Installation view: Ryoji Ikeda: data-verse
Between the infinite and nothingness lies the “data-verse.” This dialectic is at the center of Ryoji Ikeda’s first museum exhibition in the United States at the High Museum of Art
Ryoji Ikeda: data-verse builds on the artist’s growing critical acclaim and affirms his reputation for complex technological work
the exhibition begins with a loosely connected series of installations which explore the poetic and phenomenological effects of Ikeda’s attempts to materialize light and sound
The show opens with point of no return (2018)
an immense pulsing white screen with a slowly dilating black hole at its center
The work’s visual economy of means masks its complex relational effects and symbolic overtones
As the viewer walks closer and contemplates the piece
the black hole at the center appears to be reconfigured from a flat
two-dimensional image into an immersive field
pulsing energy of the white screen disappears amidst the stilled
this transformation mimics the notion that the viewer has been pulled inside the black hole’s magnetic field
the viewer is visually re-grounded within the space of the gallery as the pulsing light returns and the black hole once again becomes a flattened two-dimensional image
Point of no return is both an invitation to the viewer and a philosophical query which prefaces the remaining works in the exhibition
The black hole at its center is suggestive of the moment in the universe before the Big Bang
The remaining installations of this initial series—mass (2023) and line (2008)—explore that expansion
when light emerged from darkness and yielded matter
Mass features similar black-and-white circular forms which ripple across a large screen placed directly on the floor
low-lit gallery whose black walls absorb light
the images on the massive screen seem to take on three-dimensional form
appearing to open into a swirling abyss below
Ikeda’s play with optical illusion transforms the continuously decentering circular form on screen into a three-dimensional sphere
teetering above its seemingly limitless depth
mass’s vertiginous effect is deeply humbling
a reminder of humanity’s infinitesimal place within the universe
plays with optical illusion through an economy of visual means while cheekily laying bare its own making
the work appears at the end of a long hallway as a single
thin line of light bursting from the darkness
Its totemic elegance beckons viewers to draw near
evocatively playing with the potential transcendence manifested in walking towards the light
as it becomes apparent that the light does not emanate from a bulb or screen
from a slit cut into the gallery wall which allows for the light of the window behind the wall to shine through
The work's simplicity conceals its metaphysical complexity
Like Barnett Newman’s “zip,” Ikeda’s line upends figure-ground relations but does so while sculpting light
as Ikeda corrals the immateriality of light into geometric form
Line leads viewers to the exhibition’s eponymous work
It is composed of three monumental screens
each of which features distinct yet interrelated chapters of large-scale
Masterfully transformed into lush imagery and synchronized to an electronic score
data-verse 1/2/3 eschews the visual restraint of Ikeda’s earlier installations in favor of operatic form
If line evokes the “zip,” data-verse 1/2/3 is the sublime
pulsing images weave together datasets at the thresholds of both micro and macroscopic perception; from subatomic particles and protein structures to solar irradiance and maps of galaxies
the piece transforms mathematical planes into a dazzling
hypnotic display of the universe’s wonders
At the center of Ikeda’s explorations is an ethics of scalar relationality
The viewer first encounters these questions in relation to a singular body of knowledge whose various datasets are simultaneously displayed across the three screens
shifts from cellular splices to musculoskeletal scans
The connection between these datasets is punctuated by Ikeda’s electronic score as a sharp
metallic chime visually runs across the screens
This tripartite visualization is echoed in the expanding scale of the datasets themselves
which map increasingly larger fields of relationality
From biological interactions within the body to the social engagements revealed in traffic grids and stock market charts
the screens display steadily larger points of relation
the heat maps of the sun’s radiation burn across the screens
The ethical query at the center of the sublime and the question of the figure-ground relation which Ikeda explores in his work resurfaces in data-verse
instead of exploring the visual phenomenologies of light as geometric form
Helena Shaskevich is an Assistant Professor of Art History at Kennesaw State University, specializing in feminist new media from the 1960s to the present. Her writing has been published in Feminist Media Histories, Camera Obscura, Art Journal, Woman’s Art Journal, Millennium Film Journal, Afterimage, and multiple collected volumes.
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A Publisher Correction to this article was published on 13 February 2025
This article has been updated
detailed mechanisms of such processes remain unclear
Here we analyse clinical specimens and identify mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in TILs that are shared with cancer cells
mitochondria with mtDNA mutations from cancer cells are able to transfer to TILs
mitochondria in TILs readily undergo mitophagy through reactive oxygen species
mitochondria transferred from cancer cells do not undergo mitophagy
which we find is due to mitophagy-inhibitory molecules
These molecules attach to mitochondria and together are transferred to TILs
T cells that acquire mtDNA mutations from cancer cells exhibit metabolic abnormalities and senescence
with defects in effector functions and memory formation
This in turn leads to impaired antitumour immunity both in vitro and in vivo
the presence of an mtDNA mutation in tumour tissue is a poor prognostic factor for immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with melanoma or non-small-cell lung cancer
These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism of cancer immune evasion through mitochondrial transfer and can contribute to the development of future cancer immunotherapies
identification of the various immune-evasion mechanisms that cancer cells use is essential to improve ICI efficacy
the mechanisms that underlie mitochondrial dysfunction in TILs remain unclear
Although mitochondrial transfer can occur from cancer cells to T cells in the TME
the incidence and effects of this process on antitumour immunity remain unclear
Here we analyse clinical samples of various cancer types and show that mtDNA mutations are present in TILs
Many of these mtDNA mutations are shared with the cancer cells and are obtained through mitochondrial transfer
We also investigate the functions of mtDNA-mutated T cells
including antitumour immunity mediated by PD-1 blockade
The clinical significance of these results in patients with melanoma or non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving ICIs is also evaluated
This study reveals a previously undescribed immune-evasion mechanism that involves mitochondrial transfer
Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) track data of the entire mtDNA from paired TILs and cancer cells from the same patient (02 and 04)
A lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) established from PBLs from the same patient (through Epstein–Barr virus transformation) was used as germline controls
Representative gating strategy for bulk TIL analyses
Capillary sequencing chromatograms of mtDNA from patient 04
mtDNA from sorted pure CD45+CD3+ T cells from bulk TIL04 cells
MEL04 cells and PBL04 cells were sequenced
representative transmission electronic microscopy images of bulk TIL04
the number of cristae per mitochondrion (n = 20 per mitochondrion) were counted and quantified
IGV track data of the entire mtDNA of FFPE tumour tissue from patient 04
next-generation sequencing was used for analyses
P values (shown on the chart) were calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni correction (d)
Source Data
n = 4 per group) and capillary sequencing chromatograms for DsRed− cells (i
P values (shown on charts) were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections (c,h)
Source Data
TIL04#9 cells labelled with MitoTracker Green were cocultured with MEL04 cells for 3 days (a
Representative flow cytometry staining (left) and quantification (right) are shown (n = 4 per group)
Capillary sequencing chromatograms of mtDNA in TIL04#9 cells cocultured with MEL04 cells with or without NAC at day 14
TIL04#9 cells labelled with MitoTracker Green were cocultured with MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 3 days and were subsequently stained and analysed
Representative confocal microscopy images (d) and quantification (e) are shown (n = 4 per group)
carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
TIL04#9 cells were cocultured with MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 14 days and sorted TILs were analysed by real-time PCR
Quantification of fold change values to the controls are shown (n = 3 per group)
Quantification of mitochondria in TIL04#9 cells treated with a mitophagy inhibitor
Coculture was performed as described in a with or without bafilomycin A1 and TILs were subsequently analysed
Representative confocal microscopy images (h) and quantification (i) are shown (n = 4 per group)
Quantification of mitochondrial transfer in TILs treated with a USP30 inhibitor or siRNAs
TIL04#9 cells were cocultured with MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 3 days with or without CMPD-39 or siRNAs and were subsequently analysed
Capillary sequencing chromatograms of mtDNA in TIL04#9 cells cocultured with MEL04 cells with or without CMPD-39 or siRNAs at day 14
P values (shown on charts) were calculated using two-sided t-tests (a,b,i) or one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections (e–g,j)
Source Data
confer resistance to mitophagy in mitochondria transferred from cancer cells
