Eugene welcomed seven high school students from its sister city This is the youth delegation’s first visit since 2019 Mayor Kaarin Knudson and a co-chair from the city’s Youth Advisory Council greeted the delegation at the Eugene City Hall The students received a tour of the building where they learned how local government in Eugene works said she was excited to compare and contrast the two cultures “I'm now really…interested in the difference between Japan and the U.S.” said Kitagawa “I think both [have] a nice culture and I want to think about those difference[s].” Knudson said delegation visits like these create learning opportunities and help bridge communities across the world “It is a wonderful opportunity for our community to have connections across the world to other places that we might share similarities with in terms of our size or types of industry or history and experiences,” said Knudson our experiences could be completely different!” The delegation will be in Eugene for four days An adult delegation from the same city visited Eugene last August A 10-person delegation from Eugene's Sister City in Japan,Kakegawa wraps up its visit at the Eugene Airport on Tuesday — A ten-person delegation from Eugene's Sister City in Japan wrapped up its visit at the Eugene Airport on Tuesday The Eugene Kakegawa Sister City Committee planned the trip Activities included meeting with Mayor Lucy Vinis "There is a lot of nature and a lot of young people here so it's been nice to be around,” said Masushi Mizutani That was my favorite memory from this trip they had to take a break from the exchanges “It was so nice because we hadn't done this in a number of years because of Covid and it was fabulous to have the mayor and eight more people,” explained Jill McKenney the Eugene Kakegawa Sister City Committee Chairperson I've got Japanese going through my head always; I don't know what it's saying Kakegawa is a city on the eastern side of Japan with a population of around 115,000 The Sister City movement promotes cultural and commercial ties and was established in 1956 by President Eisenhower The Eugene-Kakegawa Sister City program began in 1979 pianist Francesco Tristano interprets some of Johann Sebastian Bach’s most challenging pieces Tristano’s 2022 On Early Music was an admirable outing serving as a taster course for Italian and English approaches to harpsichord playing in the early seventeenth century but a beautiful sounding grand piano in a recording studio in Kakegawa Abetted by sound engineer Christoph Frommen Tristano reveled in using all of the studio’s devices at his disposal to make what his liner notes essays calls “BachtotheFuture.” This never sounds like mere trickery Tristano is eminently capable of taking fast tempos such as his fleet renditions of the Allemande from the B-flat major Partita and the Gigue from the G major work where the counterpoint is clearly delineated in a virtuosic environment and the midtempo and slow dance movements are the better for it with clear dance rhythms and cleanly delivered ornaments such as the Sinfonia in the C minor Partita and Toccata in the E minor work each movement seems to have been carefully considered in its conception and receives a level of attention that makes all that work in the studio in Kakegawa seem well worth it It is hard to pick favorites among Tristano’s performances of the partitas as they each seem tailored to a different demeanor the pianist’s traversal of the C minor Partita is truly masterful and will likely meet you where you are and provide considerable uplift by its conclusion Bach: the 6 Partitas is one of my favorite recordings of 2024 Shizuoka — When the city of Kakegawa found that foreign children were struggling in school due to insufficient Japanese language skills and a lack of staff to help them it came up with a novel idea to help them keep up with their studies please disable the ad blocking feature and reload the page This website uses cookies to collect information about your visit for purposes such as showing you personalized ads and content By clicking “Accept all,” you will allow the use of these cookies Users accessing this site from EEA countries and UK are unable to view this site without your consent The Shizuoka Prefecture city decided to held facilitate on-line learning for the students through cooperation with educational institutions in their home countries allowing them to be taught in their native language The number of students requiring Japanese language instruction is increasing but it has been difficult to find support staff who are able to handle the various different languages Kakegawa sees the new program as an effective way to address the problem According to the city’s Board of Education the introduction of such a program in schools is a rarity in Japan Four of the city’s 22 elementary schools will begin trials of the program in arithmetic in the second semester The schools will tell the overseas school what content they would like to be taught and classes will be formulated accordingly The Philippines’ Tagalog will be among the first languages tested it will be expanded to other languages and subjects in moving toward full implementation 386 of the 9,454 students in its elementary and junior high schools Although there are eight staff members assigned to assist foreign students at the city’s 31 elementary and junior high schools nearly half of the students have special needs such as needing help with school subjects or Japanese language instruction The city said that it is difficult to find staff for each language in Japan due to the costs and the lack of human resources It plans to provide support until the students have become sufficiently proficient in Japanese and can follow along in classes at school In preparation for the enrollment of foreign students in public elementary and junior high schools and Omaezaki subcontracted Japanese language and arithmetic/math classes to a special Kikugawa-based classroom operated by an NPO called the “Shizuoka Prefecture Education Forum.” The classroom formed an alliance with “e-Education,” a non-profit organization that provides IT-based educational support to children in Asia the organizations arranged for students to learn arithmetic online from local cram school instructors back home starting in mid-May two from the Philippines and one from Nepal currently receive lessons in their native language once or twice a week The program that Kakegawa is developing will also be implemented with the cooperation of e-Education Science and Technology Ministry found that in the 2023 academic year there were 57,718 foreign students enrolled in public elementary and high schools in need of Japanese-language instruction — an increase of about 10,000 from a similar survey in the 2021 academic year The number of such students in Shizuoka Prefecture increased by 492 to 4,275 “I am sure that the new program will enable us to provide more attentive guidance than before,” said Yoshiaki Sato “I think this will serve as a model for the rest of the country.” which has the highest percentage of foreign residents in the prefecture at about 8.5% is also considering a trial program for arithmetic classes in elementary school Our weekly ePaper presents the most noteworthy recent topics in an exciting © 2025 The Japan News - by The Yomiuri Shimbun Look out for your first newsletter in your inbox soon We help you navigate a myriad of possibilities Sign up for our newsletter for the best of the city By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to receive emails from Time Out about news, events, offers and partner promotions. Tokyo KanagawaPhoto: Yoshitaka Sato/Pixta10 best places to see winter cherry blossoms in Japan – outside of TokyoStart your hanami early at these gorgeous winter sakura spots across Japan: Osaka Waiting patiently for this year’s spring cherry blossoms to appear You can get a glimpse of spring long before the season rolls around you’ll find beautiful varieties of winter sakura trees that bloom from as early as January through to March.  Kawazu-zakura is one of the most common winter cherry blossom varieties and is a tree native to Shizuoka prefecture These pretty pink flowers usually bloom between February and March they have a longer lifespan than their spring cousins and usually last around a month Other varieties include the vibrant pink kanhi-zakura trees commonly found in Okinawa and atami-zakura which are indigineous to the coastal city of Atami If you’re planning on blossom hopping outside of Tokyo rivers and scenic spots around Japan to capture these impressive winter blossoms RECOMMENDED: Where to see winter cherry blossoms in Tokyo  Photo: ©Acao Spa & Resort | アカオ フォレストYou don't have to travel too far from Tokyo to find stunning winter cherry blossom and boasts stunning atami-zakura blossoms Peak season here is from mid-January to early February so you still have time to see the blossoms across the park's 13 themed flower gardens.  Photo: Genki/PixtaThis serene park in Yokohama is home to an extraordinary 1,600 sakura trees in 78 different varieties The prominent early bloomers here include the kanhi-zakura trees that often flower from mid-February As there’s such a wide variety of cherry blossom trees here you’re bound to see blooms on any visit between mid-February and April the park is close to Tokyo and completely free to enter Photo: Yoshitaka Sato/PixtaHead to the Mt Matsuda Herb Garden at Nishihirabatake Park for two things: sakura and views of Mt Fuji The park is home to roughly 360 pink kawazu-zakura trees the Herb Garden also gives you panoramic views of Sagami Bay and the Hakone Mountains.  Photo: Yuu/PixtaTake a road trip through the city of Tsukimi in Oita prefecture, and you’ll be graced with views of 5,000 kawazu-zakura trees lining the rugged coastline. The cherry blossoms start blooming in early February and usually reach their peak by the middle of the month. You can keep track of the flowering status here Photo: Cybister/PixtaOkinawa is much further south than the rest of Japan, so it’s only right that sakura bloom first on the subtropical islands. In Okinawa, you’ll find the kanhi-zakura species of cherry blossoms – they flourish well in humid climates, often blooming from the end of January to the beginning of February. One of the best spots to catch them is at the Nakijin Castle Ruins one of Okinawa’s Unesco World Heritage Sites.  