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The Original Article was published on 30 January 2023
Correction to: Cell Death and Disease https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-05612-7
The authors regret that there is a mistake in Fig
In the first published version of this manuscript
the bioluminescent image of intraperitoneally (i.p) SKOV3-Luc-injected mice for AMB group was accidentally misused during the assembly of the figures
We greatly apologize for this error and are now providing a corrected version of the figure (see new Fig
The scientific conclusions of our study are not affected by this inadvertent error
Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology
Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents
IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute
Sara Maria Giannitelli & Alberto Rainer
Dipartimento Universitario Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica-Sezione di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna
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This is the first proof of concept concerning the possibility of creating a smart virtual assistant for the MTB. A significant benefit could come from the integration of these automated methods in the collaborative, crucial decision stages.
Cancer Imaging and Image-directed Interventions
Volume 11 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.797454
This article is part of the Research TopicWomen in Cancer Imaging and Image-directed Interventions Vol II: 2022View all 18 articles
Aim: The first prototype of the “Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Smart Virtual Assistant” is presented
aimed to (i) Automated classification of clinical stage starting from different free-text diagnostic reports; (ii) Resolution of inconsistencies by identifying controversial cases drawing the clinician’s attention to particular cases worthy for multi-disciplinary discussion; (iii) Support environment for education and knowledge transfer to junior staff; (iv) Integrated data-driven decision making and standardized language and interpretation
Patients and Method: Data from patients affected by Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer (LACC)
treated between 2015 and 2018 were extracted
Gynecologic examination under general anesthesia (EAU)
and Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography (PET-CT) performed at the time of diagnosis were the items from the Electronic Health Records (eHRs) considered for analysis
An automated extraction of eHR that capture the patient’s data before the diagnosis and then
analysis and categorization of all data to transform source information into structured data has been performed
the system has been used to retrieve all the eHR for the 96 patients with LACC
The system has been able to classify all patients belonging to the training set and - through the NLP procedures - the clinical features were analyzed and classified for each patient
A second important result was the setup of a predictive model to evaluate the patient’s staging (accuracy of 94%)
we created a user-oriented operational tool targeting the MTB who are confronted with the challenge of large volumes of patients to be diagnosed in the most accurate way
Conclusion: This is the first proof of concept concerning the possibility of creating a smart virtual assistant for the MTB
A significant benefit could come from the integration of these automated methods in the collaborative
The huge amount of data created in hospitals and populating complex data-lakes, stays largely unexploited and, in most of the circumstances, not organized at all. These general considerations make it clear that Artificial Intelligence (AI), a general term which covers the use of a computer algorithms to model intelligent processes (2, 3)
is a field with potentially limitless applications in medicine and
AI enables managing large amounts of data and allows smart data clustering for decision support in several knowledge areas
The automated extraction and classification of actionable information from unstructured data (reports) represents a prerequisite for expanding “predictive” abilities and effectively tailoring patient treatments
Once unstructured and structured information are integrated and made consistent
and predictive methods are introduced to support diagnostic and therapeutic decisions
the most appropriate body where these data-driven methods can be exploited is the Multidisciplinary Tumor Board (MTB)
MTBs working groups have the main purpose in selecting the most appropriate and effective treatment for cancer patients
by taking into account staging of the tumor and its classification along with overall clinical characteristics
Several specialists often take part to the multidisciplinary meeting
nuclear medicine physicians and research nurses
the point of views may be various and sometimes conflicting
the discussion of each clinical case is often long and complex
especially if there are conflicting exams or if only the reports and not the images are available
there are not many cases that can be clearly discussed in a single MTB session
AI and Machine Learning have already been used as a decision support tools in the framework of MTBs (4, 5) - yet many unmet needs are still voiced by MTB operators that may be addressed through such innovative approaches
The opportunities for more effective decision-making process can be summarized as follows:
● decision-making support by integrating different sources and information (as well as knowing which source is most reliable)
● decision-support systems that allow automated discrimination of simple vs
complex cases to help focusing efforts for the latter
● reduce potential inconsistencies and lack of homogeneous criteria for diagnostic assessments by developing data-driven methods and common languages
● enable increased teamwork and effective decision making across clinical expertise
● leverage retrospective analyses from large data set to create methods and knowledge base that can be exported to other hospitals
thus creating a standardized approach for scalable methods and multicentric research efforts
followed by a machine learning predictive method to support diagnostic decisions
to further develop and test the robustness of our automated system
we have performed a proof of concept by designing the first prototype of the “MTB Virtual Assistant” with the following goals:
Automated classification of clinical stage starting from different free-text diagnostic reports;
Resolution of inconsistencies by identifying controversial cases drawing the clinician’s attention to particular cases worthy for thorough multi-disciplinary discussion;
Support environment for education and knowledge transfer to junior staff;
Integrated data-driven decision making and standardized language and interpretation
treated between 2015 and 2018 were extracted from our institutional data-lake
The following Electronic Health Records (eHRs) items have been considered for analysis:
- Gynecologic examination under general anesthesia (EUA) report;
- Staging Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography (PET-CT) report
Other patient’s relevant data (e.g.