which may be partially related to homoplasmic replacement
mitochondria transferred from cancer cells along with mitophagy-inhibitory molecules do not undergo mitophagy
whereas in situ mitochondria in T cells undergo mitophagy owing to cancer-derived ROS
which results in the replacement of mitochondria
These results indicate that these mutated mitochondria have impaired function
The following parameters were analysed in TILs established in a: membrane potentials
evaluated using MitoTracker Deep Red and Green (b); cellular ROS production
evaluated using DCFDA (c); β-galactosidase activity (d); p16 (e) and p53 (f) expression; CD27−CD28− senescent fraction (g); IL6 (h)
CXCL8 (i) and IL1B (j) expression; rapidly dividing cells
evaluated using Annexin V (l); frequencies of CCR7highCD45RAlow central memory (m) and KLRG1low long-lived (n) fractions; and PD-1 (o) and CD69 (p) expression
TILs were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies
Rapidly dividing cells were counted after the third division on day 3
Quantifications are shown (n = 4 per group)
P values (shown on charts) were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections (b–p)
Source Data
these results show that T cells that receive cancer-cell-derived mtDNA-mutated mitochondria can become senescent and have defects in effector functions and memory formation
the transfer of mtDNA-mutated mitochondria through EVs from cancer cells can also cause mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells
P values (shown on charts) were calculated using two-sided t-tests (a,i)
one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections (b–g,j–n) or two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections (h)
Source Data
these results show that mtDNA-mutated mitochondria transferred from cancer cells to TILs can reduce antitumor immunity
We sequenced mtDNA in TILs and frequently detected shared mutations with cancer cells
we demonstrated that mtDNA-mutated mitochondrial transfer from cancer cells to T cells in the TME leads to T cell dysfunction
the presence of mtDNA mutations in tumour tissue samples predicted poor outcomes in PD-1 blockade therapies
These findings suggest that mtDNA-mutated mitochondrial transfer from cancer cells to TILs causes mitochondrial dysfunction and impairments in antitumour immunity
many mtDNA mutations in cancer cells can induce mitochondrial dysfunction in TILs through mitochondrial transfer
We observed that 75% of mtDNA mutations in TILs were shared with cancer cells
which indicates that TILs frequently receive mitochondria through transfer from cancer cells
mtDNA mutations were found in 5 out of 12 TILs
a frequency similar to that observed in FFPE tumour sequencing
although we could not accurately evaluate mtDNA mutations in TILs from FFPE samples
most mtDNA mutations in TILs are probably transferred from cancer cells
These results confirm the importance of T cell mitochondria
may not be necessary to affect T cell function
we identified mtDNA mutations in TILs as a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction
Many mutations were shared with cancer cells
and mitochondrial transfer from cancer cells to TILs probably occurs
Mutated T cells exhibited metabolic abnormalities and senescence
which in turn affected PD-1 blockade immunity
Patients with mtDNA mutations treated with PD-1 blockade therapy had a poor prognosis
These findings highlight a previously unknown immune-evasion mechanism of cancer cells that uses mitochondrial transfer
surgically resected samples were enzymatically digested with 0.1% collagenase
0.01% hyaluronidase and 30 U ml–1 deoxyribonuclease (Sigma-Aldrich) in RPMI1640 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at room temperature
The digested tumour cells were subjected to filtration and density-gradient separation before use
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from donated blood and through Ficoll–Uropoline density-gradient centrifugation
All participants provided written informed consent
Clinical information on the participants was obtained from their medical records
Informed consent was obtained by the patient opting out on the website of our institutions
The protocol for this study was approved by the appropriate institutional review boards and ethics committees of Yamanashi University Hospital
Kindai University Hospital and Saitama Medical University International Medical Center
This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki
Allele frequencies computed by EAGLE (--hetbias=0 and –omega=1e-6) were used as the basis for subsequent variant analyses
Variants labelled as ‘hotspot’ and ‘local private variant’ were regarded as polymorphic variants; filtered variants were visually inspected to exclude probable sequencing errors at the termini of PCR amplicons or in homopolymer sequence stretches
confirmed through a paired analysis of matched tumour and normal tissue samples (n = 45)
with variants that were called only from tumour samples
true variants were called with a false-positive rate of 0% and a false-negative rate of 12.2%
the overall mtDNA variant status was classified as truncating
samples were divided into mtDNA-mutation-positive if they presented truncating
35.7%) and mtDNA-mutations-negative if they had a D-loop or an intergenic site or had silent or no variants
1 × 107 digested tumour cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS (Cytiva)
1% penicillin–streptomycin (PS) and 1% amphotericin B (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
Tumour cells were passaged at approximately 80–90% confluence and used when free of fibroblasts and proliferating beyond the tenth passage
tumour digests were incubated in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% human AB serum
1% PS and recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2: 6,000 IU ml–1
PeproTech) in a humidified 37 °C incubator with 5% CO2
Half of the medium was aspirated from the wells and replaced with fresh complete medium and rhIL-2 every 2–3 days
LLC/P29 and LLC/A11 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific)
and Jurkat cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 1% PS in a humidified 37 °C incubator with 5% CO2
mtDNA-deficient Jurkat (Jurkat/Rho0) cells were generated by culturing Jurkat cells in the presence of 200 ng ml–1 ethidium bromide for 6 weeks and then maintained in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS
100 μg ml–1 sodium pyruvate and 50 μg ml–1 uridine
All cell lines were used after confirming that they were mycoplasma-free
which was assessed using a PCR Mycoplasma Detection kit (Takara) according to the manufacturer’s instructions
containing 2% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde for 16–18 h
Post-fixation was performed with 2% osmium tetroxide for 1.5 h
the specimens were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series and embedded in a low-viscosity resin (Spurr resin
80-nm-thick sections were prepared using an ultramicrotome (EM-UC7; Leica) and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate
The specimens were observed using a transmission electron microscope (H-7650
We counted and quantified the number of cristae per mitochondrion
12259) into packaging cells using Lipofectamine 3000 reagent
the supernatants were concentrated and transduced into cell lines MEL02
The transfected cell lines were named MEL02-MitoDsRed
LLC/P29-OVA-MitoDsRed and LLC/A11-OVA-MitoDsRed cell lines were also generated
Capillary sequencing and several primers were used to check the status of mtDNA in cell lines and TILs (Supplementary Table 5)
PrimeSTAR GXL DNA Polymerase (Takara) and the primers were prepared in 96-well plates for sequencing before cell sorting
CD3+CD45+ T cells were sorted from TILs at the single-cell level into 96-well plates using a cell sorter (FACSMelody; BD Biosciences)
Oligonucleotides were amplified by PCR and sequenced (Eurofins Genomics)
TIL04#9 and MEL04 cells were labelled with MitoTracker Green (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and MitoDsRed
2 × 105 MEL04-MitoDsRed cells were cocultured with labelled 1 × 106 TIL04#9 cells in a 35-mm glass-bottom culture dish for 2 days and observed under a Leica TSC SP8 confocal laser microscope (Leica Microsystems) without fixation
TIL04#9 cells were labelled with a BV421-conjugated monoclonal antibody specific for CD45 (clone HI100
To quantify the transfer of mitochondria from T cells to cancer cells, we used OT-1 and PhaMexcised mice expressing mitochondrial-specific fluorescence (mito-Dendra2), which were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Supplementary Fig. 2)
OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 cells were cocultured with or without CD8+ T cells from PhaMexcised OT-1 mice for 3 days
floating T cells were discarded and LLC/A11 cells were repeatedly washed with PBS
These cells were subsequently analysed by flow cytometry as CD45– cells
To quantify in situ mitochondria in T cells
TIL04#9 cells were labelled with MitoTracker Green for 24 h and then cocultured with MEL04 cells with or without 10 mM NAC for 3 days
100 nM of a mitophagy inhibitor (bafilomycin A1; Adipogen Life Sciences) was added every 12 h for 3 days
OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 cells or MEL04 cells were labelled with MitoTracker Green
labelled OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 cells or MEL04 cells were cocultured with or without CD8+ T cells from OT-1 mice or TIL04#9 cells for 3 days
Floating T cells were then discarded and OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 cells or MEL04 cells were repeatedly washed with PBS
These cells were then analysed by flow cytometry as CD45– cells
TIL04#9 cells were labelled with MitoTracker Green
TIL04#9 cells were cocultured with MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 3 days with or without 10 mM NAC
the cells were stained with an LC3B-specific polyclonal antibody (Proteintech
18725-1-AP) followed by an APC-conjugated secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG
and observed under a confocal laser microscope or analysed by flow cytometry
