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Hiroo Onoda was an Imperial Japanese Army intelligence officer who spent nearly 30 years in the Philippine jungle, believing World War Two was still going on.
Using his training in guerilla warfare, he attacked and killed people living on Lubang Island, mistakenly believing them to be enemy soldiers.
He was finally persuaded to surrender in 1974 when his former commander, Yoshimi Taniguchi, found him and gave him an order.
In a televised ceremony, Hiroo presented his sword to the then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos.
President Marcos returned the sword and gave him a full presidential pardon and told him he admired his courage.
Hiroo died in January 2014 at the age of 91.
This programme was produced and presented by Vicky Farncombe, using BBC archive.
Eye-witness accounts brought to life by archive. Witness History is for those fascinated by the past. We take you to the events that have shaped our world through the eyes of the people who were there. For nine minutes every day, we take you back in time and all over the world, to examine wars, coups, scientific discoveries, cultural moments and much more.
(Photo: Hiroo Onoda steps out of the jungle. Credit: Getty Images)
</a><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct5yd9" data-testid="external-anchor" target="_self" class="sc-ca87a5f9-2 bsYiqc">Programme website
<a href="/articles/s42949-025-00200-4/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics details</a>
Vulnerability in disaster contexts involves two key issues: firstly
post-disaster recovery is often seen as an opportunity not only to rebuild damaged systems and restore communities to their pre-disaster state but also to improve components and conditions to create more resilient social systems
and infrastructure exactly as they were before the disaster often reinstates the same vulnerabilities that existed previously
vulnerabilities can be categorised into two types: those resulting from inaction and the accumulation of difficulties over time
and those triggered by sudden impacts such as natural disasters
If we view vulnerabilities as part of the regional complementary process
they can serve as multi-faceted political vectors for reform
it is essential to adopt homeostasis as a guiding principle for political reform
eliminating institutionalised discrimination and fostering diverse
adaptive mechanisms within regional systems
but applicable to regions seeking stability and recovery post-disaster
and homeostasis can be defined as the complementary political measures that enable flexible responses to the varied needs of different communities
such as addressing vulnerabilities in daily life
To clarify policy directions for addressing daily life vulnerabilities and achieving homeostasis
it is essential to examine both explicit and implicit issues
‘Verbalising’ activities help foster effective communication between the public and private sectors
promoting dialogue and policy coordination with citizens
such activities are particularly important for addressing specific issues such as the reconstruction of seawalls
leading to a lack of effective communication
Under the pressure of urgent reconstruction needs
some critical issues are sidelined and left unresolved
These are often institutionalised problems
A key reason for this may be the rigidity of local (prefectural) government policies
including fiscal constraints and various inequalities
The contributions of this study are two-fold: (1) Conventional recovery assessments tend to focus on the results of “reform”
(2) This study examines the relationship between the rigidity of administrative organisations and the issues that remain unreformed
we can identify the obstacles to reform in these areas
Verbalised issues are tangible and measurable
are often visible within certain communities or attributes but invisible in others
By considering both verbalised and unverbalised cases
and the effectiveness of regional governance in addressing these issues
This approach helps in understanding both verbalised and unverbalised experiences of pain
and daily life challenges in difficult living situations
including those related to disaster recovery
These findings may contribute to future efforts to reduce inequity and promote regional reforms
Theoretical frameworks of verbalised case are followings
reconstruction of the seawall and daily life
is one of the most significant and commonly discussed issues representing vulnerability in disaster-affected areas
As the “reconstruction” issue is both urgent and essential
and establish forums for discussions between citizens and regional offices
Timelines and costs for construction are presented based on the extent of the damage
In coastal disaster regions like Rikuzentakata and Otsuchi
Both towns have a comparable number of disaster victims
and equal reconstruction funding from government support
the reconstruction of seawalls and other public facilities is a community-wide issue rather than an individual concern
comparing the policy-making processes between these two towns
particularly in terms of communication about the seawall height
highlights the verbalised vulnerabilities and their political resolution
This study analyses these cases using public data and fieldwork results
Theoretical frameworks of unverbalised (latency) case are followings
unverbalized issues often become associated with certain attributes
To demonstrate that pre-existing issues have persisted or worsened regardless of direct disaster impact
a comparison between the coastal areas of Iwate and Akita is insightful
disparities in education have led to certain groups being confined to specific areas
significant economic disparities exist between coastal and inland areas
This study focuses on the issues of freedom of movement and gender inequity
These represent institutionalised disparities that predate the disaster and have not been significantly altered by it
comparisons are drawn with areas such as Oga and Ogata in Akita
we can identify key unverbalised factors that are essential for maintaining regional homeostasis
the issue of seawall reconstruction is one of the most notable examples where ‘dialogues’ have effectively addressed verbalised daily life concerns
Seawalls are directly related to community-based security
making it easier for residents to voice their opinions
To understand citizens’ verbalized opinions on vulnerability and landscape recovery
this study focused on the seawall height debates in Rikuzentakata and Otsuchi
The seawall serves as a visible and measurable symbol of ‘verbalised issues’ and represents a key aspect of ‘recovery’ for the local community
This study utilised records of proceedings
reconstruction plans from city and town offices
and supplementary fieldwork and interviews conducted over two years
Interviews were conducted with public transportation drivers
The most recent field research took place from 3 to 5 September 2023 in Rikuzentakata and Otsuchi
and from 16 to 17 November 2023 in the Oga Peninsula and Ogata
Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s42949-025-00200-4#Fig1">1</a> shows the map of the research areas.
the author examined the issues of freedom of movement and gender inequity in Iwate Prefecture
These two challenges have been significant since before the disaster
yet no political reforms have been implemented
The disaster brought these issues into sharper focus
and supplementary interviews were utilised to confirm the lack of political reform
which has resulted in rigid policies in these areas
This policy rigidity is the main barrier to achieving regional homeostasis
the communication between regional communities and the government in Oga and Ogata has deteriorated
leading to the accumulation of unaddressed
Reconstructing social infrastructure became the top priority for recovery
with the seawall emerging as a visible and verbalised issue in disaster prevention
</a>The newly constructed 12.5-metre seawall blocks the view of the sea
the sea is visible only from the observatory of the city hall
Photographed by the author during the research
</a>The local residents and community decided to rebuild the wall at its original height of 6.4 metres. The residents can look out to sea from their town. Photographed by the author.
