Metrics details Second-order phase transitions are governed by a spontaneous symmetry-breaking mechanism which yields collective excitations with a gapless spectrum called Nambu–Goldstone modes Although these modes propagate as sound waves in conservative systems non-equilibrium phase transitions have been predicted to feature a diffusive Nambu–Goldstone mode we present the experimental characterization of such a mode in a non-equilibrium Bose–Einstein condensate of microcavity polaritons The mode appears in the spectroscopic response of the condensate to an extra probe laser as spectral narrowing along with the emergence of a tilted frequency plateau Breaking the symmetry with another phase-fixing beam causes a gap to open in the imaginary part of the spectrum and the disappearance of the Nambu–Goldstone mode These observations confirm theoretical predictions for the Nambu–Goldstone mode of non-equilibrium phase transitions and reveal the symmetry-breaking mechanism underlying polariton condensation Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout Introduction to Statistical Physics 2nd edn (CRC Quantum Phase Transitions 2nd edn (Cambridge Univ Dynamical model of elementary particles based on an analogy with superconductivity Field theories with ‘superconductor’ solutions Nonrelativistic theorem analogous to the Goldstone theorem Counting rule of Nambu-Goldstone modes for internal and spacetime symmetries: Bogoliubov theory approach Condensation of the ideal Bose gas as a cooperative transition Bose-Einstein Condensation and Superfluidity (Oxford Univ Excitation spectrum of a Bose-Einstein condensate Statistical Mechanics of Driven Diffusive Systems (Elsevier Spontaneous symmetry breaking and Nambu-Goldstone modes in open classical and quantum systems Non-equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensation in photonic systems The quantum-fluctuations of the optical parametric oscillator Analogy between the laser threshold region and a second-order phase transition Laserlight—first example of a second-order phase transition far away from thermal equilibrium Laser threshold and nonlinear Landau fluctuation theory of phase transitions Parametric oscillation in a vertical microcavity: a polariton condensate or micro-optical parametric oscillation Continuous wave observation of massive polariton redistribution by stimulated scattering in semiconductor microcavities Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons Experimental evidence for nonequilibrium Bose condensation of exciton polaritons Nonequilibrium quantum condensation in an incoherently pumped dissipative system Goldstone mode of optical parametric oscillators in planar semiconductor microcavities in the strong-coupling regime Excitations in a nonequilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate of exciton polaritons in Optical Generation and Control of Quantum Coherence in Semiconductor Nanostructures (eds Slavcheva Keldysh field theory for nonequilibrium condensation in a parametrically pumped polariton system Spontaneous microcavity-polariton coherence across the parametric threshold: quantum Monte Carlo studies Dispersion relation of the collective excitations in a resonantly driven polariton fluid High-resolution coherent probe spectroscopy of a polariton quantum fluid Phase diffusion and quantum noise in the optical parametric oscillator: a semiclassical approach Angle-resonant stimulated polariton amplifier Quantum degeneracy of microcavity polaritons From polariton condensates to highly photonic quantum degenerate states of bosonic matter Observation of diffusive and dispersive profiles of the nonequilibrium polariton-condensate dispersion relation in a CuBr microcavity Observation of long-lived polariton states in semiconductor microcavities across the parametric threshold Observation of quantum depletion in a non-equilibrium exciton-polariton condensate Low-energy collective oscillations and Bogoliubov sound in an exciton-polariton condensate Directional Goldstone waves in polariton condensates close to equilibrium Spectrum of collective excitations of a quantum fluid of polaritons Absence of long-range coherence in the parametric emission of photonic wires Linewidth of a polariton laser: theoretical analysis of self-interaction effects Intrinsic decoherence mechanisms in the microcavity polariton condensate Bogoliubov theory of the laser linewidth and application to polariton condensates Limit cycle phase and goldstone mode in driven dissipative systems Temporal coherence of one-dimensional nonequilibrium quantum fluids Kardar–Parisi–Zhang universality in a one-dimensional polariton condensate Searching for the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang phase in microcavity polaritons Monitoring and manipulating Higgs and Goldstone modes in a supersolid quantum gas Supersolid symmetry breaking from compressional oscillations in a dipolar quantum gas Emerging supersolidity in photonic-crystal polariton condensates Supersolidity of polariton condensates in photonic crystal waveguides A dissipatively stabilized Mott insulator of photons Observation of Laughlin states made of light Topological quantum matter in synthetic dimensions Claude, F. et al. Observation of the diffusive Nambu-Goldstone mode of a non-equilibrium phase transition. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15079205 (2025) Download references Wilson for enlightening conversations on NG modes in various field theories We acknowledge financial support from the H2020-FETFLAG-2018-2020 project PhoQuS (n.820392) acknowledges financial support from the Provincia Autonoma di Trento from the Q@TN Initiative and from the National Quantum Science and Technology Institute through the PNRR MUR Project (Grant No co-funded by the European Union - NextGeneration EU acknowledge financial support from the Sirteq DIM are members of the Institut Universitaire de France analysed the data and prepared the figures performed the theoretical analysis and the numerical calculation and interpreted the results with the help of F.C. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors The authors declare no competing interests reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-025-02902-z Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science “What Happens In Vegas, Stays In Vegas.”—Official Las Vegas advertising slogan C96 “Broomhandle” 7.63 mm Mauser History & Specifications Movie buffs will recognize the iconic “Broomhandle” Mauser as the template for the BlasTech DL-44 blaster that Han Solo uses in the Star Wars film franchise Dimensions included a barrel length of 5.5 inches, an overall length of 12,3 inches, a weight of 2 pounds 8 ounces, a standard internal magazine capacity of 10 rounds, and firing an original 7.63x25mm Mauser (AKA .30 Mauser) cartridge Type 14 8mm Japanese Nambu History & Specifications as IJA officers were expected to purchase their own pistols these prices make perfect sense; after all these are antique firearms for which spare parts are extremely difficult to come by in case something breaks so naturally Battlefield Vegas is going to want to maximize their profit margin for each shot fired (I suppose you could call that “getting more buck for your bang” as opposed to vice versa.) The shop’s Nambu specimen was the following mini-history: “This Japanese pistol was brought back to the United States by a US Marine when World War 2 ended and is a genuine piece of world history.” how did these classic pistols shoot for me Well, naturally I had to purchase the 10-round options for each gun in order to do at least a semi-proper evaluation. The ammo for the 7.63mm Mauser was PPU (Prvi Partizan) 85-grain full metal jacket (FMJ) whilst the 8mm Nambu ammo was a generic (no manufacturing specs listed anywhere on the box) 106-grain FMJ Both guns enabled me to connect on all of my head shots although surprisingly the 8mm gave me the tighter groups the Nambu gave me one 10-ring hit (just shy of the tie-breaking X-ring) one low-right in the 8-ring…and one flier way off to the extreme right periphery of the 7-ring The Mauser gave me the tighter group at the farther distance with one round just barely clipping the 10-ring and the rest taking the 9-ring The “Broomhandle” gave me flawless reliability the Type 14 had a failure to feed at Round #8 a fun though all-too-brief range session getting to shoot these two pieces of history Many thanks/Vielen dank/Domo arigato gozaimasu partaking of fine stogies and good quality human camaraderie In a remarkable move—at least for Russian military doctrine—the engineers at Uralvagonzavod built the Vepr around the prospect of enhancing the safety of the crew The French suffered 476 casualties in the Battle of Puebla while the outnumbered Mexicans only suffered 339 With the successful completion of the recent tests the Army is slated to deploy the first battery of LHRW by the end of FY2025 Stay in the know with The National Interest newsletter © Copyright 2025 Center for the National Interest We use cookies to enhance your browsing experience We use cookies to help you navigate efficiently and perform certain functions You will find detailed information about all cookies under each consent category below The cookies that are categorised as "Necessary" are stored on your browser as they are essential for enabling the basic functionalities of the site We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse how you use this website and provide the content and advertisements that are relevant to you These cookies will only be stored in your browser with your prior consent You can 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experience JapanToday site and for security reasons There are a lot of little things that make Japan’s rail network so pleasant to use and one of them is the departure melodies that play before trains depart Instead of a harsh buzzer or clanging bell there’s usually a gently energizing piece of music that serves as an audio signal that the train is about to leave Making the whole thing especially cool is that instead of every stop having the same chimes it’s not uncommon for stations to have their own unique melody Sometimes these are chosen to reflect an aspect of the local culture or to salute a famous figure who grew up in the neighborhood and other times the melody is crafted or selected to help give the station its own identity and vibe on the Nambu Line which connects Tachikawa Station in Tokyo and Kawasaki Station in Kanagawa Prefecture Noborito Station has departure chimes that are instrumental versions of "Doraemon" anime theme songs with a chart showing which stations use which melodies this unique part of Japan’s soundscape looks to be facing an impending crisis says that the line’s individual departure melodies will be going away very soon trains on the Nambu Line have been operated by a team of two staff members a driver up front and a conductor in the back the Nambu Line is switching to “one-man” operation How does this relate to departure melodies It turns out that in order to play the station-specific departure melodies someone has to press an actual button located on the platform and this has been part of the conductor’s responsibilities This means that the buttons are located at the back of the platforms (relative to the direction the train is headed) and since commuter trains spend less than a minute stopped at each station there’s not enough time for the driver to hop out walk all the way to the opposite end of the platform and then walk all the way back to the front of the train once the Nambu Line makes the change to one-man operation it’ll also be switching to a system where the driver initiates an identical piece of music to play for every station JR discontinuing the Nambu Line’s special station melodies doesn’t bode well for other lines either The Yokohama Line (connecting Tokyo’s Hachioji with Yokohama’s Higashi Kanagawa) is slated to transition to one-man operation in the spring of 2026 ▼ The Yamanote Line’s departure melodies include the theme of "Tetsuwan Atom"/"Astro Boy" at Takadanobaba Station as a tip of the that to the nearby studio of creator/“god of manga” Osamu Tezuka While the exact dates for each station aren’t readily available JR East first introduced specific station departure melodies in 1989 don’t fix it” attitude when it comes to technology which would explain why even in 2025 the user interface requires someone to get out of the train and press a physical button at each stop it doesn’t seem like it should be that difficult to upgrade to a system that allows the driver to play different departure melodies by wirelessly linking the train’s control panel to the station’s speaker system If the issue is that JR East doesn’t want the driver to be distracted by having to think about which melody to play at which station that too seems like something that could be automated pretty easily JR East doesn’t appear to currently have any plans to make such upgrades and so the last day for the Nambu Line station’s special departure melodies Source: Yomiuri Shimbun via Livedoor News via Golden Times -- Japan Railway doing away with train departure chimes in plan to stop dangerous mad dashes -- Tokyo’s busiest commuter line slowing things down with special one-lap Yamanote sightseeing train -- JR East announces awesomely cheap one-day all-you can ride pass, Shinkansen included Join the leading Asian tourist attraction to assist our diverse range of customers I find much more worrying how something that required a two person operation is now going to be done by one person that the second one is not there to push a button to sound melodies seems to me just a very obvious decrease on the quality of the service but it also may result in a decrease on the safety or functionality which would have much more serious consequences So how will the oyajis wake up to get off at their stations another tradition bites the dust and surely another effort to cut costs as train ridership still has not recovered to pre pandemic levels Use your Facebook account to login or register with JapanToday you will also receive an email inviting you to receive our news alerts A mix of what's trending on our other sites Today's print edition Home Delivery Shohei Ohtani seems to have the Midas touch — and not just when it comes to the World Series A Kansai University professor estimated the player’s economic benefit to the Dodgers this year at $783 million already surpassing the cost of his record-breaking 10-year contract Ohtani-led ad campaigns within Japan have boosted sales for everything from cosmetics to job-seeking sites He’s even being credited with the increasing popularity of takoyaki (fried octopus dumplings) in the U.S. thanks to chain Gindaco’s new outlet at Dodger Stadium.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); }); a traditional handicraft of Iwate Prefecture whose nubbly kettles have been prized tea ceremony implements for centuries In a time of both misinformation and too much information quality journalism is more crucial than ever.By subscribing Your subscription plan doesn't allow commenting. To learn more see our FAQ Sponsored contents planned and edited by JT Media Enterprise Division. volume 5 - 2011 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2011.00089 Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by sustained or repetitive involuntary muscle contractions and abnormal postures we will introduce our recent electrophysiological studies in hyperkinetic transgenic mice generated as a model of DYT1 dystonia and in a human cervical dystonia patient and discuss the pathophysiology of dystonia on the basis of these electrophysiological findings Recording of neuronal activity in the awake state of DYT1 dystonia model mice revealed reduced spontaneous activity with bursts and pauses in both internal (GPi) and external (GPe) segments of the globus pallidus Electrical stimulation of the primary motor cortex evoked responses composed of excitation and subsequent long-lasting inhibition the latter of which was never observed in normal mice somatotopic arrangements were disorganized in the GPi and GPe of dystonia model mice electrical stimulation of the primary motor cortex evoked similar long-lasting inhibition in the GPi and GPe reduced GPi output may cause increased thalamic and cortical activity resulting in the involuntary movements observed in dystonia long-lasting inhibition was evoked in the GPi and GPe of both DYT1 dystonia model mice and a human cervical dystonia patient The DYT1 gene on chromosome 9q34 codes the torsinA protein (Ozelius et al., 1997). A three-base pair (GAG) deletion in the DYT1 gene, resulting in the loss of a glutamic acid residue (ΔE) in the torsinA protein (Ozelius et al., 1997), causes human DYT1 dystonia. Recently, Shashidharan et al. (2005) generated a transgenic mouse model by overexpression of human ΔE-torsinA These transgenic mice developed hyperkinesia and rapid bidirectional circling They also exhibited abnormal involuntary movements with dystonic-appearing self-clasping of limbs and head-shaking In the study by Chiken et al. (2008) six DYT1 dystonia model (5–28 weeks old both male and female) and six age-matched normal mice were used The experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committees of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences and all experiments were conducted according to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Each mouse was anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg body weight i.p.) and xylazine hydrochloride (4–5 mg/kg and fixed in a conventional stereotaxic apparatus The exposed skull was completely covered with transparent acrylic resin and then a small U-frame made of acetal resin for head fixation was mounted and fixed on the head of the mouse After recovery from the first surgery (2 or 3 days later) the mouse was positioned in a stereotaxic apparatus with its head restrained using the U-frame head holder under light anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride (30–50 mg/kg A part of the skull in one hemisphere was removed to access the motor cortex Two pairs of bipolar stimulating electrodes (tip distance 300–400 μm) made of 50-μm-diameter Teflon-coated tungsten wires were inserted into the primary motor cortex one into the caudal forelimb region and the other into the orofacial region These regions were confirmed by observing movements evoked by intracortical microstimulation Stimulating electrodes were then fixed therein using acrylic resin After full recovery from the second surgery the mouse was positioned in a stereotaxic apparatus with its head restrained painlessly using the U-frame head holder The mouse lay down quietly in the awake state For single unit recording of GPi and GPe neurons a glass-coated Elgiloy-alloy microelectrode (0.8–1.5 MΩ at 1 kHz) was inserted vertically into the brain through the dura mater using a hydraulic microdrive converted to digital pulses using a window discriminator and spontaneous discharge rates and autocorrelograms (bin width of 0.5 ms) of the neurons were calculated from continuous digitized recordings for 30 s Electrical stimulation of the primary motor cortex (200 μs duration single pulse which induced muscle twitches in the corresponding body parts Similar intensities were used for dystonia model and normal mice Responses to cortical stimulation were examined by constructing peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs; bin width of 1 ms) for 100 stimulus trials In the study by Nishibayashi et al. (2011) one cervical dystonia patient received stereotactic surgery for DBS electrode implantation into the bilateral GPi and a Toronto western spasmodic torticollis rating scale (TWSTRS) score of 54 Microelectrode recordings were performed to identify the targets 10 Parkinson’s disease patients [eight male and two female; mean age 460 mg/day; preoperative unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (UPDRS) 25.3 (best)–66.6 (worst)] were also investigated for comparison Medications were withdrawn 18 h before operation in most patients This study was approved by the ethical committee of Wakayama Medical University and followed its guidelines Surgery including microelectrode recordings was performed under local anesthesia Burr holes were made bilaterally on the coronal suture about 30 mm lateral from the midline a strip electrode with four platinum discs (5-mm-diameter) spaced 10 mm apart (Unique Medical Japan) was inserted into the subdural space in the posterolateral direction and placed on the upper limb region of the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to the target GPi Electrical stimulation (1.0 ms duration single pulse 1–20 mA strength at 1 Hz) was delivered through two of the four discs A pair of discs inducing muscle twitches in the contralateral upper limb at the lowest intensity was selected stimulation was delivered through this pair at an intensity inducing clear muscle twitches (4–16 mA) at 1 Hz USA) was inserted through the same burr hole targeting the tentative target in the posteroventral GPi which was determined on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) The responses induced by electrical stimulation of the cortex were assessed by constructing PSTHs (bin width of 1 ms) for 20–120 stimulus trials Spontaneous discharge rates and patterns were analyzed from autocorrelograms (bin width of 0.5 ms) constructed from continuous digitized recordings for 50 s On the basis of the microelectrode recordings Medtronic) were implanted bilaterally into the GPi Cortical stimulation typically evoked a triphasic response composed of early excitation, followed by inhibition, and late excitation in GPi (Figure 2A) and GPe neurons of normal mice. On the other hand, the most common response pattern of GPi (56%) and GPe (41%) neurons in dystonia model mice was short-latency monophasic or biphasic excitation followed by long-lasting inhibition (Figure 2B) The duration of the long-lasting inhibition was 73.7 ± 29.4 ms in the GPi (n = 29) and 66.7 ± 31.3 ms in the GPe (n = 46) Figure 2. Responses of GPi neurons to cortical stimulation in DYT1 dystonia model mice. (A) Raster and peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) for normal mice. Cortical stimuli were delivered at time 0 (arrows) for 100 trials. (B) Raster and PSTHs for dystonia model mice. Abnormal responses with long-lasting inhibition were observed. Modified from Chiken et al. (2008) Stimulation of both forelimb and orofacial regions of the motor cortex was performed. By observing cortically evoked responses, cortical regions projecting to each GPi neuron could be identified. In normal mice, many neurons responded to stimulation of the forelimb region, and a small number of neurons responded to stimulation of the orofacial region (Figure 3A) The number of neurons with convergent inputs from both forelimb and orofacial regions was small (7%) the number of GPi neurons with convergent inputs was increased in dystonia model mice (28%) Similar changes were also observed in the GPe These observations suggest that somatotopic arrangements are disorganized in the GPi and GPe of dystonia model mice The first part of the present article characterized the electrophysiological properties of transgenic mice developed to express human ΔE-torsinA as a model of DYT1 dystonia These mice exhibited: (1) decreased GPi and GPe activity with bursts and pauses (2) cortically evoked long-lasting inhibition in the GPi and GPe and (3) somatotopic disorganization in the GPi and GPe such as decreased activity with bursts and cortically evoked long-lasting inhibition were also observed in the GPi and GPe of a human cervical dystonia patient These neuronal abnormalities may be responsible for the symptoms observed in dystonia The correlation between abnormal neuronal activity and abnormal movements was not investigated in the present mice study because it was difficult to observe abnormal movements under head fixation The mechanisms responsible for decreased firing rates may include: (1) alteration of membrane properties of GPi and GPe neurons (2) increased inhibitory inputs to the GPi and GPe such as GABAergic inputs from the striatum and/or (3) decreased excitatory inputs to the GPi and GPe such as glutamatergic inputs from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) Inhibitory inputs from the striatum to the GPi and GPe were increased in dystonia model mice as discussed in the next section Early excitation is mediated by the cortico-STN-GPe/GPi pathway while inhibition and late excitation are mediated by the cortico-striato-GPe/GPi and cortico-striato-GPe-STN-GPe/GPi pathways cortical stimulation induced early excitation followed by late long-lasting inhibition in GPi and GPe neurons Similar response patterns were induced in GPi and GPe neurons of a human cervical dystonia patient These abnormal patterns of responses may be generated through the cortico-basal ganglia pathways since the latency of the early excitation in dystonia model mice was short and similar to that in normal mice The origin of the late long-lasting inhibition may be (1) increased inhibitory input via the striato-GPe/GPi pathway or (2) decreased excitatory input via the STN-GPe/GPi pathway The latter explanation seems less likely to be correct since our preliminary observation indicates that the spontaneous activity of STN neurons is unchanged in dystonia model mice increased activity through both cortico-striato-GPi direct and cortico-striato-GPe indirect pathways is considered to be the fundamental change in dystonia The above observations also suggest that spontaneous excitation in the cortex that is transmitted to the GPi and GPe through the cortico-basal ganglia pathways could also induce short-latency excitation and long-lasting inhibition which might be the origins of bursts and pauses Interference of information processing may occur through the cortico-basal ganglia pathways One explanation for this could be that each single GPi or GPe neuron receives inputs from more striatal neurons in dystonia model mice than in normal mice Such an explanation agrees well with the hypothesis that in dystonia inhibition in the GPi/GPe is increased through the striato-GPe/GPi pathways as described in the previous section The activity of GPi and GPe neurons in DYT1 dystonia model mice and a human cervical dystonia patient was investigated Both of them showed similar activity changes such as decreased spontaneous activity with bursts and long-lasting inhibition evoked by cortical stimulation indicating increased activity through the cortico-striato-GPi direct and cortico-striato-GPe indirect pathways Such a mechanism may explain the pathophysiology of dystonia: Neuronal activity originating in the cortex is transmitted through the cortico-basal ganglia pathways to induce strong Reduced GPi output may cause increased thalamic and cortical activity The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The animal study was supported by a Grants-in-Aid for Exploratory Research (18650089) and a Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (18300135) from the Ministry of Education and United States–Japan Brain Research Cooperative Program (Atsushi Nambu); a Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (19500354) from MEXT (Satomi Chiken); and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-National Institutes of Health Grant (NS-043038) (Pullanipally Shashidharan) The human study was supported by Wakayama Foundation for the Promotion of Medicine (Toru Itakura) a Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (18300135) from MEXT and the Uehara Memorial Foundation (Atsushi Nambu) and NIH grants (NS-47085 and NS-57236) (Hitoshi Kita) Cortically evoked long-lasting inhibition of pallidal neurons in a transgenic mouse model of dystonia Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Ablation of striatal interneurons influences activities of entopeduncular neurons Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Primate globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus: functional organization Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Altered discharge pattern of basal ganglia output neurons in an animal model of idiopathic dystonia Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Role of ionotropic glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs on the firing activity of neurons in the external pallidum in awake monkeys Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pallidal activity during dystonia: somatosensory reorganisation and changes with severity Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Relationships between the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia in the rat: physiology of the corticosubthalamic circuits Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Relationships between the prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia in the rat: physiology of the cortico-nigral circuits Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Excitatory cortical inputs to pallidal neurons via the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Functional significance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal ‘hyperdirect’ pathway Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cortically evoked responses of human pallidal neurons recorded during stereotactic neurosurgery Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The early-onset torsion dystonia gene (DYT1) encodes an ATP-binding protein Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The role of the subthalamic nucleus in the response of globus pallidus neurons to stimulation of the prelimbic and agranular frontal cortices in rats Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Abnormalities of spatial and temporal sensory discrimination in writer’s cramp Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Transgenic mouse model of early-onset DYT1 dystonia Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Spontaneous pallidal neuronal activity in human dystonia: comparison with Parkinson’s disease and normal macaque Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Motor cortical control of internal pallidal activity through glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs in awake monkeys Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Neuronal firing rates and patterns in the globus pallidus internus of patients with cervical dystonia differ from those with Parkinson’s disease Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia in patients with generalized dystonia and hemiballismus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The distribution of the globus pallidus neurons with input from various cortical areas in the monkeys Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus in patients with dystonia Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish What if one of your friends came up to you with a grin on his face and told you that he went out and intentionally bought the worst pistol ever produced I happened to be that guy in this instance I was watching one of my old favorite shows the other day called Tales of the Gun from back when the History channel actually had some history on it and the episode was about Japanese firearms before and during World War II The Japanese produced some really stellar firearms (like the ludicrously strong Arisaka rifles) along with some really When the program got to the segment on pistols I was reminded of a gun I had long been quasi familiar with That gun is the Type 94 pistol designed by Kijiro Nambu chambered in 8mm Nambu Tales of the Gun said that the Type 94 is a collectible “not to shoot but to ridicule” and with that I knew I had to have one A few days later I went to a gun shop close to me that specializes in antiquities and collectible arms and they had not one the firearm pictured above was not the worst one of the three They had a “last ditch” gun that actually looked worse and an early pre-war gun that looked very nice but I settled for the mid-grade gun that was made just before the point when “last ditch” guns started being produced: so that is pretty much the ugliest firearm I have ever seen as it looks like it was made by a man with a grinder and a file I stretched the title by saying that the Type 94 is the worst pistol ever but I can probably declare without much criticism that the Type 94 is the worst service pistol ever adopted noting that it was one of the world’s worst automatic pistols The problem however is that 8mm Nambu is an extinct and obsolete cartridge but I did manage to find a company online that produces it by resizing .40 S&W brass: Oddly enough the round looks a lot like .357 Sig but delivers only as much energy as .380 ACP This makes the 8mm Nambu cartridge significantly weaker than other service pistol calibers of the day Regardless the 8mm Nambu served the Imperial Japanese armed forces for 41 years After I sourced a box of this expensive ammunition I was ready to see how this thing performed I dragged my friend Chris to the range and we set up a paper target at about 10 yards or so Let me say that I spent many a weekend in college shooting pistols competitively so I am not a terrible shot with a handgun At this distance I would expect a group of about two or three inches max with any off the shelf automatic pistol one in the center and one in the top right: All in all the pistol did work and poke holes in paper and it did as well as could be expected from what people consider the worst pistol ever made The fatal flaw is that this gun has an exposed sear… that when pressed fires the gun if you press the side of the gun it will fire There are stories of Japanese officers handing the pistol over when “surrendering” and then pressing the sear bar to get off one last suicide shot I have not been able to confirm any of these stories or find anything official But that isn’t the only place where the Type 94 falls short The gun has only a 6 round capacity and the grip is incredibly small The slide does lock back after the last shot is fired but a tab on the rear of the magazine follower is responsible so when you remove the magazine the slide slams forward The pistol has a magazine disconnect that just raises a small bar to prevent the trigger from moving backwards but with a little practice you can just depress the lever with one finger and pull the trigger with the other almost to the point where three hands are required to take it apart The sights are very crude as well and are a milled portion of the gun so no adjustment is possible Lastly I had about five failures with this thing as it failed to reset the sear if I pressed the trigger too hard All in all I do not imagine I will be using this thing for an IDPA match anytime soon I dumped the rest of the rounds into the center and made a nice pie plate sized group: pretty much every other pistol I have ever wielded but it can still throw lethal lead in the desired direction at the desired target I proudly show the gun off to my buddies when they swing by the shop but the Type 94 is little more than a curio I do my bullet points for every gun I review so I might as well do them for this one: the Type 94 is a unique collectible pistol It now rests on my display rack of collectible hand guns and long guns as a monument to how bad a gun can be Alex is a Senior Writer for The Firearm Blog and Director of TFBTV More by Alex C. Have you looked into recent Japanese firearms but I seem to recall 2 of their handguns that seemed to be good but have little information on - one being the Sugiura pistol and the other being what seemed to be a Type 94 that was given a modern treatment and the result being a gun with the bottom of a Type 94 as there were so little information about it even to this day that the one I saw in a Japanese book on how to draw guns may as well have been fictional i have some guns handed down in the family the other is a type 99 arisaka late version my grandfather picked it up during his pacific theater service im trying to find some ammo for it too see how well it fires Staffers prepare to load test booklets and answer sheets into transport vehicles at a printing facility in Sejong on Monday morning three days before the 2025 College Scholastic Ability Test (CSAT) an exam that determines what colleges Korean students can enroll in The Ministry of Education announced that the test materials will be distributed to 85 testing districts nationwide from Monday to Wednesday local education office representatives and ministry personnel accompanied by police escorts during transportation Distribution officials load test booklets and answer sheets into transport vehicles at a printing facility in Sejong on Monday morning an exam that determines what colleges Korean students will enroll in Traffic safety officers at Suwon Nambu Police Station in Yeongtong District place informational signs on support vehicles on Monday The vehicles will be deployed for special traffic management around test sites on exam day The Miyabi model of traditional kettle is displayed in northeastern Japan Interest in the product surged after it featured in a social media post by baseball superstar Shohei Ohtani Japan -- A social media post by Major League Baseball star Shohei Ohtani has thrown Japan's traditional Nambu ironware under the international spotlight catching the attention of a whole new potential customer base for everything from finely crafted kettles to heavy-duty cooking pots The sporting sensation in May posted a picture of a blue accompanied only by the words "Thank you." The move effectively pitched Nambu ironware -- which comes from Ohtani's home prefecture of Iwate in northeastern Japan -- to his legions of followers in that country Physicist Yoichiro Nambu once said he came to the University of Chicago in 1954 because of the “many great names” in physics at the University including Nobel laureates such as Enrico Fermi Nambu became a major figure in his own right during his long tenure at UChicago culminating in winning a share of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory about the workings of the subatomic world after an acute heart attack. His death was announced July 17 by Osaka University “The legacy that Yoichiro Nambu established in theoretical physics research has had a profound impact on generations of researchers around the world and at the University of Chicago in particular,” said President Robert J “He was a generous and humane colleague who led by example We will always be grateful for the historic intellectual contributions that he made here.” Nambu’s colleagues at the University said he would be remembered as a pivotal theorist who remained kind and soft-spoken as his research earned ever more accolades “Nambu was one of the great theoretical physicists of the latter half of the 20th century Much of the current theory of elementary particles revolves around seminal contributions by Nambu,” said Peter Freund “Yoichiro Nambu arrived at the University of Chicago at the very end of the Enrico Fermi era and quickly established himself as a key force in maintaining the world-renowned vitality of our physics department and our Enrico Fermi Institute,” said Rocky Kolb “We will remember him for his quiet dignity his modesty and his deep scientific acumen.” Colleagues highlight three of Nambu’s contributions as especially important: spontaneous symmetry breaking the mechanism that gives mass to the Higgs boson and other elementary particles; color gauging the means by which quarks bind to matter in atomic nuclei; and string theory string theory is the leading candidate for a unified theory of matter and forces in nature “Each of these fundamental theories owe their existence to Nambu’s deep insights,” said physics Professor Emil Martinec Nambu was the Harry Pratt Judson Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in Physics and the Enrico Fermi Institute we lose one of the giants of 20th-century theoretical physics who laid the foundations of his science and set the direction of research for decades to come,” said Jeffrey Harvey the Enrico Fermi Distinguished Service Professor in Physics at UChicago Nambu shared his Nobel Prize with Makoto Kobayashi of the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Tsukuba and Toshihide Maskawa of Kyoto University in Japan Nambu was cited “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics.”                                       