Volume 5 - 2024 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2024.1506070">https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2024.1506070</a>
Third-person perspectives in virtual reality (VR) based public speaking training enable trainees to objectively observe themselves through self-avatars
potentially enhancing their public speaking skills
this study investigates the influence of perspective on the training effects in VR public speaking training and explores the relationship between training effects and the sense of embodiment (SoE) and presence
as these concepts are central to virtual experiences
VR job interview training was conducted under three conditions: a first-person perspective (1PP)
a typical third-person perspective from behind the avatar (Back)
and a third-person perspective from the front of the avatar (Front)
The results indicate that participants trained in the Front condition received higher evaluations from others in terms of verbal communication skills and the overall impression of the interview compared to those trained in the other conditions
highlighting the advantages of training while observing a self-avatar
it was confirmed that training effects correlated with the subcomponents of SoE and presence
suggesting that these trends may vary depending on perspective
training in such conditions can be challenging due to the difficulty in securing an audience and an appropriate practice place
virtual reality (VR) public speaking training has garnered substantial attention
These results suggest the potential benefits of employing 3PP in VR public speaking training
although public speaking skills determine audience evaluations
no research has confirmed the effect of perspective on public speaking skills
we define changes in public speaking skills before and after training as training effects and investigate the influence of perspective on these effects
where practice in a closely simulated real-life scenario is effective
increased presence may lead to more significant training effects
The question here is how SoE and presence relate to the training effects of VR public speaking training
VR public speaking training can also enhance verbal and nonverbal skills (<a href="#B7">Chollet et al., 2015</a>; <a href="#B66">Valls-Rat&#x000e9;s et al., 2022</a>). A meta-analysis revealed that VR training programs aimed at developing social skills may be more effective than alternative training programs, particularly for improving more complex social skills (<a href="#B23">Howard and Gutworth, 2020</a>)
As mentioned earlier, many studies have primarily focused on anxiety. While reducing anxiety is a beneficial outcome of training, it does not necessarily lead to better audience evaluation (<a href="#B28">King and Finn, 2017</a>)
it is necessary to investigate the impact on speaking skills
which are directly connected to audience evaluation
This study focuses on examining the relationship between perspective and changes in both verbal and nonverbal skills of job interview
This underscores the importance of 3PP in VR training
SoE refers to the sensation experienced within one&#x02019;s avatar
Since avatars are a fundamental component of most VR applications
SoE is an essential aspect of the VR experience
SoE consists of three subcomponents: the sense of body ownership
Sense of body ownership (SoBO) is the perception of being the subject of an action, experiencing movement, or feeling specific sensations (<a href="#B65">Tsakiris et al., 2007</a>). It is also defined as the awareness of a body as one&#x02019;s own (<a href="#B49">Roth and Latoschik, 2020</a>)
Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the feeling that one is the cause or generator of an action (<a href="#B14">Gallagher, 2000</a>; <a href="#B65">Tsakiris et al., 2007</a>). While SoBO occurs during both passive experiences and voluntary actions, SoA is particularly influenced by voluntary actions (<a href="#B64">Tsakiris et al., 2006</a>). SoA arises when one&#x02019;s movements are accurately replicated in real-time (<a href="#B24">Jeunet et al., 2018</a>)
Sense of self-location (SoSL) is the spatial experience of perceiving oneself as being located at the avatar&#x02019;s position (<a href="#B27">Kilteni et al., 2012</a>)
SoSL is strongly influenced by the perspective position
SoE is intimately linked to cognitive and behavioral changes in VR. For instance, SoBO and SoA affect body movements and motor performance (<a href="#B39">Newport et al., 2010</a>; <a href="#B71">Zopf et al., 2011</a>; <a href="#B26">Kilteni and Ehrsson, 2017</a>; <a href="#B36">Matsumiya, 2021</a>). <a href="#B6">Burin et al. (2019)</a> report that when the avatar&#x02019;s body is perceived as one&#x02019;s own
there is a greater effect on body movements
SoE is not limited to physical actions; it can also influence emotions. When avatar movements are synchronized with the user&#x02019;s movements, moods improve, and emotions are felt more positively compared to when avatar movements are not synchronized with the user&#x02019;s actions (<a href="#B43">Osimo et al., 2015</a>; <a href="#B25">Jun et al., 2018</a>)
Since SoBO and SoA are more strongly elicited during synchronization
there could be a relationship between SoE and training effects
The second objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between SoE and training effects
The correlation between presence and anxiety in VR systems has been studied, but the findings remain inconsistent. By contrast, the relationship between presence and training effects has not been investigated. Given that practice under realistic conditions is generally more effective (<a href="#B57">Smith and Frymier, 2006</a>)
a stronger presence may result in greater training effects
this study examines the relationship between presence and training effects of job interview training
The research questions of the present study are as follows:
RQ1 How does perspective during VR job interview training influence training effects
RQ2 What is the relationship between SoE and training effects
we developed a VR job interview training system simulating a job interview and conducted a between-subjects experiment
We selected the job interview as the public speaking task because public speaking skills closely influence interview results and are a major concern for many students
VR job interview training was conducted over 5&#x000a0;days under three perspective conditions
In the Back and Front conditions, participants can observe themselves from a third party&#x02019;s perspective, which may lead to a more relaxed training and potentially higher scores for Prosody, Response, and Overall (See <a href="#h3-5-1">Section 2.5.1</a> in detail)
participants can observe their body and facial movements in more detail through the avatar
which is expected to enhance Behavior scores
we anticipate the following hypotheses regarding the influence of perspective on training effects:
Behavior and Response scores will be higher in the Back and Front conditions compared to the 1PP condition
H2 Improvements on Behavior score will be highest in the Front condition
we hypothesize that a stronger presence will lead to greater training effects
H3 Training effects will have a positive correlation with SoBO and SoA
H4 A positive correlation will be found between presence and training effects
This section presents the experiment conducted using the VR job interview training system
The experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nara Institute of Science and Technology and was conducted in accordance with the institutional ethical guidelines
The experiment had two primary objectives: the first was to investigate how different perspectives during VR job interview training influences training effects
specifically changes in public speaking skills for job interviews
The second was to explore how SoE and presence relate to training effects
The experiment spanned 5&#x000a0;days: VR job interview training was conducted once on day 1
were conducted at the beginning of day 1 and the end of day 5
The difference in evaluations between the two mock interviews
The experimental results were analyzed based on these training effects
A virtual office environment simulating a job interview was created using Unity (see <a href="#F1">Figure 1</a>)
The user&#x02019;s avatar was seated in a chair on one side of a table
while three interviewer agents were positioned on the opposite side
the middle agent asked questions to the user
mimicking a typical job interview scenario
A virtual office environment simulating a job interview
The user&#x02019;s avatar was positioned in a chair on one side of a table
which demonstrated that users felt sufficient realism with three agents
the number of interviewers was set to three
as this is intended to mimic the practice in many Japanese job interviews where the lead interviewer primarily asks the questions
was automatically generated from a photograph of the user&#x02019;s face using the Headshot Auto function in Character Creator 4