comorbidities etc.) were collected for further analysis
A two steps model has been applied to allow the set-up of the MTB Virtual Assistant:
Automated extraction of the relevant eHR sets that capture the patient’s data before the diagnosis and then
analysis and categorization of all information to transform source information into structured data
methods to support the clinical staff in the decision process with regards to tumor staging confirmation and to help in identifying the most complex cases
where more complex analyses and discussion are needed (e
due to conflicting information coming from different exams)
A first subset of patients with pre-validated staging and diagnosis was used as training set for steps one and two
Once steps (i) and (ii) have been completed and successfully tested for patients’ subsets with pre-validated staging and diagnosis (the ‘training set’)
we developed an integrated toolset to support the MTB diagnostic process
Each time a new patient is selected for staging and treatment decision-making and enters the workflow
her eHR are automatically processed to provide structured clinical features (e.g
presence/absence of specific disease features in the tumor region
algorithm then delivers an assessment for the staging of the tumor with a certain degree of reliability
reported on the screen as percentage of accuracy
The MTB staff can proceed– if needed- to go deeper in the characterization of the information
performing further analyses of clinical data patterns from different sources and comparing the content from different eHRs
characterized by such a depth and complexity of information
empowered multi-dimensional analyses allow a robust consensus on the clinical decision to be taken
The first step is represented by the extraction of clinically relevant information from MR
The challenge with these data sources was firstly to transform the unstructured information into discrete
robust and actionable framework of clinical and pathological features related to the tumor loco-regional morphology
The output of this transformation is therefore a pattern of structured clinical features that describe in detail the disease of the patient whose specific data constitute the source information of the integrated A.I
In terms of computer algorithm used, the NPL method to transform text into data is based on a hybrid approach using rules and annotations derived from medical guidelines, combined with A.I. (machine learning); in this experience, this was developed using the SAS Visual Text Analytics® environment (12, 13)
Pre-processing steps as such as segmentation
expansion of abbreviation) were performed to achieve a higher degree of accuracy
syntactic and semantic analysis were performed with the support of an algorithm that creates the network of words
showing the occurrence of links among two words and providing an enhanced approach to natural language understanding
the sequence of steps above gave us the relevant NLP features leading to data extraction from real life medical reports
the medical reports were processed and free-text diagnostic information were transformed into categorical or quantitative clinical data that classify the clinical features resulting from each of the three exams MR
The selection of the relevant clinical features that characterize the diagnosis – and most importantly tumor staging – was performed by the multidisciplinary clinical team and constitute the basis for the ontology of the study
Therefore, the result of this data discovery process for each patient is a table showing how detailed clinical features in the tumor region are diagnosed for each of the three exams – as shown in Table 1A
Any clinical feature is then inspected and reported as being or not within the framework of the three types of exams
whether or not a specific region is involved) are mostly extracted from MR and EUA
while PET-CT clinical features provide additional levels of tumor (metabolic) activity
Table 1A Clinical features included in the three diagnostic exams and data types
Therefore, after the eHR automated reading and the subsequent NLP step, the patient’s clinical features are collected in a summarized pattern, as shown in Table 1B (specific instance of the table for a patient case); this view shows, for each of the clinical features, whether this has been identified as positive (meaning whether that region is involved in the tumor progression) or not. Examples from Table 1B indicate bladder involvement
while rectovaginal septum appears as involved when analyzing the results from the EUA and not from the RM
This conflicting outcome may indicate uncertainty in the staging assessment
which is typically represented in the predictive model results
Table 1B Example of a patient’s pattern with convergent and conflicting features
This transformation from unstructured to structured data is the mainstay of the input to the prediction and clustering then executed by A.I
To create a system that supports the MTB in disease staging, the first step is to use a supervised learning technique for the training set, where tumor stage was known a priori for each patient in this group. This was achieved by applying clustering methods to classify patients based on similarity in their clinical feature pattern (the summary view as in Figure 1) and in their diagnosed staging
When applying clustering algorithms for each of the 3 diagnostic methods separately (MR
PET-CT) seven groups for each of the three diagnoses were generated
Once the clusters have been created in the training set
a machine learning algorithm has then been used to build a predictive model for the staging based on composition of the clusters
“Decision Tree” algorithms have been adopted
using the SAS Vyia ® analytics and modeling features
Figure 1 Example of dashboard showing clinical features from three diagnoses
a validation step has been performed on a new set of patients to predict their staging based on the trained Decision Tree model
The system has been firstly used to retrieve
all the eHR for 96 patients with histological proven LACC
This represented and has been used as the training set of the study
with validated 2009 FIGO staging classification ranging from IB2 to IVA as output
and PET-CT diagnostic reports for all these patients
The system resulted to be able to classify all patients belonging to the training set and - through NLP procedures - the clinical features were analyzed and classified for each patient. This analysis provided the patient-specific summary dashboard shown in Figure 1 (desktop MTB team dashboard, which corresponds to Table 1B)
