issue: scholars have exploreddifferent areas to trace the specific characteristics of ancient ethnic groups and have been given different definitions including one that understands ethnic identity as the sense of belonging to a specific group within a representation built on difference on distinctive traits used to distinguish themselves the intention is to conduct a reflection on the Macedonian ethnical religious and cultural identity and the Macedonian people’s self-perception as well as the way the Macedonians were perceived by other Greeks.For this research there are many difficulties literary and epigraphic data will be necessary to shed light on the perception that the Macedonians had of themselves and in their relationship with the Hellenikòn Of the latter Herodotus 8.144.2 gives us a precise definition identifying in the commonality of language the general criteria of the Hellenism: it will be important to try to understand if the inhabitants of Macedonia met these criteria – or tried to - or if they chose others,what they actually were.The reading of the sources on the origins of the kingdom of Macedonia and its perception in the eyes of the Greeks will also allow us to better understand the royal dynasty that will give birth to the figure of Alexander the Great bringing it to the borders of the ancient world 9. Francesca Ceci – host and co-organizerCapitoline Museumsfrancesca.ceci@comune.roma.it    (See the paper of Martini) 10. Altay Coşkun, “Aia – Dioskurias – Sebastopolis – Sukhumi: On the Foundation, Re-Foundation, and Relocation of Greek Cities in Kolchis”altay.coskun@uwaterloo.ca   Waterloo University Ontario Canada    ZoomConnecting a city’s origin with a glorious past or a mythical tradition were typical ways of bragging of certain qualities and It was not rare for the ancient Greeks to claim descent from a hero to underpin their pre-eminence among neighboring communities or to allege kinship (syngeneia) with a more powerful people whose alliance might be sought The land of ancient Kolchis along the eastern Black Sea hosted various cities that competed for the rank of successor to Aia Its famous king Aietes was the father of Medea the wife of Jason the Argonaut.The city most commonly accepted nowadays as ancient Aia is Kutaisi But I have recently tried to show that the location of mythical Aia began to be envisioned in the eastern Black Sea region as a result of the Milesian colonization of the area in the 6 th century BCE The first Greek city or emporion bragging its settlement in or by Aia was likely Dioskurias; Strabo 11.2.16.497–98C situates this ‘in the recess of the Euxine,’ which I identify with the Ochamchire area Roman Sebastopolis claimed to be the successor to Dioskurias Since Pliny NH 6.5.14–15 locates it at a distance of some 75 miles from Dioskurias Sebastopolis was likely to be found at Skurcha by the Kodori river.This contradicts the common opinion which locates Dioskurias and Sebastopolis at Sukhumi further to the West The earliest evidence for this is that the bishop of Sukhumi called himself “the bishop of Sebastopolis” by the 13 th century this title was appropriated only after Sebastopolis had ceased to exist and the title could be transferred in order to convey status within the Christian oikumene 11. Salvatore Costanza, “Polyphemus, Galatea and the Ethnogenesis of the Illyriansand Celts.”salvicost@yahoo.it     National and Capodistrian University of Athens the Sicilian Cyclops Polyphemus and Galatea were the parents of Illyrius the ancestors of the peoples named after them This mythical story is related by second century historian Appian of Alexandria the longest extant Greek source about the Illyrian world and the Roman conquests of the Western Balkans the main source for Appian´s report is Timaeus of Tauromenium whose fragment (FGrH 566 F69) is preserved by Etymologicum Magnum This mythical aition goes back to Syracuse at the time of Dionysius I the Great it seems useful for expansionist aims of the ambitious tyrant such as Issa in the island of Lissa (Viš) and supported the Parian colony of Pharos in the island of Lèsina (Hvar) against Illyrians with the Celts employed as mercenaries by him and by his son Dionysius II the Younger interested in claiming for the kinship of such peoples with the Hellenic world Illyrians and Celts would be not merely Barbarians but they would have a syngeneia with Greeks given that their progenitors were born from the gamos of the Sicilian Cyclops with his beloved sea-nymph cultural interaction was to be envisaged on the grounds of Syracusan primacy while another story lets Illyrios be the son of Cadmus and Harmonia according to a different account of the Hellenization of the Illyrian world It is noteworthy to examine which political purposes stay behind the genealogical motif attested by Timaeus and Appian and how the mythical figure of the Cyclops was enacted to serve this claim for the preeminence of Syracuse in the East Mediterranean as literary sources allow us to understand better CyprusIn his monumental work on the Etymologiae Isidore of Seville illustrates the then known disciplines according to the conceptual model that the ultimate meaning of a name encompasses and represents the origin of what is named Chapter II of Book IX illustrates the origin of peoples’ names It constitutes a synthesis of Roman thought which had reworked the Greek concept of genos Isidore continues with a long list of peoples who would descend from Japheth he lists the peoples who would descend from the progeny of Japheth after explaining that the names of the peoples changed rationally he lists again the same or other peoples whose names clearly show an assonance with those of the mythical founders or progenitors the focus of this paper is the analysis of the names of eastern populations – such as the Indians and numerous others – among whom are also included some fabulous communities 13. Marie-Laure Freyberger, “Dio Cassius and the Origins of Rome”marie-laure.freyburger@uha.fr    Université de Haute-Alsace at the beginning of the 3 rd century AD a Roman History which was composed of 80 books and some of the next books are fragmentary (summaries or quotes of Dio’s writing) preserved by Johannes Zonaras (11 th century) and to several fragments kept by later grammarians or lawyers there is absolutely no doubt about the Trojan origins of Latium’s inhabitants.  14. Gerard Freyburger will attend but not presentgfreyb@unistra.fr Université de Strasbourg RussiaAccording to Quintus Curtius Rufus and Strabo ancient Greeks settled in Central Asia in the 5th century BC Greek migrations became more intense and led to significant changes in the ethnic situation and local cultures after Alexander the Great conquered the region (329-327 BC) Alexander annexed the East Persian satrapies - Parthia large Greek settlements and cities were founded These migrations changed the ethnic composition of the population of the region and the culture brought by the Greek settlers opened a new milestone in the history of Central Asia - Hellenism.After the death of Alexander and the collapse of his empire the Central Asian satrapies fell under the rule of the Seleucids (about 305 BC) the Hellenization process reached its culmination ensuring the dominance of the Hellenic traditions in all areas By the end of the Seleucid rule in Central Asia the Greek migrants and descendants of the early settlers have been largely integrated into the local environment and a significant part of the local population had become adherents of the Hellenic culture That is why in the middle of the 3rd century BC when the Seleucids lost most of the Central Asian territories after the capture of Central Asia by nomadic tribes (Yueji) and Persians the Hellenistic traditions retained their strength until the Arab conquest of Central Asia in the 7th-8th centuries.Despite significant cultural and religious transformations as a result of the Arab conquest of Central Asia including materials obtained during my field work in the region indicate that the events of the Hellenistic period deeply influence the ethno-cultural identity of the indigenous Muslim peoples of Central Asia 17. Vicky Győri, “An (Under)Valued Romulean Icon: The Sulcus Primigenius”victoria.gyori@kcl.ac.uk     University of Pécs Hungary     ZoomEveryone agrees that the she-wolf with the twins and the tropaeophorus figure are the most enduring images of them however – the priestly figure with a plough referring to his ritual ploughing of Rome’s sacred boundary that marked the foundation of Rome (Plutarch Livy 1.44.4) – became equally prevalent in Romulean mythology there is to date no artistic example of Romulus ploughing the sulcus primigenius (“original furrow”) and only a few reliefs of a ploughing scene in Roman art The sulcus primigenius is the most common “Roman” type (other than depictions of the Roman imperial family) found on coinage minted by Roman colonies throughout the provinces The images of the founder – usually the emperor – driving a yoke of oxen to plough the sulcus primigenius or of a plough were minted by almost every Roman colony from the Late Republic to the third century AD.What was the significance of Romulus’ sulcus primigenius ritual how and why did it become a crucial rite in the foundation of all Roman colonies Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1.88 says that Romulus’ act was the model on which Romans founded colonies throughout the provinces The urbs came into existence when it was encircled by the furrow drawn by a plough for its foundation was dependent on the plough’s tangible contact with the earth which designated the pomerium (Varro LL 5.143) the foundation of a city.So the depiction of the sulcus primigenius ritual on Roman provincial coinage is fundamental to the justification and the promotion of the Roman identity of these colonies the colony demonstrates its foundation according to mythical foundation of Rome by commemorating its “birthday” – it explicitly states it is Roman because the sulcus primigenius is a Roman urban foundation ritual the colony advertises perhaps the most Roman episode of Romulus’ life - the very moment Rome became the city of Rome when Romulus ploughed the original furrow possibly used the lost Historia Gothorum (or Historia Getarum) of Cassiodorus and also the oral recordings from living memory of the old Ostrogoth warriors and noblemen from the time and royal court of king Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy But Greek and Roman writers from the 4th - 7th centuries AD roughly from the time of Eutropius to Isidor of Seville confused (voluntarily or not) the Getae of Classical Antiquity and the Goths in Late Antiquity among.I will uncover and analyze the origin of this confusion between two distinct peoples The Northern Thracian\ Getae and the Eastern Germanic Goths had a common origin but they parted probably in the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age at the latest beginning with Eutropius and the panegyrists of Constantine the Great in the 4th century AD had vanquished the Getae on the Lower Danube In the first quarter of the 4th century AD the dominant ethnos north of the Lower Danube were already the Gothic Tervingi allied with the Sarmatian Roxolani and the Germanic Taifali and Victoali The free Dacian tribes of the Carpi were also then part of the Gothic confederacy of the Tervingi Later Roman sources equated the main ancestors of the Visigoths with the Dacian (Northern Thracian) Getae and Daci Modern historians consider this amalgamation to be largely I will argue that the idea of a lineage going back to the Daci and Getae legitimizes the Roman identification of the Getae with the Goths so it was neither pure propaganda nor devoid of any truthful substance 20. Patricia Johnston co-organizer      Zoomjohnston@brandeis.edu Brandeis University 21. Fernando Lopez Sanchez & Maria de la luz Triñanes Dieste,“The Two Tyrian Foundation Myths”fernal06@ucm.es     Complutense University of Madrid Spain     ZoomTyre had two types of foundation narratives The first type is recorded in the Dionysiaca 40.467 a late antique epic of the 5th century by Nonnus of Panopolis and relates to Tyre to Gadir (in south Spain): Ambrosial Rocks and an olive tree originally floated in the sea before they were rooted to the sea floor Tyrians seem to have adopted this narrative as their principal foundation story but also present at different times in Tyrian coinage revolves around the central theme of a swimming bull carrying Europa with her billowing veil or about a bull dead and cut off in stripes or fully alive signaling the pomerium of the new city.Tyre seems also to have employed mythical founders of Tyrian overseas settlements (oikistai) such as Dido in Carthage or Cadmus in Boeotia in order to bolster its claims as a Phoenician metropolis negotiating with native populations in distant lands which also appears to be Phoenician in origin perhaps meaning “wanderer,” Cadmus was the son of king Agenor of Tyre and Telephassa meaning perhaps “East” from the same word that gave the name of the Saracens.Unlike Tyre and Thebes each seem to have preferred different versions of the bull foundation myth followed closely the Ambrosial Rocks prototype exploring the meaning of this foundation duality is not as straightforward as it looks at first sight Coupled with literary and archaeological sources Tyrian and Phoenician coins from Lebanon to Northern Africa provide also an interesting insight into how different Phoenician communities related to Tyre and defined their mythical past under changing political circumstances 22. Francisco Marco Simón, A Celtic Ver Sacrum: the Bituriges and theFoundation of Mediolanum.marco@unizar.es     University of Zaragoza / Research Group Hiberus 34) explains the settlement of the Celts in Cisalpine Gaul through a migratory saga that he places in the time of Tarquinius Priscus because of the surplus population in his prosperous kingdom sent his nephews Belovesus and Segovesus to lead the contingents they considered appropriate to settle in the places indicated by the gods Segovesus headed for the forests of Hercynia while the gods pointed Belovesus in the direction of Italy Having helped the newly installed Phocaeans of Massilia against the Salians defeated the Etruscans at the river Ticino and founded Mediolanum the Vocontian historian Pompeius Trogo (in Justin’s Epitome 24.4.1 ff.) compares the Gallic migration to a “sacred spring;” (velut ver sacrum) in which one part of the expedition entered Italy and another which defends the historicity of the information and its consideration within an autochthonous