The avatar&#x02019;s body shape remained at the default setting
To induce SoE, particularly SoBO and SoA, synchronizing the movements of the avatar with those of the user&#x02019;s entire body is effective (<a href="#B34">Maister et al., 2015</a>; <a href="#B48">Pyasik et al., 2022</a>). Consequently, we implemented a full body tracking system that monitors the user&#x02019;s complete body movements and replicates them onto the avatar (see <a href="#F2">Figure 2</a>)
not only displays visuals but also supports eye tracking
allowing us to mirror the user&#x02019;s gaze and eyelid movements onto the avatar
The Vive Facial Tracker captures the user&#x02019;s facial expressions
while the Leap Motion detects hand movements
The SteamVR Base Stations track the position and orientation of the HMD and trackers
and the acquired data being used to control the avatar&#x02019;s body movements through Final IK
a Unity asset that supports the inverse kinematics system
A full body tracking system that monitors the user&#x02019;s entire body movements and replicates them on the avatar
There were three conditions, each with the following descriptions. <a href="#F3">Figure 3</a> illustrates an example of the perspective for each condition
We included the Front condition as the third condition because public speaking
requires consideration of the audience&#x02019;s viewpoint
which corresponds to the self-avatar&#x02019;s viewpoint
Back Condition: This perspective is viewed from behind the avatar
The camera moves in sync with the user&#x02019;s actual head movements
Front Condition: This perspective is from the front view of the avatar and represents another type of third-person perspective
the camera is positioned behind the interviewers
and its movements correspond to the user&#x02019;s movements
The three perspective conditions in the experiment
(A) first-person perspective (1PP condition)
(B) third-person perspective with a view of the avatar&#x02019;s back (Back condition)
and (C) third-person perspective with a view of the avatar&#x02019;s front (Front condition)
B: had already completed their job hunting
C: had no job hunting experience (but intended to seek employment in the future)
The questionnaire is categorized into three skill sets: Prosody
Prosody and Behavior pertain to non-verbal skills
Behavior to observable behavior during the interview
and Response to the content of answers provided
All three skill sets include five items each
there is an Overall scale for evaluating the general impression of the interview
A 7-point Likert scale (1: Strongly disagree
7: Strongly agree) was employed for all items
The list of 16 items of the questionnaire used to measure public speaking skills required for job interviews
Two graduate students (one male and one female) used this questionnaire to evaluate public speaking skills of the participants
and they were not involved in the experiment
The evaluators watched recordings of mock interviews and rated them
each item was rated for each of the videos of the interview before the training (one video) and the interview after the training (one video)
The study conditions assigned to participants were concealed from the evaluators
the video presentation order was randomized
ensuring that the evaluators were unaware of whether the videos were recorded before or after the training
The average ratings provided by the two evaluators were used as to assess each mock interview
If there was a discrepancy of 3 or more points between the ratings of the two evaluators for a specific item in the same interview
evaluated it under similar conditions to the other evaluators
the differences in evaluation before and after training were compared across the three conditions
the value obtained by subtracting the pre-training score from the post-training score) is defined as Prosodyd
evaluators were instructed to thoroughly review the evaluation criteria and standards for each score and to remember key focus areas before reviewing the videos
We employed the Virtual Embodiment Questionnaire (VEQ) (<a href="#B49">Roth and Latoschik, 2020</a>) to measure SoBO and SoA. The VEQ consists of four questions for each aspect. The scores for SoBO and SoA were calculated by averaging the responses to these four items. The SoSL score was determined by averaging the reseponses to the two questions as described in a previous study (<a href="#B46">Piryankova et al., 2014</a>)
Participants completed these questionnaires using a 7-point Likert scale immediately after each VR training session
We collected eight sets of responses per participant and used the average of these responses for analysis
To measure presence, we used the Igroup Presence Questionnaire (IPQ) (<a href="#B52">Schubert et al., 2001</a>)
The IPQ was administered concurrently with SoE assessment
and the average score from eight sessions was analyzed
The IPQ consists of three subscales and one additional general item that is not part of any subscale
Spatial Presence (SP) Reflects the sense of being physically present in the virtual environment
Involvement (Inv) Measures the level of attention devoted to the virtual environment and the degree of involvement experienced
Experienced Realism (Real) Evaluates the subjective experience of realism within the virtual environment
General Presence (GP) Gauges the general &#x0201c;sense of being there&#x0201d;
The list of interview questions used in the experiment
Additionally, participants were required to submit a photograph of their face in advance. Using the photograph, an avatar was created for each participant with Character Creator 4. The purpose of creating avatars for each participant was to standardize the impact of the avatar&#x02019;s appearance (<a href="#B33">Latoschik et al., 2017</a>; <a href="#B67">Waltemate et al., 2018</a>; <a href="#B58">Suk and Laine, 2023</a>) on SoE
After the interviewer announced the end of the interview
conducted self-assessments of their performance during the interview
and evaluated their experienced SoE and presence (Total 8 times: 1 time on Day 1
participants received an explanation of the purpose and procedure of the experiment and then signed an experimental consent form
Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the experiment at any time
They also completed surveys regarding their nationality and height
Their height was used to adjust the height of their avatars
participants underwent one mock interview session and one training session
participants completed two training sessions each day
with a five-minute break between the sessions
participants conducted one training session followed by a mock interview session
they provided open-ended responses to questions about their observations of the VR system
participants were given time to review the questionnaire items for self-assessment and their previously submitted answers
Upon completing the entire experimental schedule
participants received compensation of JPY 6,000
All 22 participants completed the entire experimental schedule
Note that self-assessment data were excluded from the following report because they were supplementary measures in this experiment and did not differ significantly across conditions
<a href="#F6">Figure 6</a> displays training effects for each category under each condition
The Spearman&#x02019;s rank correlation coefficient between the two raters was 0.721(p&#x0003c;.001)
Each box plot represents the sum of the differences in others&#x02019; evaluation of the mock interviews conducted before and after VR training
and Response were evaluated with five items
The Shapiro-Wilk test and Bartlett&#x02019;s test were performed to assess the normality and equality of variances (&#x003b1;&#x0003d;.05)
Normality was verified in all categories except for Prosodyd
Equality of variances was confirmed in every category
the Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted for Prosodyd
while one-way ANOVA was conducted for Behaviord
Both of these tests were carried out between-participants
The one-way ANOVA indicated significant effects of perspective on Responsed (F(2,19)&#x0003d;7.40,p&#x0003d;.004) and Overalld (F(2,19)&#x0003d;4.86,p&#x0003d;.020)
None of the other comparisons were significant
Post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test revealed that the mean score of Responsed was significantly higher in Front (M&#x0003d;7.29,SD&#x0003d;3.24) than in 1PP (M&#x0003d;2.57,SD&#x0003d;2.52) and Back (M&#x0003d;2.81,SD&#x0003d;2.00) (Front vs
The mean score of Overalld was also significantly higher in Front (M&#x0003d;1.57,SD&#x0003d;0.93) than in 1PP (M&#x0003d;0.14,SD&#x0003d;0.75) (Front vs
<a href="#F7">Figure 7</a> displays the results of SoBO
Each box plot shows the average of the eight VR training sessions
(A) Sense of Body Ownership (SoBO) (B) Sense of Agency (SoA) (C) Sense of Self-Location (SoSL)
Normality was verified in every category except for SoSL
one-way ANOVAs were conducted for SoBO and SoA
while the Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted for SoSL