Photo: Leung Cho Pan/DreamstimeKawazu-zakura were first discovered back in 1972 in Kawazu it’s one of the first places you can see cherry blossoms in Japan with trees often blooming from early February to early March One of the best spots to capture the flowers is along the Kawazu River just a short ten-minute walk from Kawazu Station There are approximately 850 trees lining the river and they are also illuminated at night be sure to head south to catch the sakura lining the Aono River at Shimogamo Onsen Photo: katudon1967/Photo ACThis little-known spot in Kyoto is home to approximately 200 kawazu-zakura trees planted along a small canal. The flowers here usually hit full bloom from mid-February and stick around until late March. These early bloomers are a bright, vivid pink in contrast to the more white-coloured somei-yoshino variety and are just as beautiful when the petals start to fall and float down the canal. Photo: prof240530/PixtaThis large park south of central Osaka is well-equipped for physical activity, with a baseball stadium, swimming pool, tennis courts and multiple shrines for a quiet cooldown. However, it’s also known for its flora, especially cherry blossoms. The greenspace boasts colourful plum blossoms and the winter-blooming kanhi-zakura trees from early February. It’s also worth a visit further into sakura season as somei-yoshino trees bloom later in March and April. Photo: Keisuke TanigawaNo need to wait until spring – here are the best parks gardens and shrines in Tokyo to see these early-blooming sakura There's more to these pink and white flowers than you think Thanks for subscribing! Look out for your first newsletter in your inbox soon! facebooktwitterpinterestinstagramAbout us Suci Sekarwati TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - The Indonesian Foreign Ministry confirmed on Friday, November 29, 2024, that an Indonesian citizen in Japan with the initials YAP was arrested on charges of attempted robbery and murder of two elderly Japanese citizens The Indonesian Embassy in Tokyo received this information from the Kakegawa Police His actions resulted in the serious injury of two elderly people who are currently receiving medical treatment at the hospital YAP was a trainee at a construction materials company in Chihama YAP committed the robbery for the purpose of online gambling The Kakegawa police are currently investigating the case The Indonesian Embassy in Tokyo will provide consular assistance to ensure that the rights of the individuals are protected under local law the number of Indonesian citizens in Japan was 67,000 and it decreased to about 60,000 at the beginning of the pandemic the number of Indonesian citizens reached 83,000 in June 2022 according to a report by the Japanese Immigration Agency the number of trainees or kenshusei has increased to 44,000 from the previous 34,000 the number of workers with specific skills (specified skilled workers) has reached almost 10,000 individuals The Indonesian Embassy in Tokyo has called on various Indonesian communities in Japan to help each other in reaching out to other Indonesian citizens in different regions The Embassy cooperates with Indonesian communities in various fields such as religion In terms of advisory and consultation services the Indonesian Embassy in Tokyo has provided online platforms for the welfare and protection of Indonesian citizens Editor's Choice: Japan-Indonesia Fostering Cooperation in the Nursing Sector Click here to get the latest news updates from Tempo on Google News Prabowo Rejects 'Puppet President' Label, Denies Jokowi's Control Manpower Minister Unveils Reasons Behind Over 24,000 Layoffs by April 2025 Prabowo Claims 99.99% Success Rate for Free Nutritious Meal Program Indonesia and Japan Deepen Strategic Alliance in Clean Energy and Infrastructure Jokowi Responds to Calls for VP Gibran's Impeachment Prabowo Praises Jokowi's Inflation Control in Cabinet Session, Denies Link to Gibran's Presence BPS: Indonesian Economic Growth Slows to 4.87% in Q1 2025 Rupiah Strengthens as US-China Trade Tension Eases BGN Chief Aims for Zero Accidents in Free Nutritious Meal Program Prabowo Holds Plenary Cabinet Session at Palace This Afternoon 10 Best Cities to Visit in Japan Besides Tokyo to Add to Your Bucket List Indonesia and Japan Deepen Strategic Alliance in Clean Energy and Infrastructure Prabowo to Host Cambodian Senate President This Afternoon Man Sentenced to 53 Years for Stabbing 6-Year-Old Palestinian American to Death French Prosecutor Says Mosque Attacker's Motive Not Linked to Terrorism Traveling Fukuoka: Iconic Landmarks and Tourist Spots in the Japanese City Japan Begin Cooperation in Caregiver Sector Japan Now Home to the Smallest Park in the World Recognized as Japan's Oldest Living Person Tokyo Travel Tips: 10 Things to Know Before You Go The Pope's Role in Major Events of the Modern Era Prabowo to Host Cambodian Senate President This Afternoon Sistine Chapel Prepares for the Election of New Pope Anthony Albanese Makes Indonesia His First Visit After Winning Australian Election JYP Entertainment Apologizes for DAY6 Concert Chaos in Jakarta AJI, UNESCO Declare Commitment to Support Digital Security of Student Press Inside Sistine Chapel: 5 Key Facts About the Conclave's Iconic Venue Exposing Trump's Move on Mike Waltz Dismissal 10 Best Cities to Visit in Japan Besides Tokyo to Add to Your Bucket List 10 Recommended Budget-Friendly Tourist Destinations in the United States What Are the Cheapest Businesses to Start from Home? 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Here Are the Top 12 Destinations Share your travel photos with us by hashtagging your images with #visitjapanjp HOME > Japan’s Local Treasures > Kakegawa Hyakki Yako Halloween Event Japanese monsters appear around Kakegawa Castle for the Kakegawa Hyakki Yako The main attraction is the large procession of people dressed as monsters marching around Kakegawa Castle you can pose for photos next to cultural attractions such as Kakegawa Castle and the old private house Takenomaru full of stores where mysterious monsters lurk appears between JR Kakegawa Station and Kakegawa Castle There are shops where yokai monsters in costume are welcome a spot where anyone can take photos alongside monster-like artwork Take the Tokaido Shinkansen bullet train from Tokyo Station to JR Kakegawa Station Kakegawa Castle is an 8-minute walk from the north exit of Kakegawa Station Kakegawa Hyakki Yako - Yokai Monster Halloween Event Tokai Region | JNTO Official Website Shizuoka Prefecture | JNTO Official Website Browse the JNTO site in one of multiple languages the 172 sqm wooden residence is placed in a diagonal direction on the site with all its spaces arranged along its depth while a gable roof of more than 30 meters in length covers most exterior and interior areas.all images by satoshi nakagawa surrounded by preserved historic buildings and a beautiful green landscape, SN design architects‘ house incorporates a smooth transition from the city to the interior through an open the 30-m-long gable roof roughly covers inside and outside areas while it is supported by a wooden frame structure of one-by-two grids a large opening on the part of the roof that covers the semi-outdoor area allows for a tree to grow through it while it visually connects the house and the family living inside it with the city and its people interior spaces are characterized by muted tones and a minimal selection of materials with wood as the protagonist architect: SN design architects AXOR presents three bathroom concepts that are not merely places of function but destinations in themselves — sanctuaries of style — A youth delegation from Eugene’s Sister City of Kakegawa The delegation visit, coordinated by the Eugene Kakegawa Sister City Committee will consist of seven high school aged youth from Kakegawa Mayor Kaarin Knudson will formally receive the delegation at Eugene City Hall on Thursday and then will tour Eugene and surrounding areas with their host families over the following days The Sister Cities program has been part of the City of Eugene since 1961 The City established the program to promote peace friendship and appreciation between cities and countries Kakegawa sent a delegation of high school students to Eugene every year with the objective of building goodwill and cultural exchange," the City of Eugene said "This year’s visit formally resumes this important youth exchange." The Eugene Kakegawa Sister City Committee is a non-profit entity that receives funding from the City of Eugene to provide direction and support to the sister city relationship with Kakegawa The Committee is comprised of community volunteers who coordinate cultural Learn more about the Sister City program on the City’s website students enjoyed visiting the Food Bank of the Southern Tier touring the Corning-Painted Post High School and much more Tuesday on the group’s final day in the Crystal City Corning-Kakegawa Sister City Committee chair said the experiences students and their adult chaperones had during the Sister City trip was nothing less than fantastic “It was a great time,” said Mizuno Yasushi leader of the Kakegawa Sister City Committee The Kakegawa students and chaperones arrived in Corning last week and have spent their time since learning about the Crystal City The group will head to the Elmira-Corning Regional Airport today to begin their trip back to Japan “The trip is really a cultural understanding developing friendships and promoting and understanding people and cultures,” Munoz-Halm said Munoz-Halm said Sister Cities officials made the trip a more focused educational program than in the past “We took the students to activities really throughout the Southern Tier,” Munoz-Halm said “We wanted them to see a community is not just a tourist place but it is a living community.” In 1989 the City of Corning and the town of Osuka began a Sister Cities relationship based on friendship and with the goal of peace between nations Corning-Kakegawa Sister City Committee secretary and former president of the Corning Sister Cities organization “This peace is centered on a citizen diplomacy network between the people of these two cities,” Wollatt said the Town of Osuka was merged into the City of Kakegawa and our mutual friendly relationship expanded.” Wollatt said 2019 is the 30th anniversary of that relationship “It is an opportunity to dedicate our cities to many more years of friendship,” Wollatt said standing near a newly dedicated plaque at the Sister Cities International Peace Garden at the Nasser Civic Center Mayor Bill Boland called the Corning Sister Cities Association a great asset to the city “We are very pleased that you are here and we hope you are all having a great time,” Boland told the Kakegawa students “We look forward to many more trips both from the United States to Kakegawa but also from Kakegawa to the United States The Corning Sister Cities Association was established in 1987 to “promote peace through mutual respect one community at a time.” Corning currently has three sister cities: Lviv Metrics details Abiotic synthesis of biomolecules is an essential step for the chemical origin of life Many attempts have succeeded in synthesizing biomolecules including amino acids and nucleobases (e.g. from reduced compounds that may have been limited in their availabilities on Hadean Earth and Noachian Mars formation of amino-acids and nucleobases from CO2 and N2 (i.e. the most abundant C and N sources on Earth during the Hadean) has been limited via spark discharge we demonstrate the synthesis of amino acids by laboratory impact-induced reactions among simple inorganic mixtures: Fe and H2O with the oxidation of metallic Fe and Ni These chemical processes simulated the possible reactions at impacts of Fe-bearing meteorites/asteroids on oceans with a CO2 and N2 atmosphere The results indicate that hypervelocity impact was a source of amino acids on the Earth during the Hadean and potentially on Mars during the Noachian Amino acids formed during such events could more readily polymerize in the next step of the chemical evolution as impact events locally form amino acids at the impact sites Although such local events might have provided reduced volatiles the quantity of reduced