</a>Horaijima is known as the inspiration for the famous Japanese puppet animation Hyokkori Hyotanjima (Gourd Island)
People can cross over to the island by foot and see the small shrine and the lighthouse
Horaijima has been designated a cultural property of Otsuchi in 2018
many residents expressed dissatisfaction with ongoing daily life challenges
such as difficulties in communicating with local and prefectural governments about recovery efforts
During supplementary interviews conducted by the author
some respondents indicated that their opinions had not been respected (unverbalised) and raised concerns about how tax money was being used for recovery (Interview Research Record
These grievances primarily focused on the visible misuse of public funds
Thirteen years after the Great East Japan Earthquake
efforts to enhance the capacity of local authorities to evacuate residents from disaster-prone areas have shown positive results
the rigidity of regional policies at both the prefectural and local government levels continues to be a major factor contributing to inequity and remains an obstacle to reforming decision-making processes
these grants were successful in facilitating the reconstruction of certain social infrastructure
Around 30% of loan recipients are currently unable to meet their repayment obligations
with external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and rising raw material prices
Despite the significant financial aid provided
national and local policies have not successfully fostered diverse political structures capable of addressing these evolving challenges
were sacrificed in the push for rapid reconstruction focused on disaster prevention
While the rebuilt infrastructure is tangible
the deeper losses—those connected to the region’s natural landscape and way of life—are less visible and often difficult to articulate
These intangible losses remain under-addressed in the formal recovery process
local residents frequently express their views and share their thoughts with local offices
issues such as grants or taxes not being utilised for daily necessities like transportation
and the exclusion of women from decision-making roles in key departments like Disaster Prevention and Environmental Diversity Preservation
Women’s unemployment and their lack of representation in these decision-making processes remain invisible concerns
If individuals attempt to voice opposition to their enforced
they are often silenced under the guise of prioritising disaster prevention or addressing severe environmental issues during the recovery process
particularly in the obsolescence of traditional festivals that sometimes exclude women or those from outside the region
Such issues have been discussed within the framework of ‘regional development’
which has frequently focused on attracting people or boosting tourism
this approach often overlooks the broader goals of homeostasis and resilience
contribute to their vulnerability and can lead to the decline of these cultural traditions
junior colleges in coastal areas have been left intentionally unreformed
perpetuating traditional but outdated customs that constrain people in disaster-prone regions
These institutions have become places of acceptance for those affected by poor education
effectively serving as destinations for individuals who have fallen behind in their lives
Recovery studies often operate with an inside-the-box mentality
where education is regarded as business as usual
leading to an outflow of talented teachers and students and contributing to the decline in academic performance across the Tohoku region
This stance further highlights the rigidity of the political system
Inequity and vulnerability are intrinsically linked to the decline in public transportation and the rise in female unemployment. These issues are rarely discussed openly, yet they contribute significantly to the loss of free movement and unfair decision-making processes. Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s42949-025-00200-4#Tab1">1</a> highlights the number of abolished bus routes in Tohoku over the last five years
revealing a severe loss of transportation infrastructure
The number of discontinued routes has increased 3.14 times
indicating a growing limitation on daily life in the region
This deterioration of mobility infrastructure severely restricts residents’ freedom of movement
affecting people of all generations in the prefecture
A lack of transportation forces many to live near poverty
as it directly impacts their ability to access education and employment
students are often unable to attend school without access to public transport
The erosion of movement security and the widening inequality in access to transportation has led to a migration of young people seeking better opportunities elsewhere
Creating sustainable communities requires investing in skills development and local employment opportunities
the current post-disaster mobility situation is undermining these efforts
The issues surrounding transportation have only become fully apparent since the routes were abolished
The shortage of workers in the region further underscores the lack of policy support
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach
but the absence of flexible operations and the rigidity of the current system
compounded by a lack of organisational diversity
the top three areas with the highest outflow of young women are in Tohoku
This migration is largely driven by long-standing discriminatory traditions and a lack of employment opportunities
which have persisted from the pre-disaster period and remain unresolved
this trend is not a direct result of the disaster but rather a reflection of institutionalised inequity
leaving little room for innovation or equitable growth
the prefectural government has not addressed it with sufficient scrutiny
</a>Akita Prefecture undertook several projects aimed at accommodating luxury liners
The port has been renovated to enable luxury cruise ships to access to the city
The research findings reveal that unverbalized issues are closely linked to institutionalised inequity or discrimination
these efforts often reinforce discriminatory regional systems based on outdated attributes
As long as these institutionalised systems persist
Achieving homeostasis requires the removal of inequity
The unverbalised issues have brought the region’s former social fabric and landscape into long-term focus
Both post-disaster and pre-disaster priorities in daily life suppressed these issues
ignoring the presence of institutionalised inequity
exacerbating depopulation and vulnerability
such as declining transportation and rising female unemployment
these issues threaten community sustainability in Akita and Iwate prefectures
with similar regional problems observed across the Tohoku area
Institutionalised discrimination continues to impede regional homeostasis
Establishing guidelines and metrics to assess levels of inequity and rights is essential
along with the need for an external oversight body
The seawall became a symbol of ‘reconstruction’ and community-oriented policy
disaster experience itself is not essential for achieving homeostasis; the root of the issue lies in the institutionalised inequity seen in unverbalized issues
Figure <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s42949-025-00200-4#Fig7">7</a> presents a model of regional homeostasis involving recovery and resilience. Recovery encompasses various aspects such as mitigation, risk reduction, preparedness, and emergency response. Resilience, on the other hand, involves improvements to social infrastructure, updated systems, and increased transparency and openness.
The model includes verbalized and unverbalized issues by scoring various factors
Recovery encompasses various aspects such as mitigation
involves improvements to social infrastructure
Evaluating both verbalized and unverbalized issues in such model constructs the real landscape of the regional vulnerability
Identifying and scoring these issues is a valuable approach to addressing and improving homeostasis in the region
Uncovering these unverbalised inequities is a crucial driver of the regional policy homeostasis system
Future studies could benefit from exploring these aspects to reduce the risk of inequity
Recovery that both addresses damage and coexists with the original landscape is a balanced approach to achieving well-being
policies require greater philosophical depth
These cases were limited to specific areas and decision-making policies
selected based on the students’ experiences
and are not representative of all disaster-affected regions
along with its context and recovery outcome
addressing and challenging unresolved daily life issues can provide new approaches to decision-making
The author confirms that the study adheres to standard reporting guidelines
the study supplements its findings with interviews and fieldwork
focusing on verbalised and unverbalised life conditions and examining the relationship between policies and communities within structural contexts
All studies considered for the Discussion are reported in the Supplementary Tables 1
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January 30, 2025 By <a href="https://nwasianweekly.com/author/kelly/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author" itemprop="url">Admin</a>  
a leading light of Japanese taiko drumming
has long made its home on Sado Island in the Sea of Japan
But its members can come from any place on Earth
traveled roughly 5,102 miles from his home in the U.S
Onoda will perform with the group this coming weekend
at the Meany Center for the Performing Arts on the group’s “One Earth Tour 2025: Warabe.” 