This highlights how the different diagnostic methods have identified which areas have been impacted by the tumor progression (i
presence/absence of the disease in different regions) and the main activity levels
this ‘clinical feature pattern’ also highlights when two different diagnostic methods have provided different outcomes for a given area
which is critical to identify patients who require a more thorough analysis during the MTB meetings
In addition, the clinical staff can retrieve other clinical parameters of interest directly from the system, such as laboratory exams, biomarkers, risk factors – and it is always possible to get the direct access to medical reports and compare them as shown in Figure 2
Figure 2 Example of dashboard included in Virtual Assistant that compare medical reports
we focused on the development of predictive models for the 2009 FIGO staging classification based on the 96-patients worth training set and using a set of Decision Tree machine learning algorithms
obtaining a patient’s staging prediction accuracy of 94%
The model uses clinical features extracted and classified from the MR and the EUA reports
Even higher accuracy (98%) can be achieved integrating the input from the PET-CT
Figure 3 Logical view of the Virtual Assistant dashboard and use in Multidisciplinary Tumor Board
The flow to support the MTB is designed as follows:
● when a new patient is prepared for the discussion at the MTB
the system performs the following processing steps: (i) automatic retrieval of eHR and other clinical data; (ii) NLP based transformation of the free text reports into structured clinical features that characterize the single patient
on the basis of the three diagnostic exams (MR; EUA; PET-CT); (iii) clustering of patients according to the clinical features patterns; (iv) machine-learning based prediction of the pre-diagnostic FIGO staging;
due to discrepancies in the different diagnostics);
● as already mentioned, from the single panel view of the critical patients, the MTB can get to a deeper view by analyzing the specific clinical features classification from the three exams (Figure 1)
This drill-down may highlight clinical features where two exams have led to different interpretations from two specialists (e.g.
radiologist and nuclear medicine physician)
which in itself would trigger more discussion in the board
Figure 4 Entry dashboard that classify incoming patients for the Multidisciplinary Tumor Board session
Figure 5 Dashboard view of a patient for the Multidisciplinary Tumor Board
Ultimately, the clinical team may want to compare the eHR items that originated the discrepancies, which would be immediately available in the system (Figure 2)
In order to test the effectiveness of the overall approach
the system has been tested with an independent group of 13 patients (whose features have not been used in the Training Set)
After all the medical reports were retrieved
the NLP system proceeded in classifying all patients in detail through their patterns of clinical features: the predictive model for FIGO staging has shown an accuracy of 93%
substantially confirming the performances observed in the training set
A proof-of-concept for an integrated framework for automated classification of disease staging
and a Clinical Decision Support System in the multidisciplinary management of LACC is reported
we have trained and validated a biomedical imaging report analyzer that performs a smart “automated classification” of the LACC stage
PET-CT and EUA reports from the cohort used in the Training Set
achieved excellent accuracy when matched with the prediction of the stage
The performance compared favorably to clinical staging and was confirmed to the same levels of accuracy when tested in the independent Validation Set
the reports were performed by different physicians without using a common template
so even though the task for the software was complex and prone to misinterpretation
To the best of our knowledge this is the first prototype aimed at supporting effectively a MTB in the prioritization and analysis of the most critical cases
The intuitive Graphical User Interface allows an easy detection of discrepancies among the imaging reports
rather than focusing on the clinical cases without diagnostic uncertainties whose treatment should be an easy skill
the software suggests the specialists to focus their attention on the most critical cases
dedicating more quality time to deep discussion and achieving a more robust data-driven consensus
In a large-volume scenario as well as in a low- resources setting
the implementation of an automatic tool as the one described could have a very relevant impact as supported by the promising results of this proof-of-concept
this tool is not intended to replace the tumor board’s discussion of clinical situations
even in circumstances when the UAE and MR are in agreement
reports frequently underpin parts that aren’t written
but are assessed in multidisciplinary meetings (e.g
some poor detection of the outer cervical stroma that is not a sure sign of parametrial invasion).It has to be considered as a facilitator of the decisional process and a tool to make MTD meetings go faster even if there are numerous clinical cases to be discussed
this proof of concept could be easily adapted and extended to other cancer settings
demonstrating the favorable scalability of the provided structure
much room for re-use of the many pivotal components:
- Extract/Transform/Load (ETL) automated extraction and following NLP clinical features classification;
- machine-learning based predictive model for FIGO staging
which can be trained on different patient set
- overall navigation and drill-down to different layers of information
to allow the MTB for a data-supported analysis and discussion (thus promoting collaborative methods and integration of skills)
- especially in the Covid 19 era where MTBs are performed increasingly in virtual/online mode
this system offers a remote collaborative platform into the hospital and among hospitals
Furthermore, as already suggested by Bizzo et al. (16)
can help drive the field toward more structured reporting from different specialists
which is critical for an effective MTB and serves as the basis for a “virtuous cycle” in creating additional data for A.I
a further strength of the proposed approach is represented by the machine-learning and clustering methods - used in connection with NLP and understanding of clinical features from diagnoses – that allowed us to identify patients’ phenotypes which are not characterized only through the FIGO staging and can be especially useful for future prognostic models able to predict the complete pathological response