We used 10 μM carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) (Selleck Biotech) as a positive control
We obtained RNA-sequencing expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) in the Genomic Data Commons data portal of patients with melanoma from the USCS Xena database (https://xenabrowser.net)
USP33 and USP35 expression data in tumour tissues were used
TIL04#9 cells were labelled with MitoTracker Green and cocultured with MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 3 days
TIL04#9 cells were stained using an AF546-conjugated anti-USP30 monoclonal antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology
B-6) or an anti-USP30 polyclonal antibody (Proteintech
15402-1-AP) with APC-conjugated secondary monoclonal antibody and observed under a confocal laser microscope or analysed by flow cytometry
We also evaluated cytochrome c as a mitochondrial protein
We used a DCFDA/H2DCFDA Cellular ROS Assay kit (Abcam) to detect ROS
PBL04 cells and MEL04 cells were incubated with 20 μM DCFDA solution for 30 min at 37 °C in 5% CO2
we extracted and purified EVs from the cells and analysed them by flow cytometry with a PS Capture Exosome Flow Cytometry kit (Wako) to create EV-conjugated beads
and medium used for the culture of MEL02 and MEL04 cells were separated by SDS–PAGE and blotted onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Merck Millipore)
The membranes were blocked and then incubated with primary antibodies
the membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies
the bands were detected using Clarity Western ECL substrate (Bio-Rad) or ImmunoStar LD (Wako)
and confirmed using a LAS4000 system (Cytiva)
The protein concentration in each sample was evaluated and adjusted to each other using Pierce BCA Protein Assay kits (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instruments
Reactions were conducted at 25 °C using a FlexStation 3 microplate reader (Molecular Devices)
with readings taken every 30 s for 15 min at the Central Research Laboratory of the Okayama University Medical School
We cocultured wild-type mtDNA TIL04#9 or TILc03#5 cells with melanoma (MEL02-MitoDsRed
mutated) cells for 14 days and subsequently sorted the TILs according to DsRed expression
The sorted TILs were named as follows: DsRed−TIL04#9/02 (wild type)
DsRed−TILc03#5/c03 (wild type) and DsRed+TILc03#5/c03 cells (mutated)
Sorted CCR7highCD45RAhighCD8+ naive T cells from PBLs of healthy donors were cocultured with MEL02-MitoDsRed cells or MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 7 days while being stimulated with an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (50 ng ml–1) in the presence of rhIL-7 (10 ng ml–1
The central memory fraction and KLRG1 expression level were analysed by flow cytometry
CCR7lowCD45RAlow; terminally differentiated effector memory
CCR7lowCD45RAhigh) sorted from PBLs of healthy donors was also cocultured with MEL02-MitoDsRed cells or MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 4 days in the presence of IL-2 (300 IU ml–1) alone
and apoptosis was analysed by flow cytometry
The isolated mitochondria were added to Jurkat/Rho0 cells
which were subsequently incubated for 24 h after centrifugation (2,000g for 15 min)
This procedure was repeated four times weekly
EVs isolated using the above-described protocols were added to Jurkat/Rho0 cells using the EV-Entry system (System Biosciences)
which were immediately centrifuged at 1,500g for 15 min at 4 °C and incubated overnight
These EV-transferred Jurkat/Rho0 cells were cultured for 6 weeks
and this procedure was repeated every 5–7 days
each Jurkat cell was stained with 250 nM TMRE (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for 20 min and then analysed by flow cytometry
Metabolic analyses were performed using a flux analyser (Seahorse XF HS mini
according to the manufacturer’s instructions
0.8 × 105 cells were seeded in supplemented Seahorse XF RPMI medium containing 1 mM pyruvate
2 mM glutamine and 10 mM glucose (pH 7.4) in poly-d-lysine-coated XFp miniplates
followed by centrifugation at 200g for 1 min at room temperature
The plate was then equilibrated at 37 °C in an incubator without CO2 for 40 min
The oxygen consumption rate was evaluated with sequential injections of oligomycin (1 μM)
FCCP (0.75 μM) and rotenone–antimycin A (0.5 μM)
The extracellular acidification rate was evaluated by sequential injections of glucose (10 mM)
oligomycin (1 μM) and 2-deoxy-glucose (50 mM)
The ATP production rate was evaluated with sequential injections of oligomycin (1.5 μM) and otenone–antimycin A (0.5 μM)
All chemicals were purchased from Agilent Technologies
All data were normalized to the cell number
we used a DCFDA/H2DCFDA Cellular ROS Assay kit (Abcam)
A Cellular Senescence Detection kit (Dojindo) was used to assess cellular senescence according to the manufacturer’s instructions
cells were incubated with bafilomycin A1 for 1 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2
then incubated with SPiDER-β-Gal for 30 min and analysed by flow cytometry
Apoptosis was evaluated by combining Annexin V (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and eBioscience Fixable Viability Dye eFluor (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for live/dead cell staining
According to the manufacturer’s instructions
each cell was incubated with Annexin V and eFluor for 15 min at room temperature and then analysed by flow cytometry
Cellular proliferation was assessed on the basis of the dilution of cells labelled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) using a CFSE Cell Proliferation kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and flow cytometry
Cells were incubated with 10 μM CFSE for 20 min at 37 °C in 5% CO2
washed 3 times with RPMI medium and incubated for 3 days
followed by additional live/dead cell staining and flow cytometry analysis
Twenty-four hours after cells (103) were passaged on 96-well plates
in vitro cellular proliferation was evaluated using an IncuCyte ZOOM System (Essen BioScience) every 6 h for 48 h
Female C57BL/6J mice (6–8 weeks old) were purchased from SLC Japan
C57BL/6J- Prkdc<scid>/Rbrc mice (B6 SCID) were provided by RIKEN BRC through the National BioResource Project of the Japan Ministry of Education
Science and Technology/Agency for Medical Research and Development
Cd4cre and Tfamfloxed mice (Tfam; mitochondrial transcription factor A) were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory
Rat anti-mouse PD-1 monoclonal antibody (RMP1-14) and anti-mouse CD8β monoclonal antibody (Lyt 3.2) were obtained from Bio X Cell
The control rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody (RTK2758) was obtained from BioLegend
LLC/P29-MitoDsRed cells (5 × 104) or LLC/A11-MitoDsRed cells (1 × 105) were subcutaneously inoculated into C57BL/6J or B6 SCID mice
tumours were collected 21 or 42 days after tumour inoculation to collect the TILs for evaluation
the mean values of the long and short diameters were used to generate the tumour growth curves
When the tumour volume reached approximately 100 mm3 on day 14
anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (200 μg per mouse) or control monoclonal antibody was intraperitoneally administered 3 times every 3 days
anti-CD8β monoclonal antibody (100 μg per mouse) was intraperitoneally administered 1 day before tumour cell inoculation and then injected every 7 days thereafter
was injected locally into the tumours once every 2 days
Tumours were collected 42 days after tumour inoculation to collect TILs for evaluation by flow cytometry
collected TILs were sorted for DsRed+ cells and cultured for 7 days
then evaluated by flow cytometry or mtDNA sequencing
we created adoptive T cell transfer models using B6 SCID mice
sorted CD8+ T cells (1 × 107) from splenocytes of C57BL/6J or OT-1 mice were transferred into the SCID mice 7 days after tumour inoculation (LLC/P29-OVA-MitoDsRed
Tumours were collected 28 days after tumour inoculation to collect TILs for evaluation by flow cytometry
MC-38 (1 × 106) or B16F10-OVA (3 × 105) cells were subcutaneously inoculated into Tfamfl/fl mice or Tfamfl/flCd4cre mice
and tumour volume was monitored every 3 days
The means of the long and short diameters were used to generate the tumour growth curves
Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (200 μg per mouse) or control monoclonal antibody was intraperitoneally administered 3 times every 3 days
Tumours were collected 14 days after tumour inoculation to collect TILs for evaluation by flow cytometry
we performed rechallenge mouse experiments
mice that had shown complete eradication of the initial tumours after anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody treatment were secondarily challenged with parental tumour cells on day 32
LLC/P29-MitoDsRed cells (1 × 105) or LLC/A11-MitoDsRed cells (2 × 105) were subcutaneously inoculated into OT-1 mice
DsRed– or DsRed+CD8+ T cells (effector cells) were sorted from TILs and subsequently cocultured with calcein-AM (Thermo Fisher Scientific)-labelled LLC/P29-OVA or LLC/A11-OVA cells (target cells)
at the indicated effector-to-target cell ratios
LLC/P29 or LLC/A11 cells were used as the controls
fluorescence was determined using an excitation/emission filter set of 490/535 nm on an ARVO X3 Multilabel reader (PerkinElmer)
Patient characteristics were compared between the two groups using Fisher’s exact tests
The relationships between continuous variables between and among groups were compared using a t-test and one-way ANOVA
Tumour volume curves were compared using a two-way ANOVA
Progression-free survival and overall survival were defined as the time intervals from the initiation of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody therapy until the first observation of disease progression or death from any cause
Survival curves were analysed using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared among groups using the log-rank test
All tests were two-tailed with a predefined significance level of P < 0.05
Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software)
The means and standard error of the means (error bars) are shown