“One of my earliest memories of San Francisco is attending the local mochi pounding gathering
I loved going there because my favorite food back then (and to this day) is mochi,” Onoda remembered
I then joined San Francisco Taiko Dojo when I was 8.”
splitting off from the older Ondekoza group
which translates as both “drum children” and “heartbeat.”
Kodō established its worldwide reputation by touring continuously for seven years between 1981 and 1988
they set up not only a headquarters and workshop
but an entire small village named Kodō Village on Sado Island
Onoda first saw Kodō perform at the Mondavi Center at the University of California
and I didn’t want to miss out on the opportunity,” he said
“I still vividly remember the three Odaiko (big drum) players and how powerful they were
It’s surreal that I am playing taiko with those people now!”
“My impression [of taiko] didn’t necessarily change
but I am constantly rediscovering why I was drawn to Kodō in the first place,” he continued
“The biggest reason why is because of the meticulous detail we put in to fine-tune our sound
but I don’t think there are any other teams that listen to the sound of taiko [like] we do.”
but he quickly realized he was in for a hard grind
“During the apprenticeship,” Onoda explained
“we practice taiko while living communally for two years
we’re essentially forced to face tasks and problems within the team head on
This mentality is crucial in Kodō of course
but definitely treasured in ‘normal’ jobs as well.”
but all sorts of Japanese art forms like the bamboo flute
“We also had a small farm for veggies and a rice paddy that we took care of
I really enjoyed being immersed in Japanese culture
All the topics were not something that could be experienced regularly in a ‘normal’ life.”
he singled out a traditional tune designated as a song for fishermen
“‘Miyake’ has always been a challenge for me
but I’ve always enjoyed performing and perfecting [it],” he said
“It’s very difficult to keep the mind clear and body relaxed enough to play the piece
while being in a squat for a couple of minutes
But that challenge helps me grow as a performer
He isn’t sure if he’ll get time to tour Seattle
“I have been to Seattle in 2023 for our previous tour
‘Tsuzumi.’ Since Seattle was our first stop then
I was pretty jet lagged and didn’t have much energy or time to explore,” Onoda said
so I am thinking about visiting T-Mobile Park to take a look at the jersey lineup!”
Kodō performs Jan. 31 and Feb. 1 at the Meany Center for the Performing Arts. For more information, visit <a href="https://meanycenter.org/tickets/2025-01/production/kodo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://meanycenter.org/tickets/2025-01/production/kodo</a>
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2010 at 11:00AM in the Chapel of Hart's Mortuary
Burial will be in Andersonville National Cemetery at 2:00PM
Flowers will be accepted or donations may be made to American Diabetes Association
Perry was predeceased by her husband of thirty-three years
mother and grandmother and will be sadly missed by her children
Perry moved to the United States where she married Paul Perry
She lived in Jones County for forty-five years
She was employed at Cherokee Products for more than twenty-five years and enjoyed spending time with her friends at work.Mrs
GA; eleven grandchildren.Register online at www.hartsmort.com.Hart's Mortuary and Crematory
Film Review 80th Anniversary Announcement 
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None too close to the outside.\u201D - The Aviator (2004)
a lone Japanese soldier fights on for another twenty-nine years
Hiroo Onoda died in Tokyo in 2014 at the age of ninety-one but rather unexpectedly he has become the focus of this dramatised film looking back on his experiences when serving as an intelligence officer in the Imperial Japanese Army
unaware that peace had been declared in 1945
His story is certainly an extraordinary one
but to choose to make a film now about this last soldier of the war is somewhat surprising and even more so is the fact that Onoda was directed by a Frenchman
the result is a work far more satisfying than one might have expected
especially in view of Onoda lasting all of 167 minutes
Harari begins his film with a pre-credit sequence set in 1974
We see a tourist (Taïga Nakano) arrive on the island where he encounters Onoda (Kanji Tsuda) still in the jungle and still armed
the narrative promptly goes back to 1944 to show the younger Onoda (Yûya Endô) being trained by Major Taniguchi (Issey Ogata) who sees potential in the 18-year-old
Whereas many Japanese felt that suicide was honourable if defeat was looming
Taniguchi firmly believed instead that sticking it out whatever the circumstances was right and he saw in Onoda an instinctive survivor capable of leading men in those conditions
This teaching would lead to Lieutenant Onoda setting up his own band of trusted fellow soldiers on Lubang island on learning that the Americans were moving in
but they were ready to hold out in the jungle until relief would come
In Onoda’s case this would hold him there for some thirty years or so
He was cut off from what was happening and refused to believe his eyes when he was enabled to see magazines and newspapers describing a post-war world.Harari tells the story straightforwardly obtaining highly persuasive performances from his Japanese cast (playing the young Onoda
Equally effective is the tone of the piece which avoids ramping up the drama but is adroit in those scenes in which violence breaks out
Some critics have questioned the film's refusal to look at the story through contemporary eyes and it is indeed the case that the screenplay ignores investigating the nationalism rampant in Japan at the time and considering it in the light of other national movements today
despite our now being in an age of fake news readily believed by many
Harari does not seem to find any modern parallels between that and Onoda’s gullibility in holding on to his belief that Japan has not lost the war
But such stresses are not needed and could easily have obtruded
What we have works because Harari portrays the extraordinary facts convincingly and
while refusing simplistically to cast Onoda as either heroic or foolish
allows viewers to draw their own conclusions
he does show the cost to Onoda and his men of being cut off from society for years and thereby losing so much experience of life
Onoda is well photographed by the director’s brother
and as a narrative it is judicious in finding episodes which
convey a sense of Onoda living through 10,000 nights
in that Harari chooses for his prologue material which will be seen again when the story reaches 1974
the incident depicted at the outset comes back into the tale when there is still over half an hour for the film to run and misleads us into thinking that we are reaching the end
The last third of Onoda happens to be the slowest (in particular the encounter between the older Onoda and the tourist is decidedly drawn out although that does make it come across as authentically Japanese)