The one-way ANOVAs revealed significant effects of perspective on SoBO (F(2,19)&#x0003d;7.40,p&#x0003d;.004) and SoA (F(2,19)&#x0003d;4.86,p&#x0003d;.020)
The Kruskal-Wallis test confirmed significant differences for SoSL (H(2)&#x0003d;11.92,p&#x0003d;.0005)
post hoc comparisons were performed using the Tukey HSD test for SoBO and SoA
The results showed that the mean SoBO was significantly higher in 1PP (M&#x0003d;5.79,SD&#x0003d;0.95) than in Back (M&#x0003d;4.13,SD&#x0003d;1.01) (1PP vs
The mean SoA was significantly higher in 1PP (M&#x0003d;6.21,SD&#x0003d;0.71) than in both Back (M&#x0003d;5.39,SD&#x0003d;0.37) and Front (M&#x0003d;5.29,SD&#x0003d;0.74) (1PP vs
significant differences were identified between 1PP (M&#x0003d;6.13,SD&#x0003d;1.01) and Back (M&#x0003d;2.90,SD&#x0003d;1.22) and between 1PP and Front (M&#x0003d;3.42,SD&#x0003d;1.48) (1PP vs
<a href="#F8">Figure 8</a> shows the results for each of the IPQ subscales (SP
the figure shows the three IPQ subscales Spatial Presence (SP)
(A) Spatial Presence (SP) (B) Involvement (Inv) (C) Realism (Real) (D) General Presence (GP)
Normality was verified in every category except for GP
while the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for GP
One-way ANOVAs revealed no significant effect of perspective on SP (F(2,19)&#x0003d;0.58,p&#x0003d;.572)
and Real (F(2,19)&#x0003d;1.52,p&#x0003d;.244)
the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences among conditions for GP (H(2)&#x0003d;2.98,p&#x0003d;.232)
We examined the correlations between the training effects as SoE, as well as between training effects and presence. <a href="#T4">Table 4</a> illustrates the correlation coefficients (&#x003b1;&#x0003d;0.05) for each condition between training effects (Prosodyd
as well as between training effects and the presence factors (SP
Spearman&#x02019;s rank correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlation coefficients
Correlation coefficients for each condition
a statistically significant negative correlation was found between Overalld and Real (r&#x0003d;&#x02212;.764,p&#x0003d;.046)
significant negative correlations were observed between Overalld and Real (r&#x0003d;&#x02212;.843,p&#x0003d;.009) and between Responsed and SoBO (r&#x0003d;&#x02212;.831,p&#x0003d;.011)
significant positive correlations were found between Behaviord and Inv (r&#x0003d;.786,p&#x0003d;.036)
Responsed and Inv (r&#x0003d;.757,p&#x0003d;.049)
and Overalld and Inv (r&#x0003d;.771,p&#x0003d;.042)
Please note that this research is exploratory in nature
due to the limitations of the sample size and current data analysis
The quality of the responses to questions improved more significantly when the training was done from the front third person perspective than when it was done from the first person or behind third person perspective
the overall quality of the interviews improved more significantly when the participants were trained from the third-person perspective than when they were trained from the first-person perspective
Hypothesis 1 was partially supported in that training effects were higher in Front
One possible reason for this difference is the influence of cognitive load (<a href="#B59">Sweller, 1988</a>)
Job interviews require attentiveness to speech content
the virtual agents moved independently of the participants&#x02019; intentions
cognitive load was expected to be lower since the agents were not visible from the front
This could have allowed participants to focus on the training
Another factor may be explained by the theory of objective self-awareness (<a href="#B10">Duval and Wicklund, 1972</a>)
This theory suggests that people compare themselves to their own evaluation criteria when their attention is directed towards themselves
such as when standing in front of a mirror added
where one feels they are not meeting their own standards and experiences negative emotions
people either attempt to distract themselves from this discrepancy or take action to mitigate it
all participants in Front reported that they mainly focused on the avatar&#x02019;s face during the VR training
the participants in Front paid more attention to themselves
which may have led to higher training effects
there was no significant difference in the improvement of the quality of behavior during the interview
regardless of which perspective the participants were trained in
there was no significant difference in the improvement of speech prosody during an interview
regardless of which perspective the participants were trained from
the agents only provided simple responses to the participants&#x02019; answers and did not show facial expressions or gestures
some participants mentioned that they were not sure if their intentions were conveyed due to the limited reactions from the agents
The lack of flexibility in communication with the current implementation of the agent may have affected the training of nonverbal skills (prosody and behavior)
the use of the avatar&#x02019;s frontal perspective
can be beneficial for VR public speaking training
SoBO was significantly lower in Back than in 1PP, consistent with previous studies (<a href="#B19">Gorisse et al., 2017</a>; <a href="#B4">Bellido Rivas et al., 2021</a>; <a href="#B35">Maselli and Slater, 2013</a>)
SoBO in Front showed no significant difference from that in 1PP
Participants in Front could see the avatar&#x02019;s face
Some prior studies have reported differences in SoA depending on perspective (<a href="#B21">Hoppe et al., 2022</a>), while others have not (<a href="#B19">Gorisse et al., 2017</a>). According to Gorisse et al. (<a href="#B19">Gorisse et al., 2017</a>)
SoBO and SoSL were significantly affected by perspective
whereas SoA was less influenced by perspective
SoSL was significantly lower in Back and Front than in 1PP. SoSL is known to be significantly affected by perspective (<a href="#B15">Galvan Debarba et al., 2017</a>)
Regarding presence, there were no significant differences among the conditions in any component of the IPQ, thus it cannot be concluded that perspective has an effect on presence. Compared to the impact of perspective on SoE, the impact of perspective on presence is considered minor. This is consistent with previous research (<a href="#B19">Gorisse et al., 2017</a>)
Note that the discussion in this subsection is currently based solely on the correlation between training effects and SoE/Presence
and it cannot be concluded a causal relationship
When trained from a third-person perspective from behind, the degree of improvement in the quality of responses to questions showed a negative correlation with SoBO. Low SoBO is believed to indicate a state in which one can detach oneself from the avatar (<a href="#B51">Scattolin et al., 2022</a>)
one possible explanation for this negative correlation is that participants who experienced lower SoBO may have trained from a more objective standpoint
tends to result in better training effects
a job interview itself is a task that involves a high cognitive load
participants in 1PP and Back may have experienced a higher cognitive load because they faced the virtual agents
the virtual agent&#x02019;s front was not visible and the cognitive load was relatively low
which may have resulted in the lack of a significant correlation between Real and training effects
Inv was significantly positively correlated with Behaviord
This result partially supports Hypothesis 4
Participants who experienced a high level of Inv were less attentive to the real environment and were able to concentrate more on the training
as Inv represents the sense of attention and involvement in a virtual environment
In our experiment, Front exhibited the most pronounced training effects among the three conditions. Combining this finding with other systems, such as a real-time feedback system that displays icons on an HMD to encourage trainees to improve their speech <a href="#B44">Palmas et al. (2021)</a>
has the potential to yield greater training effects
Designing a combination with other systems and user interfaces is a subject for future discussion
the virtual interviewer provided only simple responses to participants&#x02019; answers and did not react with body language
This inflexibility in communication with the virtual interviewer may have impacted the training effects
The use of agents with more interactive communication functions and more flexible dialogue functions is a topic for the future
it will be interesting to analyze the relationship between the social presence/co-presence that users perceive in agents and training effectiveness
the current experiment was conducted in the context of a job interview task
with participants were limited to graduate students
it will be necessary to investigate whether the results are applicable to other public speaking scenarios
Although the experiment yielded statistically significant results
the sample size for each condition consisted of 7 or 8 participants
the results of the correlations between training effects and SoE and presence should be interpreted carefully