tradition analyses the cultural keys of this Wandersage carried out by the Gallic iuventus and its specific characteristics in relation to Celtic 23. Annarita Martini and Francesca Ceci, “Images of Mythical Founders Suckled by anAnimal on Ancient Coinage and their Echo in the Carolingian World Symbolizing aNew Dynastic Kingdom”annarita.martinicarbone@gmail.com      Capitoline Museums Rome ItalySeveral humans in Greek and Roman literature and mythology were suckled by animals such as Cyrus the Great (according to Herodotus Many ancient coins show an image on the reverse referring to a mythical hero but was first exposed and then suckled by an animal that nourished him so that he then fulfills the destiny of glory that awaits him This study focuses on the representation of arguably the most famous animal as a nurse: the she-wolf that suckled Romulus and Remus This image recurs in Roman art and coinage down to the 4th century AD and even after.The image of Romulus and Remus suckled by the she-wolf became typical on Roman coins and its iconography conveyed in all the empire a fundamental political message The importance of this iconography and its value in different media remained over the centuries In the Middle Ages it was still used to affirm the foundation of a new potentate With the cultural renaissance linked to the ancient world the she-wolf experienced a revival as a symbol of power coins were minted with the image of Romulus and Remus suckled by the she-wolf and in the court of Charlemagne in Aachen a suckling she wolf dominated In both cases the suckling she-wolf represented the image of a new foundation of a dynastic kingdom 24. Attilio Mastrocinque, “Hercules, Liber Pater and the Origins of Tyre”attilio.mastrocinque@univr.it     Università di Verona Italy     co-organizerHercules and Liber Pater (Herakles and Dionysos) were called dii patrii in Leptis Magna and Cuicul They also were patron gods of Septimius Severus They were identified with two Phoenician-Punic gods The essential Greek origin of these dii patrii has been underlined by Edward Lipiński who recognized their identification with Punic gods as a secondary feature The choice of Heracles depended on the traditional identification of this god with Melqart Milk‘ashtart was probably a different name of Melqart A clue resides in the myths of Tyre and the mythic relationships between Greeks and Phoenicians could have been proud for having been homeland of these gods Herodotus testified to an early cult to Heracles in Tyre; the birthplace of this hero was Thebes Tyre and Carthage could claim priority in the cult of these outstanding gods thanks to the foundation myths of Tyre and Thebes Greece     ZoomAccording to the literary tradition and iconographic evidence most heroes who received cult worship on the Acropolis had a primeval origin and were connected with autochthony The Iliad 2.546-51 attests that Erechtheus was a son of the Earth while Apollodorus 3.14.1 speaks of the diphyes nature of Kekrops Erechtheus is depicted in the famous ‘anodoi scenes” — shown delivered by his nurse and Kekrops also is a  hybrid creature and half snake.Thucydides 1.2.5 ( τὴν γοῦν Ἀττικὴν οὖσαν ἄνθρωποι ᾤκουν οἱ αὐτοὶ αἰεί) claims the Athenians are the only autochthonous Greeks they and their mythical heroes were autochthonous Herodotus 5.72 attests that the priestess of Athena Polias told the Spartan king Kleomenes at the entry to the shrine of Athena and do not enter the holy place since it is not lawful that Dorians should pass in here.” In Herodotus’ testimony the shrine of Athena symbolizes Athenian autochthony and identity.This paper by employing and interdisciplinary approach and the identity aspects of the Athenian heroes who received cult on the Acropolis of Athens in close relation to the historical and ideological context with special emphasis on the ideology of autochthony 27. Francesco Mongelli, “The Origins of Rome from Cassius Dio to the SudaLexicon”        francesco.mongelli@uniba.it       Università di Bari one relating to the omens that had heralded the advent of Septimius Severus another relating to the civil wars of the Severan age Only after this experience the historian began the project of a “universal history” of Rome in which he started from Rome’s mythical origins Dio’s initial books are lost and we can only gain an idea of them through the fragments of indirect tradition or through the works of Byzantine historiography that to a greater or lesser extent used Dio as a source (e.g This line of the tradition reaches its synthesis in the Suda Lexicon.Among the best-known moments of Rome’s origins there is the account concerning the prodigious survival of Romulus and Remus through the intervention of the she-wolf; thanks to a quotation from Eustatius of Thessalonica we know that Dio certainly narrated the episode Byzantine historiography presents versions of the episode that differ in some respects; one of these versions also found its way into the Suda Lexicon does not present a “monographic” entry devoted to Romulus or Remus (as it does for Numa Pompilius) but recalls the contours of the episode in entry β 556 in which it discusses Romulus’ institution of the festival of Βρουμάλια This lecture tests whether the events narrated in Suda β 556 can in any way be traced back to Dio in an attempt to recover a new fragment to the early books of the historian’s work an attempt will be made to reflect on the chance that the historian’s recall of the events related to Romulus still had political significance during the Severan age 28. Josh Nudell, “The Worst Free Men in the World: A Herodotean Origin for the IonianReputation for Servitude?”jpnudell@gmail.com      Truman State University MissouriThe perceived servility of Ionians is often taken as an irrefutable fact that shapes modern interpretations of Classical Ionia this reputation was well established at least by the early second century BCE when the Seleucid King Antiochus III declared to the Romans that the Ionians were accustomed to obedience to barbarian kings and thus ought to be treated differently from the other Greeks (App the proverbial prominence of Ionia that belonged sometime in the distant past can be found in the saying “long go the Milesians were powerful” (πάλαι ποτἦσαν ἄλκιμοι Μιλήσιοι which meant “times have changed.”Herodotus 4.118–43 provides the earliest possible evidence for this reputation in his account of Darius’ Scythian expedition The Scythians responded to the Ionian decision to stick with Darius by hurling insults against the Ionians calling them “master- loving slaves” and “the worst and most cowardly” free men (Hdt Samons declares that “[t]he defense of Miltiades is thus bolstered by confirming the contemporary view that the Ionians were effete and inured to servitude” (2017: 37).In this paper I address two interlocking questions I will follow in the footsteps of recent scholarship that examines the sources Herodotus drew on for his presentation of individuals and peoples in his history (e.g Blösel 2007; Irwin 2009; Samons 2017; Thomas 1989) with special attention to the context of the AthenianEmpire I will consider the legacy of this passage in subsequent presentations of Ionia arguing that it played an outsized role in how late Archaic and Classical Ionia was understood where Samons argues that its inclusion reflects contemporary attitudes I will argue that it planted a seed that confirmed later prejudices Czech RepublicVirgil's Aeneid represents perhaps the most famous epic representation of the founding myth in world literature Vergil created a work that historically justified and consolidated the imperial claim of the Roman state Vergil's epic soon became a foundational text for generations to come it was the most unknown work of antiquity; on the other it suffered the fate of compulsory literature becoming the target of various intellectual games and jokes Parodic versions of the Aeneid appear in European literatures from the 16th century onwards Ivan Kotljarevsky's Aeneid of the early 19th century although its original role was comparable to that of the "upside-down" Aeneids has returned in a strange detour to the role of a founding work namely the founding work of Ukrainian national literature The aim of this paper is to explore in more depth the features that made the parody a founding work of Ukrainian literature and to find possible elements of a new national identity 31. Carmine Pellegrino, “To be Etruscan in Campania”cpellegrino@unisa.it  (see above under co-author Bellini)Università degli Studi di Salerno     Zoom 32. Aura Piccioni, “For an Archaeology of the Italic peoples in Sicily: Außenseiter,Migration and Mobility from the Italian Peninsula.”aura.piccioni@gmail.com KU Eichstätt-Ingolstadt and Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata (Italy) Far from showing a unitarian cultural form Sicily has always stood out as a cultural melting pot the result of interactions between indigenous peoples (Elymians with bibliography) in this sense come from the western part of the island and offer a varied picture also considering the mythical origins of the indigenous peoples (s. 209 ff.).This paper will analyse the archaeological evidence from the 6th-5th century onwards and connect it in order to understand the coexistence and conflicts of peoples I will also examine Sicily beyond the indigenous peoples for the Etruscans and Italians as well 33. Jelena Pilipović, “Aeneadum genetrix. Venus as a symbolic origo gentis Romanae inLucretius'; De Rerum Natura, Vergil's Aeneid and Ovid's Ars Amatoria”abaridovastrela@gmail.com      University of Belgrade SerbiaThis contribution explores the idea that these poetic figures have a symbolic and identity value: Aeneadum genetrix is ​​not only the genealogical origin of the Romans but also the symbolic origin of the Roman collective identity the three poets present three different visions of the primordial Roman identity that she embodies Lucretius'; Venus is the source of fertility beauty of nature and peace in interpersonal relationships (De Rerum Natura 1-46) Inclination towards harmony and peace is thus represented as an essential feature of the gentis Romanae – inherited from Venus as its genealogical and symbolical origo Lucretius thus ideologizes the divine figure of Aphrodite as a cosmic force inherited from the Homeric Hymn 5 and Empedocles'; poem On Nature (Diogenes Laertius 8.77) The goddess is idealized but also politicized in the Aeneid as well: through her Vergil seeks to construct a collective identity in which the gens Romana will merge with the gens Iulia The sublime progenitor of the Julian tribe (Aeneid 1.229-53 Venus embodies not only a personal relationship of motherly love towards Aeneas (1.405-409) but a superpersonal relationship of parental love to the line of descendants that ends with Marcellus The figure of Venus as the symbolic origo gentis Romanae since the Roman collective identity for Ovid is not ethnic and the meaninglessness of traditional values ​​breaks through The goddess is conceived as the embodiment of love enjoyment and thus the core of the Roman identity lies in enjoyment – ironically or not 34. Beatrice Poletti, “Lavinium, the Most ‘Greek’ of the Latin Cities”bp72@queensu.ca      Queen’s University Aeneas and other survivors of the Trojan War who fled to Italy to establish a new home for themselves and their posterity founded the city of Lavinium from the early analysts to the Augustan historians relate that Aeneas brought with him his household gods referred to in the Roman tradition as Penates – the gods of the penus the Romans embraced the cult of his Penates which became the Penates publici populi Romani The modes of transfer of these gods to Rome as well as their identity were already matters of debate in antiquity and Dionysius of Halicarnassus thought that they were to be identified with the Great Gods of Samothrace Others commonly identified them with the Dioscuri whose cult is also attested in Lavinium as early as the sixth century BCE Dionysius 1.67 additionally reports the testimony of Timaeus of Tauromenium (ca mid-4th to early 3 rd century BCE) on the subject but it might contain important implications for the adoption Timaeus would have heard from Lavinians that the sacred objects preserved in their sanctuary were bronze and wooden caducei and Trojan earthenware While Dionysius disputes that such objects could be the Trojan Penates — which he wanted to associate with Greek deities to support his theory that the Romans were also Greek — the description provided by Timaeus offers a fascinating parallel with bronze caducei found in religious contexts intowns of Magna Graecia and the sanctuary of Olympia their presence in Lavinium could be explained in the frame of the contemporary efforts by several Latin cities of strengthening their ties with the Greek world and partaking in a broader together with Lavinium’s foundation legend and its original cult of the Trojan Penates would single out the Latin town as the core of Greek culture in ancient Latium Roma dovette impegnarsi in guerra con i suoi vicini Romolo ei suoi compagni erano giovani bellicosi e poveri; i Sabini erano anziani ma avevano donne e ogni tipo di ricchezza Questa guerra si concluse senza vincitori né vinti: Romani e Sabini si unirono e formarono una società completa provvista di tutto il necessario per vivere Attraverso la comparazione di questo racconto dell’annalistica con la tradizione norrena della guerra tra Asi e Vani Dumézil ha proposto un’interpretazione di questi racconti come la rielaborazione di un mito di origine indoeuropeo ci proponiamo di comparare di questi racconti dell’annalistica e della mitologia con il mito della guerra di cui il dio giapponese è protagonista per verificare l’estensione di questo mito di origine della società competa 37. Elena Santagati, “The Origin of Zankle/Messina between Historiography andArchaeology” co-organizerelena.santagati@unime.it      Università di Messina archeological studies in ancient Zankle in Sicily have resulted in remarkable discoveries; moreover in the light of recent archeological excavations in Cuma Opicia and ancient Pithekusa a thorough analysis of the main literary works is warranted The integrated analysis of Realia seems to imply that the very first inhabitants of Zankle were Euboeans of Pithekusa resettling in Cuma and in Zankle itself.  