All in vitro experiments were biologically repeated independently three to four times and produced consistent results
All in vivo mouse experiments were conducted with four to six mice per group and were repeated at least twice
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. The data of total mtDNA sequencing have been deposited into the Japanese Genotype–phenotype Archive (accession number: JGAS000589). Source data are provided with this paper
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08764-y
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Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8+ T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor
Defining CD8+ T cells that provide the proliferative burst after PD-1 therapy
Follicular CXCR5- expressing CD8+ T cells curtail chronic viral infection
The incidence of both tandem duplications and the common deletion in mtDNA from three distinct categories of sun-exposed human skin and in prolonged culture of fibroblasts
The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system
Quantitative mitochondrial DNA copy number determination using droplet digital PCR with single-cell resolution
Deconvoluting the context-dependent role for autophagy in cancer
Deleterious heteroplasmic mitochondrial mutations are associated with an increased risk of overall and cancer-specific mortality
The dynamics of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy: implications for human health and disease
Analysis of the tumor reactivity of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in a metastatic melanoma lesion that lost MHC class I expression after anti-PD-1 therapy
A program for annotating and predicting the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms
SnpEff: SNPs in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster strain w1118; iso-2; iso-3
EAGLE: explicit alternative genome likelihood evaluator
HaploGrep 2: mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the era of high-throughput sequencing
Interleukin-33 enhances programmed oncosis of ST2L-positive low-metastatic cells in the tumour microenvironment of lung cancer
Expression of antisense RNA to S100A4 gene encoding an S100-related calcium-binding protein suppresses metastatic potential of high-metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma cells
MHC class II presentation of endogenously expressed antigens by transfected dendritic cells
Advanced mammalian gene transfer: high titre retroviral vectors with multiple drug selection markers and a complementary helper-free packaging cell line
Mislocalization of neuronal mitochondria reveals regulation of Wallerian degeneration and NMNAT/WLD(S)-mediated axon protection independent of axonal mitochondria
A third-generation lentivirus vector with a conditional packaging system
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines
Small extracellular vesicles from young adipose-derived stem cells prevent frailty
NF-κB-inducing kinase governs the mitochondrial respiratory capacity
and inflammatory status of innate immune cells
An oncogenic alteration creates a microenvironment that promotes tumor progression by conferring a metabolic advantage to regulatory T cells
jlincbio. jlincbio/mito_somatic_mutect2: release update (v0.3). Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12216418 (2024)
Download references
We thank H. Nagase, E. Tanji and N. Sakurai for their technical assistance. The graphical abstract in Supplementary Fig. 6 was created using BioRender (https://biorender.com)
This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Promotion of Joint International Research no
Togashi) and Challenging Exploratory Research no
Togashi)) and a Grant-in-Aid for Research Fellow (grant no
JP22J22286 (to H.I.)) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS); the Project for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Evolution (P-CREATE
Togashi)); Practical Research for Innovative Cancer Control (no
Togashi)); the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST
Togashi); Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable Diseases (no
JP22ek0109495h0002 (to J.L.)); and Research Program for Hepatitis (no
Togashi)) from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); the Fusion Oriented Research for disruptive Science and Technology (FOREST
Ishino)) from the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); the National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund (no
Togashi)); the Chiba Prefecture Research Grant (to M.K
Togashi); the Takeda Science Foundation (to Y
Togashi); the Mochida Memorial Foundation (to Y
Togashi); the MSD Life Science Foundation (to Y
Togashi); the Research Grant of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund (no
Togashi)); the Kowa Life Science Foundation (to J.N
Togashi); the Kato Memorial Bioscience Foundation (to Y
Togashi); the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (to Y
Togashi); the Suzuken Memorial Foundation (to Y
Togashi); the SGH Foundation (to J.N.); the Sumitomo Foundation Grant for Basic Science Research Projects (no
Togashi)); the Terumo Life Science Foundation (to Y
Togashi); the Chugai Foundation for Innovative Drug Discovery Science (to Y
Togashi); The Ono Pharmaceutical Foundation for Oncology
Togashi); the Kobayashi Foundation for Cancer Research (to M.K
Togashi); the Taiju Life Social Welfare Foundation (to J.L.); the 2023 Healthcare Innovation Research Grant established with donations from T
Sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed on institutional computing resources that included hardware provided by NVIDIA to J.L
Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine
Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
Division of Innovative Cancer Therapeutics
Laboratory of Pediatric and Refractory Cancer
Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery
Saitama Medical University International Medical Center
Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Endocrinological Surgery
Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development
Collection of clinical samples and data: H.I.
reviewing and/or revising the manuscript: H.I.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript
received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical
Bristol-Myers Squibb and MSD outside this study
received honoraria from AstraZeneca outside this study
received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical and Novartis Pharma outside this study
received grants from Janssen Pharmaceutical
Pfizer Japan and Ono Pharmaceutical; honoraria from AstraZeneca
Eli Lilly Japan and Pfizer Japan outside this study
EPS International and Otsuka Pharmaceutical; honoraria from Amgen
Taiho Pharmaceutical and Takeda Pharmaceutical; consulting fees from AstraZeneca
Takeda Pharmaceutical and Merck Biopharma outside this study
Togashi received research grants from KOTAI Biotechnologies
Chugai Pharmaceutical and MSD outside this study
All other authors declare that they have no competing financial interests
Nature thanks Jonathan Brestoff, Nicola Vannini and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were used in (f)-(h)
Source Data
a and b, DsRed expression and mtDNA mutations in sorted T cells from mouse TILs in vitro. We sorted mitochondria-transferred DsRed+ T cells from LLC/A11-MitoDsRed tumours as described in Supplementary Fig. 3
which were subsequently cultured further in vitro for 7 days
We analysed DsRed expression and mtDNA in bulk T cells at each time point and summary of DsRed expression (a) and representative capillary sequencing chromatograms (b) are shown
Mitochondrial quantification of LLC/A11 cells transferred from mouse T cells
OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 cells were cocultured with or without CD8+ T cells from PhaMexcisedOT-1 mice for 3 days
Dendra2 (green) expression in OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 cells were analysed using flow cytometry
Original mitochondrial quantification of LLC/A11 (d) and MEL04 (e) cells after coculture with mouse T cells and TIL04_#9 cells
MitoTracker Green-labelled OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 or MEL04 cells were cocultured with or without CD8+ T cells from OT-1 mice or TIL04_#9 cells for 3 days
OVA-overexpressing LLC/A11 or MEL04 cells were subsequently analysed using flow cytometry
Representative flow cytometric staining (e
EVs were extracted and purified from the supernatants
from which EV-conjugated beads were created
The beads were analysed using flow cytometry
EV-free medium without any cells was used as a negative control
Representative flow cytometric staining is shown
Mitochondrial quantification of TIL04_#9 cells transferred from MEL04 cells with NAC
TIL04_#9 cells were cocultured with MEL04-MitoDsRed cells and/or NAC for 3 days and then DsRed expression in TILs were analysed using flow cytometry
and USP35 from TCGA datasets in patients with melanoma
Cells were stained with AF546-conjugated anti-USP30 mAb and analysed using a confocal laser microscope or flow cytometry
Representative confocal microscopic images (left) and MFI summary (right) are shown (n = 4 per group)
Membrane potential evaluated by MitoTracker Deep Red and Green (j)
cellular ROS production evaluated by DCFDA (k)
and PD-1 expression (m) in TILs treated with a USP30 inhibitor (CMPD-39) or siRNAs for USP30
TIL04_#9 cells were cocultured with MEL04 cells with or without CMPD-39 or siRNA transfection for 14 days and then analysed using flow cytometry
TILs were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs
and (g) and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were used in (a) and (i)-(m)
Source Data
Metabolic evaluation using a flux analyser
The oxygen consumption rate (OCR; d) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR; e) were measured under basal conditions
and the bioenergetic profile captured the major ATP-producing pathways of each cell line by calculating the ATP production rate (f)
We used activity buffer with the isolated mitochondrial protein in place of the supplied mitochondria in the MitoCheck Activity Assay Kits