which suggest a similar trend in the correlation between 1PP and Back and a different trend in Front
This study pursued two objectives in VR job interview training: the first was to examine the variance in training effects depending on perspective
and the second was to explore the relationship between training effects and SoE
as well as between training effects and presence
Three experimental conditions were employed: first-person perspective (1PP)
third-person perspective from behind the avatar (Back)
and third-person perspective from in front of the avatar (Front)
The experimental results demonstrated that the Response score
which assesses verbal communication skills
exhibited a higher training effect in Front compared to 1PP and Back
which measures the overall impression of the interview
displayed a higher training effect in Front than in 1PP
it can be concluded that job interview training from the avatar&#x02019;s front perspective is effective
even though it is not a commonly used perspective in VR
we examined the correlations between SoE and presence in relation to training effects for each perspective condition
a significant negative correlation was identified between SoBO and the Response score in Back
negative correlations were found between Real and the Overall score in 1PP and Back
positive correlations were found between Behavior
and Overall scores with respect to Inv in Front
These results suggest that the correlation trends vary depending on perspective
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors
The studies involving humans were approved by Ethical review board of Nara Institute of Science and Technology
The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements
The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study
The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
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Kanbara M and Kato H (2024) The influence of perspective on VR job interview training
Received: 04 October 2024; Accepted: 25 November 2024;Published: 10 December 2024
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International Journal of Thermal SciencesCitation Excerpt :RM production presents a major challenge
Classified as hazardous due to its high alkalinity
improper disposal can severely pollute groundwater [4]
Current practices of storing or dumping it near refineries threaten surrounding land
Construction and Building MaterialsCitation Excerpt :Owing to different ore grades and production methods
1.0–1.8 tons of RM are discharged per ton of alumina product [12,13]
and combined RM because of the different alumina preparation processes (Fig
China’s RM emissions far exceed those of most other countries
Separation and Purification TechnologyCitation Excerpt :Red mud is one kind of waste residue dumped by alumina refineries during the alumina extraction process [1]
Red mud is difficult to be widely used as resource directly due to its complex components
strong alkalinity and high corrosivity [2,3]
red mud is basically disposed into long-term stockpiling [4,5]
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gallery proprietor Bryce Kanbara discusses winning the Governor General’s award in Visual and Media Arts and community representation in artistic practices
Hamilton-based visual artist and curator Bryce Kanbara was recently named one of eight recipients of the 2021 Governor General’s Award in Visual and Media Arts
Handed out by the Canada Council for the Arts
the award honours Kanbara’s distinguished career
which includes curatorial and leadership roles at several prominent galleries and cultural organizations
including the National Association of Japanese Canadians and the Ontario Arts Council
as well as his outstanding contribution to the visual environment of Canada at large
Now 73, Kanbara is the proprietor of the You Me Gallery and continues to produce vital, proactive, and collaborative work. Two years ago, Kanbara was asked to co-curate the ROM’s <a href="https://www.rom.on.ca/en/exhibitions-galleries/exhibitions/being-japanese-canadian">Being Japanese Canadian</a> exhibition
Below he fondly recalls that experience and explains how winning this important award is a validation of his polymath approach to practicing art
A co-production of the Canada Council for the Arts and Maya Bastian
A presentation of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Independent Media Arts Alliance
Congratulations on winning the Governor General’s Award
you’ve led several cultural organizations that support the arts and this award is one more way of recognizing your contributions to the cultural sector
Kanbara: My art practice has sometimes been described as a multi-headed monster in that I’m a visual artist
I’ve had the opportunity to mix and match these activities
I suppose the award is acknowledgement that this approach
You co-curated the 2019 exhibition Being Japanese Canadian at the ROM
it was a privilege to work with Arlene Gehmacher
Their professionalism gave my grass roots sensibilities a good shake
As the works of Japanese Canadian artists were interspersed among the permanent collection pieces in the Sigmund Samuel Gallery of Canada (Heather’s idea)
visitors were challenged to seek and puzzle out the exhibition’s purpose
I think it was a novel and provocative way to engage them in discussions not only about Japanese Canadian history
but also about identity on a number of levels: self
Winning the Governor General’s Award will undoubtedly bring attention to your current and upcoming projects
What can we expect to see from you in the near future
Kanbara: The COVID crisis has affected several projects I was working on
I’m currently part of an exhibition called IKI: Breath with Lillian Michiko Blakey (who was featured in the Being Japanese Canadian exhibition) at Newmarket Old Townhall Art Gallery
Lillian’s work is about her Japanese Canadian identity and the impact of the World War II internment of Japanese Canadians on their families and community
My part in the exhibition is a companion to hers: it’s comprised of three community [photography] art projects I organized from 2011-2017 which aimed to involve diverse ethnic communities throughout Hamilton
The goal was to chip away at the insularity which
seems to thwart interaction and mutual understanding
so I worked in collaboration with Jim Chambers
and Mina Ao to create and execute the projects
was comprised of faces of 55 Hamilton artists—a community I know well—on one side
The visual separation underlined the fact that the artists
had little or no contact with the Muslim community in our city
began with an overly ambitious plan to photograph a wide range of ethnically diverse families seated around their dining tables at dinner time
and one Chinese senior couple) and learned a lot about the importance of relationship-building
was documenting urban Indigenous people in their homes
which in Mohawk means “Come in,” as when someone knocks on your door
The galley was shut down the week after the exhibition opened and is still installed there
making it longest running and most scarcely viewed exhibition I have been involved in
last March I built a wall in my storefront gallery in Hamilton (You Me Gallery)
The intention was to reduce the exhibition space so that artworks can be viewed through the front window 24/7
is a series of expressionist paintings of Walter Gretzky by Brantford artist
and ROM research delivered straight to your inbox
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Gummy erasers and eraser shields are good enough for old-school industrial designers
may grow frustrated with how ordinary erasers wear into a pebble shape
Japanese designer Hideo Kanbara has thought of this, and come up with an eraser called the <a href="https://www.tokyopenshop.com/correction-products-c-1/kadokeshi-eraser-p-458.html" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 1.1em;" rel="">Kadokeshi</a>
Kanbara's design was selected for the MoMA's "<a href="https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/124" rel="">Humble Masterpieces</a>" exhibit back in 2004
You might reason that it gets tricky to hold onto once it shrinks. Well, manufacturer Kokuyo also makes <a href="https://www.kokuyo-st.co.jp/stationery/kadokeshi/kadokeshistick/" rel="">this "stick" version</a> that comes with a dispensing handle:
Image: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/bungu_o/3440932569/" rel="" target="_blank">Masayuki Takabatake</a> 
Image: <a href="https://bungu-o.com/stationery/612.html" rel="" target="_blank">Masayuki Takabatake</a> 
I learned about the Kadokeshi over at Masayuki Takabatake's <a href="https://bungu-o.com/stationery/612.html" rel="">B-LABO</a> site
I just wish the half-empty carton wasn't made of plastic........
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we are here to move organizations forwar..
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Zack Group is an award winning brand &amp; package design firm specializing in visual revitalization of ..