In terms of future developments starting from this proof of concept
we consider strategic the following key points:
● enlarge the training and validation cohort by recruiting patients coming from our center as well as other institutions: the increased cohort will allow to further improve the NLP effectiveness and predictive system accuracy;
● use of this setting as a base for an end-to-end model; covering also the re-staging and the pathological response definition; in this way
we could be able to provide further insights to the MTB not only at the diagnostics phase
but also along the treatment and the follow-up
possibly integrating existing NLP system for eHR transformation and then connecting our clustering and predictive methodologies: this transformation could allow a widely dissemination
while this prototype should still be considered as first proof of concept of the possibility of creating a Smart Virtual Assistant for MTB
we believe that this experience discloses a significant benefit in the integration of these automated methods in the collaborative
giving clinicians the opportunity to save time by optimizing the duration of multidisciplinary meetings
to consolidate information and leverage data-driven evidence that would be not achievable in the more traditional settings and decisional workflows
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors
Ethical approval was not provided for this study on human participants because the project has received approval and has been reviewed by the Scientific Director of IRCCS Policlinico Gemelli
The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study
Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article
Acquisition of data and patient recruitment
Revision of adaptation of and final approval of manuscript
All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
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Long-Term Analysis of Clinical Outcome and Complications in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer Patients Administered Concomitant Chemoradiation Followed by Radical Surgery
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Keywords: locally advanced cervical cancer
multidisciplinary tumor board smart virtual assistant
Scambia G and Valentini V (2022) Multidisciplinary Tumor Board Smart Virtual Assistant in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: A Proof of Concept
Received: 09 November 2021; Accepted: 08 December 2021;Published: 03 January 2022
Copyright © 2022 Macchia, Ferrandina, Patarnello, Autorino, Masciocchi, Pisapia, Calvani, Iacomini, Cesario, Boldrini, Gui, Rufini, Gambacorta, Scambia and Valentini. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)
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believed to be the earliest found in Magna Graecia
shedding light on the ancient olive growing tradition in the region and prompting further excavations to uncover a whole settlement
An ancient olive oil mill dating to the 4th century B.C
has been uncovered during archeological excavations in the province of Matera
Located in the Basilicata region in southern Italy
the archaeologists said that the finding is sensational due to both its structure and age
They believe it is the earliest olive oil mill found in Magna Graecia
a region that encompasses most of Italy’s southern coastline
where ancient Greek colonists arrived 3,500 years ago
The discovery was made within the excavating site of Ferrandina
a town still renowned for its high-quality extra virgin olive oil
Its surroundings and archeological past are highly relevant for researchers searching for the remains of ancient communities that settled in the area as early as the Iron Age
scientists from the University of Basilicata and the regional archeological agency explained that the site’s primary evidence includes an olive oil receptacle built with dry stone walls
several channels branch off and follow the natural slope bringing them to stone basins
which archeologists believe were used for the purification of the olive oil
horizontal beams with mobile counterweights formed the ancient press
under which a rounded support basin was placed to collect the olive pulp
The current excavations were undertaken several years ago after archeologists found two pressing bases
The researchers also found traces of a press with a wooden frame on the clay floor
with a well-compacted clay walking surface intended for the processing of olives,” the archaeologists said
some plant macro-fossils of Olea europaea were found in excellent condition.”
Paleobotany experts will analyze the olives’ carpological remains to better understand their origin and shed some light on the local ancient cultivar
the most commonly grown variety in Ferrandina
The excavations will continue since a whole settlement is believed to have arisen in the same location as the olive oil mill
with residential quarters and production facilities
Researchers will also look for the areas dedicated to the pressing and storage of the olives
“The discovery witnesses the ancient inclination for olive growing in the Ferrandina territory
which is renowned for its high-quality olive oil,” said Lucrezia Digilio and Paolo Colonna from Donne in Campo and the organization of the Lucano olive oil producers
They believe that the archeologists’ work “further strengthens PGI Olio Lucano
a brand that goes beyond the quality and also recognizes history
tradition and passion of the olive growers on our territory.”
Growers and experts are now waiting for the results of the paleobotany analysis on the uncovered olive remains
“As it is well-known, the most grown cultivar in Ferrandina is the Majatica, whose dedicated groves extend on 4,250 hectares,” Digilio and Colonna said. “This discovery encourages us to continue building the inter-regional olive oil production chain
an initiative that is helping local growers to restructure their businesses and be more competitive on the market.”
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some question the potential impact on olive oil quality and the environmental burden of the packaging
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1923 to the late Dominick LoBianco and Antoinette Carone LoBianco. Along with her parents
Rose Pomponio and Josephine Domanico; grandson
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and Mariann Santagata DeRiso and son-in-law Tony DeRiso; grandchildren
and Eloise Abygail Jagoe; as well as her sister
Mass of Christian Burial will be held at 11:00 a.m.