species provided to the atmosphere remained unclear it is not clear whether the detected amino acids were products or contaminants Dissolved HCO3− and CO2 were generated from NaHCO3 before and during the shock-induced reactions and these represent the C species in the ocean and atmosphere Carbon in NaHCO3 was labeled using 13C to distinguish products from potential contaminants Gaseous N2 was used as a N source to simulate atmospheric N for all experiments NH3 was mixed with the starting materials in several experiments for comparison 13C-labeled amino acids in the products were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatogram of derivatized standards and the derivatized product of NH3-free experiment with the iron meteorite (IM) analogue. (a) 12C-glycine (Gly) (mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) = 246 > 171) and product, 13C-glycine (13C-Gly) (m/z = 248 > 171). (b) 12C-alanine (Ala), 12C-β-alanine (β-Ala), and sarcosine (Sar) (m/z = 260 > 171) and product. Sar) produced in the iron meteorite (IM) and ordinary chondrite (OC) experiments (NH3-free Experiments were conducted three times for each condition and 1σ errors are shown Powder X-ray diffraction profiles of solid residues after impacts (a) Iron meteorite (IM) analogue before impact (c) ordinary chondrite (OC) analogue before impact smaller amino acids form in larger yields and therefore larger amino acids would not be formed in detectable amounts in this small-scale simulation More amino acids might have been formed if the starting martials were larger enough like natural impacts Similar yields of glycine in NH3-free experiments and 20 mM NH3 experiment suggest that NH3 formed during the impact-induced reactions worked similarly to the ammonia in the starting material the 10−5 mol/L oceanic ammonia concentration suggested in a previous work may not provide a significant difference in amino acid synthesis from an NH3-free ocean in such a type of impact synthesis The temperature and pressure profile of the present impact would be applicable to some part of materials in the middle scale projectiles having 20 to 100 m radius It is difficult to precisely estimate the amounts of amino acid products generated via natural impacts with the present experiments due to technical difficulties in the demonstration of large impacts which are expected to yield more amino acids the present yield would be a baseline amount along with variation Further investigations regarding both endogenous formation and exogenous delivery are indispensable for understanding the availability of the building blocks of life on prebiotic Earth chemical evolution might have been promoted and accomplished to the formation of monomers of catalytic biopolymers even on Noachian Mars All glassware for the experiments were washed and heated at 450 °C for 6 h prior to use All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors On the early chemical history of the earth and the origin of life Evolution of an impact-generated H2O–CO2 atmosphere and formation of a hot proto-ocean on Earth Bolide impacts and the oxidation state of carbon in the Earth’s early atmosphere The oxidation state of Hadean magmas and implications for early Earth’s atmosphere in Earth’s Early Atmosphere and Surface Environment Vol 504 Geological Society of America Special Papers (ed G An experimental study on Fischer-Tropsch catalysis: implications for impact phenomena and nebular chemistry The chemical composition of the early terrestrial atmosphere: formation of a reducing atmosphere from CI-like material Chemistry of atmospheres formed during accretion of the Earth and other terrestrial planets Hydrogen cyanide production due to mid-size impacts in a redox-neutral N2-rich atmosphere Experimental investigation of reduced volatile formation by high-temperature interactions among meteorite constituent materials A relatively reduced Hadean continental crust and implications for the early atmosphere and crustal rheology A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions Prebiotic synthesis in atmospheres containing CH4 Prebiotic formation of amino acids in a neutral atmosphere by electric discharge A reassessment of prebiotic organic synthesis in neutral planetary atmospheres The use of ascorbate as an oxidation inhibitor in prebiotic amino acid synthesis: a cautionary note Shock synthesis of amino acids in simulated primitive environments In Space Life Sciences: Life in the Solar System: Prebiotic Chemistry Raulin et al.) 207–215 (Elsevier Science Bv α-hydroxy and α-amino acids under possible Hadean Biomolecule formation by oceanic impacts on early Earth Nucleobase and amino acid formation through impacts of meteorites on the early ocean amino acids and nucleic acid bases from formamide under photochemical conditions Meteorite-catalyzed syntheses of nucleosides and of other prebiotic compounds from formamide under proton irradiation High-energy chemistry of formamide: A unified mechanism of nucleobase formation Formation of nucleobases in a Miller–Urey reducing atmosphere Amino acid formation induced by high-power laser in CO2/CO-N2-H2O gas mixtures Prebiotic ammonia from reduction of nitrite by iron (II) on the early Earth Abiotic nitrogen reduction on the early Earth Abiotic ammonium formation in the presence of Ni-Fe metals and alloys and its implications for the Hadean nitrogen cycle Abiotic nitrogen fixation on terrestrial planets: reduction of NO to ammonia by FeS Summers, D. Sources and sinks for ammonia and nitrite on the early Earth and the reaction of nitrite with ammonia. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 29, 33–46, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006517823004 (1999) The role of submarine hydrothermal systems in the synthesis of amino acids Lunar impact history from 40Ar/39Ar dating of glass spherules Interactions between impact-induced vapor clouds and the ambient atmosphere: 1 Spectroscopic observations using diatomic molecular emission High yield shock synthesis of ammonia from iron water and nitrogen available on the early Earth Meteorite impact-induced rapid NH3 production on early Earth: Ab Initio molecular dynamics simulation On the road from formamide ices to nucleobases: IR-spectroscopic observation of a direct reaction between cyano radicals and formamide in a high-energy impact event in The Cambridge Encycropedia of Meteorites (ed O Noton) 331–340 (Cambridge University Press When did life likely emerge on earth in an RNA-first process Impact-induced phyllosilicate formation from olivine and water Ab initio molecular dynamics study of prebiotic production processes of organic compounds at meteorite impacts on ocean Genesis of amino acids in the primeval sea: formation of amino acids from sugars and ammonia in a modified sea medium One-pot synthesis of amino acid precursors with insoluble organic matter in planetesimals with aqueous activity The fragmentation of small asteroids in the atmosphere Amino acid survival in large cometary impacts Extraterrestrial flux of potentially prebiotic C Pre-biotic organic-matter from comets and asteroids Earth’s air pressure 2.7 billion years ago constrained to less than half of modern levels Extraterrestrial nucleobases in the Murchison meteorite Extraterrestrial ribose and other sugars in primitive meteorites The effects of parent body processes on amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites Understanding prebiotic chemistry through the analysis of extraterrestrial amino acids and nucleobases in meteorites exogenous delivery and impact-shock synthesis of organic-molecules: an inventory for the origins of life Re-examination of amino acids in Antarctic micrometeorites An evaluation of the critical parameters for abiotic peptide synthesis in submarine hydrothermal systems Cratering chronology and the evolution of Mars Possible ancient oceans on mars: evidence from Mars orbiter laser altimeter data Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater Download references The authors appreciate the comments received from H This work was supported by KAKENHI from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to T NINS Astrobiology Center satellite research for Y and the Tohoku University FRIS research program for T Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research contributed to the discussion on early Earth and early Mars The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66112-8 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres (2022) Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Volume 7 - 2013 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00180 This article is part of the Research TopicNeural Circuits: JapanView all 17 articles The delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is a cerebellum-dependent type of associative motor learning the exact roles played by the various cerebellar synapses as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms It is also unclear whether long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF)–Purkinje cell (PC) synapses is involved in EBC to clarify the role of PF synapses in the delay EBC we used mice in which a gene encoding Cbln1 was disrupted (cbln1-/- mice) which display severe reduction of PF–PC synapses We showed that delay EBC was impaired in cbln1-/- mice PF-LTP was normally induced in cbln1-/- mice A single recombinant Cbln1 injection to the cerebellar cortex in vivo completely restored the morphology and function of PF–PC synapses and delay EBC in cbln1-/- mice the cbln1-/- mice retained the memory for at least 30 days after the Cbln1 injection’s effect on PF synapses had abated delay EBC memory could be extinguished even after the Cbln1 injection’s effect were lost These results indicate that intact PF–PC synapses and PF-LTD are necessary to acquire delay EBC in mice extracerebellar structures or remaining PF–PC synapses in cbln1-/- mice may be sufficient for the expression The exact roles played by the various cerebellar synapses remain to be determined at different learning phases (e.g. Delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is impaired in cbln1-/- mice (A) A diagram showing the cerebellar circuits responsible for delay EBC A conditioned stimulus (CS) tone increases the activities of precerebellar nuclei (PCN) Some MFs may also innervate the interpositus nucleus (IPN) which regulates the integrity and plasticity of PF–Purkinje cell (PC) synapses An unconditioned stimulus (US) is mediated by the activities of the inferior olivary nuclei (ION) which send climbing fibers (CFs) to the IPN and PCs (B) A diagram showing the delay EBC paradigm A CS tone (350 ms) precedes and co-terminates with a US (100 ms) Mice were trained for one session per day for 7 days Associative learning was established when conditioned response (CR) was observed before the unconditioned eyeblink response (UR) The CR% was significantly smaller for cbln1-/- than wild-type mice (p < 0.01 spontaneous eyeblink responses before training The Y-axis gives the percentage of trials showing positive CR (D) Averaged EMG amplitude on the last day of training (T7) The EMG amplitudes were normalized to those during the initial 30 ms of CS CS and US stimuli were randomly presented to wild-type and cbln1-/- mice There was no significant difference in CR% between two groups (p > 0.1) There was no