In the circumstances it would have been much better had the prologue featured a later scene set in a Tokyo bookshop
In that event we would have come full circle at a time when the climax would quickly be reached and that would have undoubtedly improved the film
it is still an effective piece and one well worth your attention.Original title: Onoda: 10,000 nuits dans la jungle.MANSEL STIMPSONCast: Yûya Endô
Screenplay Arthur Harari and Vincent Poymiro with Bernard Cendron
Costumes Catherine Marchand and Patricia Saive
To Be Continued/Ascent Film/Chipangu/Frakas Productions/Pandora Film Produktion/Arte France Cinéma/Rai Cinema/Proximus-Third Window Films.167 mins
France/Japan/Germany/Belgium/Italy/Cambodia
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Volume 4 - 2022 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2022.825984">https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2022.825984</a>
This article is part of the Research TopicMethods and Protocols in Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology<a class="Link Link--linkType Link--maincolor Link--medium Link--icon Link--chevronRight Link--right" aria-label="View all 5 articles" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/18596/methods-and-protocols-in-developmental-and-reproductive-toxicology/magazine" target="_self" data-event="customLink-linkType-a_viewAll5Articles">View all 5 articles</a>
Background: To protect developing brain from any unfavorable effects
it is necessary to construct experimental techniques that can sensitively detect and evaluate developmental toxicity
We have previously shown that brain perivascular tissues
especially perivascular macrophages (PVMs)
respond sensitively even to weak stimuli by foreign toxicants such as low-dose exposure to nanoparticle
This paper shows the protocol of a novel staining method that enables easy detection and rapid evaluation of brain perivascular abnormalities
low-dose of carbon black nanoparticle (95&#x000a0;&#x003bc;g/kg) or titanium dioxide nanoparticle (100&#x000a0;&#x003bc;g/kg) was intranasally administered to pregnant mice at gestational days 5 and 9
The offspring brains were used to confirm the properties of PVMs and to find suitable protocols for the detection and evaluation of the mild denaturation of PVMs
various procedures of novel combinational double staining including periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemistry were examined
we checked the alterations in neurotransmitter levels and the behaviors of the offspring
Results and discussion: Maternal exposure to low-dose of nanoparticle at levels where no significant effects on the brain were observed
it was difficult to detect and determine slight histopathological alterations
we established PAS-immunohistochemical double-staining method for the brain
This double staining method enabled easy detection and rapid evaluation of brain perivascular abnormalities and the relationship between PVMs and the surrounding cells
this double staining allows evaluation of the histopathological denaturation of the PVMs and the associated abnormalities in the surrounding tissues in the same section
Conclusion: The slight responses of brain perivascular tissues
were sensitively and easily determined by the PAS-immunohistochemical double-staining method
This double staining method is a powerful tool to assess brain perivascular injuries including PVM denaturation and the relationship between the expression of various molecules and the morphology of PVMs
We propose that the observation of the tissue around brain blood vessels using the double staining provides potential endpoints to evaluate developmental neurotoxicity
To prevent unfavorable abnormal development
it is necessary to construct an experimental system that can sensitively detect and evaluate the developmental toxicity of various unknown and novel substances; to achieve this goal
experimental techniques that can capture and evaluate slight biological reactions at an early stage before they appear as phenotypes are essential
located at the front line of brain defense and constantly protect the brain parenchyma
are the first cells to respond to foreign substances circulating in blood and cerebrospinal fluid
they may be a useful end-point to investigate developmental toxicity following exposure to external toxicants and pollutants
the ability to observe their inconspicuous changes in the order of 1&#x000a0;&#x003bc;m is required to investigate their denaturation
we have established a novel staining method to easily detect and rapidly evaluate the denaturation of PVMs associated with brain perivascular injuries
Ultra-pure water without any nanoparticles was prepared for the control group
no particulate signals were detected by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy
All sample collection was performed under isoflurane anesthesia
and all efforts were made to minimize the number of mice used and their suffering
Serial sections of mouse brains were obtained according to previously reported methods (<a href="#B29">Onoda et al., 2020</a>)
We randomly chose one male offspring per one dam and collected the brains from the selected offspring at 3&#x000a0;weeks after birth
The offspring mice were put into anesthesia box filled with isoflurane and taken out from the box when they fell asleep
The mice were laid on their back and placed inhalation anesthesia device for isoflurane in their nose
The mice continuously anesthetized by isoflurane were transcardially perfused with 11&#x000a0;ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing heparin (10,000 units) at a rate of 7&#x000a0;ml/min
perfusate was switched to 4% paraformaldehyde fixation solution in 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L phosphate buffer at 4&#x000b0;C
Perfusion was performed at a rate of 5&#x000a0;ml/min for 6&#x000a0;min
The brains were collected after perfusion and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L phosphate buffer for 24&#x000a0;h
the fixed brain tissues were cryoprotected in PBS-sucrose solutions (10% sucrose
30&#x000a0;h) containing 0.1% sodium azide
The brains were then embedded in Tissue-Tek OCT compound (Sakura Finetek Japan Co.
Japan) and immediately frozen in Histo-Tek Hyfluid (Sakura Finetek Japan Co.
Serial sections (5-&#x003bc;m thick or 10-&#x003bc;m thick) were prepared from the frozen blocks using a Tissue-Tek Polar instrument (Sakura Finetek Japan Co.
Ltd.) and mounted onto a glass slide for detection of autofluorescence and immunofluorescence
The sections were air-dried for 48&#x000a0;h before staining to prevent moisture interference
the dried frozen sections were submerged in PBS to remove the Tissue-Tek OCT compound
fixed brain tissues were dehydrated using ethanol and xylene
the brains were soaked and embedded in paraffin at 60&#x000b0;C
Serial sections (3-&#x003bc;m thick) were prepared from the paraffin blocks using a sliding microtome (Sakura Finetek Japan Co.