Reactions were conducted at 25 °C using a microplate reader with readings taken every 30 s for 15 min and the absorbance changes from the base line were evaluated
Summaries of fold changes to wild-type cells (g
Frequencies of CCR7hiCD45RAlo central memory (j) and KLRG1lo long-lived (k) fractions in PBLs
Sorted CCR7hiCD45RAhiCD8+ naïve T cells from PBLs of healthy donors were cocultured with MEL02-MitoDsRed or MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 7 days while being stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb in the presence of IL-7
Apoptosis evaluated by Annexin V in each T cell fraction
CCR7loCD45RAlo; terminally differentiated effector memory [TEMRA]
CCR7loCD45RAhi) sorted from PBLs of healthy donors was cocultured with MEL02-MitoDsRed or MEL04-MitoDsRed cells for 4 days
and apoptosis in DsRed+CD8+ T cells was analysed using flow cytometry
Two-sided t-tests were used in (d)-(i) and (l) and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were used in (j)-(k)
Source Data
We established DsRed−TIL04#9/MCF7 (wild-type), DsRed+TIL04#9/MCF7 (wild-type), DsRed−TIL04#9/MDA (wild-type), DsRed+TIL04#9/MDA (mutated), DsRed−TILc03#5/02 (wild-type), DsRed+TILc03#5/02 (wild-type), DsRed−TILc03#5/c03 (wild-type), DsRed+TILc03#5/c03 cells (mutated), as described in Supplementary Fig. 4
Membrane potential evaluated by MitoTracker Deep Red and Green (a)
cellular ROS production evaluated by DCFDA (b)
frequency of CD27−CD28− senescent fraction (f)
rapidly dividing cells evaluated by CFSE dilution (g)
frequencies of CCR7hiCD45RAlo central memory (i) and KLRG1lo long-lived (j) fractions
and PD-1 (k) and CD69 (l) expression in TIL04_#9 cells
Rapidly dividing cells were counted after the third division on day 3
Cellular ROS production evaluated by DCFDA (m)
and PD-1 expression (p) in TILc03_#5 cells
One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were used in (a)-(p)
Source Data
Two-sided t-tests were used in (a) and (c)-(m) for statistical analyses
Source Data
We established mtDNA-deficient Jurkat/Rho0, Rho+MEL02-EV (wild-type), and Rho+MEL04-EV cells (mutated), as described in Supplementary Fig. 4
mtDNA amounts and the quantification in Jurkat cells
and Rho+MEL04-EV cells was extracted and amplified by PCR using primers specific for the D-loop region and ND5
LINE1 was used as an internal control for nuclear DNA
The quantification was performed by real-time PCR and the fold changes to parental Jurkat cells were calculated
The representative PCR bands (left) and summary of the fold changes (right) are shown (n = 4 per group)
The mtDNA of Rho+MEL02-EV and Rho+MEL04-EV cells was sequenced
Representative capillary sequencing chromatograms are shown
Rho+MEL02-EV and Rho+MEL04-EV cells were analysed using flow cytometry with TMRE
Metabolic evaluation of Jurkat cells using a flux analyser
The OCR (d) and ECAR (e) were measured under basal conditions
and the bioenergetic profile captured the major ATP-producing pathways of Jurkat cells by calculating the ATP production rate (f)
Cellular ROS production evaluated by DCFDA (g)
rapidly dividing cells evaluated by CFSE dilution (i)
frequencies of CCR7hiCD45RAlo central memory (k) and KLRG1lo long-lived (l) fractions
To analyse cell division and PD-1 expression
the Jurkat cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs
The Jurkat cells were analysed using flow cytometry
Two-sided t-tests were used in (a) and (c)-(m)
Source Data
Source Data
Source Data
The proportion of total 158 mtDNA variants (a)
and 110 mtDNA variant spectra for substitutions on the light (L) or heavy (H) strand (c) in cohorts B and C1/2
Whole mtDNA sequencing for FFPE tumour tissues was conducted with a next-generation sequencing
Survival curves of patients who received PD-1 blockade therapy (d
86) and those with NSCLC who received platinum-doublet chemotherapies without any ICIs as first-line therapy (n = 56) according to mtDNA status
mtDNA mutations were defined as truncating and missense
PFS (left) and OS (right) were defined as the time intervals from the initiation of treatment until the first observation of disease progression or death from any cause
Survival curves were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared among groups using the two-sided log-rank test in (d) and (e)
Source Data
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The athletics watchdog said a disciplinary and appeals tribunal ruled that the 26-year-old Ikeda had broken anti-doping rules
Ikeda has been provisionally banned from competition since November 2024
with his results disqualified since June 2023
Doping authorities say abnormalities were detected in his blood samples taken in June
The AIU alleged the abnormalities "were indicative of blood manipulation."
Ikeda won silver at the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 and silver at the 2022 world championships
poses during the medal ceremony for the men’s 20km race walk at the 2020 Summer Olympics
MONACO (AP) — Japanese race walker Koki Ikeda
The athletics watchdog said that a disciplinary and appeals tribunal ruled that the 26-year-old Ikeda had broken anti-doping rules
The AIU alleged the abnormalities “were indicative of blood manipulation.”
Ikeda won silver at the 2012 Tokyo Olympics and silver at the 2022 world championships
2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Yoshiharu Ikeda
to take up the new role as CEOAndreas Weinhengst and Karl Purkarthofer appointed new CFO and COO
respectivelyChanges to become effective on April 1
2025 Primetals Technologies today announced Yoshiharu Ikeda has been appointed to the position of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Primetals Technologies
who will continue to serve as a Director of the Board and Fellow Advisor
Yoshiharu Ikeda brings decades of experience in the metals industry to his role
and he has a track record of successful leadership in commercial and strategical roles as well as in the machinery business sector
“Yoshiharu Ikeda has spent decades advancing organizations within the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Group
and we are thrilled to welcome him as new CEO of Primetals Technologies,” says Satoru Iijima
“He is an exceptional leader who will support our vision of being the pioneer and global leader in the metals industry.”
Yoshiharu Ikeda started his career at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in the mid-80s’
and has held several global positions including Manager
Global Sales for Mitsubishi-Hitachi Metals Machinery and CEO of Primetals Technologies USA
He is currently Chief Financial Officer (CFO) at Primetals Technologies
“The metals industry is in an interesting and at the same time challenging phase
Working with customers in every corner of the globe
our role is to innovate the industry and redefine how sustainable metals are produced
This does not only apply to the upstream area and projects like HYFOR and Smelter – but also the downstream area
the electrification of furnaces in rolling mills and processing lines and our ground-breaking Arvedi ESP technology
digitalization is an essential part of our innovation efforts
We are innovating within the fields of digital decarbonization
and process optimization – just to mention a few areas,” says Yoshiharu Ikeda
“Primetals Technologies is an international community of more than 7,000 metals engineers and specialists
and I really look forward to being part of this endeavor.”
CFO of Primetals Technologies Austria since 2018
He has worked within the metals industry since the early 90’s in different leadership positions in commercial sales
His job experience includes roles as Commercial Head M&A of Kvaerner Metals Business at Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau and Head of Accounting and Controlling at Siemens VAI Metals Technologies
the predecessor company of Primetals Technologies
Also effective with Primetals Technologies’ new financial year is the appointment of Karl Purkarthofer in the newly established role of Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Primetals Technologies
The responsibility for individual projects remains with the respective business areas
Karl Purkarthofer brings several decades of international experience from global leadership positions he held in Austria
including Senior Vice President and Head of Strategy and M&A at Siemens VAI and Executive Vice President and Head of Global Business Unit Services at Primetals Technologies
Karl Purkarthofer became CEO of Primetals Technologies Austria
a position he will continue to hold going forward
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Waka Ikeda is a Tokyo-based freelance journalist who writes for Nikkei Asia
She has been covering Hungary’s unique family policy strategy for several years
Konohana recently visited Hungary to gain deeper insight into these initiatives as part of her research for an upcoming book on Japanese and Hungarian family policies
She sat down with Hungarian Conservative to discuss Japan’s increasingly urgent demographic crisis and explore potential solutions
The main purpose of your visit to Hungary is to gain a deeper understanding of Hungarian family policy
what are the main differences compared to those in Japan
I’ve actually been writing about Hungary’s family policies for about a year and a half
I’ve published around eight articles in The Japan Times
I find Hungarian family policy fascinating
mainly because it’s so different from Japan’s
The areas where the Japanese government falls short include but are not exclusive to: youth support
Japan’s family policy only includes limited child support
monthly child allowance is around 15,000 yen
which is approximately 37,000 forints per child
it doubles—but people won’t decide to have a baby just for a small amount of money
In contrast, Hungary exempts people under the age of 25 from income tax
I love most of the measures I’ve seen here
especially those focusing on young people and grandparents
Hungary even offers maternity and parental leave for grandparents
which I found very unique—I’ve never heard of that in any other country
However, there are also some distinct Japanese initiatives, such as the four-day workweek policy announced by the government last December..