significant difference in the amplitude between wild-type and cbln1-/- mice (p > 0.5 No significant difference was found in response time to nociceptive stimuli between wild-type and cbln1-/- mice (p > 0.5 The dotted lines in C and E correspond to the percentage of CR-like activities on Sp2 to indicate the baseline for learned responses temporally specific ablation or expression of gene products at specific synapses will be required to clarify the role of PF-LTD in motor learning it has been untested whether delay EBC and PF-LTP could be normally induced in cbln1-/- mice and whether Cbln1 injection could modulate these phenomena in vivo In this study, to clarify the role of PF synapses at different learning phases, we examined the delay EBC in cbln1-/- mice after injection of recombinant Cbln1 at different time points. We showed that delay EBC, but not trace EBC (Kishimoto et al., 2001b; Brown et al., 2010) A single recombinant Cbln1 injection completely restored PF-LTD and delay EBC in cbln1-/- mice the cbln1-/- mice retained the CR for at least 30 d after the Cbln1 injection’s effect on PF synapses and PF-LTD induction had abated delay EBC extinction by exposure to the unpaired CS succeeded even after the Cbln1 injection’s effect were lost This study used cbln1-/- mice on a C57BL6/J genetic background and their WT littermates The mice were housed individually on a 12-h light/dark cycle All experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Investigation Committee at the Keio University School of Medicine All efforts were made to minimize the use of animals and to optimize their comfort Recombinant hemagglutinin-conjugated Cbln1 (HA-Cbln1) was prepared as described previously (Ito-Ishida et al., 2008) pCAGGS-HA-Cbln1 was transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells using a calcium phosphate method (CellPhect the culture medium was replaced with chemically defined 293 medium (Invitrogen Inc. the medium was collected and concentrated using centrifugal filtering devices (Centriplus YM-10 and Microcon YM-100 The concentrated medium was washed twice with 500 μl phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the final volume of the medium was adjusted to 50 μl Protein was measured using a BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fischer Scientific The control solution was prepared from the medium of non-transfected HEK293 cells Male cbln1-/- mice at PW 7–10 were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine [80 mg/kg body weight (BW)] and xylazine 20 mg/kg BW (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., USA). A subarachnoid injection of HA-Cbln1 was given as described previously (Ito-Ishida et al., 2008; Matsuda et al., 2010) a small hole in the occipital bone was made with a dental drill A 33-gage microsyringe needle was inserted onto the surface of the simplex lobules (hemispheric lobule VI HA-Cbln1 (1 μg/g BW) was injected into the subarachnoid space bilaterally To prevent the infused solution from leaking the injection site was sealed with a silicone elastomer (Kwik-Sil; World Precision Instruments Four Teflon-coated stainless steel wires (A-M Systems USA) were implanted into the left eyelid of the mouse under deep anesthesia Two wires were used to record electromyograms (EMG) and the remaining two to deliver weak electric shocks which were secured to small stainless steel screws fixed on the skull with dental acrylic resin the animals were returned to their home cages to recover for 2 days Spontaneous eyeblink activities were recorded without applying US or CS on days 1 and 2 Electromyogram signals were analyzed offline by custom software (Microsoft Visual Basic 2003; Kakegawa et al., 2008). The EMG wave analysis algorithm has been described previously (Kishimoto et al., 2001a) the maximum amplitude of EMG signals in each 1-ms bin represented the EMG amplitude during that time window We calculated the average and the standard deviation (SD) of EMG amplitude during the 300 ms before CS onset in 100 trials The averaged EMG amplitude plus 1 SD was defined as a “threshold value.” In each trial the “baseline value” was calculated by averaging EMG amplitude that exceeded the threshold value during the 300 ms prior to the CS onset we calculated the “startle value” by averaging EMG amplitude that exceeded the threshold value during the 30 ms after the CS If the baseline and the startle values were less than 10% and 30% of the threshold value the CR value was calculated by averaging EMG amplitude 200 ms before the US the CR values were obtained by averaging the EMG amplitude over the period from 200 ms before to 100 ms after the expected US onset If the CR value exceeded 1% of the threshold and was more than twice the baseline value The CR% was calculated for each mouse as the percentage of CR-positive trials among the valid trials in each training session The CR% values for the individual mice were averaged to obtain the group CR% for each training session the CR% values were similarly calculated in 100 trials without applying CS or US to estimate CR-like activities in each mouse The conditioning experiments were all carried out during the light phase of the light/dark cycle and extinction were performed by an experimenter blinded to each mouse’s genotype The acoustic startle reflex test was performed as described previously (Emi et al., 2011) Each mouse was placed in the acoustic startle device (SRLAB USA) consisted of a Plexiglas cylinder (5-cm in outer diameter) in a sound-attenuated box (approximately 20-cm2) with a high frequency loudspeaker (28 cm above the cylinder) that produced both a continuous background noise (70 dB) and the acoustic stimuli (bursts of white noise between 4 and 14 kHz) Movements of the mouse in the cylinder were transduced by a piezoelectric accelerometer attached to the bottom of the platform The maximal peak-to-peak amplitude from the piezoelectric sensor was used to determine the magnitude of the acoustic startle response (ASR) The session was initiated with a 5-min acclimation period followed by four different sound stimuli (75 90 dB) presented in a random order with random intertrial intervals (10–20 s; 15 s on average) Standard nocifensive reflex test (tail flick test) was performed on mice using a radiant heat apparatus (IITC Mice were restrained in a Plexiglas tube and allowed to acclimate for 5–10 min before testing Ten successive trials (60 s apart) with each mouse were averaged to obtain a mean value for each mouse the whole cerebellum of a cbln1-/- mouse was homogenized in a buffer containing 10 mM Tris-HCl and was centrifuged at 800 × g for 10 min at 4°C The supernatant was centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 20 min at 4°C and the pellet (P2 fraction) was solubilized in 2× SDS sample buffer The protein concentration was measured using a BCA protein assay kit Equal protein amounts were subjected to SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and blotted onto a PVDF membrane (Hybond-P HA-Cbln1 was detected with an enhanced chemiluminescence system (Immobilon Western USA) and quantified using an LAS-3000 CCD Imaging System (Fujifilm Co Ltd. mice were fixed under deep anesthesia by cardiac perfusion with 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (PB) containing 4% paraformaldehyde (4% PFA/PB); the cerebellum was then removed and soaked in 4% PFA/PB for 4 h parasagittal slices (100 μm) were prepared using a microslicer (DTK-2000; Dosaka Japan) and were permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS with 2% normal goat serum and 2% bovine serum albumin for 6 h at 4°C Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-HA antibody (1:1000; Covance Research Products) followed by incubation with Alexa546-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:1000; Invitrogen) and fluorescent Nissl stains (Neurotrace; 1:300 The stained slices were viewed using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (Fluoview; Olympus) Parasagittal cerebellar slices (200 μm thick) were prepared from adult cbln1-/- mice at 2 or 30 days after the recombinant HA-Cbln1 injection, as described previously (Kakegawa et al., 2008) whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from visually identified PC s using a 60× water-immersion objective attached to an upright microscope (BX51WI; Olympus Optical The patch pipette resistance was 3–5 MΩ when filled with the following intracellular solution (in millimoles): 65 Cs-methanesulfonate pH 7.25 (295 mOsm/kg) for LTD experiment and 130 K-gluconate The solution used for slice storage and recording contained (in millimoles) 125 NaCl bubbled continuously with a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2 Access resistances were monitored every 10 s by measuring the peak currents in response to 2-mV 50-ms hyperpolarizing steps throughout the experiments; the measurements were discarded if the resistance changed by more than 20% of its original value EPSCs were recorded using an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices Inc. USA) was used for data acquisition and analysis The signals were filtered at 1 kHz and digitized at 4 kHz All data are presented as mean ± SEM Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney’s U test followed by the Bonferroni’s test for multiple comparisons The difference was considered as significant when the p-value was less than 0.05 The US intensities required to elicit an eyeblink during conditioning did not differ between two genotypes (data not shown) indicating that the cbln1-/- mice had no gross sensory system defects the delay EBC paradigm was specifically impaired in cbln1-/- mice Trace eyeblink conditioning (EBC) is intact in cbln1-/- mice 100 ms) was applied 500 ms after the end of the conditioned stimulus (CS Associative learning was established when conditioned responses (CR) detected by electromyogram (EMG) were observed before unconditioned eyeblink responses (UR) No significant difference in CR% was observed between wild-type and cbln1-/- mice (p > 0.1 The Y-axis indicates the percentage of trials showing CR The dotted line corresponds to the percentage of CR-like activities on Sp2 to indicate the baselin e for learned responses (C) Averaged EMG amplitude on the last day of training (T7) The EMG amplitudes were normalized to those during the initial 30 ms of CS; n = 10 for each group No significant differences were observed between the two groups (D) The effect of different time intervals on trace EBC The interval between the end of the CS and the beginning of the US was shortened from 500 ms to 250 or 0 ms The CR% on the last day of training (T7) is shown for each genotype No significant CR% difference was observed for 500 and 0 ms intervals between wild-type and cbln1-/- mice (p > 0.1 two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s correction indicating that the local Cbln1 injection was able to rapidly restore motor learning defects in the cbln1-/- mice Delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) in adult cbln1-/- mice improves after a cerebellar subarachnoid Cbln1 injection (A) A diagram showing a sequence of experiments HA-Cbln1 (1 μg/g body weight) was injected into the subarachnoid spaces over the bilateral HVI lobes of 7- to 10-week-old cbln1-/- mice The mice were trained using the delay EBC paradigm beginning 2 or 30 days after the