Ltd.) and mounted onto a glass slide for Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining
and PAS-immunohistochemical double staining
The serial sections were air-dried for 48&#x000a0;h before staining to adhere firmly to the glass slides
the paraffin sections were deparaffinized using xylene and rehydrated with ethanol and pure water
A portion of the frozen serial sections was enclosed by cover glass using Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent (P36934
Autofluorescence of PVM granules was evaluated using a fluorescence microscope (Biorevo BZ-9000
Japan) with an excitation laser of 488&#x000a0;nm
This staining method was different from the common method
PAS staining is mainly used for detection of polysaccharides including glycogen
this staining has been used to evaluate liver diseases associated with glycogen deposition
lung diseases caused by mucin abnormalities
the staining is rarely used for histopathological analysis for brain tissues
we optimized the staining time of each step and concentration of each reagent to clearly detect and evaluate brain PVMs
A portion of the frozen serial sections and paraffin serial sections were stained using PAS staining to visualize the PVM granules
Rehydrated paraffin sections and frozen sections were oxidized in 1% periodic acid solution for 1&#x000a0;min
After rinsing for 3&#x000a0;min in distilled water
the sections were soaked in cold Schiff reagent for 45&#x000a0;min
The sections were then soaked in sulfurous acid solution three times for 5&#x000a0;min and then rinsed for 3&#x000a0;min in distilled water
the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin for 1&#x000a0;s
washed in flowing tap water and distilled water
Coverslips were applied using Permount mounting medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific)
These sections were observed using a BX41 microscope (Olympus
Japan) equipped with a digital camera (Olympus)
The frozen brain sections were stained using immunofluorescent antibodies following standard methodology to detect the protein expression of macrophage mannose receptor (MMR/CD206) as a selective marker of PVM (<a href="#B10">Galea et al., 2005</a>)
The sections were blocked with 10% normal donkey serum (IHR-8135
United States) in PBS for 1&#x000a0;h at room temperature
The sections were then incubated with primary goat polyclonal anti-MMR antibody (AB_2063012
United States) for 20&#x000a0;h at 4&#x000b0;C
After rinsing three times for 5&#x000a0;min per rinse with PBS
sections were incubated with secondary Dylight 649-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (AB_1057495
United States) for 180&#x000a0;min at room temperature
The sections were then rinsed three times for 5&#x000a0;min per rinse with PBS and twice for 5&#x000a0;min per rinse with distilled water
Nuclei were counterstained using 4&#x02032;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) included in the Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent (P36935
The frozen brain sections were also stained using immunofluorescent antibodies following standard methodology to detect MMR protein expression as a selective marker of PVM (<a href="#B10">Galea et al., 2005</a>) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) as a selective marker of blood vessels (<a href="#B27">Nourshargh et al., 2006</a>)
Immunobioscience) in PBS for 1&#x000a0;h at room temperature
The sections were then incubated with primary goat polyclonal anti-MMR antibody (1:200 in PBS; code no
sections were incubated with secondary Dylight 488-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (AB_1057482
sections were incubated with primary rabbit polyclonal anti-CD31 antibody (AB_726362
United Kingdom) for 20&#x000a0;h at 4&#x000b0;C
sections were further incubated with secondary Dylight 649-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (1:1,000 in PBS; code-no
Rockland Immunochemicals Inc.) for 180&#x000a0;min at room temperature
Nuclei were counterstained using DAPI included in the Prolong Gold Antifade Reagent (P36935
The number of PVMs in the cerebral cortex was manually and blindly quantified based on MMR expression in brain perivascular space using a fluorescence microscope (Biorevo BZ-9000)
For each brain obtained from the mice offspring
20 sections (total 200&#x000a0;&#x003bc;m thickness) were prepared from the longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum along the sagittal plane and subjected to quantitative analysis of MMR-positive PVMs
The cells were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy at &#x000d7;400-magnification and plotted on &#x000d7;40-magnified photographs
The MMR-positive PVM number per 1&#x000a0;mm2 area was calculated for the cerebral cortex
Frozen sections were used for Oil Red O staining
0.5&#x000a0;g of Oil Red O (Sigma Chemical Co.
United States) was dissolved in 100&#x000a0;ml of 99.5% isopropanol
and the reagent solution was constantly agitated until it was used
The Oil Red O reagent solution was diluted to 60% with pure water
filtered once through filter paper to remove dissolved reagent
the rehydrated frozen sections were soaked in 60% isopropanol for 1&#x000a0;min
After the water in the sections was replaced with isopropanol
the sections were soaked in the prepared Oil Red O reagent solution at 37&#x000b0;C for 30&#x000a0;min
The stained sections were then rinsed twice with 60% isopropanol and distilled water for 3&#x000a0;min
the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin for 1&#x000a0;s and then washed in flowing tap water and distilled water
the sections were encapsulated by aqueous mountant (glycerol: PBS &#x0003d; 1 : 1) and cover glass
and the area around the cover glass was sealed with nail polish
Oil Red O staining is generally used for the detection of various lipids
Because Oil Red O is a non-polar and lipophilic azo dye
lipid-rich areas are stained darker red because more Oil Red O can dissolve into them
This staining method was different from the common method because it was modified for brain tissue
Frozen sections were used for the Sudan Black B staining
Rehydrated frozen sections were soaked in 70% ethanol for 3&#x000a0;min
After water in the sections was replaced with ethanol
the sections were soaked in Sudan Black B reagent (Muto Pure Chemical) for 20&#x000a0;h
the sections were rinsed with 70% ethanol three times to remove the excess Sudan Black B adsorbed onto the sections
the sections were rinsed in distilled water for 5&#x000a0;min to remove the ethanol
the sections were encapsulated by an aqueous mountant (glycerol: PBS &#x0003d; 1 : 1) and cover glass
is one of the most common lipid staining methods
Although Sudan Black B staining does not have a wide staining range compared with Oil Red O staining
it can be used for long-term staining and sensitively detects a small amount of lipids because the dye does not precipitate
Lipid-rich areas are stained darker blue or black because more Sudan dye can remain in them
Paraffin sections were used for Masson&#x02019;s trichrome staining
Rehydrated paraffin sections were reacted with 10% trichloroacetic acid solution (Muto Pure Chemical Co
Japan) as a mordant for 10&#x000a0;min and rinsed with flowing tap water for 5&#x000a0;min
The sections were soaked in Caracci hematoxylin reagent (Muto Pure Chemical) for 40&#x000a0;min to stain the nuclei
a 10-min rinse was performed under flowing tap water to promote color development
The sections were then exposed to Orange G reagent (Muto Pure Chemical) for a very short time (less than 1&#x000a0;s) to stain red blood cells