Datum3D is a one-stop shop product development company located in the Greater Boston Area
Japanese designer Hideo Kanbara has thought of this, and come up with an eraser called the <a href=\"https://www.tokyopenshop.com/correction-products-c-1/kadokeshi-eraser-p-458.html\" style=\"background-color: transparent; font-size: 1.1em;\" rel=\"\">Kadokeshi</a>
Kanbara's design was selected for the MoMA's \"<a href=\"https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/124\" rel=\"\">Humble Masterpieces</a>\" exhibit back in 2004
You might reason that it gets tricky to hold onto once it shrinks. Well, manufacturer Kokuyo also makes <a href=\"https://www.kokuyo-st.co.jp/stationery/kadokeshi/kadokeshistick/\" rel=\"\">this \"stick\" version</a> that comes with a dispensing handle:
Image: <a href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/bungu_o/3440932569/\" rel=\"\" target=\"_blank\">Masayuki Takabatake</a> 
Image: <a href=\"https://bungu-o.com/stationery/612.html\" rel=\"\" target=\"_blank\">Masayuki Takabatake</a> 
I learned about the Kadokeshi over at Masayuki Takabatake's <a href=\"https://bungu-o.com/stationery/612.html\" rel=\"\">B-LABO</a> site
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Novel approaches to efficient ammonia synthesis at an ambient pressure are actively sought out so as to reduce the cost of ammonia production and to allow for compact production facilities
It is accepted that the key is the development of a high-performance catalyst that significantly enhances dissociation of the nitrogen–nitrogen triple bond
which is generally considered a rate-determining step
Here we examine kinetics of nitrogen and hydrogen isotope exchange and hydrogen adsorption/desorption reactions for a recently discovered efficient catalyst for ammonia synthesis—ruthenium-loaded 12CaO·7Al2O3 electride (Ru/C12A7:e−)—and find that the rate controlling step of ammonia synthesis over Ru/C12A7:e− is not dissociation of the nitrogen–nitrogen triple bond but the subsequent formation of N–Hn species
A mechanism of ammonia synthesis involving reversible storage and release of hydrogen atoms on the Ru/C12A7:e− surface is proposed on the basis of observed hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics
it is widely recognized that N2 dissociation is the RDS of ammonia synthesis
the Ru/C12A7:e− catalyst is markedly different from ammonia synthesis catalysts that have been extensively studied so far in that it exhibits ca
while the reaction orders for conventional catalysts
This observation suggests that N adatoms populate the Ru/C12A7:e− surface more densely than surfaces of other catalysts
While the origin of this effect and its specificity to the electride-supported Ru nanoparticles have not been established yet
it is clear that the details of the reaction mechanism on Ru/C12A7:e− are different from those on other catalysts
hydrogen adsorption/desorption reaction and density functional theory (DFT) calculations that N2 cleavage is not the RDS in ammonia synthesis
Fast N2 cleavage is ensured by highly efficient electron transfer from C12A7:e− to N2 molecules adsorbed on the Ru nanoparticles
the bottleneck in the NH3 synthesis reaction is shifted from the N≡N bond dissociation to the formation of N–Hn species
The details of dissociative adsorption and associative desorption of N2 molecules on the Ru/C12A7:e− catalyst were examined through an N2 isotopic exchange reaction (equation 1)
It can be viewed as a negatively charged framework
Catalytic performance of such an oxide is inferior even to that of C12A7:O2−
</a>Potential energy profile for dissociative adsorption of N2 and associative desorption of N2 on Ru/C12A7:e− and Ru/C12A7:O2−
These values were estimated from the results of N2 exchange and ammonia synthesis reactions
N2(g) and N(ad) represent N2 in gas phase and adsorbed nitrogen atom
</a>Character of the charge redistribution between C12A7 substrate and deposited Ru clusters for the stoichiometric (a) and electride (b) C12A7
(c,d) Adsorption energies of N2 on C12A7-supported Ru
charge transfer in the process of N2 dissociation (N2(g)+Ru→2N(ad)+Ru) and the corresponding energy gain (ΔE)
N2 and N accept electron charge from the Ru cluster
the electron charge is transferred from the substrate
N2(ad) and N(ad) represent N2 in gas phase
(e) Electronic structure: the Fermi level (Ef) of Ru on C12A7:O2– is similar to that of bulk Ru (4.7 eV) and that of the Ru/C12A7:e– is determined by the charge transfer from the cage conduction-band electrons of C12A7:e– (2.4 eV)
it has been generally accepted that N2 cleavage is the rate-limiting step of ammonia synthesis from N2 and H2
The analysis presented here indicates that the RDS of ammonia synthesis on the electride catalyst is not dissociative N2 adsorption (the estimated barrier is &lt;29 kJ mol−1) but one of the subsequent steps
we conclude that the RDS for the Ru/C12A7:e− catalyst is in the formation of N–Hn species
indicating that although these materials belong to the same CaO–Al2O3 family and support the same conventional catalyst (Ru)
the lack of significant electronic density of states at a shallow level makes them clearly distinct from Ru/C12A7:e−
the produced ammonia needs to be removed from the catalyst bed because its catalytic activity is reduced at high N2 and H2 conversions
</a>(a) Temperature dependence of the rate of ammonia synthesis over Ru/C12A7:e− catalysts at an atmospheric pressure (catalyst=0.025 g, H2:N2=3:1, flow rate=60 ml min−1) (b,c) Dependence of NH3 synthesis rate on the partial pressures of (b) N2 and (c) H2 at 573 (open circles) and 633 K (filled circles) under atmospheric pressure. α And β represent the reaction orders for N2 and H2 in equation 2, respectively.
</a>C12A7 has two chemical formula units/cubic unit cell
The extra-framework O2− ions are loosely bound to the positively charged framework [Ca24Al28O64]4+ to keep electroneutrality
The O2− ions can be partially or completely replaced by e− and H− ions
The enthalpies (ΔH) for e− or H− ions formation in the cage of C12A7:O2− are 318 and −367 kJ mol−1
C12A7:e− easily reacts with hydrogen gas to form H− ions in the cage (ΔH=−434 kJ mol−1) as compared with C12A7:O2−
‘c’ and ‘g’ denote the species in a cage and gas phase
</a>Reaction mechanism and energy profile for ammonia synthesis over (a) conventional catalyst and (b) Ru/C12A7:e−
(a) N2 and H2 react on the catalyst surface through a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism to form NH3 in which N2 dissociation is the RDS
The energy barrier (Edis) for this step corresponds to the apparent activation energy (Ea) for ammonia synthesis
the rate-limiting step is not N2 dissociation but the formation of N–Hn species
NH3 is formed through the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism (route 1) and the direct reaction of N adatoms with H radicals (nascent hydrogen) derived from cage H− anions (route 2)
Ea is determined by the difference between the top of the barrier for N–Hn formation and the energy level of reactant molecules (N2 and H2)
we cannot rule out the formation of transient H+ species through the heterolytic H2 dissociation
the formation of transient H− ion is the important step of ammonia synthesis over Ru/C12A7:e−
strong electron donation capability of C12A7:e− allows ammonia formation along a new
highly efficient route where the activation energy for N2 cleavage is smaller than those of the subsequent N–Hn formation steps
Characteristics of fast reversible storage–release of hydrogen atoms on the surface of C12A7:e− near Ru nanoparticles not only prevent hydrogen poisoning but also keep the cage electron density high near the surface
resulting in stable and highly active catalyst even under high pressure
C12A7:e− powder samples were prepared by solid-phase reaction according to the following procedure
a mixture (Ca:Al=11:14) of CaCO3 and α-Al2O3 was ball-milled using a zirconia pot and yttria-stabilized zirconia balls (3 mm diameter) at a speed of 150 r.p.m
this mixture was heated at 1573 K for 10 h in air
which led to the formation of intermixed C12A7 and CaO·Al2O3 (CA) powders
and then treated in a vacuum at 1273 K for 15 h
The resulting powder was mixed with Ca metal shot in a glove box filled with Ar gas
sealed in an evacuated silica tube and kept at 973 K for 15 h
The following reaction proceeds during this heat treatment: 0.8Ca12Al14O33+1.4CaAl2O4+Ca→Ca12Al14O32
Some of the Ca metal precipitates at the inner wall of the silica tube in this process
we used twice the amount of Ca metal needed for this reaction
The glass tube was opened in the glove box and the reacted material was grinded with an agate mortar
the obtained powder was sealed in an evacuated silica tube and kept at 1,373 K for 2 h
C12A7:H− was prepared by heating C12A7:e− in a mixture of H2 and N2 gas flow (N2:H2=1:1) at 873 K for 12 h
CaO·Al2O3 (CA) was prepared by a reaction of CaCO3 and α-Al2O3 with a molar ration of 1:1 at 1,573 K for 20 h in an ambient air
The obtained powder was heated at 1,273 K for 15 h in a dynamically evacuated silica tube (~1 × 10−4 Pa) to eliminate water and hydroxyl groups on the surface
Ru-loaded samples were prepared by the following procedure
The sample powder and Ru3(CO)12 were sealed in an evacuated silica tube and were heated under the following temperature programme (2 K min−1 up to 313 K
hold for 2 h; cooling down to ambient temperature)
Since all Ru catalysts are deposited on the support by chemical vapour deposition method using Ru3(CO)12 as a precursor