Furthermore an additional revision of trade relations between Ionian and Tyrrhenic settlements – of which Zankle appears to be the strongest counterpart – is needed 38. Claudia Santi (with Salvati) “The Earliest Roman–Sabine War as an Origin Myth”Claudia.SANTI@unina2.it      Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Rome had to engage in war with its neighbors warlike and not rich; the Sabines were aged but they had women and every kind of wealth This war ended with no winners or losers: Romans and Sabines joined together and formed a complete society provided with everything they needed to live By comparing the annalistic tale with the Old Norse tradition regarding the conflict between Æsir and Vanir Dumézil proposed an interpretation of these as the reworking of an Indo-European origin myth we aim to compare these annalistic and mythical tales with the war myth in which the Japanese god Ōkuninushi plays a role in order to verify the extension of this origin myth 39. Ben Scolnic, “Karomemphitai: The Karian Role in the Rise of the Saite Dynasty”rabbi.scolnic@gmail.com     Southern Connecticut State University     Zoom“Karomemphitai” is not just the name of an area of Memphis in which Carians from southwestern Anatolia settled in the seventh-sixth centuries BCE The toponym also reflects the pride of Carians in their role in conquering that famous and sacred city and the recognition and gratitude of their Saite patrons What better way to create a place for your ethnic group than by becoming an indispensable piece of the political puzzle in a foreign land To refer to the Carians as “mercenaries” ignores their desire to find a new land in which to create families and homes The military actions of the Carian soldiers were the first essential step in their acceptance by and assimilation into the Egyptian community Traditions about oracles from the gods about the role of the Carians can be studied for their etiological importance A historical reconstruction of the rise of the Saite dynasty in Egypt in the seventh-sixth centuries will by contrast show the skewed picture of the Carian role in these same events 40. Nikki Singhnksingh@colby.edu Colby College panel chair The heroic cult answers the question of the origins of the polis: the autochthonous heroes direct descendants of the land of the polis are those who best personify the rights of citizens over their country but also the royal origins of the Greek polis since the first members of the city are also the first kings of this one The myth and cult of these primordial heroes authenticate the rights of the Greeks over their homeland The most characteristic example of this idea is that of the partly-snake Cecrops offspring of Hephaestus (likewise lame in some versions or partly a snake in others) 43. Stev Talarman, “‘Earthborn’ Indians in Nonnos’ Dionysiaka”steventaal@gmail.com     Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin GermanyIn the Dionysiaka of Nonnos of Panopolis scholars have identified the author’s tendency to designate various actors as ‘earthborn.’ Taking a small non-exhaustive selection of the forms in which this epithet appears γηγενής (‘earthborn’) πεδοτρεφὲς αἷμα (‘soilbred race’) αὐτόχθων φύτλη (‘race sprung from the land’) and χαμαιγενὴς σταχύς (‘earthborn progeny’) These descriptions are as various and protean as Nonnos’ vast poem itself in line with the much commented upon aesthetic notion of ποικιλία which is reflected at virtually all levels of the work Euripides’ portrayal of Pentheus and his father Echion as ‘earthborn’ (Bacc. 538–541) has been identified as an obvious influence in this connexion (to mention merely one aspect of the extensive reception of Euripides’ work to which Nonnos dedicates books 44–46) Dr Anna Leferatou has contextualised Nonnos’ portrayal of the Indians as ‘earthborn reptiles’ (Leferatou 2016 167) in a syncretic genre of Christian and pagan κατάβασις narration has identified the episode of ‘earthborn Typhoeus’ at the beginning of the Dionysiaka as the prototypical θεομαχία (viz and Typhoeus as a prototypical θεομάχος to whom the enemies of Dionysos are later implicitly or explicitly compared (Hadijittofi 2016 Starting from these and related observations I will examine several aspects of Nonnos’ portrayal of the Indians as serpentine earthborn θεομάχοι and place my findings within the context of his literary influences and aims 44. László Takács co-organizerTakacs@vtk.ppke.hu Catholic University of Budapest following Caesar's death. Varro was most concerned with the political significance of the etymological proposal of certain institutional lemmas and the reconstruction of the origin of certain phenomena.  For Varro the origin of words captures the realities that generated them.  The recovery of those aspects of the past can offer a model for dealing with the serious crisis including the institutional one of the middle of the 1st century BC.In particular we will focus on the etymology of the institutional words and censor; in the etymologies/para-etymologies attributed by Varro to these institutional words we can reflect on the original atmosphere which gave birth to these magistracies Varro proposes in the period immediately after Caesar’s death a solution to the political and institutional crisis of the time that is to say a comeback to the original value of these honores according to his “antiquarian” knowledge 47. Anna Judit Tóth, “The Bald, the Lame and the Stuttering. Foundation andMarginality”tothannajudit@gmail.com      National Széchényi Library HungaryContinuing my theme from the previous year I will analyze the scapegoat-like physical attributes of the typical heros-ktistes A set of bodily deficiencies appears both in myth and ritual that are somehow connected with the idea of foundation Most of these impairments can be described as a defect in the normal binaries of life and so the loss of human integrity and wholeness: asymmetries of the body (lameness inability for articulated speech (muteness In this paper I am focusing on the most under- researched issues: stuttering and baldness.This closed set of motifs can be present in different contexts as the foundation of a city liminality and pollution were overlapping ideas inasmuch as all implied a separation or even an excommunication from the community 48. Luciano Traversa, “Rome and Capua as loci salubres: the Political Use of Peoples’Origins in the Late Roman Republic”luciano.traversa@uniba.it     Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro ItalyWe will analyze the retrospective reconstruction and origins of two rival peoples the Romans and the Campanians and the healthy location (loci salubres) of their city states we will focus our attention on Cicero’s writings within which the reference to salubritas in the foundation tales of Capua and Rome produces different political judgments.In Cicero’s de lege agraria delivered at the beginning of his consulate in 63 BC the healthiness of Capua’s location and its territorial conformation becomes a factor of weakness in Cicero's rhetorical strategy: to prevent any colonial deduction in Campania the orator insinuated that the environmental benefits of the place would have corrupted the settlers as they had done with the natives This devaluation of the salubritas as anancestral trait of Capua will be linked not only to its historic dispute with Rome but also to the negative judgments on luxury and temptations that a destination for thermal and seaside leisure Cicero’s late republican perspective on the origins of Capua will be repeated in early Augustan sources (Livy Velleius Paterculus; see also the contribution of Ettore Lepore’s study onancient Campania Cicero avoids the more complex issue of the foundation of Rome between history and legend (Mastrocinque 1993): the portrait of Romulus as a forward-looking geolocator in De Re Publica (54-51 BC) acquires rather in De Re Publica (54-51 BC) an anachronistic value imbued with the late Republican political debate about the role of providentia to ensure long-lasting power the reference to the geographical morphology determines instead a positive judgment on the strategic location of Rome which influenced Romulus’s choice: this is what Cicero underlines when he attributes to the first king of Rome the exceptional merit of having selected a healthy place (locus saluber) in an unhealthy context (regio pestilens) 49. Maria de la luz Triñanes Dieste, “The Two Tyrian Foundation Myths”martrina@ucm.es Complutense University of Madrid SpainSee the paper under “Lopez Sanchez” 50. Roberto Trizio, “The Foundation of the City: Rituals and Meanings”trizioroberto@gmail.com     Zoom    Gruppo Trizio ConsultingThe ancient Romans had a unique way of establishing their cities which was called “foundation rituals.” These rituals were performed to create a sacred space that would be protected by the gods and ensure the prosperity of the new city One of the most important aspects of these rituals was the selection of a site for the city This process involved a careful examination of the natural features of the area and the presence of certain plants and animals would perform a ceremony to determine whether the gods approved of the location.After that the process of creating the city began with a symbolic plowing of the ground performed by a team of oxen led by a priest represented the creation of a new order out of chaos The plow would trace the boundaries of the city and the furrows it created were considered sacred the Romans would perform a series of rituals to ensure its prosperity These included the founding of temples and the installation of statues of the gods as well as sacrifices to ensure their favor The rituals of city foundation were important because the Romans believed that the physical and spiritual aspects of a city were intimately connected they believed that they could ensure the new city’s prosperity and success 51. Zsuzsanna Turcsán-Tóth, "Is a Cult Statue More than the Sum of its Parts?"toth.zsuzsa@gmail.com     Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church HungaryThe founding of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus has two traditions Callimachus tells this story: the Amazons erected a statue under a beech tree around which the sanctuary was later built the Artemision was rebuilt seven times in the course of its history We have archaeological evidence for these seven renewals some researchers doubt that there was only one cult-statue and suppose there were two or three during the cult’s history Some explain the change on aesthetic grounds -- replacing a more primitive artefact with another more in harmony with the Hellenistic era-- while others claim that the statue(s) were destroyed in disasters (flood nor unusual to recreate a damaged or destroyed cult statue while preserving its material and shape Several classical authors wrote about the cult statue of Artemis Ephesia none of them mentioned that it was replaced for any reason we find examples of objects related to the cult being copied and taken away to build a new sanctuary for Artemis Ephesia elsewhere Not only did Pliny report that the statue was unchanged but he also revealed that it was made up of several pieces meaning it was not a single object carved from one tree trunk Some archaeological finds from the Artemision site in Ephesus help us to understand what Pliny meant when he wrote that the statue remained the same all the time and also why the idea that the great goddess of Ephesus may have had several cult statues is correct I aim to resolve this apparent contradiction 52. Krešimir Vuković, “Animal Origins of the Peoples of Italy: Migrants, Wolves, andBirds”kresovukov@gmail.com     Università di Venezia ItalyBy the time our best sources on Roman religion appear contained many earlier traditions that reflected the mobility and migrations of peoples on the Apennine peninsula The rituals of the Lupercalia commemorated the adolescence of Romulus and Remus and can be traced to mobile groups of men that emulated wolves in pursuit of plunder and glory Similar ritual forms existed in many other Indo-European traditions from India to Italy The tradition of the Fabian gens preserved memories of Lupercalian mobility in the stories of their origin in hunting expeditions Other Italic peoples were called after Mars or his animal and traced their origin to the ritual of ver sacrum which involved sending young men into new territories Wolves played a role in the mobility of these groups because young men identified with wolves in rites of passage based on the fact that wolves are aggressive animals that roam over a large territory Anthropology offers comparative evidence for this type of mobility: the seminomadic native peoples of Asia and America have revered wolves for their prowess and mobility and followed the animal on their migrations The Roman myth of the she-wolf is thus a product of reverence for the mobile predator that can be traced to a time when proto Romans wandered in search of new territory long before they settled in the eternal city 53. Harry John Walker, “Origins and Original People in Roman and Celtic Myths.”hwalker@bates.edu     Bates College the Hungarian-Jewish-Irish-Catholic Leopold Bloom is asked to define what a nation is and he replies: “A nation is the same people living in the same place.” This vision of what a nation should be comes from the ancient world They have myths explaining where they came from but these myths do not insist on purity or exclusion The founding myths of Ireland and Rome share this perspective.Irish myths were recorded in the Middle Ages when Christian scholars had to reconcile them with the Bible but they still had to explain how their biblical version fit in with old pagan myths When the Irish descendants of Noah reach Ireland they defeat and replace an earlier semi-divine people called the Nation of the Goddess Danu (Tuath Dé Danann) After these magic people of the goddess are defeated they go underground and live happily in a parallel world called the Land of the Young (Tír na nÓg) The people of the goddess Danu are happier and simpler than the newcomers and the two of them must work together in their separate worlds.Ancient Roman scholars similarly had to reconcile their local stories with the prestigious myths of Greece Homer says that Kronos was imprisoned in Tartarus and his age was a better one than the world of Aeneas and its people (Saturni gentem) belonged to Saturn but he still must make peace with the ancient peoples of Italy and he himself must change from a Trojan hero (Troius Aeneas) to a native Italian god (Indigetem Aenean) and Italy became Roman only because the original inhabitants and the newcomers agreed to be the same people and live together in the same place 2022 International Symposium Classicum Peregrinum The topic: “Superasque Evadere ad Auras 6.128): Improbable/Difficult Journeys Home.” Co-Directors: Patricia A [to be published in Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae 2023/4] [2021 Cancelled because of COVID.] [2020 Originally planned for Messina held instead in 2022.] 