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The work will also make it possible to establish long-distance railway connections and to enhance the local public transport offer in the area in terms of frequency and quality
The creation of the new line Ferrandina - Matera La Martella takes an important step forward with the approval of the final project by the extraordinary government commissioner for the opera Vera Fiorani
The project - underlines a note from the Italian railway network - of the new line will make it possible to connect the city of Matera to the national railway infrastructure through an electrified line of 20 kilometers with single track
The Matera La Martella station will be served both by a direct connection with the Ferrandina station and by a connection to the north through the new link road connecting the Battipaglia - Potenza - Metaponto line
The project will also make it possible to establish long-distance railway connections between Matera and the High Speed system and to enhance the local public transport offer in the area in terms of frequency and quality
The overall investment for the construction of the work is approximately 430 million euros
The approval of the final project will be followed in the next few days by the start of the negotiation procedures
thus marking an important milestone in the development of the intervention whose activation is expected by 2026
The family of Nicky Fylan (Nicola Filazzola) created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories
a region in Italy known for its grapes and olives
is struggling to establish its olive oil industry due to fragmented production and lack of investment
despite the region’s ideal climate for olive growing
such as Matera being named the 2019 European Capital of Culture
there is hope that Basilicata’s olive oil will gain recognition and value in the future
Basilicata is one of the smallest regions of Italy and its olive oil is not as well known as some others
this region has a perfect climate for olive growing
The most common varieties of olives here are: Ogliarola del Vulture
While only Ogliarola del Vulture has the PDO designation
all of the local varieties produce oils prized for their well-balanced and fruity taste
Many of the groves in Basilicata are over hills difficult to access and to harvest
In general olive oil production is less organized — a far cry from the modern systems found in surrounding regions
This fragmentation of production is discouraging investments in the sector
Half of the olive oil mills here still use presses
often mixing olives of widely varying condition
These factors are making it difficult for Basilicata’s olive oil to stand out
With 90 percent of its production extra-virgin
Basilicata oils are still typically sold unbranded and hardly any (3 percent) is exported
the mayor of Matera will meet Siena’s mayor
at the national assembly of the association of olive oil municipalities
to tighten the partnership between these cities in the name of the olive and extra-virgin olive oil
ready to add value to the liquid gold coming from this wild land that in the past gave inspiration to great artists including Pasolini and Carlo Levi
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restaurateurs and tourism officials in Umbria are working to turn extra virgin olive oil into a year-round attraction
Archaeological Exhibition Explores History of Olive Oil in the Mediterranean
displays archaeological discoveries about the trade and production of olive oil in the Mediterranean
Rome's Olive Oil Production on Public Farm Supports Community, Sustainability
The city's organic production provides community support through donations and funds to maintain a public farm in Lazio
L’Olivo di Sant'Emiliano: A 1,800-Year-Old Symbol of Umbria's Olive Tradition
The millenary tree symbolizes the resilience of the central Italian region
with many of its cohorts damaged by repeated frost over the years
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This study aims at investigating the relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 expression in tumour vs stroma inflammatory compartment and its possible clinical role
The study included 99 stage IB-IV cervical cancer patients: immunostaining of tumour tissue sections was performed with rabbit antiserum against cyclooxygenase-2
Mast Cell Tryptase monoclonal antibodies were used to characterise stroma inflammatory cells in nine cervical tumours
An inverse relation was found between cyclooxygenase-2 levels (cyclooxygenase-2 IDV) of tumour vs stroma compartment (r=−0.44
The percentage of cases showing high tumour/stromal cyclooxygenase-2 IDV ratio was significantly higher in patients who did not respond to treatment (93.3%) with respect to patients with partial (60.5%)
Cases with a high tumour/stroma cyclooxygenase-2 IDV ratio had a shorter overall survival rate than cases with a low tumour/stroma cyclooxygenase-2 IDV (P<0.0001)
In the multivariate analysis advanced stage and the status of tumour/stroma cyclooxygenase-2 IDV ratio retained an independent negative prognostic role
and CD25+ cells was significantly lower in tumours with high tumour/stroma cyclooxygenase-2 IDV ratio
while a higher percentage of mast cells was detected in tumours showing high tumour/stroma cyclooxygenase-2 IDV ratio
Our study showed the usefulness of assessing cyclooxygenase-2 status both in tumour and stroma compartment in order to identify cervical cancer patients endowed with a very poor chance of response to neoadjuvant therapy and unfavourable prognosis
The potential role of COX-2 expression in stroma cells has been first suggested by Williams et al (2000)
who showed a dramatic inhibition of tumour growth and angiogenesis in lung carcinoma cells grafted into homozygous COX-2−/− mice
Based on our preliminary observations about the presence of COX-2 staining in the stroma compartment of cervical tumours we were then prompted at providing a more in depth analysis of (i) COX-2 content in the stroma inflammatory cellular elements of this neoplasia
(ii) the relationship between COX-2 expression in tumour cells vs stroma inflammatory compartment
and (iii) the possible clinical role of COX-2 expression according to the cellular compartment of staining
an immunophenotypic characterization of stroma inflammatory cells was carried out in a series of cervical tumours
Patients showing clinical no change/progression during neoadjuvant treatment were subjected to exclusive radiotherapy