The sections were immediately washed twice with 1% acetic acid
The sections were soaked in 10-fold diluted Masson&#x02019;s stain B reagent (Muto Pure Chemical) for 30&#x000a0;s and washed twice with 1% acetic acid water
the sections were soaked in aniline blue reagent (Muto Pure Chemical) for 5&#x000a0;min to stain collagen fibers and washed twice with 1% acetic acid water
the sections were rinsed with flowing tap water for 5&#x000a0;min and distilled water
This staining method is mainly used to detect collagen fibers
Collagen fibers and basement membranes were dyed bright blue
Paraffin and frozen sections were used to establish double staining of immunohistochemistry and PAS. In the present study, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte activation marker (<a href="#B37">Pekny and Nilsson, 2005</a>; <a href="#B38">Pekny et al., 2014</a>)
was stained with PAS-positive granules of PVMs in the same brain section
endogenous peroxidase in the brain sections was deactivated with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PBS for 30&#x000a0;min at room temperature
After blocking with 10% normal donkey serum (IHR-8135
the sections were incubated in primary rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP antibody (AB_10013382
DakoCytomation Co.) for 16&#x000a0;h at 4&#x000b0;C
After rinsing three times for 5&#x000a0;min per rinse with PBS-0.01%Triton X
sections were further incubated in secondary biotinylated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (1:1,000 in PBS-0.01%Triton X Chemicon
United States; 1:1,000) for 120&#x000a0;min at room temperature and rinsed three times for 5&#x000a0;min per rinse with PBS-0.01%Triton X
the sections were treated with 1% periodic acid solution for 3&#x000a0;min
rinsed with distilled water for 1&#x000a0;min
and soaked in cold Schiff reagent for 60&#x000a0;min
Sections were submerged in sulfurous acid solution three times for 3&#x000a0;min each
and then rinsed with distilled water for 1&#x000a0;min
sections were treated with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (1:400 in pure water
United States) for 120&#x000a0;min and reacted in a solution of 0.02% 3,3&#x02032;-diaminobenzidene (DAB) or DAB-cobalt substrate in 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L Tris&#x02013;HCl buffer (pH 7.6)
the sections were treated with 0.01% H2O2 for 20&#x000a0;min to detect peroxidase activity
immunoreactivity was visible as light brown staining
immunoreactivity was visible as dark brown (black) staining if the DAB-cobalt substrate was chosen
and mounted on coverslips with permount mounting medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.)
These sections were observed using a BX41 microscope (Olympus) equipped with a digital camera (Olympus)
Immunohistochemistry was performed according to the double staining method described above
This was performed to compare the ease of detection of brain perivascular injuries with PAS-immunohistochemical double-staining
Endogenous peroxidase in the paraffin sections was deactivated with 0.3% H2O2 in PBS for 30&#x000a0;min at room temperature
the sections were incubated in primary rabbit polyclonal anti-GFAP antibody (1:1,000 in PBS-0.01%Triton X
sections were further incubated with secondary biotinylated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (AB_92587
The sections were treated with an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (1:400 in pure water
United States) for 120&#x000a0;min and reacted in a solution of 0.02% DAB substrate in 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L Tris&#x02013;HCl buffer (pH 7.6)
Immunoreactivity was visible as light brown staining
Serial coronal sections (2&#x000a0;mm thick) were acquired using a rodent brain slicer (Muromachi Kikai
Japan) and nine brain regions were obtained: the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN)
These separated tissues were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at &#x02212;80&#x000b0;C until use
Each brain tissue was homogenized in cold perchloric acid containing 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (2Na)
Isoproterenol (100&#x000a0;ng) was added to the lysate as an internal standard
The lysate was centrifuged at 20,000 &#x000d7; g for 15&#x000a0;min at 4&#x000b0;C to remove insoluble debris
and the supernatants were collected for analysis
The pH of the supernatant was adjusted to 3.0
and stored at &#x02212;80&#x000b0;C until use
The pH-adjusted supernatant (10&#x000a0;&#x003bc;L) was injected into an high-performance liquid chromatography system with electrochemical detection (Eicom Co.
Monoamines and their metabolites were separated using a C18 reverse-phase column (Eicompak SC-5ODS
Eicom) with a mobile phase containing sodium acetate and citric acid
The mobile phase was prepared as follows: 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L sodium acetate was mixed with 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L citric acid in a 10:9 ratio
and was adjusted to pH 3.5 (0.1&#x000a0;mol/L sodium acetatecitric acid buffer)
mixed with methanol in a ratio of 85:15 and then supplemented with sodium 1-octanesulfonate (100&#x000a0;mg/L)
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (2Na) (5&#x000a0;mg/ml)
We also quantified 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC)
and homovanillic acid (HVA) as metabolites of DA
3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) as a metabolite of NA and Ad
and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) as a metabolite of serotonin
The open field test and elevated plus maze test were performed to evaluate brain function. We randomly chose one male offspring per one dam and collected the brain from the selected offspring at 8&#x000a0;weeks after birth. This age was selected because mice should normally be 8&#x02013;24&#x000a0;weeks old at the time of testing to evaluate the maturation and development of brain function (<a href="#B6">Crawley, 2008</a>)
except when examining the specialized tests for newborn mice
The chosen mice were transferred to a soundproof room (100 lx) for behavioral test an hour before testing of the first animal to habituate them to the condition of the room
The control and CB-NP groups were tested alternately
To examine spontaneous locomotor activity of the mice
we counted the number of center square entries and reared them in the open field (100&#x000a0;cm square)
Based on guideline of the National Toxicology Program
behavior was measured every 5&#x000a0;min for a total of 30&#x000a0;min
and number of rearing) of the mice was recorded and analyzed using a digital counter with Video Tracking Interface software
version 1.4 (Home Cage Video Tracking System
Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated by elevated plus maze test
The number of entries into open arms and time in the open arms in 5-min were measured
The apparatus consisted of two open arms (25 &#x000d7; 5 &#x000d7; 0.5&#x000a0;cm)
two closed arms (25 &#x000d7; 5 &#x000d7; 16&#x000a0;cm)
and a central area (5 &#x000d7; 5 &#x000d7; 0.5&#x000a0;cm)
The distance between each arm and the floor was 50&#x000a0;cm
The behavior was recorded and analyzed using a digital counter with video tracking interface software
version 1.4 (Home Cage Video Tracking System)
the entire apparatus was cleaned with disinfectant ethanol and weakly acidic hypochlorite water to remove the odor of prior mice and prevent any olfactory-based bias