2019 International Symposium Classicum Peregrinum The topic: “From Eros to Amor: What Kind of God was Eros and How Did He Compare to Amor?” Co-directors: Patricia A [to be published in Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae ] 2018 International Symposium Classicum Peregrinum The topic was “Blessings and Curses in Antiquity.” Co-directors: Patricia A [to be published in Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae 2017 International Symposium Classicum Peregrinum The topic was “Eastern and Egyptian Cults (Mithras Serapis and other foreign gods).” Co-directors Patricia A Attilio Mastrocinque and László Takács.[not published in Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae] 2016 International Symposium Classicum Peregrinum The topic was “Mithras and Other Mystic Cults in the Roman World.” Co-directors: Patricia A in Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae 2015 Co-directors and organizers Patricia A International Symposium Classicum Peregrinum The topic was “Hera and Juno: The Functions of the Goddesses in Prehistoric and Historic Greece and Rome.” Published 2018 as Hera and Juno: The Functions of the Goddesses in Prehistoric and Historic Greece and Rome (Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae LV 2014 Organizer and director of the Symposium Augustum Veronense an international scholarly symposium held in Verona “The Age of Augustus,” The topic focused on the rule and accomplishments of the Roman Emperor Augustus (2014 is the 2000th anniversary of his death) Published as The Age of Augustus (Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae editors and organizers of the 2012 Symposium Peregrinum "Idyllic Landscapes in Antiquity: the Golden Age and the Locus Amoenus." (Published as Acta Antiqua Academicae Scientiarum Hungaricae vol Vergilian Society’s annual international scholarly Symposia Cumana Italy; co-sponsored by Brandeis University (see below): and Related Cults in Ancient Greece and Italy”, Vergilius 58 (2012) 184-190 “Et In Arcadia Ego: Landscapes of The Early Roman Empire,” Vergilius 57 (2011) 179-187 “From Aetas Aurea to Domus Aurea: Roman Life and Art under the Julio-Claudian Emperors” Vergilius 56 (2010) 121-135 An additional review of this symposium appears in Chronache Ercolanese: Bolletino di Studi Latini, folio II (2011): 735-739 “Poetry or Propaganda: What Was Vergil’s Purpose in Writing the Aeneid?” Vergilius 55 (2009) 176-92 “Greeks in Italy and Romans in Greece.” Vergilius 54 (2008) 228-241 Heroines and Peoples: Authenticating the Early Goddesses and Establishing the Roman Common Identity.” Vergilius 53 (2007): 245-61 ““The Vergilian Tradition: Manuscripts Texts and Reception.” Vergilius 52 (2006): pp “Early Latin Comedy and Satire in Magna Graecia and Rome,” Vergilius 51 (2005): 142-150 “Interactions of Indigenous and Foreign Cults in Magna Graecia 2004 with Giovanni Casadio. Vergilius 50 (2004): 223-29 “The Etruscan Presence in Magna Graecia,” June 30-July 12 2002: Symposium Cumanum Report: “Balneology and the Art of Healing in Antiquity,” June 20-23 2002: Symposium Cumanum Report: “The Cults of Magna Graecia 2001: Symposium Cumanum Report: “Philodemus and Vergil Skinner. Vergilius 47 (2001): 219-225 1999: Symposium Cumanum Report: “The Samnites in Campania 1999,” Vergilius 45 (1999): 149-153 1998: Symposium Cumanum Report: “Viticulture in the Ancient Mediterranean World: the Archaeological 1998.” Vergilius 44 (1998): 181-184 1997: Symposium Cumanum Report: “The Flavian Influence in Campania co-organizers and directors of the Vergilian Society's Symposium Cumanum an international scholarly symposium held June 5 - June 8 The topic: “The Role of Animals in Ancient Myth and Religion” published 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press; will be republished in paperback in 2024 [ Co-editors Giovanni Casadio and Patricia A The Department of Classical and Early Mediterranean Studies is part of the Division of Humanities at Brandeis University.  Division of Humanities Department of Classical and Early Mediterranean StudiesLown 211 MS 092 Brandeis University 415 South Street Waltham 781-736-2950 classics@brandeis.edu  This work, NSA Naples Association Holds Capua Amphitheater Clean-Up, by LT Jamie Moroney, identified by DVIDS, must comply with the restrictions shown on https://www.dvidshub.net/about/copyright This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Home → Science → News Archaeologists have uncovered a 2,070-year-old Roman fortification once used to contain Spartacus archaeologists have discovered a Roman wall constructed to halt the infamous rebel gladiator Spartacus and his army Built by the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus the wall stretches 2.7 kilometers (1.7 miles) and served as a crucial line of defense during one of the most significant slave revolts in Roman history Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator who had once served in the Roman army, escaped from slavery in 73 BCE. What began as a prison break from a gladiatorial training school in Capua soon became a full-scale rebellion, igniting the Third Servile War with his growing army of enslaved people and outlaws was slow to recognize the scale of the threat the Roman leadership underestimated Spartacus assuming that a band of slaves could be easily crushed by the professional soldiers of the empire With his knowledge of guerrilla warfare and his remarkable ability to inspire his ragtag forces Spartacus outmaneuvered and outmatched Roman commanders time and time again reportedly numbering up to 90,000 former slaves posed a serious threat to the Roman Republic As Spartacus and his army marched across the Italian countryside the Senate’s complacency gave way to desperation having amassed a fortune through a combination of shrewd business dealings and ruthless opportunism But what Crassus craved above all was military glory It was an opportunity Crassus seized with brutal determination constructed the wall recently uncovered by archaeologists was designed to trap Spartacus’ army and prevent them from advancing Crassus approached the rebellion with cold He recognized that Spartacus was more than just a leader of slaves — he was a brilliant tactician And Spartacus had repeatedly humiliated Roman commanders to reassert control over his demoralized troops Crassus revived the ancient practice of decimation they would execute one in every ten soldiers in units that had shown cowardice in battle The harsh punishment sent a clear message: failure would no longer be tolerated This iron-fisted discipline restored order among the ranks and Crassus was finally able to start cornering Spartacus’ forces Spartacus attempted several bold strategies to evade Crassus including an ambitious but ultimately failed plan to escape Italy by negotiating with pirates now with full command of a disciplined and reinforced army systematically cut off Spartacus’ options He constructed a massive trench and fortifications across the width of Italy’s southern peninsula effectively trapping Spartacus and his followers Starved of resources and running out of time The newly discovered wall which was likely part of a highly extensive network of fortifications Researchers say it not only runs alongside a deep military ditch but also turns sharply at one point to form an L-shape — making it easier to defend against attackers “This was an extremely well-planned fortification,” said Paolo Visonà an archaeologist from the University of Kentucky leading the investigation Spartacus and his forces likely attempted to breach the wall as suggested by the discovery of broken iron weapons including sword handles and javelin points an archaeologist with the local government confirmed the presence of multiple lines of evidence pointing to Spartacus’ attack “There is an area where the wall seems to have been breached,” Gennaro explained along with the concentration of broken weapons suggests that the rebels made a desperate attempt to escape “We believe that Spartacus attacked the newly-discovered wall in his bid to break free of the trap that Crassus had constructed for him,” Visonà added his rebellion has lived on as a powerful symbol of resistance Spartacus had no choice but to lead his army through the rugged terrain of the Aspromonte mountain Spartacus met his fate in a final battle near Lucania cutting his way through enemy lines in search of Crassus himself Spartacus was ultimately slain on the battlefield displayed the captured and crucified rebels along the Appian Way — a gruesome reminder of Rome’s power and a warning to anyone who might consider following in Spartacus’ footsteps While Spartacus’ body was never found The former slave turned liberating general became an icon of defiance against tyranny his story inspiring countless revolutions throughout history the discovery of the Roman wall brings new insights into this ancient conflict Archaeologists continue to study the site using advanced technologies like ground-penetrating radar and soil sampling Visonà and his team believe they are only beginning to uncover the secrets of this ancient battleground “We’re just scratching the surface,” he said researchers hope to learn more about the military tactics employed by Crassus and the rebellious spirit of Spartacus whose fight for freedom remains one of the most dramatic episodes of the Roman era © 2007-2025 ZME Science - Not exactly rocket science © 2007-2025 ZME Science - Not exactly rocket science Capua had worked in Condé Nast’s executive sales department since 1990, serving the past eight years with Architectural Digest specifically. This latest round of corporate restructuring follows the New York publishing house’s strategy to cut back to five chief business officers, who will each be assigned a group of titles. Craig Kostelic, one of the chief business officers, will now oversee the publishing efforts for Architectural Digest, along with Bon Appetit, Epicurious, Condé Nast Traveler and Self, in the group titled The Lifestyle Collection. Eighteen other titles are categorized into the collections Culture, Innovation, Beauty, and Industry. In Thursday’s announcement to the Condé Nast staffers, Drucker Mann noted the continuous shifts the company has taken to unite sales and marketing channels that are designed to help establish “the best partnerships in the industry.” “Over the past year, we’ve seen our clients respond and coalesce around different ways of doing business with us,” said Drucker Mann, as reported by WWD. “Today, we’re making some additional adjustments to our collections of brands that will make doing business with us easier and more effective for our partners.” Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker CINOTTI GALGANO is excited to announce that attorney Marisa P. Capua has joined the firm as a real estate transactional and litigation partner. Marisa P. Capua will be based in the firm’s Miami office and brings 15+ years of experience in transactional law and litigation with a focus on high-end residential and commercial real estate transactions and litigation. Ms. Capua’s experience includes serving as President and In-House Counsel for EWM Title, an affiliate of Berkshire Hathaway Company, where she managed real estate closings and title issues and provided counselling to realtors, developers, and lenders at all stages of commercial and residential real estate transactions. Ms. Capua has litigated contract disputes, title defects, boundary disputes, actions to quiet title and zoning matters. Conversant in Italian and Spanish, Ms. Capua earned her Juris Doctor degree from South Texas College of Law and her B.S. in Political Science and Italian from Florida State University. She is a member of the Florida Bar and the Real Estate Section of the Florida Bar. CINOTTI GALGANO is an international law firm with offices located in key business centers within the continental United States, Italy, and the Caribbean.  CINOTTI GALGANO’s real estate clients, include Governmental entities, commercial banks, real estate funds, family offices and high-end investors. © Copyright 2012 - 2023 | citybiz | All Rights Reserved On Feb. 13,  University of Texas, Austin history professor Yoav Di-Capua and Boston College political science professor Jonathan Laurence gave a lecture titled “The Arab world and the Demise of the Caliphate” as part of The Dialogue Project. The event was introduced by visiting professor and former president of Kosovo Atifete Jahjaga. According to its website, The Dialogue Project is a sub-initiative of Dartmouth Dialogues, which was created by College President Sian Beilock this year. The event is part of the Middle East Dialogues, which is the project’s first in a special topics series “encompassing courses and events related to timely, challenging topics,” according to the Dartmouth Dialogues website.  Jahgaga opened the event by discussing the process of nation-building that was set in motion by the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. She emphasized the secular, multiethnic nature of her home country of Kosovo, suggesting that tolerance is the key to a stable future for the region. “We need to reaffirm our commitment to building a future based on tolerance, based on dialogue, based on the use of respect and based on coexistence where the diversity of a region, religion or community is celebrated as a source of strength rather than a source of division,” Jahgaga said. Di-Capua and Laurence both drew on their historical knowledge to discuss the Middle East today, emphasizing that understanding the history of the region is essential to understanding the current conflict between Israel and Gaza. In his lecture, Laurence explained that the disappearance of a consensual, Islamic sovereign left a power vacuum and made it unclear who would protect Muslims worldwide. Laurence said this event has led to the emergence of various non-state actors, including extremist Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.  According to Laurence, British and European empires replaced centuries-old Islamic religious leaders with their own allies, scarring Muslim populations’ relationships with Western governments and impoverishing Islamic knowledge for generations. Laurence cited the disputes over Islamic holy sites, such as the Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. According to Qatari news outlet Al-Jazeera, the mosque, which is currently policed by the Jordanian-affiliated Islamic Waqf, is one of Islam’s three holiest sites. Control of the mosque has long been a flashpoint in Israeli-Palestinian relations. Instances of perceived disrespect of the grounds by Israeli officials have led to violence in recent decades. Di-Capua discussed how, in the aftermath of World War I, which included food shortages, mass migration, sectarianism and genocide, new political projects spread all across the Arab world.  “The modern Arab state is built on this destruction,” Di-Capua said.  Di-Capua added that upheaval led to a time of “moral reconstruction” when followers of Islam were forced to reckon with how their religion would come across to youth. The two speeches were followed by a conversation between the professors about the fragmented nature of Islam and the tensions over the many groups and state actors, such as Iran, competing for influence in the religion. After the conversation, the audience asked questions about Palestinian statehood and ISIS, the Islamic terrorist group that emerged in Syria and Iraq.  Regarding the former topic, Laurence suggested that the formation of a Palestinian state isn’t impossible. “Nation states have been born of such crises before,” he said. In an interview after the event, Middle Eastern studies department chair and professor Tarek El-Ariss spoke about the Dartmouth Dialogues initiative and the important role it will play in educating students about the history of the current conflict in the Middle East. El-Ariss emphasized the need not just to bring in speakers with experience in today’s Middle East, but also to explore the context and history of the conflict.  “We are at a university that’s providing us with the resources to understand and reflect… to imagine the future in ways that now, we are unable to do because of the dark tunnel we’re in,” he said. El-Ariss also noted the “long-standing collaboration” that exists between the Middle Eastern studies and Jewish studies programs at Dartmouth, saying that he believes it is this partnership that has allowed students “to engage and deal with what happened recently and bring the community together.” and Deborah Kathryn Lehman were married on July 3 in Palm Beach Di Capua is a third-year internal medicine resident at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles Lehman is a student in the doctoral program in architecture at UCLA Carlo Capua is Fort Worth’s first-ever Chief of Strategy and Innovation “It’s exciting because our city manager encourages us to be creative try new things and use data to prove why or why not we should do something,” he says Fort Worth, Texas lays claim to being the fastest-growing large city in the US and has seen its population double since 2000 to over 950,000 the city recorded the largest population growth of all cities with more than 50,000 people and it’s now the 13th biggest in the nation “That comes with new implications and new opportunities,” says Capua “And it’s important that for our residents and for our visitors we take a peek around the corner and see what’s coming in the next 10 20 and 30 years to make sure that we are prepared.” He was speaking during an interview on the sidelines of the recent Cities Today Institute City Leadership Forum in Long Beach Fort Worth was the first city to mine Bitcoin an experience Capua previously described as “like building an aeroplane while we flew it with a blindfold on and one arm behind our back.” he also believes there’s great value in being first and that bold moves help to raise the city’s profile the goal of mining Bitcoin was never to make money “It was to try something new and innovative and to brand Fort Worth as a city that is dynamic and forward-thinking to attract other tech companies and other entrepreneurs who want to be in a city that’s like-minded.” The initial pilot made US$1,000 over six months at no cost to the city and the mining operation continues “Now other cities are looking at Fort Worth to see what we are doing when it comes to the metaverse or Bitcoin or Web3 we may not have ever even been in the equation,” he says Being first also brings potential hazards and many cities prefer to adopt proven solutions Capua has previously spoken about monitoring areas such as the energy consumption of Bitcoin and the importance of cities being able to try emerging technologies to inform guardrails “And that’s why our legal departments exist That’s why our risk management departments exist and our finance departments – to sometimes put barriers up and roadblocks to protect the integrity of the city “It’s important whenever you are first doing something or doing something that’s really forward-thinking to learn before Find a champion in each of those departments.” Capua linked up with younger members of staff who helped him build support for the Bitcoin project higher up the organisation He says other innovative projects are underway including experimenting with the metaverse The city will be home to the National Juneteenth Museum and the first National Medal of Honor Museum will be close by in Arlington Capua says these cultural facilities will foster new connections for local communities “Sometimes innovation isn’t necessarily creating new things like flying cars; sometimes it’s just connecting two things that maybe had never been connected before to really optimise it for everybody involved.” Fort Worth also recently won the bid to be the new home of the CrossFit Games for 2024 “This has huge potential for our city,” says Capua jobs and a further boost for the city’s profile He adds: “I’m learning that there’s inherent power in being able to tell a compelling story for your city As innovative as we have to be when it comes to using technology and optimising our time I’d argue it’s equally important to be innovative and creative with how you share your message you’re leaving a ton of opportunity and exposure on the table.” You have reached the limit for the basic subscription. Please upgrade to Premium to download more You have reached the limit for the basic subscription. Please upgrade to Premium to save more ' + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.webview_notification_text + ' " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_title + " " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_text + " celebrates today the start of the construction of a new GMP manufacturing facility at its microbial CDMO facility located in Capua "I am pleased to announce the start of this GMP capacity expansion just within 6 months after the acquisition of Capua BioServices This truly confirms the real opportunity to accelerate growth in Olon's CDMO service positioning and to be recognized as European Leader in the CDMO of microbial fermentation." The construction of this new GMP facility is associated to a long-term strategic partnership with a large pharmaceutical company The engineering project is designed to support the manufacture of multiple products It is a great addition to Olon's recent successes in the development and execution of GMP as well as Food-grade engineering projects; from first concept to final commissioning Olon is an Italian company providing global services in the field of API manufacturing (including generics) and CDMO services; based on chemistry and biotechnology Olon offers dedicated solutions for its clients in pharmaceutical and food industry; from R&D to pilot to commercial stage In 2018 the company reached a turnover of US$ 500 million with approximately 2000 employees Olon has 11 manufacturing facilities spread over Europe (Italy and Spain) USA (Concord OH) and India (Mahad) as well as branch offices in Hamburg (Germany) Florham Park NJ (USA) and Shanghai (China).  Olon combines its unique manufacturing capacity in chemistry (7320 m3) and fermentation (4500 m3) with its track record in API's (>100 years of experience >230 API's) and CDMO (>50 years of experience >30 projects per year) and with its core capabilities such as fluorination carbonylation and high-potent manufacturing (>30 HPAPI's) Tel.: +39-02-523-5208 – E-mail: [email protected] North American Partners in Anesthesia (NAPA), is proud to announce its CEO has been recognized as a top doctor to the New York Super Doctors® list for the second consecutive year The award is based on peer recognition and professional achievement in the field of anesthesiology MD were named as Rising Stars on the 2016 Super Doctors roster for their noteworthy accomplishments The honorees will be recognized in the New York Times Magazine in its Sunday “On behalf of my colleagues and myself it is an honor to be recognized by our peers for this esteemed award,” said Dr “Working alongside a team of equally talented dedicated clinicians enables us excel and succeed as we collectively strive to enhance the quality of care and experience provided to our patients.” The annual “Super Doctors” list honors top physicians in over 40 medical specialties ranging from allergy to urology through an independent research and objective evaluation process follows a rigorous selection process that includes a survey of doctors independent evaluation of candidates by the research staff a peer review of candidates by practice area and a good  standing and disciplinary check.  Each year only five percent of practicing doctors per region receive the prestigious Super Doctors award while no more than 2.5 percent are named to the Rising Stars list To be eligible for inclusion in Rising Stars candidates must be active physicians who have been fully licensed to practice for approximately 10 years or less trained in anesthesiology at Massachusetts General Hospital followed by fellowships in pain management and cardiothoracic anesthesia Board certified in anesthesia and pain management Di Capua joined the North Shore–LIJ Health System in 1994 Walker Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology at North Shore University Hospital Long Island Jewish Medical Center and the Hofstra-Northwell School of Medicine He is integrally involved in the issues of perioperative operational management clinical staffing models and lectures internationally on how anesthesia departments can provide quality and operational value to hospitals Di Capua was on the faculty of Harvard Medical School trained in anesthesiology at Mount Sinai Hospital and Medical Center He has been published in peer reviewed journals such as the Middle East Journal of Anesthesiology and Journal of Clinical Psychiatry in addition to co-authoring research published in Anesthesiology and Anesthesia & Analgesia attending anesthesiologist and serves as Assistant Professor trained in anesthesiology at New York University School of Medicine Passo was honored as the Foundation of Anesthesia Education and Research (FAER) Scholar Passo is an attending anesthesiologist and serves as Assistant Professor he continues his passion for clinical research To view the complete listing of 2016 Super Doctors by practice area and location, visit www.superdoctors.com Media ContactJillian Hoenigmann, Senior Marketing CoordinatorNorth American Partners in AnesthesiaP: (516) 945-3030E: jhoenigmann@NAPAanesthesia.com Rebecca Capua ’03 contributes her expertise in art and science to the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s conservation efforts For decades, Barnard professors — particularly those in the Art History Department — have taken full advantage of the College’s proximity to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. “It’s our backyard. Or we’re in their backyard,” jokes Joan Snitzer Snitzer has made countless visits to the Met with her students to explore the museum’s vast collection “It’s frequently on the syllabi that one has to visit something or reproduce an image from the Met,” she says “It’s very exciting to walk into that building — the architecture Vital to Capua’s work is a solid command of both art history and science knowledge Read how she is leveraging chemistry to support the museum’s expansive conservation department Capua’s entrée into art conservation took place even before she stepped foot on Barnard’s campus she worked with a private art restorer who taught her the tricks of the trade By the time she arrived at Barnard in 1999 Capua knew she wanted to go into art conservation She declared an art history major and took several chemistry courses to fulfill the requirements for graduate school “When we’re accepting interns into our lab we ask One of the most influential classes Capua took at Barnard was a class on connoisseurship led by Maryan Ainsworth the former Álvaro Saieh Curator of European Paintings at the Met This was part of a larger collaborative series in which Met curators taught Barnard students “It was a really interesting introduction to the museum by way of art history,” she says.  