The following monoclonal and policlonal antibodies were used: anti-CD3 (clone PS1; 1:100)
Italy); anti-Mast Cell Tryptase (clone AA1
Denmark); anti-COX 2 rabbit policlonal antibody (1:300 Cayman
In the studies of phenotyping of stromal inflammatory cells
serial sections of representative blocks were cut from patients with either high (>1) or low (⩽1) COX-2 positive tumour/stroma ratio (see below)
In order to quantitate the percentage of COX-2 stained cell subpopulations with respect to inflammatory cells of the stroma
we used the immunoperoxidase technique performed on consecutive sections
since it allows by nuclear counterstaining with hematoxylin to better recognise stromal cells also by their morphological characteristics
As positive controls for the other antibodies both lymph-nodes and thymus were used
the slide was treated with 3-amino-9 ethylcarbazole (Sigma
The slide was rapidly mounted using an aqueous mounting medium and digital images of microscopic fields acquired by Nikon Coolpix 950 digital camera (Nikon Instruments
Italy) after registering the X-Y coordinate of the acquired field in the slide
Then the slide was immersed in Ca2+-Mg2+-free PBS (pH 7.2)
The slide was immersed for 10 s in 99.8% (vol/vol) methyl alcohol and then exhaustively washed with PBS
The section was treated in microwave owen using the Dako ChemMate detection kit (DAKO) and then incubated with anti-mast cell tryptase antibody
The immunoreaction was developed by fast blue and the slide was remounted
The exact area on the same slide was acquired by the digital camera and compared with the first image
after the first immunostaining with anti-COX-2 antibody
and then treated with the streptavidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase complex kit
omitting the anti-mast cell tryptase antibody
USA) together with ‘The image processing toolkit’ (CRC Press
The integrated density values (IDV) of the immunostaining was calculated as the product of the mean density value of the immunoreactive regions by the percentage of the immunostained tumour or stroma components
Inflammatory cell count in the tumour stroma was performed by chosing five corresponding × 20 fields
from each of six serial tissue sections (one for each antibody)
so as to best reflect the overall immunostaining of the tumour stroma contained in the entire slide
acquired with a Nikon Coolpix 950 digital camera
were opened in Photoshop using a Macintosh G3 workstation (Apple
Both immunostained and negative cells within a superimposed grid of 0.022 mm2 were counted
Two cell counts for each digital image were done by moving the grid over representative stromal areas
The total cell number/stromal area was calculated by averaging cell counts from each section and from the six consecutive sections (n=60)
was calculated by averaging cell counts from two grid areas from five × 20 fields (n=10)
Wald statistics for coefficient comparison and the Joint significance test were also performed in order to compare the coefficients of relative risk of death for tumour COX-2 positivity vs tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio positivity and to evaluate the weight of the status of tumour COX-2 and tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio in the survival regression model after excluding each of them
Statistical analysis was carried out using SOLO (BMDP Statistical Software
USA) and Statview survival tools (Abacus Concepts- Inc- Berkeley CA
(A) Squamous cervical cancer with intense COX-2 immunoreaction in both cytoplasm and nuclei of tumour cells
Scattered cells in the stromal compartment are stained
(B) COX-2 negative tumour showing intense COX-2 staining in the stroma inflammatory compartment
and tryptase immunoreaction in tumours showing high (C
COX-2 integrated density values in the tumour component ranged from 1.2 to 82.3 with mean±s.e
COX-2 integrated density values in the stromal component range from 0.9 to 96.0 with mean+s.e
A statistically significant inverse relation was found between COX-2 IDV of tumour vs COX-2 IDV in the stroma compartment (r=−0.44
the ratio between COX-2 IDV in the tumour vs COX-2 IDV in the stroma component was used in order to normalise the COX-2 expression in each case
and to categorise tumours according to low vs high COX-2 content
The tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio range from 0.03 to 48.2 (mean±s.e.=5.1±0.9)
The ratio of ⩽1 was used to indicate cervical tumours with COX-2 expression in the tumour component lower or equivalent to COX-2 expression in the stroma
56 out of 99 (56.6%) were scored as having a high (>1) tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio
High COX-2 IDV in the tumour compartment were shown to be significantly associated with larger volume of the tumour and more aggressive histotype while COX-2 IDV in the tumour stroma showed the opposite pattern (data not shown)
higher tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio was found in stage III-IV with respect to stage I–II cases (P value=0.09)
in adenocarcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma versus squamous cell (P value=0.0005)
in tumours ⩾4 cm vs smaller tumours (P value=0.011)
Metastatic lymph node involvement was found in 14 out of 69 (20.3%) cases: the percentage of COX-2 tumour positivity was 28.6% in lymph node positive with respect to 35.7% in lymph node negative cases (difference not significant)
The percentage of cases showing tumour COX-2 positivity was significantly higher in patients who did not respond to treatment (87.5%) with respect to patients with partial (46.5%)
Similar results were found considering COX-2 IDV ratio as covariate
according to clinical response (P=0.007) (data not shown)
the percentage of cases showing COX-2 IDV positivity in the stroma was not correlated per se with response to treatment (data not shown)
The percentage of cases showing high tumour/stromal COX-2 IDV ratio was significantly higher in patients who did not respond to treatment (93.3%) with respect to patients with partial (60.5%), and complete (43.7%) response (P=0.009). Similar results were found considering mean COX-2 IDV ratio according to clinical response (Table 1)
In the univariate analysis advanced FIGO stage
and high tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio proved to associated with poor chance of response to neoadjuvant therapy (complete/partial vs no response)
P=0.008) and tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio (χ2=4.1