All data are presented as mean &#x000b1; standard deviation, and the levels of significance are cited. R version 4.1.2 (<a href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/</a>) was used for statistical analyses
The number and sex ratio of newborns per dam
and results of behavioral tests were analyzed using Welch&#x02019;s t-test
The level of significance was set at p &#x0003c; 0.05
First, we confirmed the properties of PVMs to be able to correctly detect them. Previous studies have already revealed that MMR (CD206) is a specific marker of PVMs in brain (<a href="#B10">Galea et al., 2005</a>; <a href="#B50">Zhang et al., 2017</a>). In fact, MMR-positive cells were detected only around blood vessels in the brains of the control group (<a href="#F1">Figures 1A&#x02013;F</a>)
Identification and characterization of brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs)
macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) expression
and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stainability were evaluated to detect and identify PVMs using brain sections from the control group
(A&#x02013;F) Immunofluorescence of macrophage mannose receptor (MMR) and CD31
MMR-positive cells were observed only around the blood vessels in the cerebral cortex
Activated microglia (MMR-positive microglia) were not detected in either control (A&#x02013;C) or CB-NP groups (D&#x02013;F) (G&#x02013;K) Immunofluorescence of MMR and autofluorescence
Arrowheads indicate autofluorescence granules
Autofluorescence was detected in MMR-positive cells
(L-Q) Localization of autofluorescence granules and PAS-positive granules
Arrowheads indicate autofluorescence of PVM granules
Brain section in (O) was serial section of (L&#x02013;N)
(P,Q) show enlarged views of a part of (O)
The localization of autofluorescence and PAS-positive granules was consistent
This is the first study to show that the PAS-stained granules around brain blood vessels are identical to lysosomal granules exhibiting autofluorescence included the MMR-positive cells
the results suggest that PVMs and Mato cells are the same
and these cells can be detected by PAS staining
While PVMs constantly express MMR with or without abnormalities such as inflammation and injuries, activated microglia observed in abnormal brains express MMR (<a href="#B50">Zhang et al., 2017</a>)
the MMR-positive cells in the brains of offspring maternally exposed to CB-NP were investigated in comparison to those of the control group
The difference in their localization can be used to determine the cell
Microglia are found in the brain parenchyma
whereas PVM are found in the only perivascular space surrounded by glial limiting membranes and vascular endothelial cells
Only MMR-positive cells in the perivascular space can be determined to be PVM
The results suggested that maternal exposure to low-dose CB-NP used in the present study did not affect microglial activation or the number of PVMs in the brain
Quantification of the number of perivascular macrophages (PVMs)
The number of PVMs in the cerebral cortex was counted and compared between the control and CB-NP exposure groups
(A&#x02013;F) Low-magnification images to quantify the number of PVMs using MMR expression
Values are expressed as the mean &#x000b1; SD
Abbreviation: Carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP)
Enlargement of PVM granules may be a sensitive endpoint for the assessment of neurotoxic effects
Detection of histopathological changes in perivascular macrophages (PVMs)
and Masson&#x02019;s trichrome staining were performed
(A&#x02013;D) Light micrographs of brain sections stained with Oil Red O
Blue and red indicate the nucleus and accumulation of lipid
(E&#x02013;H) Light micrographs of brain sections stained with Sudan Black B
(I&#x02013;L) Light micrographs of brain sections stained with Masson&#x02019;s trichrome stain
These staining could stain PVMs with severe denaturation in the brains of aged mice but did not detect mild denaturation of PVMs in the brains of both the control and carbon black nanoparticle exposure groups
Visualization of enlargement of granules in denatured perivascular macrophages (PVMs)
their granules were visualized by Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining
PVM denaturation was easily detected by PAS-immunohistochemical double staining
(A&#x02013;F) Light micrographs of the PVMs stained with PAS staining
(A&#x02013;C) are enlarged pictures of (D&#x02013;F)
Arrowheads indicate PAS-positive granules in PVMs
Enlargement of the granules was observed after maternal exposure to the nanoparticles
the entire brain tissue is stained pink and PVM granules (approximately 1&#x02013;3&#x000a0;&#x003bc;m) are inconspicuous
making it difficult to detect and evaluate the granules
(G&#x02013;L) Light micrographs of PVMs and astrocytes stained with PAS-immunohistochemical double staining
(G&#x02013;I) are enlarged pictures of (J,K)
Arrowheads indicate PAS-positive granules in PVM
and brown indicates high expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) stained with immunohistochemistry
is highly expressed in areas where histopathological changes occur
By focusing on the location of the browns stained with double staining
can be found more easily than PAS single staining
(M&#x02013;O) Immunohistochemistry of GFAP
It is difficult to detect perivascular injuries using immunohistochemistry alone
Although the evaluation of PVM granules using PAS staining may be an effective approach for the sensitive detection of brain injuries, it is difficult for novice pathologists without sufficient experience to detect and determine their slight histopathological changes. Since PAS staining turned the entire brain tissue pink, its small granules were inconspicuous (<a href="#F4">Figures 4D&#x02013;F</a>)
we combined PAS staining with immunohistochemistry
There are several important points in this staining method that appeared in this test
1) This double staining could be used on both paraffin and frozen sections
2) No decrease in PAS staining performance due to antigen retrieval was observed
it should be performed before the deactivation of endogenous peroxidase
avidin and biotin blocking may be required
4) Rinsing with PBS containing surfactants such as TritonX slightly degraded PAS staining performance
the sections were rinsed with PBS that did not contain surfactants or contained very little surfactant
Care must be taken when reacting highly concentrated H2O2 for a long time
6) Nuclear staining is not recommended because it makes observation of PVMs and their surroundings difficult
7) The color of the target molecules turned black when the DAB substrate contained cobalt (<a href="#F5">Figures 5A,B</a>)
The DAB-cobalt substrate can be used when there is a need to observe the expression of the target molecule more clearly
Examination of various methods of Periodic acid-Schiff and immunohistochemical double-staining and its staining results
PAS-immunohistochemistry using diaminobenzidine (DAB) with cobalt
When the DAB substrate was mixed with cobalt
(A,B) Light micrographs of PVMs and astrocytes stained with PAS-immunohistochemical double staining using a DAB-cobalt substrate
This staining with DAB-cobalt is suitable when the staining of astrocytes needs to be emphasized
we have emphasized that PVMs and their surrounding astrocytes sensitively respond to even slight stimuli
and their histological changes may be a potential end-point to evaluate toxic effects on the developing brain
maternal exposure to low-dose CB-NP induced the denaturation of PVMs with astrocyte activation in the brain of offspring; however
microglial activation was not induced by the exposure