Capua secured an internship in the paper conservation lab she went on to New York University to earn an M.A in art history and an Advanced Certificate in Conservation before returning to the Met to work in the same department in 2009 “I realized that it was a place I wanted to work just because of the collection which is really unparalleled and the art objects you have the chance to work on,” she says “[I chose paper conservation] because of the opportunity to work on so many different objects different materials — it can’t be matched anywhere.” Capua treats prints and drawings from many different eras: Egyptian papyrus Indian and Islamic world manuscript illuminations and European and American portrait miniatures on ivory She employs different solubilities and treatments to tackle stains Capua says that chemistry plays a critical role when it comes to washing prints and removing discoloration especially in regards to the “surface interactions between water and the paper,” and explains that “how the water affects the chemical structure of the paper in terms of the fibers and their chemical bonding to each other Another example of where chemistry is employed with paper is with lead white paint When lead white paint from carbon black or pen and ink drawings are exposed to the pollutant sulfur dioxide While Capua and her team cannot chemically change the lead back to its original form they can convert it to another different form of lead that is also white but she and her team also stabilize paper to protect against future damage Although Capua spends only about 15% of her time in the paper conservation lab it is undoubtedly her favorite part of the job as many as 50 artworks can pass through her hands for treatment much of Capua’s work revolves around the loan and exhibition program at the museum Copyright © 2025 Barnard College | Columbia University | 3009 Broadway Recognition Featured in The New York Times Magazine North American Partners in Anesthesia (NAPA) the largest single specialty anesthesia and perioperative management company in the U.S. has been named by New York Super Doctors® as one of the top doctors for 2015 based on peer recognition and professional achievement in the field of anesthesiology His extreme dedication and care for his patients as well as his vast amount of expertise on perioperative medicine was highlighted by the magazine Di Capua along with the other honorees will be recognized by The New York Times Magazine in its Sunday “It is an honor to be among the select group of physicians recognized as a Super Doctor,” said Dr I am privileged to work alongside a team of equally talented dedicated clinicians that enable me to strive each day to enhance the practice of medicine and improve the quality of life for our many patients.” Key Professional Media has undertaken a rigorous multi-phase selection process that includes a survey of doctors a peer review of candidates by practice area and a good-standing and disciplinary check only five percent of practicing doctors per region receive the prestigious award Long Island Jewish Medical Center and the recently opened Hofstra-NSLIJ School of Medicine To view the complete listing of 2015 Super Doctors by practice area and location, visit www.superdoctors.com Catholic Memorial — With sharpshooter Ryan Higgins out led the Knights with 24.5 points per game in wins over St John’s Prep (85-56) and BC High (71-62) to clinch the Catholic Conference title Bishop Feehan — After opening the week with a career-high 28 points in Monday’s 71-50 Catholic Central win at Bishop Fenwick the senior guard tallied 23 points in a 68-64 victory at Arlington Catholic Friday Lowell — The sharpshooting senior netted 25 points in Tuesday’s 74-49 win over Dracut and tallied 28 points in a 78-71 win over Newburyport the following night Archbishop Williams — The senior transfer from Braintree dropped a game-high 29 points with seven 3-pointers during a 78-77 win at St following an 18-point performance in Tuesday’s 67-61 victory at Latin Academy Bedford — The junior forward filled the stat sheet with 14 points and 2 blocks in a 53-38 win over Lincoln-Sudbury and posted 16 points with 13 rebounds in Friday’s 59-43 win over Concord-Carlisle Westwood — The junior guard averaged 16 points and 7 rebounds while leading the Wolverines’ defense with crucial steals and drawn charges in Tri-Valley League wins over Ashland (57-30) and Medfield (55-44) Nate Weitzer can be reached at nweitzer7@gmail.com. Follow him on X @nweitzer7. Home Delivery Gift Subscriptions Log In Manage My Account Customer Service Delivery Issues Feedback News Tips Help & FAQs Staff List Advertise Newsletters View the ePaper Order Back Issues News in Education Search the Archives Privacy Policy Terms of Service Terms of Purchase Work at Boston Globe Media Internship Program Co-op Program Do Not Sell My Personal Information Carlo Capua got his humanitarian side from his mother, who tirelessly helps people, he said. His work ethic and business sense came from watching his dad work hard in the car business. Fort Worth's Z's Café, a social enterprise partnership with local nonprofit Samaritan House, has over the past seven years provided jobs to more than 100 low-income men and women. Janet says that her son is kind and transparent. "What you see is exactly what you get. He is a citizen of the world, and what a gift he is to all," she said. Z's is named in honor of Carlo's grandparents, John and Marie Zito. "Carlo is obviously Johnny Zito's grandson," Janet said. "My dad, although in heaven, must be so proud. Carlo's life mission has only begun. Oh, the places he'll go." "My wife is the sweetest, most kind person I have ever met," Capua said. "I am just lucky that she chose me to do life with." Capua's volunteerism includes Downtown Rotary Club of Fort Worth, Steer Fort Worth Education Task Force, Vision Fort Worth Board of Directors, Trinity River Vision Advisory Committee, and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Capua coached 250 first-time athletes and helped raise $600,000 for cancer research. With Fort Worth Cities International, Capua directed an award-winning leadership academy, bringing together 150 international student ambassadors annually for cultural exchange and global problem-solving. He served as ambassador to Italy, Japan, Mexico, Swaziland, Ghana and Northern Ireland. Capua served on the national and local boards of directors from 2007-2011. © FWTX.COM All rights reserved. Panther-City Media Group which he creates by hand-stitching tens of thousands of minuscule glass beads onto canvas "The Death of Po-Han," visible directly to Mr was the highlight of his City-Wide Open Studio weekend Deborah Lehman Di Capua is seated on the desk.“Pictures say so much more than words,” C examining a wartime recruitment poster in the Yale Center for British Art “USA” is knitted into the brim of his wool cap He and fellow veterans are touring the exhibit “An Indelible Mark: British Art of the First World War.” They are participants in an art appreciation program offered through the Errera Community Care Center (ECCC) in West Haven an affiliate of the Veterans Administration Connecticut Health Care System C.’s remark goes to the heart of the program is “a way to speak about your experience without having to speak about your experience.. Art makes a safe space.” Errera offers holistic care for veterans with mental health Di Capua believes that engaging with artwork You begin to find your position in the world.” When Artspace announced its theme of “wellbeing” for this year’s City-Wide Open Studios festival She had been thinking for a long time about the “loneliness epidemic” that affects nearly half of Americans an art and architecture historian and deputy director of Fringe Projects a Miami-based experimental public art agency sees art as “a beautiful bridge” between people Aware that veterans often feel isolated individually and as a community Di Capua believed art could provide a “platform” to help veterans build relationships and engage with New Haven’s vibrant arts community introduced her to his colleague David Rosenthal Rosenthal is assistant professor of medicine at Yale and the medical director of the Homeless Patient Aligned Care Team (H-PACT) for VA Connecticut at the ECCC “I saw the passion she had,” says Rosenthal director of psychosocial rehabilitation and recovery centers and vocational services ‘It’s a great idea and I’ll make it happen,’” recalls Sperrazza Rosenthal and Di Capua sent their proposal to Artspace which provided grant money for the program Di Capua visited the ECCC twice a week to get to know the veterans and the ECCC’s art therapist Di Capua needed to become part of the clinical team so veterans felt it was “okay to take the risk.” Di Capua sent written invitations to veterans to join her group ECCC staff typically expects enrollments of three in special programs like this one but 13 men and women enrolled in the Veterans Art Fellowship Program The group first visited the studios of New Haven artists: Gerald Sheffield a veteran and a graduate of Yale University School of Art who uses his uniform and military materials in his work; architectural and landscape painter Chris Barnard who also holds an MFA from Yale; abstract painter Rachel Hellerich; and stained-glass artist Ryan Cyr Sperrazza says that the veterans often returned to the ECCC eager to show her and others their photos of the artists’ work they visited the Yale Center for British Art led veterans through the current exhibit of work by George Shaw and through the permanent collection Di Capua’s ideas about “close looking” lined up with Friedlaender's pedagogical approach “We’re going to look and talk,” Friedlaender explained on the first tour “The first thing is to describe what you see—not what you think is going on or what the artist is saying.” Participants had a few minutes to sketch the first Shaw painting—the best way Two of the veterans were experienced artists has lost some dexterity in his right hand; he is taking art classes at the VA to learn to draw again “now I’m back.” Some of his artwork now hangs in the ECCC “Enhancing Observational Skills,” for almost 20 years professor emeritus of dermatology at Yale School of Medicine developed the program for medical and nursing students Friedlaender regularly leads tours for students and faculty from Yale and Quinnipiac medical schools and area nursing schools The program is mandatory for Yale’s first-year medical students Friedlaender believes that teaching people how to look at paintings is a good way for them to “learn the difference between objective and subjective responses”—training that enhances clinicians’ visual diagnostic skills as Friedlaender and Braverman’s 2001 study in the Journal of American Medicine reveals The final event was the City-Wide Open Studios Alternative Space Weekend on Yale West Campus was donating proceeds from his sales to the veteran service nonprofit Hope for the Warriors They lingered at the memorial to the victims of the 2012 Sandy Hook shooting moved by the artist’s use of shell casings to depict violence “The work paid homage in a way that the vets appreciated,” Fritchey says Sperrazza was surprised to find veterans outside her office asking if there would be an art trip that day but this one got up and running quickly.” Sperrazza hopes to find funding to keep the program running—both for newcomers and former members died unexpectedly at his Dracut home on Friday night (Ash) Capua with whom he resided in Dracut Jason was raised in Tewksbury where he was active in the Tewksbury Youth Hockey program Hockey and rollerblading were his favorite activities into his adult years and he had played adult hockey at Skate 3 in Tyngsboro for many years but he was also known for his “handy-man” skills able to mend and fix just about anything back to working order including his aunt Robin Lowthers of Dracut in the funeral home Burial will be in Tewksbury Cemetery Get more local news delivered straight to your inbox. 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For more information, please see our University Websites Privacy Notice Works of art by 13 faculty members from the Storrs and Torrington campuses are on display through Oct 14 in the 46th Annual Art Department Faculty Exhibition at the William Benton Museum of Art The exhibition features a variety of media representing many of the most significant directions in contemporary art as well as the individual vision of each artist-faculty member Featured artists in this year’s exhibition are Monica Bock sculpture and installation; Cora Lynn Deibler The dream started with a few handmade tools in a shop on the Via Russo in Naples when the Pascale brothers—Luigi “Gino” and Giovanni “Nino”—took what little funds they had and began work on what would become the P.48 Astore monocoque-airframe design powered by a scavenged Continental C65 engine The work to craft a flyable airplane—which first flew on April 2 1951—culminated a journey the brothers had initiated in the early 1930s and kept alive through World War II’s rupture of both the country’s fabric and infrastructure Along with events throughout 2023 to mark the milestone anniversary and friends last week at its headquarters at the Capua airfield (LIAU) near Naples—celebrating 75 years of passion for aircraft design The gathering featured a historical presentation in the company’s on-site museum and was capped off by a gala dinner at the Castello di Faicchio “There are people who have come from all over the world,” said Giovanni Pascale What we have always been saying is that Tecnam is a big family.” These were clearly not just empty words but were delivered with sincerity and a passion for aircraft design and the people making that happen for the company throughout its timeline The Castello di Faicchio made for an elegantly fitting place to honor the memories of the founders as it was where the Pascale brothers once flew their early model airplanes from its walls as boys “They were 10 years old when they designed these models—it’s impressive,” said Stefano Mavilio From the brothers’ launch in 1948 with the Astore came a series of single-engine airplanes and gliders history took a turn with the Pascales’ next company which later evolved into a government-driven business to design and produce commercial aircraft beginning with the twin-engine P68 in 1968—perhaps the most recognizable of the company’s designs from this era But the romance of the lighter end of the aviation industry kept calling The brothers developed the follow-on business—Tecnam— after parting ways with Partenavia in 1986 Gino and Nino worked on subcontracted components and assemblies for other manufacturers ‘we are not your employees; we will be your supplier So we are free to build the parts you [Partenavia] need but our time is ours alone,” Marvilio summarized in the tour Tecnam did just that—until the spark to return to single-engine airplane development returned to them in the early 1990s.  