P=0.0042) retained an independent role in predicting a poor chance of response to treatment
COX-2 status in stroma inflammatory cells was defined according to the cut-off of 20.0 corresponding to mean COX-2 IDV
Overall survival rate according to the status of COX-2 in tumour cells (A)
and according to the ratio between tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV (C) in 99 cervical cancer patients
On the other side, cases showing COX-2 positive reaction in stroma inflammatory cells showed a longer OS than COX-2 negative cases: in particular, the 3-year OS was 91% (CI 95%=79–101) in COX-2 positive with respect to COX-2 negative cases who had a 3-year OS of 59% (CI 95%=46–72) (P=0.010) (Figure 2B)
COX-2 IDV in stroma inflammatory cells were inversely associated with risk of death
as assessed by COX analysis using COX-2 values as a continuous covariate (χ2=8.2
Plot of the estimate of the relative risk of death as a prediction of COX-2 integrated density values
calculated by COX's hazard regression model in cervical cancer patients
In multivariate analysis the positivity of tumour COX-2 retained an independent negative prognostic role for OS (P=0.0004)
while the positivity of stromal COX-2 showed a trend toward a favourable role (P=0.056)
Similar results were obtained when using tumour COX-2 and stromal COX-2 as continuous variables (data not shown)
As shown in Table 2 the status of tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio together with advanced stage of disease, retained an independent negative prognostic role for OS (Table 2)
Similar results were obtained in multivariate analysis considering the values of tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio as continuous variable in the whole series as well as in LACC patients (data not shown)
in order to evaluate the weight of the status of tumour COX-2 and tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio in the survival regression model
we tested the significance of excluding either the co-variate tumour COX-2 positivity or tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV positivity from the model
only the tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV gave a statistically significant contribution to the model (likelihood ratio: χ2 =7.6
the comparison between the coefficients of relative risk of death for tumour COX-2 positivity vs tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV positivity was also analysed in order to test whether a statistically significant difference exists beween the two coefficients
in the Cox's proportional hazard model we found that the relative risk of death in patients having a tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio >1 positivity showed a trend to be higher (relative risk 18.72
95% CI=1.94–181.0) than that of patients with tumour COX-2 (relative risk 1.12
95% CI=0.33–84.0) (Wald statistics: χ2=3.292; d.f.=1
and tryptase positive cells in stroma inflammatory infiltrate of cervical tumours from cases with low (gray columns) vs high (black columns) tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio (results are expressed as mean±s.e.; *significant at P<0.05)
Double labelling subtraction consecutive immunostaining of the same COX-2 positive tumour section by anti-COX-2 and anti-tryptase antibodies showed that the vast majority (>70%) of tryptase positive mast cells also express COX-2 (Figure 5, insert).
Double labelling subtraction consecutive immunostaining of the same COX-2 positive tumour section by anti-COX-2 and anti-tryptase antibodies showed that the vast majority (>70%) of tryptase positive mast cells also express COX-2
we first reported that in cervical tumours the expression of COX-2 in the stroma inflammatory cells and its relationship with COX-2 expression in tumour cells can be clinically relevant
An inverse relationship between COX-2 expression in tumour cells and the amount of the stroma inflammatory infiltrate in the tumour has been detected
suggesting that COX-2 expression in stromal elements such as the vasculature could play a major role in tumour biology
This issue is relevant in order to understand the role of COX-2 according to different compartments
and warrants further investigations also by a thorough characterisation of the various cellular subtypes (lymphocytes
This ratio represents a valuable tool to normalise the amount of COX-2 expression in the tumour on the basis of the status of its stromal component
and to minimize the bias inherent to the use of an arbitrary cut-off
we showed that the ratio between COX-2 in the tumour cells and COX-2 in the stroma cells was very effective in distinguishing patients with low vs high risk of death of disease both in univariate and multivariate analysis
a very strong correlation between both tumour COX-2 expression and tumour/stroma COX-2 IDV ratio were shown to be highly correlated with response to chemotherapy while
although high COX-2 expression in the stroma was significantly associated with better survival
it failed to directly correlate with response to treatment
This paper was modified 12 months after initial publication to switch to Creative Commons licence terms
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This work was financially supported by grants from Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (MURST) and Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC)
From twelve months after its original publication
this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License
visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600578
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Zühlke Group, a Swiss-based IT service management company, has announced the appointment of Eric Cheung as its new CEO for the Asia Pacific (APAC) region
Cheung is also a member of the Group Executive Committee now
Cheung will oversee the company’s operations across APAC in collaboration with the APAC executive board
Cheung joined Zühlke in July 2023 as Managing Director Markets
Bringing over twenty years of leadership experience across consulting
Cheung had spearheading the development and expansion of a S&P 500 IT consulting firm within the Asia Pacific
“Asia-Pacific is a dynamic economic powerhouse and a key pillar of Zühlke Group’s global strategy
I feel a great sense of honour and responsibility taking on this role as we advance our global impact in the region
I look forward to further collaborating with our teams
while further strengthening our global footprint and delivering unparalleled value for the market.”