but I want to clarify that it hasn’t been codified into law
The government is just encouraging companies to try it
They are starting a pilot in April this year for national public servants
and some municipalities and city halls might follow later
probably starting with Tokyo since everything tends to begin there
and Sagawa Takkyubin—a logistics company—have begun implementing it
employees who work four days a week get paid less than those who work five
people with two jobs might switch to four-day workweeks but are forced to work longer hours or more overtime to make up for the lost income
So it basically means that the initiative hasn’t served its intended purpose of improving work-life balance
Unless the government mandates that employees working four days should still receive full pay
Especially with the current labour shortage in Japan
I doubt many businesses would adopt this voluntarily—and only large companies might even be able to afford it
What could be the broader reasons behind these differences between the Japanese and the Hungarian approach
I think it’s mainly political and demographic
Japan has what I call a ‘silver democracy’—most voters are over 65
Because of the imbalance in political representation—especially the lack of women in decision-making roles—policy is skewed toward older people
Tax revenues are primarily allocated to benefit the elderly
not to support youth or make education more affordable
Tokyo recently introduced subsidies of around 3,000 euro per year so that many students can attend high school for free
But Tokyo is exceptionally wealthy; this isn’t the national norm
The political class knows that the elderly are living comfortably at the expense of younger generations
Politicians even acknowledge this privately
saying that “they are stealing the future of the youth.” As a result
little or nothing is done to change the status quo
‘Intense academic pressure hinders social development
There are also social and cultural reasons
I’ve written about this in Nikkei Asia recently—East Asian societies are deeply rooted in academic credentialism
Your university determines the rest of your life
That means children must start preparing for elite schools very early
Around 40 per cent of elementary school students attend after-school cram schools
This intense academic pressure hinders social development
many young Japanese lack meaningful human connection
There are even restaurants designed for people to dine alone in booths with partitions
Many young people today prefer solitude over social interaction
That’s a major difference compared to Hungary
So reversing demographic decline in Japan would require a complete societal shift
Japan needs to stop viewing children as an economic or psychological burden and start seeing them as a value
But changing this mindset is extremely difficult
One thing I found interesting in Hungary is the ‘family value’ education programmes
Hungary promotes human connection and even sex positivity in its educational programmes
It focuses only on risks like STDs and sexual violence—there’s nothing about relationships
I think Japan could benefit from something broader—not necessarily called ‘sex education’ or ‘family policy’—but rather ‘human education’ that includes gender equality
Japan has one of the worst gender pay gaps in the developed world: 21 per cent
South Korea is worse at around 30 per cent
You mentioned that a lack of social interaction is becoming a serious issue in Japan
But we’ve seen similar problems in Western societies too
When did this trend start to appear in Japan
During the 1980s Japan’s economy was still strong
society became more conservative in terms of avoiding risks
Marriage became more of an economic partnership than a romantic one
we became a democracy and saw strong economic growth until the bubble burst in the late 80s
That’s similar to what’s happening in South Korea now—after the 1997 Asian financial crisis
Parents tell their children to find a stable job
Social media has also made people more insecure
That adds another layer to the isolation we’re seeing among young people
how do you think this mindset could be changed
But Japan has shown it can transform—it went from a feudal society to a militaristic one
We achieved rapid economic development in just a few decades
we must abandon academic credentialism and embrace individual needs in terms of
one-size-fits-all life trajectory: graduate university
We need to provide education on gender equality and human rights—not to impose family values
Corporate culture also needs a massive overhaul
and employees rely on overtime pay to make ends meet
We also have a two-track employment system: general administrative positions (mostly filled by women) and professional track jobs (usually given to men)
where you work determines your salary—not your job title
I'll share my personal experience: I worked in New York for nine years in marketing
but when I returned to Japan because of my then-husband’s relocation
and employers asked: ‘Who will take care of your child?’ They didn’t say I was too old directly—but the implication was clear
If the current demographic trends continue
The worst-case scenario is already being projected
By 2050 we’re expected to lose 30 per cent of it
you’ll already see it—there are barely any buses
Even with the current tourism boom due to the weak yen
there aren’t enough people to support it—hotels
‘Japanese society doesn’t value young people enough’
I’m always amazed by how many young people are in important positions or leading organizations
where seniority and relationships established over decades is prioritized youth
Japanese society doesn’t value young people enough
it’s a rational decision not to marry or have children
Japan is a ‘one-shot society’—you don’t get second chances
Many Japanese politicians blame women for not having children
but women are fertile—Japanese society is not fertile for having families
Could you share some insights with us regarding its main focus and what motivated you to begin this project
The working title is A Country Where Young People Want to Have Children vs
I’ve met dozens of university students who all said they want to get married and have children
most young people I speak with hesitate even to think about marriage
The contrast is striking—and it’s one of the main reasons I wanted to explore why Hungary feels so different in this regard
Hungary and Japan are similar—not in their family policies
and in the fact that most children are born within marriage
we can’t just copy policies from Sweden or France—our politicians tend to do it regardless—
The similarities in values make that comparison more meaningful
Hungarian Conservative is a quarterly magazine on contemporary political
philosophical and cultural issues from a conservative perspective
Acura's Chief Brand Officer Jon Ikeda on the future of Acura & electrification
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a prominent Clinical Research Organization (CRO) well-known for its expertise in the areas of in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) and medical devices
proudly announces the addition of David Ikeda as senior regulatory affairs strategist
Ikeda joins CovarsaDx's team of experts to enhance regulatory strategy and clinical operations for sponsors navigating the complex and evolving global regulatory landscape
With over 35 years of experience in medical devices and IVDs
Ikeda brings exceptional knowledge and leadership to the organization
"David's extensive experience in regulatory affairs and his proven success with FDA and European Union (EU) in vitro diagnostic regulation (IVDR) submissions make him an invaluable asset to our team," said Chermaen Lindberg
"His knowledge and leadership will help our clients navigate the regulatory landscape
ensuring their products reach patients as quickly and efficiently as possible."
Ikeda most recently served as senior staff/principal of regulatory affairs at Beckman Coulter
where he spearheaded global regulatory functions supporting the blood virus program development team
he held leadership roles at ARKRAY USA and DiaSorin
His extensive background spans product quality
Ikeda has played an instrumental role in launching products through clinical trials
His achievements include bringing blood virus and infectious disease tests to worldwide markets
along with significant contributions to therapeutic areas such as bone and mineral metabolism
"I'm thrilled to join the team at CovarsaDx," said Ikeda
"It's clear they're dedicated to helping bring important medical innovations to market
a mission I'm truly passionate about supporting
and help our clients navigate the regulatory process successfully."
Ikeda's expertise includes FDA and EU submissions for the IVD industry
His proven track record of success strengthens CovarsaDx's ability to guide clients through complex regulatory pathways and deliver reliable results
"Navigating regulatory pathways requires both deep expertise and a strategic mindset," said Marielle Lejcher
vice president of regulatory affairs at CovarsaDx
and his addition to our team strengthens our ability to support clients through every stage of the submission process."
About CovarsaDxCovarsaDx is a prominent Clinical Research Organization (CRO) specializing in the areas of in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) and medical devices
The company provides agile responses to patient population needs and fluctuations in regulatory requirements for rapid market pathways
and clinical experts have extensive industry experience and consist of regulatory strategists
and statisticians who work together to deliver reliable clinical results
enabling clients to bring life-saving technologies to market efficiently
Media: [email protected]Study Inquiries: [email protected]
CovarsaDx® is a registered trademark of CovarsaDx Corporation
a prominent Clinical Research Organization (CRO) renowned for its expertise in the areas of in-vitro diagnostics (IVDs) and medical..