zero-valence state of Ru is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis
The obtained sample was reduced in situ in a fixed bed flow system at 0.1 MPa in a stream of synthesis gas while the temperature was increased to 673 K at 1 K min−1
The produced ammonia was trapped by in a 5-mM sulfuric acid solution
and the amount of NH4+ generated in the solution was determined by ion chromatography (LC-2000 plus
An iodometric titration method was used to confirm the presence of electrons and quantify the electron concentration (Ne) in the Ru/C12A7:e− catalyst
Approximately 10 mg of catalyst was dispersed in an aqueous I2 solution (5.0 × 10−3 M
and then 0.1 ml of HCl was poured into the solution
After confirming complete dissolution of the sample
the amount of residual I2 was titrated using sodium thiosulfate solution (5.0 × 10−3 M)
Observation of the endpoint was enhanced by adding a few drops of starch solution
The average electron density was obtained from three independent measurements
TPA of H2 was analysed using a BELCAT-A instrument (BEL
the samples (~100 mg) were heated in an Ar stream (50 ml min−1) at 393 K for 90 min to remove water adsorbed on the surface
the sample was heated (2 K min−1) in a stream of 4.8% H2/Ar mixture
and the consumption of H2 was monitored by a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and mass spectrometer (Bell Mass
TPD of H2 was performed using the same instrument as TPA experiment
the sample was heated under a mixture of H2 and N2 (H2/N2=3
which is the same reaction condition as that of ammonia synthesis
the sample was exposed to air to remove hydrogen adatoms on the Ru surface
the sample was heated in an Ar stream (50 ml min−1) at 393 K for 90 min to remove water adsorbed on the surface and was heated (10 K min−1) in an Ar stream (50 ml min−1)
and the concentration of H2 was monitored by a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) and mass spectrometer (Bell Mass
Electride support boosts nitrogen dissociation over ruthenium catalyst and shifts the bottleneck in ammonia synthesis
Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts -Innovation and Practice- World Scientific Publishing Co
A vibrational spectroscopy study on the interaction of N2 with clean and K-promoted Fe(111) surfaces: π−bonded dinitrogen as precursor for dissociation
Reactions at surfaces: from atoms to complexity (Nobel Lecture)
Activation of nitrogen by alkali-metal promoted transition-metal.1
Ammonia synthesis over ruthenium promoted by alkali-metal
Development of alkali-promoted ruthenium as a novel catalyst for ammonia-synthesis
The ammonia-synthesis catalyst of the next generation: barium-promoted oxide-supported ruthenium
Nature of nitrogen adsorbed on transition-metal surfaces as revealed by electron-spectroscopy and cognate techniques
Preparation and characterization of chlorine-free ruthenium catalysts and the promoter effect in ammonia-synthesis.1
XPS and TEM studies on the role of the support and alkali promoter in Ru/MgO and Ru-Cs+/MgO catalysts for ammonia synthesis
Activation of nitrogen by alkali metal-promoted transition metal IV
Effect of potassium on the kinetics of isotopic equilibration of nitrogen on ruthenium catalysts
Bridging the ‘Pressure gap’ between ultrahigh-vacuum surface physics and high-pressure catalysis
Surface science and catalysis-studies on the mechanism of ammonia synthesis: The P
On the rate-determining step and the role of potassium in the catalytic synthesis of ammonia
Ammonia synthesis using a stable electride as an electron donor and reversible hydrogen store
High-density electron anions in a nanoporous single crystal: [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e−)
The 12CaO·7Al2O3 phase in the CaO-Al2O3 system
Anion substitution and structure of 12CaO·7A12O3 
Microporous crystal 12CaO·7Al2O3 encaging abundant O- radicals
Oxidative destruction of hydrocarbons on a new zeolite-like crystal of Ca12Al10Si4O35 including O2− and O22− radicals
Light-induced conversion of an insulating refractory oxide into a persistent electronic conductor
Hydride ions in oxide hosts hidden by hydroxide ions
Dissociative adsorption of N2 on Ru(0001): a surface reaction totally dominated by steps
The dissociative adsorption of N2 on a multiply promoted iron catalyst used for ammonia-synthesis—a temperature-programmed desorption study
Alkali promotion of N2 dissociation over Ru(0001)
Displacement of adsorbed nitrogen accompanied by isotopic mixing over unpromoted iron
The kinetics of ammonia synthesis over Ru-based catalysts.1
The dissociative chemisorption and associative desorption of N2 
Promoter action of alkali nitrate in Raney ruthenium catalyst for activation of dinitrogen
Synthesis and properties of 12CaO·7Al2O3 electride: review of single crystal and thin film growth
Ammonia decomposition by ruthenium nanoparticles loaded on inorganic electride C12A7:e−
Enhanced N2 dissociation on Ru-loaded inorganic electride
Ammonia synthesis over a Ru(0001) surface studied by density functional calculations
Support and promoter effect of ruthenium catalyst.3
kinetics of ammonia-synthesis over various Ru catalysts
Cobalt molybdenum bimetallic nitride catalysts for ammonia synthesis: part 2
Ammonia synthesis with barium-promoted iron-cobalt alloys supported on carbon
Ruthenium catalysts for ammonia synthesis at high pressures: preparation
Use of kinetic models to explore the role of base promoters on Ru/MgO ammonia synthesis catalysts
Kinetics and isotope effect of ammonia synthesis over an unpromoted iron catalyst
Mechanism and isotope effect in ammonia synthesis over molybdenum nitride
High oxide ion conductivity in Ca12Al14O33 
Energetics of formation and oxidation of microporous calcium aluminates: a new class of electrides and ionic conductors
Functionalities of a nanoporous crystal 12CaO·7Al2O3 originating from the incorporation of active anions
Towards the computational design of solid catalysts
Infrared study of hydrogen adsorption on MgO
Possible mechanism in promoting O2− formation
Role of hydrogen atoms in the photoinduced formation of stable electron centers in H-doped 12CaO·7Al2O3 
Hydride ion as a two-electron donor in a nanoporous crystalline semiconductor 12CaO·7Al2O3 
Generalized gradient approximation made simple
From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method
Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set
Models of stoichiometric and oxygen-deficient surfaces of subnanoporous 12CaO·7Al2O3 
A grid-based Bader analysis algorithm without lattice bias
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This work was supported by a fund from Accelerated Innovation Research Initiative Turning Top Science and Ideas into High-Impact Values (ACCEL) of Japan Science and Technology Agency in Japan
was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development programme at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)
a multiprogram national laboratory operated by Battelle for the US Department of Energy
This work made use of the computing facilities of HECToR and ARCHER via our membership of the UK’s HPC Materials Chemistry Consortium
Materials Research Center for Element Strategy
Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate
characterization and catalytic testing of Ru/C12A7:e−
All authors discussed the results and commented on the study
The authors declare no competing financial interests
Supplementary Figures 1-8 and Supplementary Table 1 (PDF 380 kb)
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general manager Gay Kanbara and bar manager Albert Tsuru in the newly renovated Side Street Inn on Hopaka Street
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Gone is the dark carpet that not only covered the floor
but crawled up the walls and the sides of the bar
The renovated Side Street Inn on Hopaka Street is sleek and contemporary
with cool gray walls and an open floor plan
The old system was &ldquo;nonfunctioning,&rdquo; General Manager Gay Kanbara said
&ldquo;Customers would come up to me and say
this is the only place I can eat and lose weight at the same time.&rsquo;&rdquo;
the new-old Side Street retains the spirit of its founder
the Honolulu barman who opened the storied location in 1992
It became a late-night haunt for local chefs
and its reputation grew as Nishida built up the food menu
although it&rsquo;s been spiffed up with a new top (no more leather bumpers) and wood replacing the carpeted siding
Side Street closed for renovations in 2019
and in mid-December the dining room quietly reopened
Nishida always seemed proud of the original Side Street&rsquo;s dive-bar ambiance
He made a more upscale statement when he opened Side Street Inn on da Strip in Kapahulu in 2010
which Tsuru said is all Nishida really wanted
&ldquo;This was his hole in the wall,&rdquo; Tsuru said
1225 Hopaka St.; 591-0253; <a href="https://sidestreetinn.com/ala-moana-hopaka-menu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sidestreetinn.com</a>
To tackle the growing issue of social isolation among gamers
the Nara Institute of Science and Technology in Japan has unveiled a unique robotic companion designed to make gaming a more interactive and social experience
Crafted to combat loneliness prevalent among <a href="https://www.techtimes.com/videogames">gamers</a>
this Japanese creation aims to bridge the gap between virtual and real-world social interactions