injection (B) HA-Cbln1 disappears from the cerebellum by 10 d after injection Immunoblotting with an antibody against HA was used to detect injected HA-Cbln1 in the P2 fraction of the whole cerebellum before (-) Arrows indicate bands corresponding to HA-Cbln1 The blot represents results from n = 3 mice Cerebellar slices were stained with anti-HA antibody (red) to detect HA-Cbln1 24 h after the injection Neurons visualized with fluorescent Nissl stains (Neurotrace; green) The injected Cbln1 was localized to the cerebellar cortex Asterisks in the enlarged images indicate the deep cerebellar nucleus (DCN) (D) Cbln1 transiently rescued the impaired delay EBC in cbln1-/- mice The CR% increased significantly in cbln1-/- mice trained 2 days after a Cbln1 injection [+Cbln1 (2d)] compared to those trained 30 days after [+Cbln1 (30 days)] the injection or those not treated with Cbln1 (no inj; p < 0.01 The dotted line corresponds to the average percentage of CR-like activities on Sp2 to indicate the baseline for learned responses To examine whether Cbln1’s effect on delay EBC was as transient as its effect on motor performance (Ito-Ishida et al., 2008), we next subjected cbln1-/- mice to delay EBC 30 days after the injection, when the injected Cbln1 was no longer detectable (Figure 3B). There were no significant differences in CR% between cbln1-/- mice that did or did not receive Cbln1 (p > 0.1, a two-way repeated measures ANOVA; Figure 3D) showing that the effect of the injected Cbln1 on the impaired EBC in cbln1-/- mice was indeed transient these results indicate that the lack of Cbln1 in the cerebellum was responsible for the defective delay EBC in the cbln1-/- mice and that this phenotype was rapidly but transiently rescued by the recombinant Cbln1 injection and confirming that Cbln1 transiently rescued PF synapse morphological abnormalities Subarachnoidal Cbln1 injection transiently restores PF–Purkinje cell synapse structure in cbln1-/- mice (A) Electron micrographs of the molecular layer in cbln1-/- mice aged P42–P54 without Cbln1 injection (no inj) and at 2 or 30 days after Cbln1 injection free spines without innervation by presynaptic structures; n (B) The percentage of normal synapses in cbln1-/- mice with no injection (no inj) Significant recovery of normal synapses was observed 2 days after a Cbln1 injection compared with no injection or their state 30 days after the injection (**p < 0.001 (C) Cbln1 injection transiently rescued the multiple CF innervation pattern in a single Purkinje cell from a cbln1-/- mouse The number of CF–EPSCs induced by different stimulus thresholds (0–200 μA) was counted The percentage of Purkinje cells innervated by single CFs in wild-type (WT) mice was significantly higher than that in cbln1-/- mice 2 days after the injection of a control solution (+control 2 days; **p < 0.00001 There were no significant (ns) difference between control solution and Cbln1 at 2 days after the injection (+Cbln1 2 days; p > 0.1 there were no significant difference between 2 and 4 days after a Cbln1 injection (+Cbln1 4 days; p > 0.1 suggesting that rescuing the mature CF innervation pattern may require more time than rescuing PF synapses in both cbln1-/- and GluD2-/- mice These results indicate that acquisition of delay EBC may not require mature CF innervation patterns in the cerebellum Recently, PF-LTP was proposed as a substrate for motor learning in the cerebellum (Schonewille et al., 2010). Thus, we next examined whether PF-LTP could be induced in cbln1-/- PC s in acute slice preparations. As reported previously (Lev-Ram et al., 2002; Kakegawa and Yuzaki, 2005), 300 single stimulations of the PF at a frequency of 1 Hz in the current-clamp mode induced postsynaptic PF-LTP in WT PCs (Figure 5) LTP at PF–Purkinje cell synapses is normally induced in cbln1-/-mice A summary of LTP sessions in cerebellar slices prepared from wild-type and cbln1-/-mice The averaged amplitudes of the PF-EPSC over 1 min were normalized to the baseline value which was the average of the 1 min responses (six traces) that occurred just before an LTP-inducing stimulation (300 times of single PF stimuli at a frequency of 1 Hz in the current-clamp mode) Inset traces show the PF-EPSCs just before (t = -1 min) or 35 min (t = 35 min) after the LTP stimulation No differences were observed in PF-EPSC amplitudes after the LTP stimulation between wild-type and cbln1-/- mice (p > 0.5 The amplitude of PF-EPSCs 25- to 30 min after stimulation was 105 ± 12% (n = 6 from 6 mice) of the control responses in PC s at 30 days after the Cbln1 injection whereas that of cells treated with the control solution was 105 ± 4% (p > 0.5 These findings indicate that Cbln1 injection rapidly but transiently restored PF-LTD in cbln1-/-cerebellum was likely to be directly involved in the acquisition of delay EBC in cbln1-/- mice Subarachnoidal Cbln1 injection transiently restores LTD at cbln1-/-mouse PF–Purkinje cell synapses A summary of LTD sessions in cerebellar slices prepared from cbln1-/- mice at 2 days (A) and 30 days (B) after injection of Cbln1 (+Cbln1) or control solution that did not contain Cbln1 (Control) The averaged amplitudes of the PF–EPSC over 1 min were normalized to the baseline value which was the average of the 1 min responses (six traces) that occurred just before a conjunctive stimulation (CJ-stim) composed of 30 single PF stimuli together with 200-ms depolarizing pulses from a holding potential of –60 to +20 mV Inset traces show the PF–EPSCs just before (t = –1 min) or 30 min (t = 30 min) after the CJ-stim Note that LTD was significantly restored in cbln1-/- mice at 2 days after Cbln1 injection (**p < 0.05 these results suggest that although intact PF synapses are necessary for acquiring delay EBC they may be dispensable for its expression and maintenance of previously acquired memory FIGURE 7. Intact retention and expression of EBC in cbln1-/- mice. (A) A diagram showing a sequence of experiments: cbln1-/- mice were injected with Cbln1 as described in Figure 3 and subjected to delay eyeblink conditioning (EBC) from 2 (T1–T7) and at 40 days (T8 30-days interval between T7 and T8) after the injection to examine the retention of learned responses (B) Intact retention and expression of EBC in cbln1-/- mice During training (T1–T7) and retention (T8) sessions no difference in CR% was observed between wild-type mice and cbln1-/- mice injected with Cbln1 (p > 0.1 The dotted line corresponds to the percentage of CR-like activities on Sp2 to indicate the baseline for learned responses (C) The level of CR% was similar between wild-type and cbln1-/- mice injected with Cbln1 at T8 as well as at T7 (p > 0.1 These results indicate that the presence of Cbln1 and intact PF–PC synapses may both be dispensable for the extinction of memory traces acquired by delay EBC FIGURE 8. Conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs) are extinguished in cbln1-/- mice. (A) A diagram showing a sequence of experiments: cbln1-/- mice were injected with Cbln1 as described in Figure 3 and trained for delay EBC (T1–T7) beginning 2 days after the Cbln1 injection mice were given extinction sessions (E1–E4) to examine the extinction of learned responses (B) Intact extinction of conditioned eyeblink responses in cbln1-/- mice The CR% dramatically decreased in both wild-type mice (n = 7) and cbln1-/- mice injected with Cbln1 (n = 7; ***p < 0.01 During extinction sessions (E1–E4) (C) The CR% was similar between wild-type mice and cbln1-/- mice injected with Cbln1 at E4 as well as at T7 (p > 0.1 the Cbln1 expressed in the cerebellum probably plays an essential role in acquisition of associative motor memory PF-LTP is dispensable for acquisition of delay EBC at least in cbln1-/- mice a rescue approach using a single injection of recombinant Cbln1 serves as a unique and powerful tool to study the specific roles of PF–PC synapses at different learning phases in vivo these findings indicate that the CF innervation pattern may not play a major role but intact PF–PC synapses are indispensable for acquisition of memory in the delay EBC paradigm it is difficult to evaluate this aspect in the present study using EMG recordings Alternatively, since approximately 20% of PF–PC synapses were morphologically normal in cbln1-/- mice at 30 d after the Cbln1 injection (Figure 4), this finding could be explained by the one-region cortical memory hypothesis (Attwell et al., 2002; Kalmbach et al., 2010) in which a memory trace probably formed as LTD at the PF–PC synapses in cbln1-/- mice when training begins 2 days after the Cbln1 injection and 30 days after the injection the remaining PF synapses may retain enough information to express CRs our findings indicate that the presence of Cbln1 and a large majority of the PF–PC synapses (and CF synapses) are unnecessary for maintaining and expressing delay EBC memory traces The normal extinction of the EBC that was acquired by cbln1-/- mice after the Cbln1 injection, even though they had few normal PF–PC synapses remaining (Figure 8), is consistent with the one-region cortical memory hypothesis, because inhibition of CF activities is shown to serve as a teaching signal for extinction by reversing LTD in the cerebellar cortex (Medina et al., 2002) the memory trace was formed at PF– PC synapses in cbln1-/- mice as training began 2 days after the Cbln1 injection maintained in the remaining synapses at 30 days and removed by reduced CF activity during extinction training the alternative hypothesis that the memory trace is actually stored in regions outside of the cerebellar cortex and is removed during extinction training cannot be ruled out Although further studies are required to clarify the extinction mechanisms it is clear that the presence of Cbln1 and intact PF–PC synapses are not likely to be necessary for it and these functions were improved in this study by injecting recombinant Cbln1 into the cerebellar subarachnoid space this molecule may have potential as a therapeutic agent for improving motor performance in elderly people and Michisuke Yuzaki designed the experiments Kyoichi Emi and Kazuhisa Kohda performed behavioral studies Wataru Kakegawa performed electrophysiological experiments Aya Ito-Ishida prepared recombinant HA-Cbln1 Eri Miura performed electron microscopic analyses The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest We thank Sakae Narumi for providing technical assistance This work was supported by the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology from the Japanese Science and Technology Agency (Michisuke Yuzaki) the Grant-in-Aid for the Ministry of Education Science and Technology of Japan (Wataru Kakegawa and the Takeda Science Foundation (Michisuke Yuzaki Deficient cerebellar long-term depression and impaired motor learning in 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(but old) molecules regulating synapse integrity and plasticity: Cbln1 and the delta2 glutamate receptor Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cbln1 and its family proteins in synapse formation and maintenance Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text motor learning-Lessons learned from studying GluD2 36–41.doi: 10.1016/j.neunet.2012.07.001 Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Citation: Emi K, Kakegawa W, Miura E, Ito-Ishida A, Kohda K and Yuzaki M (2013) Reevaluation of the role of parallel fiber synapses in delay eyeblink conditioning in mice using Cbln1 as a tool. Front. Neural Circuits 7:180. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00180 Copyright © 2013 Emi, Kakegawa, Miura, Ito-Ishida, Kohda and Yuzaki. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Michisuke Yuzaki, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan e-mail:bXl1emFraUBhNS5rZWlvLmpw Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Imagine you’ve captured the perfect shot of your child at a school sports day a dog running across an open field of grass or a cat enthralled with its favorite toy—only to find out later that your photo is out of focus.“What did I do wrong?” you wonder before admitting defeat and resolving to work on improving your technique.Fortunately advances have been made recently that make it much easier for users to get the perfect shot in such situations Modern digital cameras feature autofocus (AF) that not only automatically follows ordinary moving subjects Canon cameras have long been able to detect and maintain focus on moving human subjects.Yet the company has continued to push new boundaries pursing new evolutions in camera technology so that users can take the exact photo they want to Canon aimed to develop AF technology that can automatically focus on and follow dogs But it didn’t stop there—Canon also strove to achieve AF that can remain focused on subjects as small as a bird’s eye.In order to develop AF that continues to track the eyes of dogs AI first had to be ‘trained’ to recognize when they were viewing such subjects.Even among these fast-moving subjects due to the overwhelming variety of species as well as their uniquely significant changes in shape and size as well as various other birds with huge beaks the form and posture of birds vary greatly depending on whether they're resting on a tree branch flapping their wings or simply gliding through the air In order for cameras to detect such a difficult subject The first step to making AI recognize birds and detect them with high accuracy is to gather a large variety of images of birds.Canon poured through encyclopedias of birds collecting images of various species of birds in positions including resting and with wings spread.Another challenge was striking the right balance in teaching the AI to distinguish between what is and is not a bird.If the criteria is too strict subjects that really are birds may not be recognized as such things that are not birds may be mistaken for one such as an outstretched human hand.During development all manner of subjects were mistakenly recognized as birds—including flowers letters on signs and reflections of waterfowl on the surface of ponds and lakes Such daily occurrences frequently caused headaches for engineers tasked with making adjustments.In other tests realistic stuffed toys or taxidermy bird of prey (such as hawks eagles and owls) were placed on carts or rails and pushed past the camera at high speeds these mistakes resulting from discrepancies in human recognition and AI recognition were corrected gradually forming an accurate and high-quality system that ensures users won’t miss opportunities to capture great photos this wasn’t the end of the development process it was just the beginning of testing to further improve the quality of AF detection The goal: AI that recognizes birds and automatically focuses on their eyes In order to make possible this level of accuracy and quality Canon’s quality evaluation department set out to capture photo after photo of real birds in all manner of places and positions engineers chose Kakegawa Kachouen bird sanctuary in Shizuoka Prefecture The sanctuary is home to an incredible variety of birds including cranes peafowl and even majestic birds of prey such as hawks and owls which are free to fly when and wherever they please making the sanctuary an ideal environment for testing bird photography things didn't go as smoothly as the engineers had hoped it can be difficult enough to properly frame a shot of the subjects who are naturally experts at using the devices required a lot of time to perfect the technology needed for bird photography Birds won't simply stop and pose for photographers in the easiest of positions They might be distracted by a crow that wandered into view and fly off towards the forest or a hawk may have just finished eating and sits still digesting its meal instead of taking flight testers barely managed to get 15 minutes of quality photography time testers hauled heavy cameras and telephoto lenses to and from the sanctuary they succeeded in capturing tens of thousands of bird photos from countless different angles The many forms that these birds might take often made things incredibly difficult for developers it’s thanks to developers overcoming these difficulties that the camera’s AF performance—and as a result the high-precision AF system also proves its worth when shooting video so photographers can rest assured that their camera will keep focusing on whichever bird they have in frame The dedication to perform countless tests in real and unforgiving conditions—all to realize a level of quality that would truly satisfy customers.This determination to capture the best photo of even the most difficult subjects and deliver the greatest possible image is the spirit of Canon that is found in every product There were hugs and handshakes all around as two Corning residents left Monday from the Elmira-Corning Regional Airport for a trip to Corning’s Japanese sister city a Spanish teacher at Corning-Painted Post Middle School and Collin Ponader The trip commemorates the 25th anniversary of sisterhood between the two cities Munoz and Ponader will arrive in Kakegawa this evening following two flights and two train rides to their destination This will be Ponader’s first trip to Japan; it is Munoz’s second watch sumo wrestling and visit Kyoto - the oldest city in Japan Munoz’s love of Japanese culture influenced her decision to take the trip so it’s another way to learn about a new city,” Munoz said “It’s exciting and different; it’s a really nice way to have a vacation.” “I’m excited to get a sense of the culture and history of Japan and how it is to live there,” Ponader said Ponader will stay with a Japanese family whose child will be one of 16 students and six adults to visit Corning in August Munoz will stay with two separate families Cost is a major factor in the low number of Corning students who make the trip to Japan Each individual from Corning must pay his or her own way which subsidizes students’ visits to sister cities “(Kakegawa residents) wish that we could send as many as they do but the cost is so high so there’s a lot of planning that needs to go along with it.” a member of the Kakegawa Sister Cities Committee believes that the trip is still important to both cities “It gives people the chance to mingle with other cultures,”  Woollatt said “It just makes you realize that the people are very similar; it’s the cultural differences that make things interesting.” Munoz and Ponader will return to Corning on July 30 Kakegawa is just one of Corning’s three sister cities Your browser does not support JavaScript, or it is disabled．Please check the site policy for more information National Report Instead of being fiercely opposed to plans to restart the Hamaoka nuclear power plant in Omaezaki a rapidly rising number of residents of nearby cities now embrace the project according to surveys by the municipalities Opponents long outnumbered those in favor of a restart as a result of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster triggered by the magnitude-9.0 Great East Japan Earthquake and the towering tsunami it spawned But local sensibilities have undergone a sea change over recent uncertainties about the ability of electric utilities to maintain stable power supplies during peak periods such as during the blazing heat of summer and the frigid winter months Makinohara and Kikugawa canvass the opinions of residents annually over moves to resume operations at the facility operated by Chubu Electric Power Co The detailed questions and answer options are different depending on municipalities show that 24 percent of respondents said the “reactors should be decommissioned” while 12 percent thought they should “be continuously suspended.” This brought the total of local residents who view a restart in negative terms at 36 percent 33 percent said the reactors “should be brought back online if their safety can be assured.” called for the reactors’ decommissioning and continual suspension The rate of support for a restart was 29 percent in the previous poll but this time the percentage exceeded that of those in favor of decommissioning for the first time “More young people today have little knowledge of the accident at the Fukushima No which explains the higher ratio of supportive individuals,” noted Kakegawa Mayor Takashi Kubota “The outcome was also no doubt influenced by rising energy prices and Chubu Electric’s campaign to foster greater understanding over the issue of a restart.” Makinohara made its findings publicly available in June revealing that 36 percent of respondents backed the plant’s restart while 32 percent opposed it It was the first time for supporters to outnumber objectors since the surveys started in 2011 those against had a more than 30-point advantage over the support rate The disparity remained as high as 10 points last year but the support ratio has now surged dramatically “Factors behind the trend are apparently hikes in electricity rates stemming from the war in Ukraine the strained power supply and people’s anxiety over calls for saving electricity,” said Makinohara Mayor Kikuo Sugimoto Kikugawa announced in June that pro and against rates both stood at 38 percent for the first-ever such result Naysayers far outnumbered supporters in all the three cities in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear crisis Though the difference began to shrink in the years that followed the disagreement ratio was still considerably higher until 2021 The mayors of the three cities are cautious about the resumption of the reactors’ operations and the citizen survey results have been cited as one of the reasons for their stances where the plan for reactor restarts has yet to gain the full approval of residents Approval given for 1st restart of nuclear plant damaged in 3/11 Fukushima poll: 74% say nuclear disaster work not promising Information on the latest cherry blossom conditions Please right click to use your browser’s translation function.) A series based on diplomatic documents declassified by Japan’s Foreign Ministry Here is a collection of first-hand accounts by “hibakusha” atomic bomb survivors chefs and others involved in the field of food introduce their special recipes intertwined with their paths in life A series about Japanese-Americans and their memories of World War II In-house News and Messages No reproduction or republication without written permission The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. Japan's weather agency issued a rare special typhoon warning Wednesday for most parts of Kagoshima Prefecture in the country's southwest as powerful Typhoon Shanshan which has already caused several injuries in affected areas The Japan Meteorological Agency said the storm is heading