Nambu developed his Nobel-Prize-winning concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking while studying superconductivity in the early 1960s Superconductivity is the nearly complete disappearance of electrical resistance at extremely low temperatures He spent two years in determining that spontaneous symmetry breaking contributes to the explanation of how superconductivity works then quickly turned that theory around and in two brilliant papers with the Italian physicist Giovanni Jona-Lasinio Nambu explained how spontaneous symmetry breaking is a special law of physics that applies to large numbers of subatomic particles “SSB arises from a kind of group mentality Nambu noted that when a group gathers in a large people usually look in a variety of directions when one person begins looking in one direction a behavior that subatomic particles also display developed the forerunner of the modern theory of quantum chromodynamics which accounts for the nuclear forces that bind protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei showed that physicists needed to abandon their concept of point-like elementary particles and replace it by a dynamics of strings acting in accordance with relativity theory Nambu’s deep insight led to a vast scientific enterprise—one which continues even today nearly half a century after his original papers,” Harvey said His interest in science developed in high school after his father showed him some science magazines He received his bachelor’s degree in 1942 from the University of Tokyo He was then drafted into the Japanese army and was assigned to follow the radar work of Sin-ichiro Tomonaga the leading theoretical physicist for one of the competing military services He became an associate professor at the newly created Osaka City University at the age of 29 in 1950 He completed his doctorate in 1952 from the University of Tokyo Nambu retained his appointment at Osaka City University until 1956 but went to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 1952 upon the recommendation of Tomonaga to study with J Freund told the Chicago Tribune in 2008 that while at the Institute for Advanced Study Nambu summoned the courage to introduce himself to Albert Einstein whom Oppenheimer had tried to insulate from visits by junior researchers “Einstein was just happy that finally someone had come to talk with him,” Freund said Nambu joined the University of Chicago as a research associate in 1954 becoming associate professor in 1956 and professor in 1958 He had not intended to spend his entire career at UChicago He found that even in the rarefied intellectual atmosphere of the University’s physics department “everybody treated everybody else as members of a big family.” Nambu served as chairman of the physics department from 1974 to 1977 He was named the Harry Pratt Judson Distinguished Service Professor in 1977 His many honors included membership in the National Academy of Sciences and honorary membership in the Japan Academy He also was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Order of Culture from the Japanese government Get more at UChicago news delivered to your inbox news@uchicago.edu At left is a Japanese Type 99 Light Machine Gun Nambu and Browning were both the names of their respective weapons’ inventors I’ve had the opportunity to become familiar with both of those full-autos even to the point of owning a Type 99 LMG for 10 years now I also owned a facsimile BAR for several years; facsimile as in it was a semi-auto version made by the Ohio Ordnance Company (OOC) Except for its inability to fire in full-auto mode a friend does own a WWII-era BAR I have been privileged to shoot The Nambu LMGs and Browning BARs as used in World War II are alike in some regards and vastly different in others they were both full-auto-only and both weapons were issued with bipods vintage photos show many BAR-armed Army and USMC infantrymen firing their weapons standing or kneeling without using the bipods The same might have been possible with Type 99s but I’ve never read or seen instances of it Both weapons were fed with detachable box magazines and both had a nominal weight of 20 lbs Type 99 magazines held 30 rounds of 7.7mm while BAR magazines held 20 rounds of .30-06 BARs had a lever to switch cyclic rates from approximately 350 rounds per minute to 550 rounds per minute The Type 99 cyclic rate was a relatively fast 800 rounds per minute Type 99 magazines were mounted atop the receiver and BAR magazines were inserted from the bottom BAR sights were mounted so aiming was in line with the barrel while Type 99 sights were mounted along the weapon’s left side BAR barrels were semi-permanently installed — meaning a new barrel could only be fitted by a qualified armorer with proper tools Type 99 barrels were issued with two quick change barrels At first glance one might think the handle attached to the Type 99 barrel was for carrying the 20-lb that handle is for dismounting a hot barrel so a cool one can be replaced a single BAR was standard issue to a squad of soldiers and marines A squad consisted of three fire teams; a BAR man assistant gunner and two ammo bearers who also served with M1 Garand rifles as protection for the gunner Type 99 LMG machine gun teams consisted of four men: gunner assistant gunner and two men for packing ammo and protecting the gunner the Japanese might have Arisaka Type 38 or Type 44 6.5mm carbines and the gunner was armed with a Nambu Type 14 pistol chambering the 8mm Nambu cartridge Colonel Nambu designed the pistol and LMG just as John M as the litter bearers took him rearward for medical care his M1 Garand or M1 Carbine was also placed on the stretcher repaired rifles and carbines for reissue to replacement troops it was handed to the next ranking member of his team and the assault continued I’ve not been advised by Japanese soldiers as to their opinions about the Type 99 John George in his book Shot Fired in Anger tells of his feelings “… Nambu Light Machine Guns caused me the greatest and most demoralizing fear I have known in all the combat I have seen.” His reasoning was with such a high rate of fire being caught in a Type 99 burst meant being hit multiple times It’s a common American fallacy that Japanese weapons were “junk.” Their later war production quality declined greatly but until then their pistols rifles and machine guns were built to fine standards The Type 99 7.7mm is definitely the most impressive Subscribe To GUNS Magazine Purchase A PDF Download Of The GUNS Magazine May 2022 Issue Now! 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Online Hunter Safety Arkansas Hunting Licenses Arkansas Hunting Seasons Arizona Online Hunter Safety Arizona Hunting Licenses Arizona Hunting Seasons Alaska Online Hunter Safety Alaska Hunting Licenses Alaska Hunting Seasons Alabama Online Hunter Safety Alabama Hunting Licenses Alabama Hunting Seasons The Ultimate Firearms Destination for the Gun Lifestyle One of the best fighting rifles of all-time the Lee-Enfield saw combat in almost every theater of war between 1895 and 1957 and sporadic use far beyond For one of the largest and best collections of Porsche in the world The smaller more carry version of the 2311 from OA Defense Smaller is better or does the platform still need time to mature this is a story of one man’s path to salvation or just having the biggest bullet in the room 10mm and .45 ACP are two of the most popular big boy rounds Stop by the War Eagles Museum in Santa Teresa A vast collection of aircraft and military aviation history NEW from Trijicon comes the next generation of battle optics and thermal optics We got hands-on experience for the complete review we’re testing out the new Hornady cartridge 338 ARC Randy Luth is one of the industry leaders that popularized the AR-15 as America’s rifle NEW from Vortex is a shotgun optic built to pack the freezer The new Viper Shotgun enclosed red dot is here at last Special thanks to all our visitors and vendors that made this CANCON the best yet Please enter the e-mail address you used to register to reset your password Two prominent scientists recall the work and personality of the Nobel laureate who was their mentor Yoichiro Nambu passed away on 5 July 2015 in Osaka He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008 “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics” Nambu’s work in theoretical physics spanning more than half a century is prophetic and played a key role in the development of one of the great accomplishments of 20th century physics – the Standard Model of particle physics He was also among those who laid the foundations of string theory When Nambu graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1943 Japan was in the midst of the Second World War – but at the same time a group of superb Japanese physicists were developing the framework of quantum field theory This spark came from the work of Hideki Yukawa in the 1930s who laid the foundations of modern particle physics by his prediction that the force between nucleons inside a nucleus is caused by the exchange of a particle (today called the pion) that Yukawa showed that this results in a force that dies out quickly as the distance between the nucleons is increased Japan became a powerhouse of particle physics and quantum field theory Sin-Itiro Tomonaga received the Nobel prize (shared with Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger) for his work on the quantum field theory of electromagnetism Nambu joined a select group of theoretical physicists at the newly formed department at Osaka City University He spent three formative years there: “I had never felt and enjoyed so much the sense of freedom.” Much of his early work dealt with quantum field theory One influential paper dealt with the derivation of the precise force laws in nuclear physics he derived the equation that describes how particles can bind with each other – an equation that was later derived independently by Bethe and Salpeter and is now known commonly as the Bethe–Salpeter equation Nambu always felt that his work in physics was guided by a philosophy – one that was uniquely his own he was deeply influenced by the philosophy of Sakata and Taketani Sakata was yet another prominent theoretical physicist in Japan at that time: he later became well known for the Sakata model which was a precursor to the quark model of nuclear constituents Sakata was influenced by Marxist philosophy and together with Taketani developed a “three-stage methodology” in physics Taketani used to visit the young group of theorists at Osaka and “spoke against our preoccupation with theoretical ideas emphasised to pay attention to experimental physics I believe that this advice has come to make a big influence on my attitude towards physics” Together with colleagues Nishijima and Miyazawa he immersed himself in understanding the properties of the newly discovered elementary particles called mesons J R Oppenheimer invited Nambu to spend a couple of years at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton this was not a particularly fruitful period: “I was not very happy.” After a summer at Caltech he finally came to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Marvin Goldberger There he became exposed to a remarkably stimulating intellectual atmosphere which epitomised Fermi’s style of “physics without boundaries” There was no “particle physics” or “physics of metals” or “nuclear physics”: everything was discussed in a unified manner Nambu soon achieved a landmark in the history of 20th century physics: the discovery that a vacuum can break symmetries spontaneously And he came up with the idea while working in a rather different area of physics: superconductivity Symmetries of the laws of nature often provide guiding principles in physics An example is “rotational symmetry” so far away from any star or galaxy that all you can see in any direction is empty space Things look completely identical in all directions – in particular the results would not depend on if you rotated your lab slowly and did the same thing It is this symmetry that leads to the conservation of angular momentum the rotational symmetry is only approximate because there are stars and galaxies that break this symmetry explicitly The molecules inside a magnet are themselves little magnetic dipoles then the rotational symmetry is broken explicitly and all of the dipoles align themselves in the direction of the magnetic field The interesting phenomenon is that the dipoles continue to be aligned in the same direction even after the external magnetic field is switched off Here the rotational symmetry is broken spontaneously the fact that the underlying laws respect rotational symmetry has a consequence: if we gently disturb one of the dipoles from its perfectly aligned position it gently nudges its neighbours and they nudge their neighbours and the result is a wave that propagates through the magnet Such a wave has very low energy and is called a spin wave This is a special case of a general phenomenon where a spontaneously broken symmetry has an associated low-energy mode or in quantum theory an associated massless particle Nambu took the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking to a new level He came up with this idea while trying to understand the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity Superconductors are materials that conduct electric current without any resistance Superconductors also repel external magnetic fields – an effect called the Meissner effect electromagnetic fields are short-ranged rather than long-ranged: as if the photon has acquired a mass a massive photon appears to be inconsistent with gauge invariance – a basic property of electromagnetism and independently Philip Anderson a little earlier in 1958 They realised that (in the absence of electromagnetic interactions) the superconducting state broke the symmetry spontaneously This symmetry is unlike the rotation symmetry that is spontaneously broken in magnets or crystals It is a symmetry associated with the fact that electric charge is conserved if we imagine switching off the electromagnetic interaction this symmetry breaking would also result in very low-energy waves like spin waves in a magnet – a massless particle Now comes a great discovery: if we switch on the electromagnetic interaction we can undo the apparent symmetry breaking by a gauge transformation and in fact the photon becomes massive together with a massive neutral particle The neutral scalar excitation in superconductors was discovered 20 years after it was predicted This effortless excursion across traditional boundaries of physics characterised Nambu’s work throughout his career Soon after finishing his work on superconductivity The first thing he noticed was that the Bogoliubov equations describing excitations near the Fermi surface in a superconductor are very similar to the Dirac equation that describes nucleons The energy gap in a superconductor translates to the mass of nucleons The charge symmetry that is spontaneously broken in a superconductor (electromagnetism switched off) also has an analogue – chiral symmetry If the energy gap in a superconductor is a result of spontaneous symmetry breaking of charge symmetry could it be that the mass of a nucleon is the result of spontaneous symmetry breaking of chiral symmetry Unlike the charge symmetry in a superconductor chiral symmetry is a global symmetry that can be truly spontaneously broken leading to a massless particle – which Nambu identified with the pion This is exactly what Nambu proposed in a short paper in 1960 soon followed by two papers with Jona-Lasinio spontaneous symmetry breaking happened in situations where there were constituents (the molecular dipoles in a magnet for example) and the underlying laws did not permit them to arrange themselves maintaining the symmetry proposed that there are situations where spontaneous symmetry breaking can happen in the vacuum of the world vacuum is the name given to “nothing” How can a symmetry be broken – even spontaneously – when there is nothing around The radical nature of this idea has been best described by Phil Anderson: “To me – and perhaps more to his fellow particle theorists – this seemed like a fantastic stretch of imagination had my mind encumbered with the idea that if there was a condensate there was something there…This is why it took a Nambu to break the first symmetry.” Nambu was proposing that the masses of elementary particles have an origin – something we can calculate The revolutionary nature of this idea cannot be overstated Soon after the papers of Nambu and Jona-Lasinio Goldstone came up with a simpler renormalisable model of superconductivity which also illustrates the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking by construction and provided a general proof that such symmetry breaking always leads to a massless particle in 1963 Anderson realised that the mechanism of generating masses for gauge particles that was discovered in superconductivity could be useful in elementary particle physics in the context of the nature of “vacuum of the world” The mechanism was subsequently worked out in full generality by three independent groups and is called the “Higgs mechanism” It became the key to formulating the Standard Model of particle physics by Weinberg and Salam and resulting in our current understanding of electromagnetic and weak forces The analogue of the special massive state in a superconductor is the Higgs particle that chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken in strong interactions the final realisation of this idea had to wait until another work by Nambu The idea that all hadrons (particles that experience strong forces) are made of quarks was proposed by Gell-Mann the quarks that make up nucleons have spin ½ they should be fermions obeying the exclusion principle it appeared that if quarks are indeed the constituents of all hadrons Nambu proposed that quarks possess an attribute that he called “charm” and is now called colour Two quarks may appear identical (and therefore cannot be on top of each other) if their colour is ignored once it is recognised that their colours are different and the usual “exclusion” of fermions does not apply O Greenberg came up with another resolution: he postulated that quarks are not really fermions but something called “para-fermions” which have unconventional properties that are just right to solve the problem it was Nambu’s proposal that turned out to be more fruitful This is because he made another remarkable one: colour is like another kind of electric charge A quark not only produced an ordinary electric field but a new kind of generalised electric field This new kind of electric field causes a new kind of force between quarks and the energy is minimum when the quarks form a colour singlet is the basic strong force that holds the quarks together inside a nucleon This proposal turned out to be essentially correct and is now known as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) Fritzsch and Gell-Mann wrote down the model with correct charge assignments and proposed that only colour singlets occur in the spectrum which would ensure that fractionally charged quarks remain unobserved it was only after the discovery by David Gross and David Politzer in 1973 of “asymptotic freedom” for the generalised electric field that QCD became a candidate theory of the strong interactions It explained the observed scaling properties of the strong interactions at high energies (which probe short distances) and indicated that the force between quarks had a tendency to grow as they were pulled apart which is recognised today as the most promising framework of fundamental physics including gravity had its origins in making sense of strongly interacting elementary particles in the days before the discovery of asymptotic freedom Nielsen and Susskind proposed that many mathematical formulae of the day which originated from Veneziano’s prescient formula could be explained by the hypothesis that the underlying physical objects were strings (one-dimensional objects) rather than point particles This was a radical departure from the “Newtonian” viewpoint that elementary laws of nature are formulated in terms of “particles” or point-like constituents Nambu (and independently Goto) also provided a simple dynamical principle with a large local symmetry for consistent string propagation His famous paper on the string model entitled “Duality and hadrodynamics” was submitted to the Copenhagen High Energy Physics Symposium in 1970 there was a symposium to be held in Copenhagen just before a High Energy Physics Conference in Kiev I set out to California with my family so that they could stay with our friends during my absence Unfortunately our car broke down as we were crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert and we were stranded in a tiny settlement called Wendover for the three days Having missed the flight and the meeting schedules I cancelled the trip in disgust and had a vacation in California instead It is quite common for scientists to become excessively attached to their own creations his work was like placing a few pieces into a giant jigsaw puzzle: he never thought that he had discovered the “ultimate truth” This deep sense of modesty was also a part of his personality coming up with one original idea after another There was a sense of play in the way that he did science: maybe that is why his ideas were sometimes incomprehensible when they first appeared must have had a subconscious influence on some of us in India involved in setting up the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS) where “science is without boundaries” We end with a quote from Nambu’s speech at the Nobel presentation ceremony at the University of Chicago on 10 December 2008 which clearly shows his view of nature: “Nowadays the principle of spontaneous symmetry breaking is the key concept in understanding why the world is so complex as it is in spite of the many symmetry properties in the basic laws that are supposed to govern it • An earlier version of the article appeared in Frontline magazine, see www.frontline.in/other/obituary/a-giant-of-physics/article7593580.ece university research professor and chair of physics and astronomy the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences of TIFR CERN Courier is essential reading for the international high-energy physics community Highlighting the latest research and project developments from around the world CERN Courier offers a unique record of the ongoing endeavour to advance our understanding of the basic laws of nature Metrics details Maintaining ideal body weight and muscle strength through lifestyle modification is essential for improving activities of daily living (ADL) and life expectancy in hypertensive patients The effect of weight reduction in older patients with hypertension We evaluated the prognostic significance of body mass index (BMI) and handgrip strength (HG) in older patients with hypertension Patients were stratified by the combination of BMI and HG COX regression analysis was used to assess the mortality risk A total of 563 patients (age 77 [71–84] years 40% frailty) were followed for a median duration of 41 (34–43) months 59 deaths occurred during the follow-up period Validation of mortality by BMI level revealed that patients with BMI < 22 kg/m2 were likely to have higher mortality risk was associated with a 3.7-fold increased mortality risk The risk of all-cause mortality using BMI combined with HG (adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]) was as follows: (1) Normal HG + 22 kg/m2 ≤ BMI reference; (2) Normal HG + BMI < 22 kg/m2 2.39 (0.12–16.46); (3) Low HG + 22 kg/m2 ≤ BMI 4.01 (1.42–14.38); and (4) Low HG + BMI < 22 kg/m2 These findings demonstrate that weight reduction may deteriorate the mortality risk in older patients with hypertension and new lifestyle modification strategies for improving ADL and prognosis are warranted for older patients with hypertension and risk of all-cause mortality to evaluate the validity of weight reduction in older patients with hypertension and all-cause mortality among Japanese: the JPHC Study Trends for blood pressure and its contribution to stroke incidence in the middle-aged Japanese population: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS) Blood pressure categories and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease according to age group in Japanese men and women Long-term risk of BP values above normal for cardiovascular mortality: a 24-year observation of Japanese aged 30 to 92 years Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis The National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHNS) Japan, 2019. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/bunya/kenkou/eiyou/dl/h24-houkoku.pdf Ueshima H.Age-specific effects of systolic and diastolic blood pressures on mortality due to cardiovascular diseases among Japanese men (NIPPON DATA80 Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019) Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Semlitsch T, Jeitler K, Berghold A, Horvath K, Posch N, Poggenburg S, et al. Long‐term effects of weight‐reducing diets in people with hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008274.PUB3 Rajala S.Body mass index and mortality in the elderly.Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist-hip ratio is associated with a greater risk of death and survival among old and very old persons Effect of lifestyle intervention on metabolic coronary heart disease risk factors in obese older adults Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin The effect of intentional weight loss on all-cause mortality in older adults: results of a randomized controlled weight-loss trial Effect of diet-induced weight loss on muscle strength in adults with overweight or obesity – a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials Moderate exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with intentional caloric restriction-induced weight loss in older Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment Handgrip strength and the prognosis of patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study Grip strength predicts cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and elderly persons Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and mortality among older people Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis and mortality: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing Associations between measures of sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and Mortality: a cohort study and mendelian randomization analysis using the UK Biobank Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men Cardiovascular risk profile and frailty in Japanese outpatients: the Nambu Cohort Study New criteria for “obesity disease” in Japan Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task force on practice guidelines Validity of the Kihon Checklist for assessing frailty status Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Kotani K, Keno Y, Kobayashi T, Tarui S. Simple estimation of ideal body weight from body mass index with the lowest morbidity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1990;10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8227(90)90157-O Hypertension: a companion to Braunwald’s heart disease and all-cause mortality in elderly hypertensives; The Nambu Cohort Study The obesity paradox is mostly driven by decreased noncardiovascular disease mortality in the oldest old in China: a 20-year prospective cohort study Survival in elderly men in relation to midlife and current BMI Voluntary and involuntary weight loss: associations with long term mortality in 9228 middle-aged and elderly men and 18-y mortality in overweight individuals without co-morbidities Weight change and the conservation of lean mass in old age: the Health Control of blood pressure and risk of mortality in a cohort of older adults: the Berlin Initiative Study Systolic blood pressure and mortality in community-dwelling older adults: frailty as an effect modifier Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged ≥75 years: a randomized clinical trial Prevalence and 10-year outcomes of frailty in older adults in relation to deficit accumulation Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis Download references the authors would like to thank Prof Kunitoshi Iseki for his valuable advice regarding the preparation of this paper the authors extend their sincere appreciation to Mr Kuniko Inoue for their dedicated assistance We also thank SciTechEdit International LLC (Highlands Ranch USA) for editorial support during the production of this manuscript Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health TI and HA performed the statistical analysis All authors read and approved the final paper Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-024-01921-2 Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Volume 8 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00033 Applying high-frequency stimulation (HFS) to deep brain structure has now been recognized an effective therapeutic option for a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders DBS targeting the basal ganglia thalamo-cortical loop especially the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) has been widely employed as a successful surgical therapy for movement disorders the neurophysiological mechanism underling the action of DBS remains unclear and is still under debate: does DBS inhibit or excite local neuronal elements we will examine this question and propose the alternative interpretation: DBS dissociates inputs and outputs resulting in disruption of abnormal signal transmission the exact mechanism of the effectiveness remains to be elucidated and discuss the possible mechanism of effectiveness of DBS DBS was originally assumed to inhibit local neuronal elements the most common effect of STN- or GPi-HFS on neighboring neurons was reduction of the firing rates Such multiphasic responses may normalize abnormal firings such as bursting and oscillatory activity in Parkinson’s disease and dystonia as described below HFS activates afferent axons in the stimulated nucleus and the effects vary depending on the composition of the inhibitory and excitatory axon terminals According to the modeling study (McIntyre et al., 2004) subthreshold HFS suppressed intrinsic firings in the cell bodies while suprathreshold HFS generated efferent outputs at the stimulus frequency in the axon without representative activation of the cell bodies although stimulation may fail to activate cell bodies of GPi neurons due to strong GABAergic inhibition it can still excite the efferent axons and provide inhibitory inputs to the thalamus at the stimulus frequency suggesting that therapeutic effects of STN-DBS may be exclusively accounted for activation of cortico-STN afferent axons signal transmission of such abnormal activities to the thalamus and motor cortex would be responsible for motor symptoms disruption of the abnormal information flow could suppress expression of motor symptoms This mechanism may explain the paradox that GPi-DBS produces similar therapeutic effects to lesions of the GPi: both GPi-DBS and GPi-lesion interrupt abnormal information flow through the GPi Note that the pattern of cortically evoked responses of a SNr neuron during STN-DBS is similar to that of a GPi neuron after STN blocking The mechanism may explain the paradox that DBS produces similar therapeutic effects to lesions or silencing of the nucleus Mechanism underling effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (DBS) DBS activates axon terminals in the stimulated nucleus and induces release of large amount of neurotransmitters and dissociates inputs and outputs in the stimulated nucleus resulting in disruption of abnormal information flow through the cortico-basal ganglia loop This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) 21240039 the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Strategic Japanese-German Cooperative Programme and Brain Machine Interface Development under the Strategic Research Program for Brain Sciences to Atsushi Nambu and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) 25430021 to Satomi Chiken and Keiko Matsuzawa for technical assistance Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease does not produce striatal dopamine release Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Selective attenuation of afferent synaptic transmission as a mechanism of thalamic deep brain stimulation-induced tremor arrest Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Effects of high-frequency stimulation in the internal globus pallidus on the activity of thalamic neurons in the awake monkey Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus for the alleviation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in the primate Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Complex locking rather than complete cessation of neuronal activity in the globus pallidus of a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primate in response to pallidal microstimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Adenosine is crucial for deep brain stimulation-mediated attenuation of tremor Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Chronic electrical stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus as a treatment of movement disorders Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Acute and long-term effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Reversal of rigidity and improvement in motor performance by subthalamic high-frequency stimulation in MPTP-treated monkeys Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Physiological aspects of information processing in the basal ganglia of normal and parkinsonian primates Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High-frequency stimulation produces a transient blockade of voltage-gated currents in subthalamic neurons Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Functional imaging of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High frequency stimulation of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) simultaneously improves parkinsonian symptoms and reduces the firing frequency of GPi neurons in the MPTP-treated monkey Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Alleviation of parkinsonism by antagonism of excitatory amino acid transmission in the medial segment of the globus pallidus in rat and primate Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Abnormal oscillatory synchronisation in the motor system leads to impaired movement Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High-frequency pallidal stimulation disrupts information flow through the pallidum by GABAergic inhibition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cortically-evoked long-lasting inhibition of pallidal neurons in a transgenic mouse model of dystonia Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in patients with primary generalized dystonia: long-term results Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease Study Group Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus or the pars interna of the globus pallidus in Parkinson’s disease Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation restores altered electrophysiological properties of cortical neurons in parkinsonian rat Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Microstimulation-induced inhibition of neuronal firing in human globus pallidus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Short-term depression of synaptic transmission during stimulation in the globus pallidus of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primates Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Astrocytes coordinate synaptic networks: balanced excitation and inhibition Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Stimulation-induced inhibition of neuronal firing in human subthalamic nucleus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Biochemical and electrophysiological changes of substantia nigra pars reticulata driven by subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Optical deconstruction of parkinsonian neural circuitry Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Injection of excitatory amino acid antagonists into the medial pallidal segment of a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treated primate reverses motor symptoms of parkinsonism Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pathological synchronization in Parkinson’s disease: networks Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus changes the firing pattern of pallidal neurons Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text A template subtraction method for stimulus artifact removal in high-frequency deep brain stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cortical and subcortical blood flow effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation in PD Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus does not increase the striatal dopamine concentration in parkinsonian humans Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pallidal deep brain stimulation modulates afferent fibers Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Functional magnetic resonance imaging during deep brain stimulation: a pilot study in four patients with Parkinson’s disease Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Quantifying the neural elements activated and inhibited by globus pallidus deep brain stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Mechanisms and targets of deep brain stimulation in movement disorders Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cortical stimulation evokes abnormal responses in the dopamine-depleted rat basal ganglia Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High-frequency unilateral thalamic stimulation in the treatment of essential and parkinsonian tremor Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Translational principles of deep brain stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Lafreniere-Roula High-frequency microstimulation in human globus pallidus and substantia nigra Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Deep brain stimulation changes basal ganglia output nuclei firing pattern in the dystonic hamster Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Neurotransmitter release from high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Lidocaine and muscimol microinjections in subthalamic nucleus reverse Parkinsonian symptoms Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Resonant antidromic cortical circuit activation as a consequence of high-frequency subthalamic deep-brain stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Therapeutic deep brain stimulation in Parkinsonian rats directly influences motor cortex Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Effect of parkinsonian signs and symptoms of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High frequency deep brain stimulation: what are the therapeutic mechanisms Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Spontaneous and evoked activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons during high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus in the parkinsonian primate: local entrainment and suppression of low-frequency oscillations Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Present understanding and future questions Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus enhances striatal dopamine release and metabolism in rats Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Subthalamic high frequency stimulation resets subthalamic firing and reduces abnormal oscillations Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Computational analysis of subthalamic nucleus and lenticular fasciculus activation during therapeutic deep brain stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Effects of GPi stimulation on human thalamic neuronal activity Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Dynamic stereotypic responses of Basal Ganglia neurons to subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation in the parkinsonian primate Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Treatment of dystonia with deep brain stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Effect of deep brain stimulation of GPI on neuronal activity of the thalamic nucleus ventralis oralis in a dystonic patient Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Subthalamic deep brain stimulation increases pallidal firing rate and regularity Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Long-term efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor: double-blind assessments Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Signals through the striatopallidal indirect pathway stop movements by phasic excitation in the substantia nigra Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Basal ganglia neural responses during behaviorally effective deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats performing a treadmill locomotion test Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High