"We have been developing robots that can chat while watching TV together, and interaction technology that creates empathy, in order to realize a partner robot that can live together with people in their daily life," Masayuki Kanbara, one of the researchers, <a href="https://techxplore.com/news/2024-01-robot-play-video-games-humans.html#google_vignette" rel="nofollow">said in a statement posted on Tech Xplore</a>
we developed a robot that plays TV games together to provide opportunities for people to interact with the robot in their daily lives," Kanbara added
The Nara Institute of Science and Technology has taken a leading role in exploring the capabilities of companion robots
Instead of concentrating solely on manual tasks
these robots are envisioned as social companions
specially designed for individuals dealing with isolation stemming from various factors
Kanbara provided insights into the developmental journey
He conveyed the team's commitment to crafting robots capable of participating in empathetic conversations
with the ultimate goal of seamlessly integrating into people's daily lives
The recently unveiled robot is specifically crafted for playing video games
presenting opportunities for users to engage with it regularly
To evaluate the capabilities of their proposed robotic system
Kanbara and his colleagues conducted an experiment involving 30 human participants
These individuals were tasked with playing the same video game independently and in collaboration with the team's robot
after which they provided feedback through a questionnaire
most participants preferred playing with the robot over playing alone
indicating the potential of the team's companion robot to enhance user enjoyment and elevate the overall gaming experience
The <a href="https://www.techtimes.com/robots">robot</a> is poised for further refinement and additional experimental trials to delve deeper into its potential
the outcomes of this recent study may serve as a catalyst for developing other interactive
and robot-assisted gaming experiences tailored to specific demographic segments
including older adults or children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Kanbara highlighted the broader applications of this technology
particularly in assisting the elderly in practicing mental skills through interactive gaming
The team's vision extends beyond mere entertainment
foreseeing the robot as a valuable tool for supporting and enriching the lives of older adults
"The evaluation in this paper showed the effectiveness of the proposed robot during a short game time of about 15 minutes
we aim to design a robot behavior that continues to motivate interaction over a long period of time
in terms of months or years," Kanbara added
The team's findings were <a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3623809.3623832" rel="nofollow">presented</a> at the International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction
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The official website for <a href="/encyclopedia/company.php?id=52">MOVIC</a>'s <a href="/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=22011">number24</a> original rugby television <a href="/news/2019-03-22/movic-reveals-number24-original-rugby-tv-anime/.144886">anime</a> revealed additional cast members for the anime on Friday
The anime will <a href="/news/2019-08-02/number24-rugby-anime-reveals-cast-characters-more-staff-january-debut/.149623">premiere</a> in January on <a href="/encyclopedia/company.php?id=13028">Tokyo MX</a>
The anime's college rugby story centers on Natsusa Yuzuki
who expects to be an ace on the rugby team when he enrolls in college
he is no longer able to play rugby due to certain circumstances
Ibuki Ueoka is an older fellow student who quit rugby
Yasunari Tsuru is a younger student who finds Natsusa disagreeable
Yū Mashiro is a younger student who admires and follows Natsusa
Seiichirō Shingyō is Natsusa's close childhood friend
they compete in the Kansai university rugby league
Sources: number24 anime's <a href="https://number24-anime.com/news/hp0001/index00180000.html" target="_blank">website</a>, <a href="https://moca-news.net/article/20191031/2019103113160a_/01/" target="_blank">MoCa News</a>
This is part 33 of our coronavirus FAQ. Click here to read other installments: <a href="/nhkworld/en/news/tags/85/" target="_blank">#Coronavirus the facts</a>
Find the latest information and answers from experts on everything COVID-19
a professor at the University of Kochi and a specialist in nursing care during disasters
says shelter operators should check the temperature of evacuees before allowing them to enter
Operators should then check for any other symptoms such as fever
Operators need to secure dedicated spaces – for example a classroom
if the shelter is an elementary school gymnasium
Kanbara stresses the importance of reducing the risk of infection from droplets
If it is difficult to secure enough space between evacuees
It is also important to ask people not to touch the partitions
Kanbara says evacuees must be able to frequently disinfect and wash their hands
Shelters contain many common that are prone to passing on the virus
Washing and disinfecting hands before and after touching these things is important
Evacuees must adopt the mindset that they could already be carrying the virus
Alcohol-based disinfectants should be placed at entrances to restrooms and shelters
Disinfecting hands before and after touching relief supplies and stockpile many people tend to share to use is also important
The information was accurate as of July 17
A TV spot for the upcoming <a href="/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=16980">Gekijō-ban Kyōkai no Kanata -I'll Be Here- Kako-hen</a> (Beyond the Boundary the Movie: I'll Be Here - Past Chapter) <a href="/news/2014-11-28/beyond-the-boundary-teaser-reveals-2-films-opening-in-spring/.81569">film</a> began airing in Japan this week:
The following staff and cast are returning from the television series:
<a href="/encyclopedia/company.php?id=14702">Shochiku</a> is distributing the films
Participating theaters began <a href="http://anime-kyokai.com/ticket/" target="_blank">selling</a> a limited number of advance tickets with bonuses on December 27
A set of ticket for both films come with a dual-pocket clear file folder (pictured above) illustrated by Kadowaki
A ticket for either film will come with one of two diffrent clear file folders (pictured below)
The dark fantasy television anime series follows a high school second-year student named Akihito Kanbara (KENN)
he is half Yōmu and invulnerable to wounds because he can heal quickly
Akihito meets first-year student Mirai Kuriyama (Risa Taneda) when it seems she is about to jump from the school rooftop
Mirai is isolated because of her ability to manipulate blood
which is unique even among the Under World Warriors
Disturbing events begin to unfold after Akihito saves Mirai
The television anime premiered in Japan last year, and <a href="/encyclopedia/company.php?id=7606">Crunchyroll</a> <a href="/news/2013-10-01/crunchyroll-to-stream-fantasy-anime-beyond-the-boundary">streamed</a> the anime into several countries as it aired. <a href="/encyclopedia/company.php?id=8102">Sentai Filmworks</a> also <a href="/news/2013-10-11/sentai-filmworks-licenses-beyond-the-boundary-anime">announced</a> that it licensed the anime for North America
<a href="/encyclopedia/people.php?id=123450">Nagomu Torii</a>'s original <a href="/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=15546">Kyōkai no Kanata</a> light novel <a href="/news/2011-05-12/no-grand-prizes-given-for-2nd-kyoto-animation-award">received</a> an honorable mention in the novel category of the Kyoto Animation Award program in 2011.
Thanks to Kagayaki for the embedded video.
Images © Nagomu Torii, Kyoto Animation/Kyōkai no Kanata Production Committee
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MAEBASHI — The 1783 eruption of Mt. Asama buried most of present-day Kanbara district in Tsumagoi, Gunma Prefecture in pyroclastic mud and ash. Over two centuries later, a large-scale excavation survey seeks to provide a clearer picture of the area known as “Japanese Pompeii,” and possibly even unearth clues for future disaster prevention.
In 1783, Mt. Asama became active in a series of violent eruptions that sent pumice and volcanic ash raining down mainly to the southeast. Activity culminated on Aug. 5, with a devastating avalanche that flowed all the way to Tokyo Bay and the Pacific Ocean.
The disaster claimed an estimated 1,500 lives total — 477 in the small village of Kanbara alone.
Located at the foot of the volcano, the village was encased under the avalanche, drawing comparison to the ancient Roman city of Pompeii.
Earlier this month, the village’s board of education broke ground on a six-year survey, slated to run through fiscal 2026, that aims to examine how the area recovered from the disaster.
The survey is the first in the area since 1991, when excavations on a 15-step stone staircase at the Kanbara Kannon-do temple revealed an extra 35 steps that had been long forgotten under soil deposits. The skeletal remains of two women were discovered about 6 meters underground on the steps, where they were believed to have been attempting to evacuate. Three houses were found buried nearby, along with household items such as a mirror.
The board of education has been working to estimate how much of the Kanbara district had been inhabited before the eruption. As such, it plans to deploy heavy machinery to excavate sites that were not included in the scope of the previous survey, such as the area around Kanbara Shrine.