From this sprung the first true Tecnam model conforming under the ultralight rules of the predecessor to the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) The new bird took flight from Capua airfield on March 14 Tecnam has stayed firmly in family hands after the elder Pascales passed on—Nino in 1999, and Gino in 2017 assuming this position in 2019 after a nearly nine-year turn as chief operating officer The P-Mentor aims squarely at the training market and with EASA CS 23 certification on April 7 Rotax 912iSc-powered trainer awaits FAA validation several flight schools have queued up to put them into service as soon as that happens The design enables the P-Mentor to have passed the latest EASA requirements (CS-23 Amendment) for low speed and stall characteristics without a ballistic recovery system being an essential part of the aircraft configuration though the BRS ballistic recovery system is an option With a maximum takeoff weight of 1,587 pounds it’s more substantial than similar aircraft in the light sport (U.S.) or ultralight (EASA) categories Look for a full We Fly report on the P-Mentor and a look back at 75 years of Tecnam in an upcoming print edition of FLYING Translated from French by Noël Burch and the events that followed in that annus horibilis (as the author terms it) form a framing device for Di-Capua’s narrative and historical analysis and provide his book’s tonality For the history of Arab existentialism is that of an encounter between the social and political realities of the Middle East and existentialist writings those of Martin Heidegger during a first phase and above all the philosophical and literary writings of Sartre there was the political context of the period: whereas Sartre’s thinking—philosophical literary and political on the other with What is Literature and the creation of his journal Les Temps modernes—bloomed immediately following the end of WW2 a certain effervescence could also be detected to the east of the Mediterranean the process of decolonisation began in the Middle East a good ten years before it did in the Maghreb: Lebanon gained its independence in 1943 and in 1946 British troops in Egypt withdrew from the cities (though not yet from the Suez Canal zone) “the catastrophe,” in response to which some embraced existentialism later to become a member of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and a Palestinian refugee in Beirut: a response to this anxiety was to be found in Sartre’s introduction to the first issue of Les Temps modernes: One of the principal advantages of Yoav Di-Capua’s research is the impressive number of archives he consulted and a very rich bibliography which takes us back to the literary and intellectual world of the period through a survey of the main publications of the fifties and sixties it was Suhayl Idris who inherited the mantle of “high priest of commitment,” a phrase once used in referring to one Jean-Paul Sartre Idris never separated existentialism from commitment which in turn gave birth to a famous Beirut publishing house of the same name in his work and reputation are inseparable from that of his companion Aida Matraji who translated many of Sartre’s books Nor was the parallel confined to intellectual activities Beauvoir and their entourage patronised the cafés of Saint-Germain-des-Prés the café terraces on avenue Al-Rashid became the meeting places of the movement the intellectuals met to discuss every aspect of life in the Arab countries for existentialism had also become a household concept existentialism became “a word that everybody seemed to understand a presumed philosophical movement that everybody seemed to know a vague and nebulous daily behaviour that everybody seemed to adopt” Modernity and renewal imply a break with the past Sartre begins his manifesto What is literature An ageing critic complains gently: ’You want the death of literature: the contempt for Belles-Lettres is flaunted insolently throughout your journal.’ Further along he takes it out on André Gide and his Fruits of the Earth which he perceives as the perfect example of the bourgeois novel it was to criticise writers like Taha Hussein a friend of Gide and impassioned champion of art for art’s sake and the European cultural model And yet it is often the most “apolitical” existentialists who meet with Di-Capua’s approval And while our scholar greets effervescence and the quest for novelty with enthusiasm his disappointment is obvious when these ultimately lead to the espousal of a political ideology When he comes to the Third Congress of Arab Writers in December 1957 he dwells at length on the contribution of Mahmud Al-Messaadi a Tunisian writer who campaigned in favour of his country’s independence and whom Di-Capua describes as a “free spirit” (i.e In a speech entitled “The Protection of the Writer and Pan-Arab Nationalism” Al-Messadi warned his Egyptian comrades against any and every form of subordination of writers and culture to politics What Di-Capua fails to note is that this same Messaadi became Tunisian Minister of National Education on a long political career which will make him Minister of Cultural Affairs and finally Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies at the end of Habib Bourguiba’s presidency Di-Capua takes a dim view of Arab intellectuals who celebrated “submission to the Pan-Arab state as the right kind of iltizam (committent)” neglecting the anti-imperialist dimension of this ideology which might have shed light on such an option the author describes—rightly enough—the Nasser regime’s repression of left-wing intellectuals but alludes only fleetingly to one of its greatest accomplishments again without stressing the anti-colonial dimension of this move More and more translations appeared and at the beginning of the sixties Sartre published his Critique of Dialectical Reason the first chapter of which constitutes an attempt to reconcile existentialism and Marxism Di-Capua is critical of an ideologically oriented exegesis from Sartre’s translators He refers to a new translation of Materialism and Revolution (a work that dates from 1946) by the Syrian intellectual Georges Tarabashi under the “misleading title” Marxism and Revolution which “gave the impression that Marxism socialism and Sartre’s existentialism formed a seamless revolutionary cloth.” In the light of Sartre’s analyses of colonial reality it was now expected of Arab intellectuals that they should champion the Palestinian cause But at this point Di-Capua rightly raises a question: “Is Sartre sartrean?” The Israeli themselves were giving lip service to the socialist rhetoric of national liberation Drawing on hitherto unknown sources and archives Di-Capua provides a very precise illuminating account of the push and pull around Sartre his hesitations and the way his position was influenced by those around him (Beauvoir When Sartre arrived in Israel with Beauvoir and Lanzmann the local authorities ignored the visit completely Sartre cancelled all the scheduled meetings with members of the armed forces He also turned down an invitation from David Ben Gurion However he was reluctant to take a firm stand (and this was unusual for him) and insisted on separating the issue of Zionism from that of the existence of Israel; while at the same time proclaiming the right-of-return for the Palestinian refugees in Gaza but never broaching the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in terms of colonialism two factors will prove decisive: first of all his encounter with survivors of the genocide in a kibbutz and secondly the street demonstrations in France by Jews who “relived the traumatic moment in which the French government handed over French Jews to the Nazis.” Sartre justified his support for Israel in the issue of Les Temps Modernes which appeared just before the outbreak of the war in June 1967 as if there was a common measure between 1940 and 1967 For someone who had theorised oppression in terms of alterity ended up as a hierarchisation in which the reference to European history and not universal ethics prevailed making suddenly null and void any possibility of choice Sartre was well aware of what the Palestinians were suffering and repeatedly expressed his sympathy for them But the stand he took gave new meaning to what Aimé Césaire had written about the genocide of the Jews and the indignation it had aroused: And the idea of the suffering of “white men oppressed by other white men” as David Ben Gourion phrased it ultimately took precedent in Sartre’s mind over the immediate reality of what was happening in Palestine 1EDITOR’S NOTE: None of this author’s works have been translated into English 2Jean-Paul Sartre 3Quoted by Alain Gresh who writes of a “reluctance bordering on self-deception” when Sartre cast the Israeli in the role of historical victim at a time when they had the military support of the United States The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission Bioresource TechnologyCitation Excerpt :Final yield and quality of the extracted DNA were determined by using a Qubit 1.0 fluorometer with a dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Invitrogen sequence filtering and taxonomic classification were performed as described by Ucar et al Liquid samples were collected daily (weekends and holidays excepted) from the IAMBBR at the end of both the aerobic and microaerobic phases of a single cycle and from the influent tank All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. Metrics details Summer 2010 saw two simultaneous extremes linked by an atmospheric wave train: a record-breaking heatwave in Russia and severe floods in Pakistan we study this wave event using a large ensemble climate model experiment we show that the circulation in 2010 reflected a recurrent wave train connecting the heatwave and flooding events we show that the occurrence of the wave train is favored by three drivers: (1) 2010 sea surface temperature anomalies increase the probability of this wave train by a factor 2-to-4 relative to the model’s climatology (2) early-summer soil moisture deficit in Russia not only increases the probability of local heatwaves but also enhances rainfall extremes over Pakistan by forcing an atmospheric wave response and (3) high-latitude land warming favors wave-train occurrence and therefore rainfall and heat extremes These findings highlight the complexity and synergistic interactions between different drivers reconciling some seemingly contradictory results from previous studies The regional model domain is much larger than the study area ensuring that any boundary effects in the region of interest are minimal We quantify the relative contribution of these mechanisms to the probability of occurrence of the joint events reconciling earlier findings on these interactions Panel a: ERA-I surface air temperature at 2 m (SAT) anomalies over Eurasia Panel b: 1987–2015 probability density function for SAT index averaged over the western Russia (WRussia) region Panel c: Same as for panel a but for CPC/NCEP Rainfall anomalies over South Asia Panel d: probability density function for Rainfall index averaged over the Pakistan region Panel e: Same as for panel a but for ERA-I geopotential height at 300 hPa (Z300) anomalies Panel f: Same as for panel a but for ERA-I meridional wind component at 300 hPa (V300) anomalies In both panels b and d vertical red lines highlight 2010 values for SAT and Rainfall respectively All anomalies are calculated for the period 25.07–08.08.2010 based on the 1987–2015 climatology of 25.07–08.08 The smoothing of the curve is done using a Gaussian kernel to produce continuous density estimates First row: the probability of exceeding the 90th percentile threshold for WRussia SAT and Pakistan Rainfall Indices and probability of exceeding both the 90th thresholds for both WRussia SAT and Pakistan Rainfall contemporaneously in GlobClim 10% probabilities in the climatology row of the WRussia SAT and Pakistan Rainfall columns are true by construction Pakistan Rainfall is available for both global and regional model runs but WRussia SAT is available only for global simulations as the Regional model is centered over South Asia Concurrent events probability cannot be carried out for RegClim since this ensemble of simulation is not nested on the analyzed GlobClim ensemble Second row: Same as the first row but for Glob2010 (SAT and Rainfall) and Reg2010 (Rainfall) Third row: Same as the first row but for a sub-selection of ensemble members in Glob2010 (SAT and Rainfall) and Reg2010 (Rainfall) showing dry soil conditions over western Russia in June Fourth row: Same as the first row but for a sub-selection of ensemble members in Glob2010 (SAT and Rainfall) and Reg2010 (Rainfall) showing high-latitude land warming signal in the 24.07–08.08 period Panel a: ensemble mean of SAT anomaly for the period 24.07–08.08 for Glob2010 Note that the apparent date mismatch relative to observations stems from the fact that weather@home uses a 360 days calendar Panel b: PDF for standardized WRussia SAT index for GlobClim (solid black line) and for Glob2010 (solid orange line) Using standardized indices helps to correct for model biases for a better comparison with observation Panel c: Same as for panel a but for Rainfall anomalies over the Indian subcontinent for Glob2010 Panel d: PDF for standardized Pakistan Rainfall index for GlobClim (solid gray line) and Glob2010 (solid blue line) Panels e and f: Same as panels c and d for Rainfall anomalies in Reg2010 and RegClim and f show the climatological 90th percentile threshold (black line) and the 2010 threshold (red line) together with the percentage of ensemble members exceeding each threshold in the climatology (upper value) and in the 2010 ensemble (lower value) Panel g: ensemble mean for Z300 anomalies from Glob2010 Panel h: Same as for Panel g but for V300 anomalies from Glob2010 Anomalies are calculated as the deviation from GlobClim and RegClim ensemble means The stippling represents significant grid points at α = 0.05 and is calculated applying a Student-t Test This difference can be explained by the fact that the ensemble mean contains 649 possible realizations of 2010 (compared to one in real-life observations) This shows the importance of 2010-SST patterns in forcing the circumglobal wave train behind the heat- and rainfall extremes 2010 anomalies cannot be deterministically explained only by the 2010 SST field and radiative forcings other effects from soil moisture variability and model bias are likely to play a role and may determine the shift in the phase position of the atmospheric wave pattern Panel a: composite of Glob2010 SAT over Eurasia for the period 24.07–08.08 (anomalies from Glob2010 ensemble mean for the same period) obtained by selecting those ensemble members that show both WRussia SAT (Glob2010) and Pakistan Rainfall (Reg2010) indices above the 90th percentile Panel b: PDF for WRussia SAT index in Glob2010 (solid orange line PDF for Pakistan Rainfall index in Glob2010 (solid blue line middle right) and scatter plot (middle left) of Pakistan Rainfall index on WRussia SAT for GlobClim (gray dots) and for Glob2010 ensemble (orange dots) PDF for Pakistan Rainfall index in Reg2010 (solid blue line bottom right) and scatter plot (bottom left) of Pakistan Rainfall index on WRussia SAT for Reg2010 (orange dots) Black lines show the 90th percentile both in the PDFs and in the scatter plot and highlight the concurrent events in the top right gray-shaded panels in each scatter plot Panels c and d: Same as for Panel a but showing composites of Glob2010 and Reg2010 Rainfall Panel e: composite of Glob2010 Z300 for the period 24.07–08.08 (anomalies from Glob2010 ensemble mean for the same period) obtained by selecting those ensemble members that show both Glob2010 WRussia SAT and Reg2010 Pakistan Rainfall indices above the 90th percentile The stippling represents significant grid points at α = 0.05 and is calculated applying a Student-t-test Panel a: composites of SAT for ensemble members for Glob2010 | T65N (exceeding the 90th percentile 65 ensemble members out of 649) showing high-latitude land warming Panel b: composites of SAT for Glob2010 | T65N (exceeding