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Tokyo Olympic silver medal-winning race walker Koki Ikeda has been provisionally suspended for "use of a prohibited substance/method," track and field's doping watchdog said Friday
achieved the best-ever Olympic result by a Japanese race walker when he finished second in the men's 20-kilometer event at the Tokyo Games in 2021
The Shizuoka Prefecture native was runner-up again at the 2022 world championships and placed seventh at the Paris Olympics this past summer
The Associated Press reported Ikeda received the provisional ban for "suspected blood doping," quoting the Monaco-based Athletics Integrity Unit
Ikeda was notified of a charge based on suspicious readings in his biological passport
The passport can give indications of doping over time without an athlete testing positive for a banned drug
The AIU is an independent monitoring division at World Athletics tasked with combating doping and other misconduct in the sport
Olympics: Japan's 1st 110-meter hurdle finalist Muratake finishes 5th
Paris Olympics latest: Aug. 1, 2024
Olympics: Japan's Koki Ikeda "not strong enough" in 20-km walk
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The Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (KSVDL) is urging livestock producers to remain alert for a new red blood cell parasite
recently diagnosed in calves imported to Kansas
This parasite causes anemia and other serious health issues in cattle
While it has been present in the eastern U.S
it was only recently detected in Kansas after affected calves were brought in for feeding from the east
The disease spreads primarily through multi-use needles and insects
with the Asian longhorned tick identified as the main vector
and a county in northwestern Oklahoma bordering Labette County in Kansas
the environmental conditions in eastern Kansas are suitable for the Asian longhorned tick
Cattle infected with Theileria orientalis Ikeda may show symptoms such as anorexia
KSVDL advises producers to be cautious when importing cattle
especially from regions where the parasite has been identified
and a webinar on the parasite is available on the KSVDL YouTube channel
Producers seeking guidance can contact KSVDL Client Care at 866-512-5650
Ikeda was second in the 20-kilometer event at the Tokyo Olympics in 2021 and placed seventh at the Paris Olympics three months ago
The 26-year-old walker was notified of a charge based on suspect readings in his biological passport
The passport can indicate markers of doping over time without an athlete testing positive for a banned drug
The investigators gave no timetable for the disciplinary case
Ikeda also took silver at the 2022 world championships in Eugene
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“We should promote our local products
crafts and natural resources such as energy from sun
Civil Beat asked candidates to answer some questions about where they stand on various issues and what their priorities will be if elected
The following came from Ikeda Rahman Perreira, Democratic candidate for state House District 35, which covers portions of Pearl City and Waipahu, and Crestview. His primary opponents are Cory Chun and Domineque Bonifacio
Go to Civil Beat’s Election Guide for general information, and check out other candidates on the Primary Election Ballot
What is the biggest issue facing your district
Our district is very diverse and there are specific issues to each area in Waikele
loud vehicle noise late at night have remained the same or gotten worse
homelessness and crime are common complaints
homelessness in certain areas as well as high property tax and high property insurance
speeding and high property taxes are major complaints
These are only few among several other issues
high property taxes and high property insurance rates are very often a strong complaint.
I will introduce bills with the consent and help of the respective community to resolve each issue related to each area.
How do you feel about the massive income tax cut just approved by the Legislature and the governor
Do you have any concerns that it will force reductions in state services in the years to come
I support the income tax cut as it will empower people to have more money to meet the high cost of living in Hawaii
In addition we need to reduce the property tax which in turn will reduce the rents.
transparency and getting rid of duplication and waste
We should make it easier for small and large businesses to do business and let them prosper
which in turn will contribute to a booming economy in the long run.
Hawaii continues to struggle with pay-to-play politics and corruption in government
What meaningful reforms do you think would change state government for the better
We should have laws or administrative rules to have quarterly or yearly job performances of all the employees to a certain standard
Ethical education and training should be mandatory for all government employees
just like it is done at Veterans Administration hospitals and other related facilities
fines and other strict consequences for noncompliance.
There should be term limits for the state House and Senate just like governor
This will help legislators to do their job more efficiently instead of catering to special interest groups for donations.
reducing waste and making sure there is a balanced budget every year.
Candidates often say they will support reform proposals in the Legislature
And yet major reform proposals don’t pass
Will you back good-government proposals even if it means going against leadership
can you point to an example of a reform that you supported
Even if the bill passes through different state House and Senate committees
I strongly believe that if the creator of the bill talks to colleagues and leadership in advance
I was responsible to work on a bill with Rep
John Mizuno to give tax breaks to those health care providers who accept Medicaid and Medicare
It was well-supported but It did not pass last session
it did pass this session with modification
It is a good bill but it still needs work to make it better.
Do you support comprehensive public financing of elections for candidates who choose to participate
It gives control to public to make legislators responsible and accountable
Hawaii is the only Western state without a statewide citizens initiative process
I support statewide citizen initiative process and referendum by people
People elect legislators and should have the power to make or reject laws enacted by legislators
which they collectively or by majority feel are not good for the society.
Thanks to their campaign war chests and name familiarity
incumbents are almost always reelected in Hawaii legislative races
Should there be term limits for state legislators
as there are for the governor’s office and county councils
there should be term limits for legislators to reduce corruption or favoritism as I mentioned above in question No
What will you do to ensure accountability at the Legislature
Do you support ideas such as requiring the Sunshine Law to apply to the Legislature or banning campaign contributions during session
I strongly support the idea of no contributions or any promise to contribute during session
Laws should always be passed for the good of the people and society instead of special interest groups.
How would you make the Legislature more transparent and accessible to the public
Opening conference committees to the public
Stricter disclosure requirements on lobbying and lobbyists
How could the Legislature change its own internal rules to be more open
all the above are necessary especially in light of what happened couple years ago
openness and accountability in Legislature to gain back public trust.
Many people have talked about diversifying the local economy for many years now
and yet Hawaii is still heavily reliant on tourism
should be done differently about tourism and the economy
Tourism is important for Hawaii as it is a major source of income and jobs
We should promote tourism but there should also be other things to rely on
We have already learned the hard lessons after 9/11 and during the Covid pandemic.
We should make it easier to operate small and large businesses and reduce unnecessary regulations and duplication of requirements.
Most important is that legislators should act upon quickly what they promise to do.
An estimated 60% of Hawaii residents are struggling to get by
a problem that reaches far beyond low-income and into the middle class
What ideas do you have to help the middle class and working families who are finding it hard to continue to live here
people of Hawaii are struggling due to multiple factors
rising crimes and theft and work force shortages as the working class continue to migrate to the mainland
We must make it easier for people in Hawaii live here comfortably
reducing taxes including property taxes and increasing government efficiency and transparency
we must make it easier for small and large businesses to do business and create more jobs
support local products and craft and rely on alternate energy.
we need to increase the salaries and benefits of our good teachers and supporting staff to retain them
We need to have a world-class educational system to produce the leaders of tomorrow
Unfortunately, being named a finalist for a Pulitzer prize doesn’t make us immune to financial pressures. The fact is, our revenue hasn’t kept pace with our need to grow, and we need your help
Civil Beat is a nonprofit, reader-supported newsroom based in Hawaiʻi. We’re looking to build a more resilient, diverse and deeply impactful media landscape, and we hope you’ll help by supporting our essential journalism
Civil Beat has been named the best overall news site in Hawaii for the 14th year in a row by the Society of Professional Journalists Hawaii Chapter
Recent ‘Best in Show’ winner at Catalina Festival of Art
It was a chance encounter that eventually led to Linda Ikeda’s “Best in Show” win at the recent Catalina Island Festival of Art
The Islander recently caught up with Linda to find out more about her and her work
The winning art piece combines photography and painting
two of the many mediums with which Linda likes to work
She was a graphic designer and commercial photographer early in her career
she focuses more on her creative art works
It is what she calls the third act of her life
having graduated college with a nursing degree and working in that field in her 20s
In terms of the award winning piece at this year’s festival
She was swimming regularly at a Long Beach pool for exercise
The woman in the piece was also there regularly
whom she found out was swimming to try and lose some weight
Linda thought she’d make a good photography model and convinced her to let her take some photos
Linda had worked in underwater photography during her commercial work
so she wouldn’t know what she had until it was developed
I wasn’t expecting much out of it,” Linda said
but had a large skylight with plenty of light pouring onto the water
The photo itself was published in a photography magazine at the time
it has also been recognized by the Catalina Art Association
Linda lives in Long Beach with her husband
They visit Catalina about five times a year
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Art director Shigemi Ikeda (池田繁美) passed away on October 13, 2024, according to a post made by his family on his X (formerly Twitter) account on October 26. He was 69 years old.
Shigemi Ikeda was born on November 5, 1954, in Shinjuku, Tokyo. He joined the industry in the mid-1970s as a background artist at studio Ad Cosmo. He later worked at Group TAC and then Studio Uni, the latter of which is where he debuted as an art director on the 1981 Toei Animation series Beast King GoLion.
Recently, Ikeda has been the co-art director for every animated iteration of My Hero Academia since its first season alongside co-Atelier Musa art director Yukiko Maruyama, as well as the art director for Overlord since its first season.Featured image:Inuyasha, © Rumiko Takahashi, Shogakukan, Yomiuri TV, Sunrise 2000Planetes, ©Makoto Yukimura, Kodansha/SUNRISE, BV, NEP,Turn A Gundam, ©Sotsu, SunriseOne Punch Man, © ONE, Yusuke Murata / SHUEISHA, Hero Association HQ
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Ashley revisits HPR's Tuesday Student Takeover
she has played through many piano concerti
and is preparing the 2nd movement of Mozart Piano Concerto No
20 for a concert with the Oahu Civic Orchestra on December 7th
Ikeda adds onto her advice for young musicians and families that she gave last year
the background art director for anime like Mobile Suit Gundam Char’s Counterattack and Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Freedom
Ikeda’s family made the announcement on his X (formerly Twitter) account on October 26 JST
saying that the veteran died on October 13 JST
In a reply to the post, Masami Obari (Brave Bang Bravern! director, Fatal Fury: The Motion Picture director and character designer) paid his respects and recalled the positive experience of working with Ikeda on the 1992 Bastard!