in a northerly direction south of the prefecture's Yakushima Island off the southwestern main island of Kyushu maintaining its strength and possibly making landfall in Kyushu on Thursday suspended its 14 plants nationwide late Wednesday and railway operators announced the cancellation of some services a total of nine people had sustained injuries due to the typhoon according to the prefectural governments of Kagoshima and neighboring Miyazaki JR West said operations of its Sanyo Shinkansen bullet train between Hiroshima and Hakata will be suspended after Thursday afternoon while JR Kyushu said it will cancel all of its local train and bullet train services by the afternoon of the same day bullet train services on the Tokaido Shinkansen line between Shizuoka and Kakegawa were suspended adding that a rain gauge installed in central Japan had reached the regulatory threshold Some flights were also canceled on Wednesday with the typhoon nearing mostly those serving airports in Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures Residents have been warned to prepare for strong winds as well as high tides and waves with the weather agency urging people to be ready to evacuate before conditions worsen The agency said the typhoon could pack winds capable of destroying some houses The Kagoshima prefectural government said it opened 478 evacuation centers in 28 municipalities as of 3 p.m As much as 600 millimeters of rain over 24 hours has been forecast in some areas The storm's sluggish pace could increase the danger posed as areas may be struck for a prolonged period by strong winds and heavy rains said it will suspend operations at its two factories in the western prefectures of Hiroshima and Yamaguchi from Thursday night through late afternoon the following day Special typhoon warnings are declared in cases of extraordinarily powerful storm systems The same warning was issued for Kagoshima Prefecture in 2022 as Typhoon Nanmadol approached which was at that time a first for any area other than Okinawa could also be released for both Kagoshima and Miyazaki prefectures the typhoon was moving northward at 10 kilometers per hour and was located about 40 km northwest of Yakushima Island It had an atmospheric pressure of 935 hectopascals at its center Transport disrupted as typhoon expected to hit western Japan Strong typhoon heading toward southwestern Japan To have the latest news and stories delivered to your inbox Simply enter your email address below and an email will be sent through which to complete your subscription Please check your inbox for a confirmation email Thank you for reaching out to us.We will get back to you as soon as possible Please upgrade to a more modern version to fully experience JapanToday site and for security reasons Professional matches involve lengthy pauses between moves as competitors try to think several moves ahead of their opponent and spectators revel in the dramatic tension swirling underneath the players’ stoic countenances many TV viewers were paying attention to what the 19-year-old shogi pro was eating Because of the cerebral pace of top-level shogi professional players can enjoy refreshments during their games and while Fujii played part of Osho tournament inside Shizuoka Prefecture’s Kakegawa Castle we found out that Fujii’s dessert is a locally produced sweet called Chabatake which means “Tea Field,” a nod to the tea farms Kakegawa City is famous for we immediately wanted to try it for ourselves as the youngest five-crown tournament champion in shogi history and the spike in demand from his on-screen enjoyment of the cake means there’s now a one-month wait for online orders and we’re more than happy to be virtuous if we’ll be rewarded with desserts and after weeks of non-stop stomach growling whenever we thought of it so we couldn’t dig in right away and instead had to let it thaw in the fridge alternating between matcha green tea cream and sponge cake both flavored with tea leaves grown in Kakegawa The very top section is a buttery matcha dacquoise biscuit with its gently contoured texture meant to evoke thoughts of the rows of tea plants growing in Kakegawa’s farms There’s also a layer of shiranui mandarin orange confiture preserves and at the very bottom you’ll find a base made of chocolate That’s a much more eclectic list of ingredients than we’d imagined from Chabatake’s straightforward name and the eating experience is correspondingly complex The dacquoise and chocolate are crisp in texture but the citrusy shiranui confiture keeps the tea from saturating your taste receptors with a well-timed splash of refreshing tang Though Chabatake wasn’t specifically designed for professional shogi players eating it almost feels like a culinary metaphor for the game traditional-looking board belies its intricacies and Chabatake too turns out to have a lot going on beneath the surface too keeping your taste buds and mental processors engaged We’re not sure if that refreshing stimulation is what let Fujii stay sharp enough to win his Kakegawa match, but we do know that our Chabatake was worth the one-month wait. If you’re equally willing to be patient, the cake can be ordered for 1,900 yen here -- Mandarin orange peels aren’t trash, they’re treasure! Three chimpi tips to reuse your mikan skins -- Mikan Gohan: Japanese soul food or…Japanese myth? -- Next time you eat an orange, why not make it into an orange caterpillar first? 1900 yen is pricey for a small piece of cake Use your Facebook account to login or register with JapanToday you will also receive an email inviting you to receive our news alerts Join the leading Asian tourist attraction to assist our diverse range of customers A mix of what's trending on our other sites Please view the main text area of the page by skipping the main menu. The page may not be displayed properly if the JavaScript is deactivated on your browser Japanese version Shizuoka Prefecture--Citing the weak yen and dwindling sales said it is scaling back its investment in China to focus on domestic production The company had invested heavily in overseas plants on grounds of cost and efficiency it will integrate Yamaha Music Manufacturing Japan Corp. Doing so will allow it to serve as a production base for the world as a whole is aimed at enhancing interactions between product development and frontline production activities They said it will also strengthen its function as the main plant that provides technical guidance to overseas factories “We want to raise the level of our plants to reconstruct techniques and skills,” President Takuya Nakata told reporters “The way forward is to expand domestic investment.” The company had been planning to increase production of key piano components in China to meet demand But that will now be undertaken by its plant in Iwata Yamaha had pursued a strategy of selection and concentration at home and abroad with an eye to bringing domestic production to a halt at some point This latest corporate decision constitutes a major change in policy The company also plans to add another building to the premises of Sakuraba Mokuzai Co. its manufacturing subsidiary in charge of producing lumber and parts for piano manufacturing in Kita-Akita The musical instrument maker has already announced plans to invest 35 billion yen ($232 million) in production equipment for three years through March 2025 the company intends to do the opposite in China Yamaha makes relatively high-end products at its plants in Japan for export it also operates manufacturing plants in Indonesia and elsewhere Piano sales have plunged in China after years of rapid growth due to the country’s economic slowdown and an educational policy aimed at regulating cram schools and other extracurricular activities Yamaha is pinning its hopes on being able to sell musical instruments in a flexible manner tailored to each market by exporting its products made in Japan It will also establish a semiconductor procurement company in Malaysia to combat a semiconductor shortage exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic The new subsidiary will start operations in July “I think we can develop strong bonds by narrowing down our procurement sources and making direct contracts with partners,” Nakata said placing expectations for business expansion will step down as president and be replaced by Atsushi Yamaura will be the first new president in about 11 years Yamaha piano sales in China hit wrong key after policy change 800-billion-yen package eyed to bolster Japan’s chip industry Yamaha adopts wood-based reinforced resin for watercraft Yamaha English School teachers win regular employee status This work, ASP live-fire builds partner capacity for US, Japan, by SGT Adam Garlington, identified by DVIDS, must comply with the restrictions shown on https://www.dvidshub.net/about/copyright Except that the Kakegawa and Nagaoka attack me in the summer of 1867 The Kakegawa send an army composed entirely of sword and spear Samurai against Hitachi and don’t assault it looking at the relative strength of our armies I don’t think I can bear to lose Hitachi again but I can’t see myself getting out of this corner surviving amidst bloated factions all around them Consensual Westernisation has failed and so has the Shogun mainly; now the Western powers are just going to take the nation forcibly the way they opened China and India to trade; ironclads and Gatling guns Reginald looks for a long time at his washikasi in Sengoku you can commit suicide in the traditional Japanese manner to regain honour for your family but Reginald’s not the type to do it anyway playing the same battle for Hitachi over and over was destroying my soul I had the same handful of White Tigers and Spearmen pushing increasingly elite foot soldiers back over the walls in about twenty battles watching the broken troops run around the fort in the same strange Benny Hill single file I’m terrified he’s going to ask me about the diary and I’m going to have to admit that I’m still fighting the Battle of Hitachi I’m just not good enough to get out of this situation and the AI is behaving suicidally to beat me - the way that it throws armies at me whilst leaving its own provinces undefended against other neighbours is just cheap The only way I’ll get to write about the new elements of Fall of the Samurai is to restart elsewhere On the morning following the last battle of Hitachi (which the Aizu Reginald’s bloodstained clothes are found on the beach It is assumed that this most disrespectful of daimyos has killed himself in a most dishonorable fashion consign his soul to yomi and submit to their new Imperial overlords the long-absent daimyo Shizamu Hisamitsu (AKA Seginald Ramurai) has returned after three years presumed dead advanced to perfect modernism despite being an Imperial province his as-yet-unchallenged fleet and army are feared across the land and he’s made contact with every last clan on the map Seginald looks down at his tax receipts for 1867 and almost weeps for joy his total income before costs was less than one province in Satsuma makes in profit he also has a trading post with the despised Westerners he can buy three units of the absolutely lethal British Marines becomes his (and my) only aim for the remainder of his short life No part of this website or its content may be reproduced without the copyright owner's