the 90th percentile) and also exceeding the 90th WRussia SAT index (GlobClim) percentile (black solid line in panel c) Panel c: PDF of WRussia SAT index for Glob2010 (orange solid line) The rug shows the exact position of the data which are smoothened in the PDF using a Gaussian kernel to produce continuous density estimates Panel d: composites of Rainfall for Reg2010 | T65N (exceeding the 90th percentile) and also exceeding the 90th Pakistan Rainfall (RegClim) percentile (black solid line in Panel e) Panel e: PDF for Pakistan Rainfall index in Reg2010 (solid light blue line) for Reg2010 | T65N (blue solid line) and for RegClim (gray solid line) Both in panels c and e vertical solid black lines show the 90th percentile calculated from the climatological PDF and vertical solid red lines show the 2010 threshold (expressed in units of s.d.) together with the percentage of events that exceed this threshold in the T-65N sub-selection Anomalies are calculated based on the Glob2010 (or Reg2010 for Rainfall) ensemble mean to differentiate from the impact of 2010 global SST The stippling represents significant grid points at α = 0.05 and is calculated applying a Student-t test Panel a: composites of soil moisture for ensemble members selected with soil moisture signal over WRussia signal below the 10th percentile (65 ensemble members out of 649) during June (Glob2010 | soilM) Panel b: composites of SAT for Glob2010 | soilM and also exceeding the 90th WRussia SAT index (GlobClim) percentile (black solid line in panel c) Panel c: PDF of WRussia SAT index for Glob2010 (orange solid line) and for Glob2010 | soilM (red solid line) Panel d: composites of regional Rainfall for Reg2010 | soilM and also exceeding the 90th Pakistan regional Rainfall index (RegClim) percentile (black solid line in Panel e) Panel d: PDF for Pakistan Rainfall index in Reg2010 (solid light blue line) and for Reg2010 | soilM (blue solid line) Both in panels c and e vertical solid black line show the 90th percentile calculated from the climatological PDF and vertical solid red lines show the 2010 threshold (expressed in units of s.d.) together with the percentage of events that exceed this threshold in the soilM sub-selection The smoothing of the curve is done using a Gaussian kernel to produce a continuous density estimates Top panel: PDF for WRussia SAT index in Glob2010 (solid orange line) Glob2010 | T65N (solid red line) and Glob2010 | soilM (solid brown line) The black solid line shows the 90th WRussia SAT index (GlobClim) percentile Bottom right panel: PDF for Pakistan Rainfall index in the 2010 ensemble (solid light blue line) and Glob2010 | soilM (solid dark blue line) The black solid line shows the 90th Pakistan Rainfall index (GlobClim) percentile Bottom left panel: scatter plot of Pakistan global Rainfall index on WRussia SAT for the GlobClim (gray dots of which 54 exceeding the 90th quantile for both WRussia SAT and Pakistan Rainfall indices) 65 ensemble members of which 8 also exceeding the 90th quantile for both WRussia SAT and Pakistan Rainfall indices) and Glob2010 | soilM (brown dots of which 7 also exceeding the 90th quantile for both WRussia SAT and Pakistan Rainfall indices) Concurrent events are highlighted in the top right gray-shaded area Note that percentages for T-65N and SoilM are calculated by comparing the number of concurrent events that show T-65N (8) and SoilM (7) with the total number of T-65N and SoilM events in Glob2010 (65 each) 2010 SST anomalies combined with radiative forcings have a large effect in increasing both surface temperature anomalies in western Russia and rainfall anomalies in Pakistan Exceeding the 90th percentile temperature anomalies in western Russia increases 2-fold in the 2010 ensemble compared to the 1987–2015 climatology of the model while Pakistan rainfall anomalies increase up to four times the experimental setup does not allow for a strict separation between direct GHG-induced versus SST-driven changes enhanced surface temperature anomalies centered around 65°N in the Northern Hemisphere further increases the probability of such extremes up to 2,5-fold (for temperature anomalies in western Russia) and 5-fold (for Pakistan rainfall anomalies) Drier than usual soils in western Russia in June lead to a similar quantitative increase of both extremes low soil moisture conditions in late spring and early summer over Russia represent a potential driver for enhancing both local surface temperatures and remote rainfall over Pakistan the probability of concurrent extremes becomes four times higher in the 2010 ensemble and grows even further when high latitude land warming or dry soils are considered (to about a 7-fold increase) effect of both 2010 SST and radiative forcings plus anomalous soil moisture conditions or high-latitude land warming conditions the influence of soil moisture and high-latitude land warming is specific for the 2010 SST background state and cannot necessarily be generalized to the entire climatology Similar conclusions regarding the roles of SST can be drawn both for single and concurrent extremes highlighting the important role of the wave train in those events This trough is part of a mid-latitude wave train stretching from the eastern North Atlantic through Europe and western Russia towards the Indian subcontinent model simulations can reproduce the atmospheric circulation pattern linking these two extreme events and their concurrent probability is higher than that of independent events reveals that increased temperatures in high-latitudes also increase the probability of occurrence of both extremes high-latitude land warming may be detected as a consequence of the wave pattern that transports additional heat northwards high-latitude warming itself might change the characteristics of the wave pattern while the wave-train might be mostly driven by SSTs and local soil-moisture anomalies its persistence might increase due to enhanced warming in high latitudes More research is needed to disentangle these aspects is able to reproduce the circulation pattern that characterizes these extreme events thus giving additional confidence in the performance of the model we have shown that the weather@home model can reproduce the atmospheric circulation pattern which led to the concurrent Russia–Pakistan extreme in summer 2010 and we have identified the influence of different drivers of those extremes The climatological run of our modeling study shows that the probability of getting a concurrent event is almost twice as much as if the two events were independent This probability increases 5-fold when the 2010 year is simulated highlighting the importance of the 2010 La Niña-like SST contemporaneous high-latitude land warming further increases the probability both of single events and of concurrent events Drier than normal local soil moisture features over western Russia are found to increase the probability of the extreme event with a time lag of approximately one month favors the occurrence of the atmospheric wave train leading to the concurrent Russian heatwave and Pakistan flooding These findings highlight the complexity and dependencies behind such persistent wave trains and high-impact extremes within our highly interconnected and dynamical climate system Anomalies are calculated based on the 1987–2015 climatology of 25.07–08.08 averages consistent with the available weather@home climatology we calculate the contemporaneous (lead zero) correlation between the QRA fingerprint and the zonal SAT profile from the Glob2010 ensemble Those ensemble members that are characterized by high correlation values (above the 90th percentile = r90th = 0.72 where rmin = −0.61 and rmax = 0.90) are selected for the “high-latitude land warming” sub-selection (Glob2010 | T65N and Reg2010 | T65N) The second sub-selection of Glob2010 and Reg2010 ensemble members is applied using local soil moisture characteristics over western Russia we calculate the monthly soil moisture (soilM) index by averaging over the region of the western Russia heatwave (45°–65°N ensemble members that show soilM values lower than the 10th percentile in the month of June are included in these sub-selections as Glob2010|soilM and Reg2010|soilM the soil moisture signal is detected one month in advance (one month lead) with respect to the target variable which is detected at the end of July/beginning of August An index for the western Russia heatwave is defined both in observations and model experiments by applying a spatial average of SAT over western Russia (45°–65°N the Pakistan flood is defined by averaging rainfall over the Pakistan/western Himalayan foothills region (25°–40°N all indices are temporally averaged in the period 24.07.10–08.08.10 (starting on the 24.07 instead of 25.07 since the model uses a 360 days calendar) obtaining one index in each region for each ensemble member We will refer to these indices as to WRussia SAT and Pakistan Rainfall indices To account for model biases both indices are standardized by removing the climatological mean and dividing by their respective standard deviation derived from the 1987–2015 climatology Extreme heat events over western Russia are defined as ensemble members where the WRussia SAT index exceeds the 90th (climatological) percentile threshold extreme rainfall events over Pakistan are defined as those ensemble members where the Pakistan Rainfall index exceeds the 90th (climatological) percentile threshold Concurrent events are defined as those ensemble members where both the WRussia SAT index and the Pakistan rainfall index exceed their respective climatological 90th percentile thresholds simultaneously The R and python code used to run the analysis is stored on the PIK cluster and can be obtained upon request to the first author The 2010 Pakistan flood and Russian heat wave: teleconnection of hydrometeorological extremes Anomalous atmospheric events leading to the summer 2010 floods in Pakistan The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation Was there a 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Dyn. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-003-0330-8 (2003) Monsoon–extratropical circulation interactions in Himalayan extreme rainfall Observational evidence for soil-moisture impact on hot extremes in southeastern Europe Soil moisture–atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave Consistent increase in Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability across CMIP-5 models La Niña-like mean-state response to global warming and potential oceanic roles Understanding the anthropogenically forced change of equatorial pacific trade winds in coupled climate models Recent and future sea surface temperature trends in tropical pacific warm pool and cold tongue regions Strengthening tropical Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient consistent with rising greenhouse gases Influence of anthropogenic climate change on planetary wave resonance and extreme weather events Evaluation of a large ensemble regional climate modelling system for extreme weather events analysis over Bangladesh Deconstructing factors contributing to the 2018 fire weather in Queensland Attributing human influence on the July 2017 Chinese heatwave: The influence of sea-surface temperatures Real-time extreme weather event attribution with forecast seasonal SSTs Weather@Home-Development and validation of a very large ensemble modelling system for probabilistic event attribution Weather@home 2: validation of an improved global-regional climate modelling system The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system Assessing objective techniques for gauge-based analyses of global daily precipitation The impact of new physical parametrizations in the Hadley Centre climate model: HadAM3 sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments Download references This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and D.C.) and 01LP1901E (E.R.); the JPI Climate/JPI Oceans project ROADMAP (grant no 01LP2002B) (G.D.C.); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) grant 016.Vidi.171011 (D.C.); the National Science Foundation NSF AGS-1934358 (K.K.); the Belmont-Forum funded GOTHAM project (NE/P006779/1) (S.S. and S.O.) and the UK NERC National Centre for Atmospheric Science (S.O.) We would like to thank the Met Office Hadley Centre PRECIS team for their technical and scientific support for the development and application of weather@Home we would like to thank all of the volunteers who have donated their computing time to climateprediction.net Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) performed the analysis and wrote the first draft of the paper All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and to the writing of the paper The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-021-00211-9 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science AN Italian mayor has put an epic location forward as a potential setting for the highly-anticipated superfight between Mark Zuckerberg and Elon Musk The billionaires have been engaged in a war of words of late with tensions having recently reached a boiling point Last week, Meta Platforms co-founder Zuckerberg, 39, announced that "it's time to move on" from the fight, claiming 52-year-old Musk "isn't serious." Then come Monday, Musk took to X, formerly known as Twitter, where he claimed to have arrived at his counterpart's home in Palo Alto knock … challenge accepted … open the door," Musk tweeted This was then followed with: "Thought you might want some tea But while the future of their MMA fight remains up in the air, Antonio Mirra, the mayor of Santa Maria Capua Vetere in Italy has reportedly suggested the fight could take place at the historic Campania Amphitheater According to Corrieri Della Sera Mirra has said "the Campanian Amphitheater is the ideal location to host the event." Located on the famous Roman road, the Appian Way, the Amphitheater was second only to the Colosseum in Rome as the largest of its kind in the Roman Empire, as per History Hit. who finished the 60,000-capacity arena in 138AD The location is also notable as the first gladiator school and is where notorious gladiator Spartacus led the third slave rebellion from 73BC to 71BC, according to Open Campania All of this follows a tweet from Musk on Friday in which he claimed: "The fight will be managed by my and Zuck’s foundations (not UFC) "Livestream will be on this platform and Meta Everything in camera frame will be ancient Rome "I spoke to the PM of Italy and Minister of Culture "Everything done will pay respect to the past and present of Italy "And all proceeds go to veterans."