“We’re pleased to congratulate Eric on his new appointment and extend a warm welcome for him within the Group Executive Committee
With his brilliant thinking and focused leadership
we look forward to collaborating and driving our global business to greater heights together.”
Featured image credit: Edited from Freepik
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2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Zühlke announces the appointment of Eric Cheung as CEO APAC & Member of the Group Executive Committee
Under Zühlke's global organisation structure
Eric will be responsible for leading and managing the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region together with the APAC Executive Board
With over two decades of international leadership experience in consulting
Eric is an accomplished leader with a proven track record of success
and strategy of a leading S&P 500 IT consulting firm in Asia Pacific
Since joining Zühlke in July 2023 as Managing Director Markets
Eric has exemplified his visionary leadership and strategic thinking
combined with in-depth knowledge of the Asia-Pacific regional markets
His strong business acumen and dedication to creating impactful work ensure that Zühlke is well-positioned to deliver continuous value for clients as a partner of choice in the region
"Asia Pacific is a dynamic economic powerhouse and a key pillar of Zühlke Group's global strategy
while further strengthening our global footprint and delivering unparalleled value for the market."
"We're pleased to congratulate Eric on his new appointment and extend a warm welcome for him within the Group Executive Committee
we look forward to collaborating and driving our global business to greater heights together," comments Zühlke Group CEO Fabrizio Ferrandina
Zühlke is a global innovation service provider
We envisage ideas and create new business models for our clients by developing services and products based on new technologies – from the initial vision through development to deployment
We specialise in strategy and business innovation
and application services – in addition to device and systems engineering
Our outstanding solutions provide unique business value and a reliable foundation for sustained success
Zühlke was founded in Switzerland in 1968 and is owned by its partners
serving clients from a wide range of industries
our venture capital arm Zühlke Ventures provides start-up financing in the high-tech sector
Lourdes Coffee functions as a cafe and creative space
and even something of an art gallery and venue
Named for the grandmother of owner Phil Rodrigues, it sits right across from The Stop, and engages in community partnerships with them and other local organizations like the Art for Cancer Foundation
Art on display in the 15-seat space changes up every three weeks, pieces by Josh LeClerc on the walls during my visit offset by a neon Chinese food sign obtained from Kijiji
A functioning piano promises cool performance opportunities for live musicians
and there’s also a monthly live comedy show featuring local stand-ups
Beans are sourced from Reunion Island
A local roasts beans here a kilo at a time once a week after close
and there’s occasionally a one-off pot floating around
You won’t find any fancy or confusing Italian on the menu here: choices are listed simply as “espresso with water” ($3)
and if it’s an Americano it’ll be gently stirred with filtered water and a little lemon for a traditional take
Apparently Lourdes herself used to refrigerate leftover espresso and mix it with lemon water as a refreshing way of reducing waste
Flash frozen croissants ($3 - $4.50) are actually imported from France by Ferrandina Foods
There’s also homemade banana bread ($2.50) and huge vegan cookies ($3.50)
Rodrigues chats with me about the possibility of breakfast sandwiches made with Portuguese buns
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The appointment reflects the importance of the Asian market to Zuhlke’s global strategy and its development as a global service provider
Swiss innovation service provider Zuhlke Group has named Jonas Trindler
to the group executive board from January 1
Trindler has been with Zuhlke for the past 16 years and is an integral part of the company's team in Asia
building and scaling its presence in Hong Kong and Singapore
where it serves international clients in the banking
Zuhlke also named Aleksandar Marjanovic, CEO of Zühlke’s Global Delivery Centres
The appointments reflect a «new chapter of growth» for the company, Fabrizio Ferrandina, CEO of the Zühlke Group, said in the announcement
Zuhlke works closely with many financial services clients on digital transformation and solutions built for rapid business growth
It has over 1,200 employees in Austria
The company first established a presence in Asia in 2017
which has since grown to include 150 staff
with a corresponding portfolio of new customers and revenues
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