permission Rock Paper Shotgun is a registered trademark of Gamer Network Limited Henshin no jutsu yourself into a modern-day ninja Although a majority of foreigners reportedly believe that ninja still exist in Japan the unfortunate truth is that they haven’t been active since the beginning of the Edo period (1603-1868) there remains a global fascination with these covert agents from feudal Japan with everything from Naruto to ninja-themed restaurants becoming national sensations Japan offers several opportunities to experience a day in the life of a ninja here are some of the best outings for an immersive ninja experience If you’re looking for fine dining with plenty of ninja-related entertainment, Ninja Tokyo in Otemachi is a must-visit. The catch? The restaurant has been so popular among tourists, you won’t be able to get a reservation for a couple of months Ninja Tokyo’s dishes are served by ninjas with plenty of tricks up their sleeves If you can’t wait two months for a reservation at Ninja Tokyo, the Ninja Experience Cafe is your next best bet and you can live the full ninja experience by getting into costume all while enjoying some ninja-themed food and drinks Edo Wonderland is a cultural park that recreates the streets of Edo and has plenty of shows and attractions to completely immerse yourself in the Edo lifestyle The park has an entire “Ninja Village,” with ninja training classes aimed at children a “Shikake Mechanical Maze” and “Karakuri Mansion,” to see if you have what it takes to be a successful ninja The park also rents out ninja costumes for children as well as samurai and villager costumes for adults If you’re interested in ninja from a historical perspective, you probably know Hattori Hanzo, the legendary ninja credited with saving the life of Japan’s third “Great Unifier,” Tokugawa Ieyasu. You can visit Hanzo’s grave at Sainenji Temple It also houses his battle helmet and spear Hinode Bukeyashiki is a historical building built 140 years ago that has been repurposed for film and photo shoots lodging and cultural experiences (which include They have English tours where guests get into costume and learn how to use ninja weapons There are also opportunities to take plenty of photos with a stunning historical building serving as the backdrop where guests can rent ninja costumes and purchase various ninja goods and souvenirs On the border of Mie Prefecture, this village is said to be the birthplace of ninja Along with being a stunning destination to experience Japanese nature and hot springs From slacklining to obstacle courses on water guests can really put their skills to the test all while getting in the spirit by being in full ninja getup According to a Kakegawa police station official who was walking around the hospital while waiting for treatment Hirosue’s personal office stated on its official website that she would withdraw from all entertainment activities for the time being TOKYO – Shizuoka prefectural police Department announced that Ryoko Hirosue was arrested on suspicion of inflicting injury on a nurse at a hospital in Shimada in the prefecture Hirosue was arrested on the scene after she allegedly kicked the 37-year-old nurse and scratched her arm at the hospital at around 12:20 a.m The nurse is believed to have sustained minor injuries Hirosue had been transported to the hospital around 6:50 p.m on Monday after the car she was driving rear-ended a large trailer on the Shin-Tomei Expressway in Kakegawa City in the prefecture Hirosue made her debut when she was in junior high school and has acted in a wide range of movies problems related to a relationship between Hirosue and a man came to light and her agency at the time announced that she would be suspended indefinitely She became independent in 2024 and resumed her entertainment activities Japanese version 15 weakened to an extratropical low-pressure system on Sept 24 but not before it brought heavy rain to eastern Japan that left at least two people dead The Japan Meteorological Agency cautioned against landslides and flooding as heavy rain was forecast for the Kanto and Tohoku regions Linear rainbands led to rainfall in Shizuoka Prefecture that exceeded the average amount for all of September Shizuoka city recorded 419.5 millimeters of rain while Fujieda had 410 mm and Hamamatsu had 349 mm The 29-year-old driver of car that overturned and ended up in a pond in Kakegawa A 45-year-old city resident pulled from his home after it collapsed in a landslide was also confirmed dead Forty-two evacuation centers were set up in Kakegawa as an evacuation order was issued for the entire city Three homes in Hamamatsu were damaged due to a landslide but no residents were seriously hurt At least 60 homes were flooded as water levels rose in rivers according to Shizuoka prefectural government officials Evacuation orders were issued for about 1.08 million residents of 12 municipalities Power outages also hit Shizuoka Prefecture leaving about 120,000 households without electricity There was no indication when power would be restored since landslides and flooded roads made inspection of power lines difficult The Tokaido Shinkansen bullet train line resumed service around noon on Sept Operations were suspended along some sections of the line in Aichi Prefecture from the previous evening and over the entire Tokyo to Shin-Osaka section later that night That meant some passengers spent the night in the train cars stopped at Tokyo and Nagoya stations 20 missing in Atami in rain-triggered landslide 11 forecast to bring heavy rainfall far and wide Typhoon leaves tens of thousands of buildings without power Immigrant picks up threads of his life after losing home in disaster All remaining services for the Tokaido Shinkansen bullet train on Thursday have been canceled Tokaido Shinkansen services were suspended between Shizuoka and Kakegawa stations after the rain gauge for that area reached the level at which trains must be stopped The suspension was later expanded to cover the entire route between Tokyo and Shin-Osaka stations As there was no prospect of the rain gauge dropping below the level requiring that services be halted JR Tokai decided that all remaining trains for the day would be canceled Typhoon Shanshan Brings Record Rainfall Even as Storm Weakens; 4 Killed, 2 Missing 166 Tokaido Shinkansen Trains Suspended Thursday due to Heavy Rain Caused by Typhoon Shanshan 1 Missing, Dozens Hurt as Typhoon Shanshan Lands in Japan’s Kyushu; 250,000 Households Lose Power; Wind Damages Buildings Public Relations Office, Government of Japan Home > Highlighting JAPAN > Highlighting Japan July 2019 > A Trip by Local Train and enjoy local specialties cultivated in a rich natural environment No article or any part there of may be reproduced without the express permission of the Cabinet Office. Copyright inquiries should be made through this form a second-year student at Seiin High School and setter in the boys' volleyball club The show will premiere on January 7 and will air in Fuji TV's Noitamina programming block Yama will perform the show's opening theme song "Mahi." The cast also includes Kaito Ishikawa as Mimura Subaru (pictured right in below image) and Kōhei Amasaki as Mitsuomi Ochi (left) who got into some serious trouble on his middle school volleyball team he transferred from Tokyo to Fukui prefecture where he again met with his childhood friend Yuni has overwhelming talent at volleyball but is weak to pressure Yuni and Kimichika had become the ace combo of their team in middle school but they had a fight at the final prefecture tournament Kimichika and Yuni have severed their relationship Along with the second-year and third-year students in the club they work to make Seiin High School's volleyball club a rising star in Fukui prefecture Source: 2.43: Seiin Kōkō Danshi Volley-bu anime's Twitter account via Ota-Suke communities nationwide are trying to come up with ways to make child rearing a little bit easier -- and more attractive Now one town near Tokyo has come up with a novel idea to bring families closer together The town in Shizuoka Prefecture is encouraging parents to have more physical contact with their offspring in a culture where people tend to shy away from touching The local childcare department has been sending out brochures describing the positive effects of physical contact for youngsters head of what's called the Children Brilliant Division of Kakegawa says: "The municipal government is aware that many parents need help to raise their children and promoting physical contact is one way to support them." Local authorities have also been asking staff at kindergartens and nurseries to do more physical play with the little ones The Kodomohiroba Anri nursery and kindergarten has become a testing ground for the new approach And the staff there say they have noticed a difference in the children's behavior Professor Yamaguchi measures the concentration of oxytocin in the preschoolers' saliva Oxytocin is a hormone that's released after positive physical contact Research has shown that higher levels are linked to a range of benefits like lower stress levels and a stronger immune system "For example it weakens the activities of the amygdala which makes it easier to trust other people," says Professor Yamaguchi the children's oxytocin levels more than doubled the nursery asked Noriko Aoki to increase physical contact with her son and daughter at home but she looks for opportunities while doing her everyday chores at home while I'm moving around," says Aoki.“Every time I touch them and says he noticed a change in himself too Kakegawa officials say the program has been drawing interest from other municipalities So more youngsters in Japan may soon benefit from this hands-on approach to child-rearing メインメニューをとばして、このページの本文エリアへ 申し訳ございません。記事の公開期限を過ぎているか、入力いただいたアドレスが間違っている可能性があります。 5秒後にトップページに移動します。移動しない場合は、こちらをクリックしてください。 毎日新聞のニュースサイトに掲載の記事・写真・図表など無断転載を禁止します。著作権は毎日新聞社またはその情報提供者に属します。画像データは（株）フォーカスシステムズの電子透かし「acuagraphy」により著作権情報を確認できるようになっています。 Japanese version Today's print edition Home Delivery comfortable seating and impeccably cool soundtrack It only opened last month and already this buzzy cafe/bakery/restaurant/lounge space has become a magnet in Shibuya for both the hungry and the hip Early birds will like the baked goods and eggs at breakfast the kitchen rustles up a more extensive dining menu till late you can drop in for a drink while you sit and surf the web.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); }); The quality is good, but you'd expect nothing less from executive chef Satoshi Kakegawa of Ata fame Among the dishes that look set to become signatures are the Teriyaki Egg Burger — a perfect rendition of what U.S celebrity chef David Chang might term "Ugly Delicious" — and the light which come with a delicately red-tinged ajitama egg and a fluffy bao (steamed bun) on the side two-bite morsels of French toast that appear fleetingly on the take-out counter and disappear equally fast It's an impressive debut for what is actually a hotel lobby — albeit one with lashings of style dinner a la carte; English menu; English spoken In a time of both misinformation and too much information quality journalism is more crucial than ever.By subscribing Your subscription plan doesn't allow commenting. 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