frequency stimulation or elevated K+ depresses neuronal activity in the rat entopeduncular nucleus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Differential synaptic innervation of neurons in the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus by the GABA- and glutamate-containing terminals in the squirrel monkey Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus evokes striatal dopamine release in a large animal model of human DBS neurosurgery Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Bilateral chronic electrostimulation of ventroposterolateral pallidum: a new therapeutic approach for alleviating all parkinsonian symptoms Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Chronic electrical stimulation of the VL-VPL complex and of the pallidum in the treatment of movement disorders: personal experience since 1982 Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Synaptic innervation of neurones in the internal pallidal segment by the subthalamic nucleus and the external pallidum in monkeys Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Subthalamic stimulation activates internal pallidus: evidence from cGMP microdialysis in PD patients Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Subthalamo-pallidal interactions underlying parkinsonian neuronal oscillations in the primate basal ganglia Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Electrophysiological and metabolic evidence that high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus bridles neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra reticulata Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Deep brain stimulation results in local glutamate and adenosine release: investigation into the role of astrocytes Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Deep brain stimulation and the role of astrocytes Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text High-frequency firing helps replenish the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Effects of high-frequency stimulation on subthalamic neuronal activity in parkinsonian patients Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text A digital averaging method for removal of stimulus artifacts in neurophysiologic experiments Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Changes in motor behavior and neuronal activity in the internal pallidum induced by subthalamic inactivation in the MPTP model of parkinsonism Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Deep brain stimulation for neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Effects of high frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus on extracellular glutamate and GABA in substantia nigra and globus pallidus in the normal rat Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pallidal origin of GABA release within the substantia nigra pars reticulata during high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Does stimulation of the GPi control dyskinesia by activating inhibitory axons Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547 Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Citation: Chiken S and Nambu A (2014) Disrupting neuronal transmission: mechanism of DBS Received: 26 August 2013; Accepted: 19 February 2014; Published online: 14 March 2014 Copyright © 2014 Chiken and Nambu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Atsushi Nambu, Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan e-mail:bmFtYnVAbmlwcy5hYy5qcA== “Yoichiro Nambu is no more,” says former student Madhusree Mukerjee “and with him is gone an era in physics.” The Japan-born physicist and professor emeritus at the University of Chicago died July 5 of an acute heart attack In 1960, six years after he joined UChicago as a research associate, Nambu introduced a mathematical model to describe “spontaneous symmetry breaking.” Now a cornerstone of the Standard Model of particle physics, this phenomenon helps explain how subatomic particles interact, governed by fundamental forces of nature. Almost 50 years later, Nambu was a corecipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of this mechanism During a speech in Chicago after winning the Nobel Nambu explained spontaneous symmetry breaking with an analogy: when a group gathers in a large people tend to look in different directions But sometimes when one person looks in one direction everyone else starts looking in that direction too Inquiry has gathered a selection of praise and memories of the “gentle genius” from his colleagues and students who carry on his legacy through their own research and work We invite you to share your stories of Nambu in the comments below Part of [the delay] had to do with the fact that he was very modest, and did not cheerlead for himself. In the real world, people campaign for the Nobel. He was not like that. He thought the work should speak for itself.—Jeffrey Harvey, Enrico Fermi Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Physics (New York Times, July 17, 2015) He was a magician. He would pull one rabbit out of the hat, and another, and then suddenly the rabbits would arrange themselves in a pattern and start dancing in a way you’d never seen before. Where he got the idea, you could never imagine.—Peter G. O. Freund, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Physics (New York Times, July 17, 2015) Although my name gets thrown around in this context, it was Nambu who showed how fermion masses would be generated in a way that was analogous to the formation of the energy gap in a superconductor.—Peter Higgs, Professor Emeritus in the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh (Physics World, July 17, 2015) For more stories and insight into Nambu’s life and work, read the transcript and listen to audio clips of a 2004 interview conducted by the Niels Bohr Library and Archives For 40 years UChicago’s MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics has built a bridge between clinical practice and ethical inquiry came to rediscover dozens of forgotten crops and preserve Southern culinary heritage The University of Chicago and the defense of John Thomas Scopes Many millennials aren’t sure about having children The University of Chicago Magazine (ISSN-0041-9508) is published quarterly by the University of Chicago in cooperation with UChicago Alumni. Published continuously since 1907.AccessibilityPrivacy Policy Metrics details Epidemiologic findings indicate that unfavorable cardiovascular (CV) risk profiles such as elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) have evaluated the association between the CV risk profile and frailty We performed a cross-sectional analysis using the baseline data of a prospective cohort study 50%) were analyzed in an outpatient setting Frailty was diagnosed in 37% of the patients according to the Kihon Checklist score An unfavorable CV risk profile was associated with a lower risk of frailty The adjusted odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence interval [CI]) of each CV risk factor for frailty were as follows: SBP (each 10 mmHg increase) 0.83 (0.72–0.95) LDL-C (each 10 mg/dl increase) 0.96 (0.86–1.05) and body mass index (each 1 kg/m2 increase) 1.03 (0.97–1.10) the total number of CV risk factors within the optimal range was significantly associated with the risk of frailty with the following ORs (95% CI): 1 4.79 (1.56–18.05) compared with patients having no risk factors within optimal levels (p for trend 0.008) Abnormal homeostasis might lead to lower levels of CV risk factors which together result in “reverse metabolic syndrome.” Our findings indicate that a favorable CV risk profile is associated with frailty There are currently no guidelines for the management of CV risk factors in this spectrum of subjects and no optimal levels have been established we evaluated the CV risk profile of patients with frailty in an outpatient setting Blood pressure and resting heart rate were recorded using an automatic blood pressure monitor (HBP-9020 Japan) after having the subject sit for 10 min Body weight and height were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm with the subjects wearing light indoor clothing and no shoes Body mass index was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2) All blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein after an overnight fast Fasting plasma glucose was measured using the hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured by enzymatic methods High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was measured by a direct method The hemoglobin A1c level was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and platelet count were quantified using an automated blood cell counter Grip strength was measured with a Smedley-type (mechanical) handgrip dynamometer (TTM Cardiovascular risk factors included hypertension Optimal CV risk control levels were defined as BP < 140/90 mmHg and LDL-C < 140 if the patients did not have CAD and <100 mg/dl if the patients had CAD or used statins Well-trained medical assistants asked the patients about the content of the Kihon Checklist before the medical examination and recorded the patients’ responses The clinical characteristics of the study population stratified by frailty were compared using a one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables according to the normality of the distributions and chi-square test for categorical variables The distribution normality was evaluated using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Continuous data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges) and categorical data are presented as frequencies The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for frailty were calculated after adjusting for confounding variables using multiple logistic regression analysis Statistical analyses were performed using JMP 9.0.2 (SAS Institute Inc. and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Social Medical Corporation Yuaikai Adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for frailty of 599 patients in the Nambu Cohort Study The results of the present analysis demonstrated that frailty is significantly associated with lower BP and a tendency toward a lower LDL-C but not with BMI levels a higher number of CV risk factors within the optimal level accelerates the risk of frailty these findings are the first to demonstrate an association between CV risk level and the accumulation of CV risk factors with frailty our results indicated no association between BMI and frailty A strength of the present study is that it confirms the association between the favorable CV risk profile and frailty Frailty is a systemic phenomenon in elderly patients with disrupted homeostasis Physicians should pay more attention to the levels of CV risk factors—not only their increase but also their decline An unexpected decline in the risk factor level might also indicate frailty the optimal BP/lipid level for subjects with frailty is not clear frailty may be a useful indicator for screening subjects for whom “lower is better” and subjects for whom excessive control is a risk factor patients who required assistance to walk and nursing home residents were part of the population included in the original database used for this study To classify all the patients as ambulatory we excluded those patients with a Kihon Checklist score of 5 (the worst) in the physical function section might not provide an accurate representation of ambulatory patients patients in this study were recruited from a hospital or clinic the patients in this study were quite different from the general population the patients were residents of a relatively limited region—the southern part of Okinawa Although the results of the present analysis are consistent with previous findings caution should be taken in generalizing the results this was a cross-sectional observational study with the inherent limitations and biases of such studies It is unclear whether the optimal risk level leads to undesired outcomes A prospective study to evaluate these issues is warranted A favorable CV risk profile was associated with frailty in an outpatient setting Colucci WS, Chen HH. Natriuretic peptide measurement in heart failure - UpToDate. 2020. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/natriuretic-peptide-measurement-in-heart-failure ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guideline Blood pressure and mortality risk in the elderly Body mass index and mortality in the elderly Download references Rie Kubota for their dedicated work and Mr The authors extend their sincere appreciation to Mr TI performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript HA also performed the statistical analysis and participated in drafting the manuscript AM and KO participated in study coordination All authors read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0427-z Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker Metrics details Visionary theorist who shaped modern particle physics Turner is professor of astronomy and astrophysics and director of the Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago Reprints and permissions Download citation A research team at Osaka University has successfully developed an ultra-compact microresonator device fundamentally different from conventional wavelength conversion devices This breakthrough has allowed the device to generate vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light with a wavelength of 199 nm through wavelength conversion With the rapid advancement of IoT (Internet of Things) and 5G (fifth-generation mobile communication systems) technologies there is an increasing demand for VUV laser light with wavelengths below 200 nm Such light can be precisely focused into ultra-small spots making it ideal for applications like micromachining and the inspection of wafers and photomasks existing VUV laser sources are typically large gas lasers with high operational costs underscoring the need for next-generation light sources that are compact While wavelength conversion technology holds promise for realizing all-solid-state VUV laser sources traditional device structures combined with wavelength conversion crystals fall short of meeting the requirements for these advanced systems developing wavelength conversion devices with innovative structures and crystals has become essential The SBO microresonator-based SHG device developed by the team offers a potential replacement for conventional large-scale VUV laser systems enabling compact and highly efficient next-generation light sources similar configurations could be adapted to create devices that utilize other nonlinear optical effects beyond SHG by leveraging the extremely small wavelength conversion layer broadband photon pair generation devices could be developed These devices have the potential to facilitate high-resolution imaging of water-rich organs within the body—a challenging task for conventional optical coherence tomography (OCT)—which could advance the early detection and treatment of diseases Lead author Tomoaki Nambu says “Our efforts are now focused on realizing an integrated deep ultraviolet light source with an emphasis on practical social implementation.” 1Schematic of SBO microcavity SHG device.Credit: Tomoaki Nambu (a) Spectra of 199 nm SH wave pumped by 398 nm fundamental wave (red: SH wave (b) Dependence of SH wave intensity on fundamental wave power (c) Dependence of SH wave intensity on central SH wavelength.Credit: Tomoaki Nambu All-Solid-State VUV laser source: (a) Conventional complex system (b) simplified system enabled by the SBO microcavity SHG device.Credit: Tomoaki Nambu The article, “199 nm vacuum-ultraviolet second harmonic generation from SrB4O7 vertical microcavity pumped with picosecond laser,” was published in Applied Physics Express at DOI: https://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ad69fe Tomoaki Nambu (researchmap)AlphaGalileoAsia Research News Copyright © The University of Osaka Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article also helped earn him a share of Israel’s Wolf Prize in physics (1994/95) All right, I should probably clarify that the Japanese Type 94 isn’t the worst military pistol I can think of. There are a few Chinese contenders right out front But it certainly had a cumbersome appearance and a fatal flaw Kijiro Nambu had been working on a Campo-Giro descended pistol with an external hammer and under-barrel locking block years before the Imperial Japanese Army approached him for a new handgun The Nambu Type 14’s weak striker and large size was becoming a problem More importantly it was slow to manufacture and chambered in the standard 8mm Nambu cartridge These shortcuts on milling ultimately brought about the now infamous problem A trigger bar runs the length of the lest side of the pistol and sits nested in the frame The channel milled for it was never covered and nearly its whole length is exposed This would be a minor issue but the bar does not operate by being lifted or pushed back as in so many other pistols with the front being drawn in by a trigger pull and the back being drawn out I’ve included a top-down animation of the offending bits to help this description just a few short millimeters into the front of the exposed trigger bar’s front results in a discharge this didn’t seem to be a major issue for the Japanese soldiers The manual safety simply covers the rear of the trigger bar the location of the sensitive spot wasn’t likely to be squeezed so narrowly I know of no reports of accidental discharge or any complaints in the IJA Othais is practically useless with modern firearms because he specializes in Curio and Relic military pieces and has agreed to decorate The Firearm Blog with a little history with the help of his friends and the collector community More by Othais itallian s Glisenti Model 1910 made a shit pistol was worst than the chine Although issued in large numbers I'd put the Russian/Soviet Nagant M1895 revolver up there for worst ever but with a double action trigger pull of 20 pounds or more an utterly pointless forward moving cylinder to seal the cylinder gap and a terribly anemic 7.62x38 wadcutter bullet which had to be buried in the case due to the gas sealing idea this revolver was a solution to a problem that didn't really matter and an extractor reminiscent of the Colt Peacemaker but 100 times more slow and crudely manufactured with no return spring I own one of these revolvers as many others do and I like shooting that dumb little revolver Nambu tekki is one of Japan's most profitable crafts Here is everything you need to know about Iwate's unique metalwork A 300-year-old Nambu iron bell hung across from the massive room where specialized workers molded iron kettles applied the polish and carefully packed the finished product in boxes in simple On a trip to not one, not two, but three factories in Iwate Prefecture specializing in the region’s Nambu tekki colors and prices for the iron kettles sitting on the shelves was eye-popping but because of its recognition at a national level Nambu tekki is often considered the best metalwork in Japan and collectors across the world are willing to pay top dollar wasn’t as coveted as it is now until the 17th century which ruled the region for a few centuries gathered the best metal workers in the country to define Iwate’s timeless ironware Nambu tekki is often described as a premium type of cast iron known for its incredible durability when the craft was making its first waves in the country households who could afford it would order custom teapots or kettles with detailed and evocative designs made to hand down to future generations In Japan, Iwate’s ironware is not only used at home, but also during traditional tea ceremony kettles are used to boil water used to serve tea but the cast iron here is said to play a crucial role in the flavoring of the tea or in this case a tetsubin (Japanese iron kettle) Kettles made from Nambu cast iron are left in a rather raw state with the water chamber often left bare or protected with a thin layer of urushi lacquer It is believed that the minerals that leak into the boiling water make tea taste a little bit sweeter and some even believe that regular use by those with iron deficiency can substitute iron supplements Though tetsubin and teapots are by far the most sought-after Nambu iron product there are plenty of other household items you can purchase There are many more kitchen tools made of the coveted material that promise the same durability but are perhaps more suited to your cooking style Cooks with a preference for Western cuisine will know that a cast iron pan is one of the best kitchen tools you can invest in. If you live in Japan, then why not shop local Other traditional items made of Nambu ironware are furin (Japanese windchimes) small garden decorations and even some chopsticks holders Easier (and much lighter) to pack in your luggage If you are experiencing difficulty accessing information on the Florida Atlantic University website due to a disability, visit the website accessibility page. The World Athletics Heritage Plaques awarded to Japanese Olympic champions Chuhei Nambu and Mikio Oda have been put on permanent display in the Japan Olympic Museum in Tokyo’s Olympic Park The two plaques sit next to each other in a display case by a window which appropriately overlooks the former site of Meiji Jingu Gaien Stadium in which Nambu set a world long jump record of 7.98m in 1931 The stadium was the main venue for the 1930 Far Eastern Games and was demolished in 1956 to make room for the National Stadium that hosted the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games Chuhei Nambu and Mikio Oda's plaques on display in the Japan Olympic Museum The museum’s display opened on 24 May in time for the visit last week of a World Athletics delegation who were in Tokyo to evaluate the city’s bid for the 2025 World Athletics Championships The World Athletics Heritage Plaque is a location-based recognition awarded for 'an outstanding contribution to the worldwide history and development of the sport of track and field athletics and of out-of-stadia athletics disciplines such as cross country Nambu, the 1932 Olympic triple jump champion, is the first and to date only man to have held the world record in both the long jump and the triple jump. Nambu was among the inaugural 12 recipients of the World Athletics Heritage Plaque when the creation of the honour was announced by World Athletics President in December 2018 Oda, who won the 1928 Olympic triple jump gold medal, was Japan’s first ever Olympic champion across all sports. The plaque honouring Oda’s career, during which he also broke the triple jump world record in 1931, was announced in December last year to mark the staging of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.  