In a first phase this fiscal year, the board will decide on how to proceed with a full survey of the shrine in consultation with specialists.
From the next fiscal year onward, the project will proceed with the excavation of another village that was located on a hill near Mt. Asama.
The team will examine the land for evidence of rice cultivation and other use, in order to retrace how the region gradually recovered from the disaster.
The board hopes to capitalize on the cultural value of excavated items and also aims to have the area designated as a national historic site.
“We intend to proceed with a radar survey to identify artefacts buried underground,” said Toshiaki Seki, director of the Tsumagoi local history museum. “The area is sure to become a symbolic site that conveys the history of reconstruction from volcanic disaster.”
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&#169; 2025 The Japan News - by The Yomiuri Shimbun
Alex Kanbara and Dale Padoin are in training to represent Australia at the World Kendo Championships. (ABC Far North: Mark Rigby)
Link copiedShareShare articleHigh pitched shrieks echo through the dojo as Alex Kanbara and Dale Padoin trade blows with bamboo swords.
Ms Kanbara, 26, and Ms Padoin, 30, are among Australia&#x27;s highest-ranked female kendoka (practitioners of kendo).
Kendo is a modern Japanese martial art using bamboo swords and protective armour, which has descended from swordsmanship practised for centuries.
As skilled as Ms Kanbara and Ms Padoin are, selection in the squad that will represent Australia at next year&#x27;s World Kendo Championship is far from guaranteed.
&quot;The selection process started last year in April and ends this year in September,&quot; Ms Kanbara, who works in tourism, said.
She said just being eligible for selection was a feat in itself.
&quot;You have to attend a certain amount of national meet trainings and national competitions, and for every extra competition you attend you get extra points,&quot; she said.
&quot;There&#x27;s quite a lot of people who are going to miss out. We&#x27;re just trying to be two of the ones who don&#x27;t.&quot;
While it may seem the shrieks and screams of the kendoka are all for show, they play an important part in training, sparring and competition.
&quot;There&#x27;s a big spirit, mind, body connection when you&#x27;re doing kendo,&quot; Ms Padoin, a teacher, said.
&quot;So the reason behind the big voices and spirits is to both indicate what area you&#x27;re striking … but also to intimidate your opponent.&quot;
Dale Padoin and Alex Kanbara can be the best of friends or the worst of enemies, depending on the situation. (ABC Far North: Mark Rigby)
Competitive fights are timed — four minutes for females, five for males — and are scored best two out of three.
&quot;Your goal is to get two points and end it, but if you both get one point and the time runs out then that&#x27;s a tie. We say hiki-wake,&quot; Ms Kanbara said.
She said fighters could also score one point on their opponent and draw the rest of the match out.
&quot;You intimidate them to start with and then, as long as you continue to fight to your full potential, you will win.&quot;
In training and competition, kendoka aim their strikes to hit one of four target areas — the wrist, head, throat or torso — all of which are protected by armour.
However, kendo&#x27;s freedom of movement means strikes can often miss their intended targets.
&quot;If you move while your opponent is going for that particular strike then you can get hit anywhere on the body potentially,&quot; Ms Padoin said.
Kendoka wear a protective helmet called a &#x27;men&#x27; during training and competition. (ABC Far North: Mark Rigby)
She said the low-cut arm holes of the armoured chest-plate left a large part of the torso unprotected from wayward strikes.
&quot;If they [the opponent] aims a little high or a little low you can get pretty colourful up under there,&quot; Ms Padoin said.
Both women got into kendo in their teens — Ms Kanbara was introduced to it by a friend when she was 16, while Ms Padoin first donned armour while on student exchange in Japan when she was 18.
&quot;I was first attracted to kendo because it was extremely intimidating,&quot; Ms Kanbara said.
&quot;I stayed with it because I thought it was a bit exotic and a bit challenging. 
&quot;I&#x27;m in my 10th year now and I have no plans of quitting.&quot;
The 17th World Kendo Championships will be held in South Korea in September 2018.
CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced
AEST = Australian Eastern Standard Time which is 10 hours ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
Hand-cyclist Fuminao Kunbara is presented with a Rotary Club of Tumon Bay banner by the organization's president
Kunbara will be hand-cycling around Guam today and the next few days
Looking on is Rotary Club of Tumon Bay member Mutsuko Minegishi
JAPANESE hand-cyclist Fuminao Kanbara is looking forward to cycling around Guam  today until Sunday
But first he had to get through the bureaucratic red tape
had encountered were revealed yesterday during the Rotary Club of Tumon’s last luncheon meeting for 2009 through his interpreter Mitsuko Minegishi
Spina bifida is a birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube
wherein some veterbrae in the spinal cord are fully formed
on just getting everything together for the trip around Guam
She said she sought assistance from the Guam Police Department and was told to go to the Department of Public Works
she was told they have nothing to do with the roads or who travels on them
but was advised to go to the Mayor’s Council and see the agency’s director
“I called him and he said you have to have health clearance and insurance copy
but (Kanbara) was already leaving Japan,” she said
She went to the Japan consulate and the Guam Visitors Bureau and was given the same information Sablan had given her
but Minegishi assured him that she would make the event happen adding she has clearance now after submitting the necessary documents to Sablan
Sablan said the medical information was necessary since Kanbara would be traveling through the villages
“I think the organizers of this weren’t aware of what he needed
We just want to protect him and protect others,” Sablan said adding that everything is in clear now
Minegishi had been told by a DPW employee that she has to pay $25 just to have Kanbara on the road
DPW director Larry Perez said after receiving introduction from Gov
Perez also offered to give Kanbara’s entourage the guidance on how to escort the hand-cyclist around the island
a video of Kanbara’s last hand-cycling trip in Japan was showed
The video also discussed his lifetime accomplishments
such as living beyond the life span the doctor predicted for him
the doctor told me I would live only up to 20 and nobody in those days had lived more than 20 years old
I am now 41-years-old and I have lived double what the doctor has told me,” he said
we always assumed we always have tomorrow but for him
tomorrow may not come and he’s trying to challenge as much as possible and he cannot give up,” Minegishi said of her colleague
“I have been helped by so many people and would like to express my sincere gratitude
 I don’t have any assurance on how long I’m going to live but I would like to utilize 24 hours of every day,” said Kanbara
When asked why he chose Guam as a venue for hand-cycling
Kanbara replied he had been on island twice to assist in aikido classes with Minegishi
He said had such a good impression of the island that he decided he wanted to hand-cycle here
Poll results are published every Monday in The Guam Daily Post
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In a game showcasing two of the top teams in the second division
the Kumamoto Volters ran past the visiting Gunma Crane Thunders on Friday night
doing his best Vinnie "The Microwave" Johnson impersonation
sparked the Volters off the bench in the series opener
He scored 26 points on 11-for-14 shooting from the field
including 8 of 10 from inside the arc in just under electrifying 31 minutes
grabbed seven rebounds and handed out three assists.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); });
The Volters (9-5) extended their winning streak to six games
They shot a whopping 73.7 percent from 2-point range (28 of 38) against the short-handed Crane Thunders and drained 10 of 22 3-pointers
The B2 leader in assists (6.9) also collected five steals on the night in Minamata
Teammate Tasuku Namizato doled out 10 assists
helping the hosts chalk up 29 assists against 14 turnovers
The Volters' Josh Duinker added 15 points and six rebounds and Mao Fukuda had 11 points and five assists for the hosts
Kumamoto took a 45-40 advantage into the locker room at halftime
The Central Division-leading Crane Thunders (8-6) were held to 38 second-half points and saw their three-game winning streak end
Thomas Kennedy paced Gunma with 22 points and 12 rebounds and handed out four assists
Yuji Kanbara scored 14 points and Masashi Obuchi had 11 points and five assists
leads the second division in scoring (22.1 per game)
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