Obari was a storyboard artist and episode director on the OVA
while Ikeda was its background art director
Ikeda joined the industry in 1974 and received his first background art director credit in 1980
he founded the background art company Atelier Musa
some of Ikeda’s other credits include:
as I Expected (background art director)• Rozen Maiden (background art director)• Bayonetta Bloody Fate (background art director)• One-Punch Man (co-background art director)• My Hero Academia (co-background art director)• Overlord: The Sacred Kingdom (co-background art director)
Ikeda was honored with the Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation for his background art director role in Afro Samurai: Resurrection
Source: @rgoRcTW1sMPMWBb
London's oldest Japanese restaurant seems to be unknown to everyone but A-listers
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Discretion and ostentation play at different ends of the pitch, though both draw crowds. In Berkeley Square last week a Maserati drove by sporting a “baby on board” sticker
or a literal sign the driver has their priorities in disarray
I don’t suppose the driver knows about Ikeda
There are probably two reasons for Ikeda’s everyman anonymity
with an adornment-free pale cream frontage that’s usually reserved for the sort of boutique that sells candles for the soul and handbags at fifteen grand
who until the 1990s refused to let Westerners in
instead preferring the endless tabs of overseas business accounts
Now suited sorts mix with those with a subtler type of money
Inside is the Wiltons of Japanese restaurants
here you wouldn’t be surprised if it were the reverse
The place to sit is the counter in front of the chefs
Steel pans dented from decades of use are jumped between hobs and flashed beneath a scowling grill
A reservoir of oil sits with a stillness that only extreme heat brings on
Read more: David Ellis reviews Wiltons — Elegance and charm from a lost world
Waitresses in kimonos offer the kind of service that is built on as little interruption as possible
Explanations can be requested but recitations do not come as standard and while omakase is offered
actually they’re happy to leave it up to you
Any obvious judgements of aberrant orders are thankfully suppressed
I know because I first went with Fallow restaurateur James Robson
who did a lot of pointing and waving and no one batted an eyelid
The aubergine was as gooey as a rom-com and twice as comforting
But that meal doesn’t count as he convinced me to have sake — the selection is apparently very good — and so I woke up the next morning wondering if my Uber had crashed on the way home
lunch came a week later: miso soup felt like a tonic to all of life’s ills
its goodness soaking into my blood but also travelling into my past and scribbling out the bad bits
Nasu dengaku here means aubergine in slices
weighting the balance of flavour in favour of the caramel and malt of the sweet miso spread thickly across the top
The aubergine itself was as gooey as a rom-com and twice as comforting
From chef’s sushi selection came boldly striped salmon
delicate sweet shrimp held to its Kansai-style rice with a belt of nori
Unusually soft squid had its carved spikes blackened from the torch
There was fatty tuna that tasted of French butter and melted the same way
and after that I left thinking perhaps it was sushi as good as any I’ve eaten
But by then I was patting a belly full of unaju
Places like this usually come with titanic bills and the corresponding sinking feeling. True, wine is mostly marked up in a way that’s only favourable to the restaurant — though eccentrically, Dom Perignon 2009 is cheaper here than online — but Ikeda can be done carefully; we left at £175, preferring it to £420-a-head Sushi Kanesaka. In that sense, it felt like good value — those seeking a blow-out could easily triple the bill. Michelin should visit
Meal for two anywhere from about £180. 30 Brook Street, W1K 5DJ, ikedarestaurant.com
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Pioneering artist and composer Ryoji Ikeda takes center stage for the first time
performing his Ultratonics album live on a tour across the country that also sees dates in Fukuoka and Hokkaido
The performance will see live sound along with matching visuals
His request for fans to send him letters has been heavily criticized online
who rose to fame as Gokai Silver in the 2011 television series Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger
was arrested for defrauding a man in his 60s
he allegedly persuaded the man to part with his three cash cards after posing as a police officer
He was then arrested again the following month for withdrawing ¥1.5 million from the victim’s bank accounts
Ikeda’s contract with his agency was terminated
and his voice was removed from the anime shows, Ensemble Stars! and The Kingdoms of Ruin. Earlier this month
he was found guilty of fraud and sentenced to three years in prison.
Following the conclusion of his trial, a letter written by Ikeda was posted on his X page
There is the ‘truth,’ but ‘legally,’ I was found guilty in court and will be an inmate from now on
‘I’m still waiting for you,’ and ‘I’ll always be your fan.'”
Then came his request: “I know this is a roundabout way of saying it
would you be so kind as to write me a letter
But please lend me your strength so that I can crawl out of this brink of despair
I would like to open the curtain on my second chapter
Please give me the motivation to do so.”
Ikeda revealed the address of the Tokyo detention house where he’s imprisoned
“Visits are also accepted.” Many people criticized the brazenness of his words
leading to a follow-up letter on October 22
Ikeda promised fans that despite the adverse reaction
he wouldn’t quit and would “keep shouting.” He asked them to continue to show their support and wait for his return
He also vowed to do a nationwide “thank you” tour to show appreciation for those who sent him letters.
“As someone who is currently watching Gokaiger every week
I feel nothing but discomfort towards Junya Ikeda when I read the news articles
He was involved in fraud and received prison time
so I think he should wait until he has served his sentence before he speaks out
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As part of the programme celebrating Tartu as a 2024 European Capital of Culture
Ryoji Ikeda – who is known for incorporating data and technology into his artworks – opened his solo show at the Estonian National Museum (ENM) in Tartu
The exhibition presents two pioneering new works created specifically for Tartu 2024: ‘the critical paths’ (2024) is an audiovisual installation drawing on research by the University of Tartu Institute of Genomics, visualising the DNA of 100,000 Estonians on LED screens
while ‘vox aeterna’ (2024) marks Ikeda's debut sound piece featuring the human voice
offering a completely new listening experience and created in collaboration with the Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir
the exhibition features ‘data-verse’ (2019-20)
where thousands of technical data points – such as coordinates
and DNA sequences – are transformed into captivating visual forms
“The genome data of Estonians has inspired an artwork where visitors walk through a stream of data that represents the history of Estonia
the stronger the connection between the research
which are seen in all ENM exhibitions,” ENM director Kertu Saks said
“My work makes up only 50 percent; the other 50 percent is created by the audience – art is a dialogue between me and the viewer
allowing them to experience something personal and unique,” Ikeda commented on the exhibition
encouraging visitors to bring their own perspectives to the multi-sensory show
Ryoji Ikeda’s solo exhibition runs at the Estonian National Museum (ENM) in Tartu until 2 March 2025
On Sunday, Mar. 30, K-1 Japan Group hosted KRUSH 172
The event featured two kickboxing title bouts
Manager Futoshi Ikeda has parted ways with the Japan women's national football team upon the expiry of his contract
the Japan Football Association said Wednesday
The 53-year-old took the reins of Nadeshiko Japan in October 2021 and guided them to the quarterfinals both at the 2023 World Cup in New Zealand
where they beat eventual champions Spain 4-0 in the group stage
"I wanted Nadeshiko Japan to rise even further and be there with the players myself to witness the scenes lying ahead," Ikeda said on the JFA website as he thanked the players
"I believe we managed to increase our output as a team and develop through competing in international tournaments
Japan's 2011 World Cup-winning manager and currently the JFA Women's Committee Chairperson
said a contract extension beyond August was not on the table
with a belief that someone new is required to reach tournaments' later stages
"We've begun searching (for Ikeda's successor) and not just in Japan
as well as fellow men's J-League outfit Avispa Fukuoka
before steering Japan to their first Women's Under-20 World Cup title in 2018
"I hope Nadeshiko Japan continue to play courageously
thrilling many people and being a team children dream of," he said
JFA President Tsuneyasu Miyamoto thanked Ikeda for his efforts
where Japan went out following a 1-0 extra-time defeat to the eventual gold medalists the United States
saying he hoped the manager would keep "lending his hand to Japanese football's development."
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Ryoji Ikeda continues to push the boundaries of his art
he has embraced various opportunities since the pandemic
including major solo exhibitions at the Aomori and Hirosaki Brick Warehouse Museums
and the release of his reflective album ultratronics
These efforts have brought his innovative work to the Japanese public in diverse forms
Ikeda will take his unique sound to five cities
joined by an exceptional lineup featuring VMO a.k.a Violent Magic Orchestra
After several successful showcases of ultratronics in Japan and globally
the tour will bring this electrifying experience to life once again
beginning with a performance at KT Zepp Yokohama in Kanagawa
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