On 29 April at the Oda Memorial Meeting in Hiroshima Mikio Oda’s sons Masao and Kazuo Oda were first presented with the plaque which now rests permanently in the Japan Olympic Museum The World Athletics Plaque, which in 2019 was awarded to the Hakone Ekiden, the oldest ekiden relay (marathon relay) in the world has also been officially presented in Japan.  The Hakone Ekiden Heritage Plaque is presented World Athletics Council Member Hiroshi Yokokawa made the presentation to Masahiro Ariyoshi President of the Intern-University Athletics Union of Kanto the organisation which organises the annual ekiden The plaque will now go on permanent display in the Hakone Ekiden Museum in Hakone which is officially called Tokyo-Hakone Round-Trip College Ekiden Race It is one of the most prominent university ekiden races of the year annually held between Tokyo and Hakone in Japan on 2-3 January Heritage Plaque presented in Ostrava honours .. Leather 'heralded at last' with Heritage Plaq.. 'The National' receives Heritage Plaque at it.. iceWorks latest is the portable synth for you Despite hitting the market with the legendary DX7 in 1983 (after first testing the concept with the GS-1 two years earlier) the sound of FM synthesis is as popular as ever Forgoing the oscillators and waveforms of analogue synthesis to that point FM synthesis used ‘frequency modulation’ between sine waves to create amazing modulation loops of simple sounds that compete and contrast against each other to fill out the full range of frequencies.  The results were otherwise impossible to produce new sounds and countless eerie digital sounds all their own Now comes iceGear Instruments new plug-in Nambu – a new 6-operator FM synth that ISN’T designed to copy the FM synths and sounds from 40 years ago Nambu’s trick is its semi-modular approach to building sounds equally powerful operators (sine waveforms) in a host of combinations that only mathematicians could fully understand Nambu features six operator types that lead to an altogether more structured and logical way of building sounds.  The DX7, while great sounding, was notoriously difficult to program leading to many users simply sticking to the 64 presets that came on board.  Nambu’s operator types are: FM Operator Oscillator Operator (an analogue synth style oscillator) each name providing a clue as to what each unique FM operator does best and instantly leading the programmer to better ‘visualise’ and build the sound they wish to make Stack simple FM Operators DX7-style or go more analogue with a waveform from the Osciallator Operator All six are then combined not in the usual range of paired stacked and pre-routed ‘algorithms’ used previously but in your own unique builds and structures that can go far beyond the 32 available on the original DX7 delay and reverb and you’ve got a while new way of building FM-style sounds There’s even its own sequencer and programmable arpegiator on board And, of course, thanks to the multi-touch interface of your favourite iOS compatible device – be it iPhone or iPad – you can touch edit and understand more parameters than has ever been possible before with FM atonal drones and microtonal sequences that reinvent themselves each time you dare to touch the synth”: Soma Laboratories Lyra-4 review “A superb-sounding and well thought-out pro-end keyboard”: Roland V-Stage 88 & 76-note keyboards review “There are very few artists whose best work was the very last thing they ever did in their lives”: Ronnie James Dio is the exception that proves the rule Metrics details A Comment to this article was published on 16 December 2021 Antihypertensive therapy is pivotal for reducing cardiovascular events The 2019 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension set a target blood pressure (BP) of <140/90 mmHg for persons older than 75 years of age Optimal BP levels for older persons with frailty are controversial because evidence for the relationship between BP level and prognosis by frailty status is limited we evaluated the relationship between systolic BP and frailty status with all-cause mortality in ambulatory older hypertensive patients using data from the Nambu Cohort study A total of 535 patients (age 78 [70–84] years 37% with frailty) were prospectively followed for a mean duration of 41 (34–43) months Mortality rates stratified by systolic BP and frailty status were lowest in patients with systolic BP < 140 mmHg and non-frailty followed by those with systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and non-frailty Patients with frailty had the highest mortality regardless of the BP level The adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of each category for all-cause mortality were as follows: ≥140 mmHg/Non-frailty 3.19 (1.12–11.40) and ≥140 mmHg/Frailty 3.56 (1.16–13.40) compared with <140 mmHg/Non-frailty as a reference These results indicated that frail patients have a poor prognosis regardless of their BP levels with systolic BP levels <140 mmHg had a better prognosis Frailty may be a marker to differentiate patients who are likely to gain benefit from antihypertensive medication among older hypertensives there is no consensus on the optimal BP level for hypertensive patients with frailty which currently relies on the clinician’s experience we examined how frailty status affects initial BP levels and subsequent mortality rate in older hypertensive patients using data from the Nambu Cohort Study a prospective observational study of older outpatients A trained nurse measured the patient’s height and body weight before the outpatient examination Body weight and height were measured with the patient in indoor clothing without shoes Blood pressure (BP) was measured once in the sitting using an automatic BP monitor (HBP-9020 Japan) after resting for about 10 min on either the left or right upper arm All blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein after overnight fasting Enzymatic methods were used to measure serum creatinine and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the direct method was used to measure high-density lipoprotein cholesterol The hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method was used to measure fasting plasma glucose High-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the hemoglobin A1c level Blood cell measurements such as leukocyte count A Smedley-type (mechanical) hand grip dynamometer (TTM Well-trained medical staff asked the patients about the content of the KCL before the medical examination and recorded the patients’ responses Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) and categorical variables as percentages The median values of continuous variables were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to evaluate the distribution normality The mortality rate was calculated as the total number of outcomes during the follow-up period divided by 100 patient-years the patients were stratified into two groups according to their frailty status with robust and pre-frail being considered non-frail A multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model to evaluate the relationship of BP and frailty status with all-cause mortality Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for age and antihypertensive drug use such as calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors Interaction between systolic BP and frailty was investigated by adding interaction terms to the statistical models Statistical analyses performed using JMP 9.0.2 (SAS Institute Inc. The study design was approved by the local ethics committee (Social Medical Corporation Yuaikai Japan H30R009) and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki Distribution of the Kihon Checklist score of 535 hypertensive patients in the Nambu Cohort Study Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for all-cause mortality for the combination of blood pressure and frailty status of 535 hypertensive patients in the Nambu Cohort Study Re-evaluation of those patients aged 75 years or older revealed that HRs increased and 95% CIs varied more but the trend was the same as for all patients (Data are not shown).The marginal significance of an interaction between systolic BP and frailty partly supports these results (P = 0.085 for interaction) Graphical Abstract: In elderly hypertensives higher blood pressure levels are associated with an increased risk of death in non-frailty while frailty has a greater mortality risk regardless of blood pressure levels while the level of each cardiovascular risk factor is somewhat reduced In prescribing antihypertensive therapy for older patients these characteristics of frailty should be kept in mind the BP values in SPRINT are not measured in a typical office setting Extrapolation of results obtained in such a particular group of patients to the real world is not feasible the assessment of the association between BP levels and prognosis in older people should carefully be interpreted The results of the present Nambu Cohort study reconsidered in conjunction with existing evidence frail patients have a higher risk of all-cause mortality regardless of BP level non-frail patients have a lower risk of all-cause mortality with lower BP levels The absence of an interaction between systolic BP and frailty supports these results The U-shaped relationship between systolic BP level and all-cause mortality shown in epidemiologic studies of older hypertensive patients can be explained by the combination of frailty and systolic BP levels Randomized controlled trials in older patients and there are many challenges in generalizing their results Individually assessed indications of potential benefits and harms of antihypertensive therapy rely mainly on the clinician’s experience Our results are consistent with the JSH2019 recommendations and suggest that an assessment of frailty has an essential role in determining the treatment strategy for older hypertensive patients While antihypertensive therapy aimed at <140 mmHg may be effective in older non-frail patients weaning a patient from frailty should be prioritized over therapy targeting BP levels in frail patients Frailty may be an important marker to distinguish whether antihypertensive therapy aiming for systolic BP < 140 mmHg can reduce all-cause mortality in older hypertensive patients the results of this study were derived from a prospective cohort analysis we may not have been able to rule out the effects of confounding factors and the results show only an association and not causation the patients in this study were outpatients of a hospital or clinic Therefore it is undeniable that discrepancies exist in the interpretation of the results with the general population or nursing home residents because β-blockers and diuretics are often administered for heart failure and angiotensin receptor blockers were evaluated as antihypertensive agents BP values were evaluated using only the BP obtained at the initial office visit but BP values during the follow-up were not considered the patients were residents of a relatively limited area—the southern part of Okinawa Although the present analysis results were consistent with previous findings these issues should be considered when interpreting the results of the present study The results of this prospective cohort study of ambulatory hypertensive patients indicated that frail patients had a higher risk of all-cause mortality than non-frail patients systolic BP < 140 mmHg was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality Frailty may be a useful marker for determining whether antihypertensive treatment is effective for reducing all-cause mortality in older hypertensive patients Fujiyoshi A, Ohkubo T, Miura K, Murakami Y, Nagasawa S-YY, Okamura T, et al. Blood pressure categories and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease according to age group in Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res. 2012;35:947–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2012.87 Arima H, Tanizaki Y, Yonemoto K, Doi Y, Ninomiya T, Hata J, et al. Impact of blood pressure levels on different types of stroke: the Hisayama study. J Hypertens. 2009;27:2437–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328330e882 Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2016;387:957–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8 Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2014;32:2285–95. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000000378 Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b1665 Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8 Shimamoto K, Ando K, Fujita T, Hasebe N, Higaki J, Horiuchi M, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens Res. 2014;37:253–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2014.20 Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42:1235–481. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0284-9 Xue Q-L. The frailty syndrome: definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009 Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173:489–95. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.050051 Ramsay SE, Arianayagam DS, Whincup PH, Lennon LT, Cryer J, Papacosta AO, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile and frailty in a population-based study of older British men. Heart. 2015;101:616–22. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306472 Matsuoka M, Inoue T, Shinjo T, Miiji A, Tamashiro M, Oba K, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile and frailty in Japanese outpatients: the Nambu Cohort Study. Hypertens Res. 2020;43:817–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-020-0427-z Yanagita I, Fujihara Y, Eda T, Tajima M, Yonemura K, Kawajiri T, et al. Low glycated hemoglobin level is associated with severity of frailty in Japanese elderly diabetes patients. J Diabetes Investig. 2018;9:419–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12698 Rådholm K, Festin K, Falk M, Midlöv P, Mölstad S, Östgren CJ. Blood pressure and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of nursing home residents. Age Ageing. 2016;45:826–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw122 Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, Berlowitz DR, Campbell RC, Chertow GM, et al. Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged ≥75 Years: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:2673–82. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.7050 Arai H, Satake S. English translation of the Kihon Checklist. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2015;15:518–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12397 Satake S, Senda K, Hong Y-J, Miura H, Endo H, Sakurai T, et al. Validity of the Kihon Checklist for assessing frailty status. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016;16:709–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12543 Hypertension: a Companion to Braunwald’s Heart Disease - 3rd ed J Endocrinol Invest 2002;25(10 Suppl):10–5 Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet (Lond, Engl). 2013;381:752–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9 Efficacy and safety of routine blood pressure lowering in older patients with diabetes: results from the ADVANCE trial JATOS Study Group. Principal results of the Japanese trial to assess optimal systolic blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients (JATOS). Hypertens Res. 2008;31:2115–27. https://doi.org/10.1291/hypres.31.2115 SPS3 Study Group, Benavente OR, Coffey CS, Conwit R, Hart RG, McClure LA, et al. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomised trial. Lancet (London, England). 2013; 382: 507–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60852-1 SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 151109120153006. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939 Wei Y, Jin Z, Shen G, Zhao X, Yang W, Zhong Y, et al. Effects of Intensive Antihypertensive Treatment on Chinese Hypertensive Patients Older Than 70 Years. J Clin Hypertens. 2013;15:420–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12094 Rockwood K, Andrew M, Mitnitski A. A comparison of two approaches to measuring frailty in elderly people. J Gerontol - Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62:738–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.7.738 Douros A, Tölle M, Ebert N, Gaedeke J, Huscher D, Kreutz R, et al. Control of blood pressure and risk of mortality in a cohort of older adults: the Berlin Initiative Study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2021–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz071 Okumiya K, Matsubayashi K, Wada T, Fujisawa M, Osaki Y, Doi Y, et al. A U-shaped association between home systolic blood pressure and four-year mortality in community-dwelling older men. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:1415–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01559.x Delgado J, Masoli JAH, Bowman K, Strain WD, Kuchel GA, Walters K, et al. Outcomes of Treated Hypertension at Age 80 and Older: Cohort Analysis of 79,376 Individuals. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65:995–1003. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14712 Lv Y Bin, Gao X, Yin ZX, Chen HS, Luo JS, Brasher MS, et al. Revisiting the association of blood pressure with mortality in oldest old people in China: Community based, longitudinal prospective study. BMJ. 2018; 361. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2158 Download references The authors are grateful to Ms Makiko Chinen and Dr Asuka Miiji for their dedicated work and Mr Makoto Ohmine for retrieving the data the authors extend their sincere appreciation to Mr Kazuhide Nizato and Ms Kuniko Inoue for their dedicated assistance Nanbu Medical Center and Children’s Medical Center Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-021-00769-0 The Type 94 Nambu may well be the most dangerous pistol to ever enter into military service as it features one crippling feature that could result in a fatal injury to the user under the right (or wrong) circumstances What you’re looking at isn’t something I cobbled together out of spare bits of metal in my garage We’ve taken a look at the Type 14 in the past So this is just about the ugliest firearm I’ve ever seen as it looks like it was made by a fellow who had a little too much shochu before heading in to work While the late-war Japanese firearms all generally look pretty bad There have been some horrendous service pistols adopted however Before we get into it the Type 94 is chambered in 8mm Nambu a bottleneck cartridge that only delivers about as much energy as.380 and are loaded by depressing a small tab on the right side The pistols are locked by means of a short falling block that is mechanically interesting there isn’t a whole bunch about this gun that isn’t let’s hit the range and see why the Type 94 is so dangerous (magazine slides in) I’m gonna fire a couple of shots just to make sure it works okay (pistol fires) (pistol fires) (pistol fires) (pistol fires) (pistol fires) You know really it’s not a terrible shooting pistol but the problem is you don’t have to pull the trigger to shoot it And that’s gonna be that right there Now (bolt releases with a metallic clink) you heard it release right there that could rub something and go off in your leg There’s all kinds of rumors and stuff that the Japanese would surrender to Americans like this I don’t know if those are substantiated or not but I’m gonna demonstrate one more time (cycles pistol) that you can in fact fire it without touching the trigger (pistol fires) And now of course that kills the let me see if I can fire it one more time here (pistol fires) (dry fires) (cycles pistol) (dry fires) (cycles pistol) (pistol fires) So yeah compete in IDPA and not ever have to touch the trigger on this pistol not the most handsome pistol I’ve ever seen (pistol fires) (pistol fires) (pistol fires) (pistol fires) (pistol fires) (pistol fires) All right I’m going to see if I can accurately shoot this gun without pulling the trigger (pistol fires) (cycles pistol) (pistol fires) (cycles pistol) (pistol fires) Three out of three So something tells me that the Type 94 would not make it through a modern firearm manufacturer’s legal department Other people also basically become apologists for this pistol and say that it was meant to be carried without a round in the chamber and with the safety on at all times The safety of course only blocks the movement of the sear bar which is actually kind of funny in and of itself they made over 70,000 of these and the fact that something like that could happen if you were holstering your pistol it’s possible that you could bump that sear bar and shoot yourself in the leg That is not something you want to happen if you’re stuck inside of a tank or It’s extremely dangerous if you don’t know what you’re doing I kind of barely know what I’m doing every time I take this thing out it’s bizarre And you show people that this was designed this way And that’s the most shocking part is that other Japanese firearms are spectacular There was a biography of some world war two soldier or Marine translator who observed a pep talk by a Japanese Officer to his men before going on a banzai attack about half way through the talk with lots of gestures pistol in hand the Officer accidentally shot himself and died where upon all the men were some disheartened or emboldened killed them selves too.He may have been armed with one of these though I believe most went to the Japanese Air Forces.I have seen one in a museum and it is an ugly pistol please disable the ad blocking feature and reload the page This website uses cookies to collect information about your visit for purposes such as showing you personalized ads and content By clicking “Accept all,” you will allow the use of these cookies Users accessing this site from EEA countries and UK are unable to view this site without your consent the leader of the performance group Tokyo Shock Boys the group announced Sunday on its official X account A funeral will be held with only family and close friends invited and a memorial gathering will be planned later was formed in 1990 and also became popular overseas for its radical performances Our weekly ePaper presents the most noteworthy recent topics in an exciting © 2025 The Japan News - by The Yomiuri Shimbun direct jobs — 35 hours or more per week as wage-earning employees As demographics and technology change the relationship between employers and the employed Nambu has continued to encourage governments to adapt their laws to help businesses and people benefit from these changes and flexibility for older workers remain key issues He describes his corporate mission as providing “solutions to society’s problems.” Pasona’s long-term approach has not pleased all its shareholders, some of whom associate it with  poor short-term financial performance. In late 2017, the Hong Kong–based hedge fund Oasis Management, which has a minority stake in the company, announced it would press for a management buyout of Pasona Group to explain why a flexible and more independent workforce should be at the top of the agenda for businesses around the globe anybody willing to work should be able to work regardless of gender and age — that’s my vision I think we are moving toward a flexible workforce Let me give you an example: Many old Japanese people have worked for only one company their entire life A person can work for Company A on Mondays This is the kind of flexibility I’d like to see We offer retired executives the opportunity to become advisors we have many young people who do irregular work and give them the same payment and fringe benefits as full-time workers I think many countries face challenges similar to those in Japan: low birth rates and aging societies And I think this solution of segmenting employment will work everywhere we are working toward this kind of environment where workers don’t rely on a single company as a job provider workers can work for more employers at the same time; that’s the kind of society we want to create A lot of people think automation and AI will take away jobs They will allow more people to have more time and to spend their time creatively Technology has always impacted workforce patterns women in Japan were enabled to enter the workforce by technological advancements AI and the Internet could help the entire workforce to find employment This is what we are doing with the revitalization project on Awaji Island We have developed a kind of ecosystem of jobs that are not dependent on a corporate headquarters but are sustainable locally A company based in Tokyo might open a call center in a rural area and that creates employment this will have a negative impact on the business and might even lead to the closure of the call center In Awaji we are taking on the challenge of new job creation in different areas and in doing that we are attracting human resources to rural areas The aim is revitalizing regional industries by bringing together diverse talents so that the local workforce is independent and sustainable We have recruited about 30 people from 20 countries They bring their own expertise to tackle issues including food security and health The EPA [Economic Partnership Agreement] between Europe and Japan resulted in Japan importing cheap products from Europe which is not good for Japan’s food security because it meant Japan needed to import a lot of food we have the responsibility to make people aware of this and that’s what we are doing with the farm Our goal is to develop local economies as we’re doing on Awaji Island This is a natural expansion of our mission For more interviews exploring the critical decisions today’s chief executives face, see Inside the Mind of the CEO The legendary leader’s political successes were continually undermined by his financial and business failures The Japanese Type 94 is a pistol that we have talked a lot about over the course of TFBTV The guns served Imperial Japan and were never imported into the US in large numbers but many were brought back by returning GIs it’s Alex C with TFB TV and for today’s field strip we’re actually going to do Type 94 Nambu one of the few pistols that’s actually probably more dangerous to the user than the person that it’s being pointed at You can look at it and see that some dude probably made it with a grinder and a file towards the end of World War II this one being a relatively late production type 94 They actually work a little bit better than the Type 14’s but the deal is that you can push the sear bar on the side and actually discharge the gun What you’re gonna wanna do is pull the slide back a little bit You’ve gotta kinda press this and then push out a little retaining piece that runs across the bolt there what you’re gonna wanna do is go ahead and grab the rear there Just go ahead and give it a sharp pull and it’ll pop right out of there go ahead and push the rest of the slide forward You can see the barrel is actually retained lift the locking piece/locking wedge outta there Just bring it to the rear and let it fall down remove the recoil spring and recoil spring cup you actually have a fully field stripped Type 94 Being as how eight millimeter Nambu’s not a powerful pistol cartridge they could’ve designed a simple blow back gun Both the Type 94 and the Type 14 are pretty complex guns I’ll put a link to that in the description The crippling flaw of this gun is that you can fire it by pressing the transfer bar if you went to holster it and forgot to put the safety on and had a round in the chamber it could go off and shoot you right in the leg so not something you generally want in a military firearm In a military situation where everything that can go wrong will go wrong big thanks to Ventura Munitions for helping us out with the ammo They actually do carry eight millimeter Nambu ***Goes to read "The FIREARMS Blog" comments on a nice little video Alex made on a not too often discussed strange little pistol a few people mention the Nambu***Now we're talking WWII pistols in general....I can dig it Alex should do a video on that one***The TT33 was the BEST pistol in WWII.. that's possible I guess***The TT33 is superior soviet supergun tanks do have firearms attached to them so I guess we are still sorta on topic***Bombing Hiroshima and rape in Germany Soviet VTOL aircraft attrition rates and ships designed to carry aircraft that aren't actually aircraft carriers..... yep we've gone completely off the rails here @The_Champ The last part being introduced by the very same author of this thread.. The mainstream internet is going crazy over our Nambu Type 94 video, published over a year ago on our TFBTV Youtube channel, presented by the much missed Alex C. Yesterday it hit the /r/videos subreddit At first glance I assumed it was a late war gun made out of desperation rather than forthrought it went through many iterations over a six year period before entering production in 1935 The design is attribute to General Kijirō Nambu Alex demonstrates how the gun can be fired without touching the trigger I founded TFB in 2007 and over 10 years worked tirelessly to build it up into the largest gun blog online During my decade at TFB I was fortunate to work with the most amazing talented writers and genuinely good people More by Steve Johnson Simply click the like button and that will act as your signature I believe the Japanese arms makers were trying to cram too many concepts into their small arms The vaunted Type 100 came with a bi-pod and a bayonet mount and a rate of fire selector.Both hardly suited to a submachine gun in 8 x 22 mm in a 107 gr bullet with less power than a .380 acp.Like placing anti-aircraft sights on their rifles.Forward thinking did allow for a rifle dust/mud cover though the Type 94 Nambu pistol is a popular choice Steinel Ammunition has developed a new round specifically for the Type 94 and Type 14 Nambu pistols FMJ round comes 25 to a box and has the “8x22 Nambu” head stamp on the brass casing making it an ideal round for target plinking often considered the John Browning of Japanese small arms innovation developed the initial Nambu pistol in 1902 manufactured by the Tokyo Artillery Arsenal was not adopted by the Japanese Imperial Army; instead they were sold to China and Siam (present day Thailand) the Type 14 Nambu was developed and adopted for issue to non-commissioned officers in the Japanese Army Over 400,000 Type 14 Nambu’s were produced and became a popular World War II collectible with returning Marines Ruger was so impressed with the Type 14     Nambu it is believed several of the pistol’s features were incorporated in the Ruger 22 semi-auto auto pistols including the Ruger Standard and Ruger Mark series 8mm Nambu pistol was developed for the Imperial Japanese Army in 1929 and after extensive adaptations was officially adopted by the Japanese Army in 1934 over 71,000 Type 94 Nambu pistols were produced the Type 94 featured a concealed hammer with a stronger firing pin mechanism to replace the Type 14 style striker system that was prone to damage the mainspring was placed around the barrel instead of at the rear of the barrel The Type 94 also used a rising-block locking system and the grip was smaller in the Type 94’s as opposed to earlier models “Unless you are adept at loading your own ammunition we find many classic firearms owners are just keeping these unique historical pieces in the safe So many Marines who served in the Pacific theater during World War II either captured or picked up one of these Type 14 o 94 Nambu pistols offer light recoil and their unique design is still copied by firearm designers today Our 8x22mm 83 grain round was carefully researched and developed to maximize performance and accuracy at a very affordable price.” Andy Steinel FMJ rounds are sold in a box of 25 rounds for $26.99 and are available online For more information, visit www.steinelammo.com Burris Optics combined the range finding system of their Eliminator 6 with their TXR PRO to make the XTR PS riflescope for long-range shooting 20 mils of vertical turret travel and HUD (Heads Up Display) for ballistic data while looking through the riflescope SDS Arms imports Turkish made firearms including Tisa MAC and Spandau Arms with a complete lineup of pistols rifles and shotguns covering nearly every application The Spandau Arms hunting shotguns are modeled after the Benelli M2 for reliability and performance These new camo patterns keep turkey and waterfowl hunters concealed until they are in range for the shot on the wariest of birds The new Hi-power clone has many of the same features as the original pistol with some new finishes and tighter tolerances in manufacturing New for 2025 is the 5” barrel option in the compensated 1911 Double Stack series as well as a new AR style 9mm pistol using HK MP5 magazines ATI offers the Iron Lady gun safe in medium and large size options to fit a wide array of firearms and other valuables in a 350lb steel safe with a 30 min fire rating at 1,200 degrees 1,500 German made 1911 pistols will be offered in the 15th Anniversary pistol release These pistols feature fine wood grips and finish upgrades over the GSG pistol line up The new rifle case is modular in design to allow the user to lengthen or shorten the rifle case to fit the firearm Includes shoulder straps for backpack carry and wheels to transport the case easily through the airport The center padded portion of the case is removeable and acts as a range pad for prone shooting American Tactical now offers customers 2 models of Road Agent shotguns with 18” or 26” barrels in 12 and 20 ga with dual hammers and patented de-cocker lever for safe transportation in the field Their new triple barrel shotgun hits the market at $799.99 MSRP and is sure to please hunters American Tactical completes their Bull Dog Shotgun series now offering 12ga the new 22LR GSG-16P is sure to be a hit for the semi auto rimfire fans for a more economical ammo budget Mec-Gar now offers a full-metal Glock 17/19 magazine that works with factory Glock mag releases and includes an anti-friction coating to offer easier loading and reduce malfunctions from the magazine KelTec releases their PR57 pistol and SUB2000 rifle in 5.7x28mm as the demand grows for more firearms in this unique and effective cartridge See All Other Magazines See All Special Interest Magazines Get the top Firearms News stories delivered right to your inbox All Firearms News subscribers now have digital access to their magazine content This means you have the option to read your magazine on most popular phones and tablets click the link below to visit mymagnow.com and learn how to access your digital magazine Get Digital Access Subscribe Now By signing up, I acknowledge that my email address is valid, and have read and accept the Terms of Use “Over the next eight years, our objective is to acquire comprehensive technologies and assemble an exceptional team of engineers capable of meeting the growing market needs.” Takahide Nomura, President, NAMBU Co., Ltd. Necessity is the mother of invention, and the needs of customers often drive business innovation. Japanese hydraulic cylinder manufacturer Nambu’s made-to-order approach focused on client demands has placed it at the vanguard of its industry. One of the company’s flagship products is the e-Zero. Company President Takahide Nomura explains the e-Zero uses electro-hydraulic actuators instead of conventional hydraulic systems and controllability through an electric servo motor. This energy-on-demand system rotates the pump only when thrust is needed and can reduce electricity by 90% compared to conventional systems. Nambu specializes in high-quality, reliable hydraulic cylinders, working collaboratively with customers to provide innovative solutions, including custom-made designs and products for diverse applications. 株式会社南武は、高品質かつ信頼性の高い油圧シリンダーを専門とし、顧客との協力のもと、カスタムメイドの設計や多岐にわたる用途向けの製品を提供している。その背景には、顧客のニーズを深く理解し、それをビジネスの原動力とする姿勢があった。 「今後8年間で、総合的な技術を獲得し、成長する市場のニーズに応えるエンジニアチームを編成することが目標」 必要性は発明の母とも言える存在であり、顧客のニーズがビジネス革新の原動力になることも多い。日本の油圧シリンダメーカーである株式会社南武は、顧客の要求に焦点を当てたオーダーメイドのアプローチにより、業界の先駆者となっている。 1941年の設立以来、株式会社南武は、産業機械の金型に使用される油圧シリンダーやロータリージョイントを主力製品としてきた。受注生産方式を採用し、顧客の声に耳を傾けることを重視している。その結果、ロータリージョイントや機器部品、リミットスイッチ、各種センサーの製造など、多岐にわたる分野への進出を果たし、トータルソリューション・プロバイダーとなることを目指しているのだ。 同社の主力製品のひとつがe-Zeroだ。社長の野村伯英氏は、e-Zeroは従来の油圧システムの代わりに電気油圧式アクチュエータを使用し、電気サーボモーターによる制御が可能であると説明する。このエネルギー・オン・デマンド・システムは、推力が必要な時のみポンプを回転させ、従来のシステムに比べて90％の電力削減が実現可能だ。 このような革新的な取り組みにより、同社は2014年に日本の経済産業省が選ぶ「グローバルニッチトップ100企業」に選ばれた。そして、その技術力を背景に、中国、タイ、アメリカなど、全世界に6つの生産拠点を持つまでになっている。野村氏は「南武の金型用油圧シリンダーは海外市場で好調であり、各国の顧客に最適な製品とサービスを提供するための方法を常に模索している」と語った。 The Worldfolio provides business, industrial and financial news about global economies, with a focus on understanding them from within. "none"); */ } $("document").ready(function($) { let url = window.location.pathname; let nav_home = $('.only-home'); if (url != '/' && url != '/#') nav_home.removeClass("row"); }); $("document").ready(function($) { let url = window.location.pathname; let nav_home = $('.only-home'); let nav_home2 = $('.only-home2'); let nav = $('.without-home'); if (url != '') { $(window).bind('scroll load resize' "@id": "https://www.theworldfolio.com//interviews/nambu-specializes-in-highquality-reliable-hydraulic-cylinders/5926/" } "headline": "Nambu specializes in high-quality Nambu’s central product lines are hydraulic cylinders and rotary joints primarily for use in molds and dies in industrial machinery Japanese manufacturing is experiencing a very exciting time The previous three years have witnessed significant disruptions in the supply chain caused by COVID as well as the growing tensions and decoupling between China and the United States global companies and multinationals are actively seeking to diversify their supply chains to ensure reliability With the yen being considerably weak and Japan having been renowned for decades for its high reliability and advanced technology we firmly believe that there has never been a more interesting opportunity in the past 20 or 30 years for Japan to reestablish itself as a global competitor It is in an ideal position to address the most urgent needs in the current macroeconomic environment are the most promising characteristics or strengths of Japanese suppliers that make them the most suitable choice for the current macroeconomic environment When looking at it from an international perspective that statement may be correct in some respects I had a discussion with one of my business friends on this topic in the past two to three weeks In my conversations with similar SME companies I discovered that one French company has drastically changed its procurement approach their focus was predominantly on China for the past two decades The United States is considered the most expensive followed by Germany and then the Asian region as a whole Thailand and Japan are perceived to have similar pricing Japan stands out for its reputation of high quality combined with cost-effectiveness Japanese companies have garnered considerable attention in the context of supply chain diversification I talked with our agent in the US and many manufacturing companies and discovered that wages in the US have significantly increased manufacturing dies there no longer proves to be competitive in price We provide hydraulic cylinders for dies from Japan particularly for Japanese-affiliated or Nikkei companies Some of these companies have shifted their procurement strategy and now obtain dies from Japan due to the considerably lower production costs Even when factoring in transportation and tariffs sourcing dies from Japan remains more economical than acquiring American-produced ones This shift represents one current trend in the industry I have recently come across discussions regarding the potential for Japanese companies to emerge as a viable alternative in the global supply chain It appears that the pathway for a significant opportunity for Japan is expanding it seems that Japanese SMEs have yet to fully realize these opportunities They continue to face challenges such as semiconductor shortages and escalating costs of materials and energy which are further exacerbated by the depreciation of the Japanese yen they have yet to see the positive aspects of these new prospects Japanese Nikkei companies have been venturing abroad establishing local procurement and supply chain schemes greatly improving the quality of their products and closing the gap that once gave Japan an advantage there is a possibility for Japan to export to a high wage country such as the US penetrating other countries or markets with already well-established supply chains would prove challenging for Japanese companies Last year marked the 20th anniversary of Nambu's presence in Thailand during which you dedicated considerable time overseeing its operations Reflecting on your experience in conducting overseas business We initially introduced our Japanese monozukuri to developing nations such as Thailand leveraging our pioneering technology to gain an advantage local companies in those regions have significantly improved their production capabilities While they may not have yet reached an equivalent level of quality replication of our processes has become more widespread the competition has shifted towards pricing It is crucial for Japanese companies to remain the forerunners by continuously developing new technologies and creating innovative products at our headquarters We have successfully developed new products like e-Zero and are actively identifying needs and exploring new channels within the Japanese market These new technologies are aimed at developing the domestic market before being sent overseas We are currently in the process of carefully considering the optimal strategy for our international operation The landscape of the automotive industry has undergone a dramatic transformation with the emergence of EVs we heavily relied on strong and growing companies like Japanese automotive manufacturers We can no longer rely solely on these traditional partners Price competition remains a constant challenge This ongoing issue is one that we consistently confront and must navigate effectively Hydraulic cylinders are primarily used in industrial machinery construction machinery such as excavators and other heavy-duty equipment What new channels does e-Zero allow you to venture into within Japan what are some of the new applications you are considering which end applications do you anticipate will hold the greatest growth potential for your company I don't foresee e-Zero significantly impacting or entering the mass production sector this product will maintain its position in the niche market Several companies already mass-produce electric hydraulic actuators Many well-established companies have their own series in that regard our business model focuses on a made-to-order approach actively listening to and collaborating with our customers to deliver optimal solutions If we were to target the mass production industry we would inevitably face price competition our business model is geared towards offering niche products with a higher price range we developed an e-Zero solution for a tire manufacturing production line By utilizing electro-hydraulic actuators instead of conventional hydraulic systems we significantly reduce energy consumption thereby contributing to decarbonization and reducing ever-rising electricity bills the large cranes responsible for suspending containers rely on four wire lines traditional hydraulic pumps are continuously rotating to give the tension to the wires replacing them with e-Zero substantially reduces the electricity consumption associated with wire tensioning and loosening We don't have repeat customers for such specific requests to ensure sustainable revenue for our company we must identify industries and customers capable of consistently generating new orders and opportunities This represents the challenging aspect of operating in a niche field is specifically employed within the production line; its application is more niche it serves its purpose for a certain period of time Castviewer Electro-hydrostatic actuator e-Zero Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulic cylinder Rotary joints Main factory (Yokohama) Previous Next What efforts are you making to strengthen your overseas channels in search of more stable business such as the one you have with your agent in the US play in fortifying your global sales channels We are in the process of exploring the market for e-Zero in Japan Although it is a highly advanced and complex technology we have not yet reached the stage of expanding this product overseas We have successfully introduced our existing lineup of hydraulic cylinders for dies to overseas markets and we currently hold an almost 100% share in Nikkei companies within the US market This is thanks to our agent’s presence and hard work there The continuation of a long-standing and good relationship with agents requires win-win-win for each other and customers Pursuing only one's own profits will not last long Expanding our client base would enable us to establish a stronger presence in foreign markets we have subsidiary companies with factories in Thailand and China We export our products to other ASEAN countries from Thailand We have been exporting extensively to India we couldn't visit the Indian market for three years we noticed that several companies were making copies of our products Exporting products from Thailand no longer satisfies our Indian customers so establishing some base in India would be a viable option we need to train up and send Japanese managers to Thailand and China as a replacement we might face a challenge in terms of our human resources Having a local manager could be one possible solution we would also need to address quality control and management from our headquarters Finding the right partner in India would greatly benefit our business there are certain SMEs called “Global Niche Top” Nambu was selected as Global Niche Top 100 company by the Japanese government in 2014 recognized for its hydraulic cylinders for molds and rotary joints for heavy industry they are known as "Hidden Champions." Most of them have a well-established international network to oversee their operations and implement a rigorous auditing system within the group company I understand the importance of such management but not only I  but also most Japanese companies find it challenging Trusting and depending on individuals with different ideas and sensibilities would be not easy But we might need to change our mind after this to expand our global network You started as a hydraulic cylinder manufacturer and gradually expanded your operations by diversifying and vertically integrating into other areas It appears that you are aiming to transition from producing individual components to offering complete systems How do you envision the company's evolution over the next three to five years our company underwent a significant policy and mission change with decarbonization becoming the primary focus we primarily functioned as a component manufacturer contributing to major systems like those made by Yuasa we shifted your focus to becoming a total solution provider for hydraulic systems Our objective is to become a prominent player in the industry by offering high-control servo capabilities and on-demand power we have been enhancing the skills of your engineers through training programs and inviting external engineers to collaborate this transformation is still an ongoing process that requires time and effort Imagine we come back to have this interview all over again on your 90th anniversary as a company What dreams or ambitions would you like to have achieved by then Our primary goal is to become a leading total solution provider serving as the third pillar of our business and we are busily working to assess the market through innovative products like e-Zero we anticipate a significant demand for carbonless products that can provide highly controlled big power our objective is to acquire comprehensive technologies and assemble an exceptional team of engineers capable of meeting the growing market needs we aim to actively expand our presence overseas and engage in international operations industrial and financial news about global economies with a focus on understanding them from within When Japan handed Tokyo bus driver Keiki Nambu and his wife they spent it exactly as the government had feared: paying down a mortgage instead of going shopping That kind of financial prudence has helped Japanese households amass a staggering US$17 trillion in assets over the years with more than half of that parked in savings it also represents a headache for policymakers who struggle to kick-start consumption and boost a moribund economy Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida’s government has paid nearly US$17 billion in cash stimulus to families unlike US stimulus that lifted consumer spending where households are more likely to save the money or repay debt like the Nambus It highlights a consistent problem in the world’s No where public debt is already more than twice the size of GDP all we can do is ask him to do his best and work as much as he can,” 39-year-old Takako said including the discretionary “bonus” paid twice yearly by Japanese companies the stimulus money is just helping to make up for that shortfall The Nambus’ children range in age from less than one to 17 although the family consumes about five liters of milk a day Keiki makes sure the kids take quick showers to keep the water bill down the Nambus are hardly typical — the average Japanese household has 2.21 people as of late 2020 from 2.82 in 1995 Private consumption accounts for more than half of Japan’s GDP households might be spending just 10 percent of the stimulus cash and saving the rest SMBC Nikko Securities senior economist Koya Miyamae said Economic insecurity keeps consumption flat and a recent surge in infections of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has also made people hesitant to spend Hideo Kumano of Dai-ichi Life Research Institute reckons that about 75 percent of the handouts would end up as savings although he said that the number could be higher if parents decide to set aside more for their children’s education Concern that the money would end up in savings prompted some municipalities to pay half of the stimulus as vouchers Separate cash payments to all residents of Japan earlier in the pandemic saw about 27 percent of the money spent according to a July 2020 survey by Mitsubishi Research Institute The Nambus received about US$8,700 in total from this round of stimulus — ￥100,000 (US$866) per child and another one-off payment from the government They initially flirted with the idea of an overnight family trip to a hotel run by their city ward although they did spend about US$210 on sushi and ice cream They would also use some of the money to buy a school bag and gym clothes for Keifu The hand-me-down gym clothes were too threadbare after being worn by six of his older siblings UC Berkeley physicists Hitoshi Murayama and Haruki Watanabe have proved that counting the number of Nambu-Goldstone bosons in a material reveals the material’s behavior at low temperatures unifying the description of weird materials such as superfluids and allowing the design of new materials with spooky properties Matter exhibits weird properties at very cold temperatures spookily climbing the walls of a container and dripping onto the floor 11 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to nearly two dozen people for the discovery or theoretical explanation of such cold materials – superconductors and Bose–Einstein condensates to name two – yet a unifying theory of these extreme behaviors has eluded theorists UC Berkeley physicist Hitoshi Murayama and graduate student Haruki Watanabe have now discovered a commonality among these materials that can be used to predict or even design new materials that will exhibit such unusual behavior published in the June 21 print edition of the journal Physical Review Letters spotlighted the article as “exceptional” research Earlier theories by Nobel Laureate Yoichiro Nambu predicted that magnetic spins oscillate in two directions independently and thus magnets have two Nambu-Goldstone bosons so that the there is only one Nambu-Goldstone boson “This is a particularly exciting result because it concerns pretty much all areas of physics; not only condensed matter physics particle and nuclear physics and cosmology,” said Murayama the campus’s MacAdams Professor of Physics a faculty senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and director of the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe at the University of Tokyo “We are putting together all of them into a single theoretical framework.” The theorem Watanabe and Murayama proved is based on the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking a phenomenon that occurs at low temperatures and leads to odd behavior which allow electric currents to flow without resistance; or Bose-Einstein condensates which have such low energy that every atom is in the same quantum state By describing the symmetry breaking in terms of collective behavior in the material – represented by so-called Nambu-Goldstone bosons — Murayama and Watanabe found a simple way to classify materials’ weirdness Boson is the name given to particles with zero or integer spin “Once people tell me what symmetry the system starts with and what symmetry it ends up with and whether the broken symmetries can be interchanged I can work out exactly how many bosons there are and if that leads to weird behavior or not,” Murayama said Anthony Leggett of the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign who won the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics for his pioneering work on superfluids pointed out that “it has long been appreciated that an important consequence of the phenomenon of spontaneously broken symmetry whether occurring in particle physics or in the physics of condensed matter is the existence of the long-wavelength collective excitations known as Nambu-Goldstone bosons Watanabe and Maruyama have now derived a beautiful general relation … (involving) Nambu Goldstone bosons … (that) reproduces the relevant results for all known cases and gives a simple framework for discussing any currently unknown form of ordering which may be discovered in the future.” the implications of spontaneous symmetry breaking on the low energy spectrum had not been worked out until the paper by Watanabe and Murayama,” wrote Hirosi Ooguri a professor of physics and mathematics at Caltech “I expect that there will be a wide range of applications of this result from condensed matter physics to cosmology It is a wonderful piece of work in mathematical physics.” Symmetry has been a powerful concept in physics for nearly 100 years allowing scientists to find unifying principles and build theories that describe how elementary particles and forces interact now and in the early universe The simplest symmetry is rotational symmetry in three dimensions: a sphere looks the same when you rotate it arbitrarily in any direction has a single rotational symmetry around its axis Some interactions are symmetric with respect to time they look the same whether they proceed forward or backward in time Others are symmetric if a particle is replaced by its antiparticle the universe cooled until its symmetry was spontaneously broken leading to a predicted Higgs boson that is now being sought at the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva symmetry relates to the behavior of the spins of the atoms and electrons the randomness of the electron spins at high temperatures makes the material symmetric in all directions the electron spins get locked in and force their neighbors to lock into the same direction so that the magnet has a bulk magnetic field pointing in one direction A second type of vibrational wave or phonon in a crystal identical to the second Nambu-Goldstone boson Nambu-Goldstone bosons are coherent collective behavior in a material are the collective vibration of atoms in a crystal Waves of excitation of the electron spin in a crystal are called magnons During the cooling process of a ferromagnet leaving only one Nambu-Goldstone boson in the material cool it to incredibly low temperature — nanokelvins — and once you get to this temperature atoms tend to stick with each other in strange ways,” Murayama said “They have this funny vibrational mode that gives you one Nambu-Goldstone boson and this gas of atoms starts to become superfluid again so it can flow without viscosity forever.” regardless of their compositions or structures equivalent to the three vibrational modes (phonons) how many of them there are and how they behave decide if something becomes a superfluid or not and how things depend on the temperature,” Murayama added “All these properties come from how we understand the Nambu-Goldstone boson.” Yoichiro Nambu shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics the number of broken symmetries equals the number of Nambu-Goldstone bosons The new theorem expands on Nambu’s ideas to the more general case the number of Nambu-Goldstone bosons is actually less than the number of broken symmetries but only for specialized cases applicable to particle physics,” he said “Now we have a general explanation for all of physics; no exceptions.” One characteristic of states with a low Nambu-Goldstone boson number is that very little energy is required to perturb the system and atoms vibrate forever in Bose-Einstein condensates with just a slight nudge Watanabe had proposed a theorem to explain materials’ properties through Nambu-Goldstone bosons but was unable to prove it until he came to UC Berkeley last year and talked with Murayama they came up with a proof in two weeks of what they call a unified theory of Nambu-Goldstone bosons “Those two weeks were very exciting,” Watanabe said Long on display at the NRA National Sporting Arms Museum in Springfield Beretta’s impeccably built Rinascimento (Renaissance) guns are now forever the property of the National Rifle Association and its members the Response from Tract Optics is a woodland-hunting optic with a palatable price-point that … Thompson/Center Arms (T/C Arms) announced the return of its ENCORE PROHunter in April 2025 signaling yet another step forward in rebuilding the well-known firearm firm Long respected for its world-leading military small arms through its American factory and engineers shooters—and the new Concealed Carry 9 mm Luger micro pistol is poised to quicken it Read today's "The Armed Citizen" entry for real stories of law-abiding citizens Despite a slight decline in demand for new firearms the industry’s economic impact rose from $90.5 billion in 2023 to $91.7 billion in 2024.