we evaluated the effects of exposure to low-dose CB-NP on the phenotypes of offspring mice
Abnormal behavioral function caused by CB-NP exposure was not observed
in the same was for the neurotransmitter levels
Body weight (g) of offspring at postnatal days (PND) 1
Levels of each neurotransmitter and their metabolite in each brain region
The effect of maternal carbon black nanoparticle exposure on each neurotransmitter and its metabolite in each brain region was evaluated
(A) Evaluated brain regions in mice offspring
and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Values are expressed as the mean &#x000b1; standard deviation
The white column indicates the control group and the black column indicates the carbon black nanoparticle exposure group
Behavioral tests using open field and elevated plus maze
The effect of maternal carbon black nanoparticle exposure on behavior associated with spontaneous locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior was evaluated
(A) Schematic diagrams of the open field test and the elevated plus maze test
the number of visits to the center square of the open field
and the number of rearing in the open field
(C) The number of visits to open arms or closed arms in the elevated plus maze during 5-min and spending time [s] in the open arms or closed arms for 5-min
The evidence and our findings indicate that exposure to low-doses of nanoparticles
which does not induce significant effects on their phenotype
including behavioral function and neurotransmitter levels in the brain
can cause brain perivascular abnormalities such as PVM denaturation
Brain perivascular injuries may occur before abnormal neurotransmitter levels or behavioral abnormalities are detected as phenotypes because the perivascular tissues are very sensitive to foreign substances and stimuli
histological alteration of PVMs and their surrounding tissues may be a sensitive end-point to investigate adverse effects on the developing brain
it is unclear how the PVM denaturation observed following the low-dose exposure to nanoparticle in the present study lead to changes in brain function
further studies are needed to link the slight changes in PVMs to the resulting phenotype
there are still not many findings about PVMs
Since the function and localization of PVMs suggest that it is significant in protecting the brain tissue from accumulation of waste products and foreign substances and contribute to maintaining the brain at a normal state
investigation of brain perivascular areas including PVMs will contribute to a better understanding of developmental neurotoxicity
we chose low-dose exposure to nanoparticles as a weak stimulus in the present study but did not investigate other toxicants
it is necessary to evaluate whether PVMs will sensitively respond to other toxicants as well as nanoparticles
The PAS-immunohistochemical double-staining method indicated in the present study may be effective for the further investigation of the histological characteristics of brain perivascular tissues and effects of various substances on the tissues
we established a novel staining method to sensitively determine the histopathological abnormalities around brain blood vessels
our investigation showed that MMR-positive PVMs with autofluorescence emission were identical to Mato cells stained by PAS staining
Taking advantage of PAS staining to detect mild denaturation of PVMs
a PAS-immunohistochemical double-staining method for brain tissue was developed
the present study determined the optimal procedures for the staining method and introduced their results
This double staining method enabled easy detection and rapid evaluation of brain perivascular abnormalities
including the denaturation of PVM granules
Since PVMs with unique localization and phagocytic function are essential to protect the brain from adverse effects caused by waste products and foreign substances, PVMs and their surrounding tissues respond sensitively to even slight stimuli (<a href="#B15">Guillemin and Brew, 2004</a>; <a href="#B9">Faraco et al., 2017</a>; <a href="#B1">Abreu et al., 2019a</a>)
our findings also indicated that exposure to low-doses of nanoparticles
which does not affect microglial activation
induced brain perivascular abnormalities including PVM denaturation
their histological changes may be a potential end-point for evaluating adverse effects on the developing brain
the slight responses of brain perivascular tissues
were sensitively captured by the PAS-immunohistochemical double-staining method
the histopathological evaluation of brain perivascular areas using this staining method may contribute to the sensitive detection and assessment of developmental neurotoxicity
This double staining method will provide new insights into the functional relationship between PVMs and the surrounding cells in terms of their localization
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material
further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tokyo University of Science (Approval Number: Y16057)
and MU performed the experiments and analyzed the data
The current research was supported in part by a Grant-in Aid from the MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (Grant Number S1101015
a Grant-in-Aid from a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (Grant Number 24790130
a Grant-in-Aid for the Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant (Research on the Risk of Chemical Substances) from the Ministry of Health
Labour and Welfare of Japan (Grant Number 12103301
and a Grant-in-Aid from the JSPS Research Fellow (Grant Number 15J05718
and a Grant-in-Aid from The Research Foundation for Pharmaceutical Sciences (AO
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
We gratefully thank Rikio Niki and Rie Numazaki (Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation
Research Institute for Science and Technology
Tokyo University of Science) for their skilled technical assistance
We also thank graduate and undergraduate students (Takeda laboratory
Tokyo University of Science) for their supports
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Takeda K and Umezawa M (2022) A Novel Staining Method for Detection of Brain Perivascular Injuries Induced by Nanoparticle: Periodic Acid-Schiff and Immunohistochemical Double-Staining
Received: 30 November 2021; Accepted: 18 February 2022;Published: 21 March 2022
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<a href="http://retronaut.com" target="_blank">by Alex Q. Arbuckle(opens in a new tab)</a>
walks out of the jungle on Lubang Island after a nearly 29-year guerrilla campaign
After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda was 22 years old when he was deployed to Lubang Island in the Philippines in December 1944
he was given orders to disrupt and sabotage enemy efforts &mdash; and to never surrender or take his own life
Allied forces landed on the island in February 1945
and before long Onoda and three others were the only Japanese soldiers who had not surrendered or died
with plans to continue the fight as guerrillas
coconut milk and stolen cattle while engaging in sporadic shootouts with local police
the group began encountering air-dropped leaflets announcing that the war was over
Image: Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
One of Onoda&rsquo;s companions surrendered in 1950
and another was killed by a search party in 1954.&nbsp;His last companion
was shot by police in 1972 as he and Onoda were destroying stores of rice at a local farm
by this point a figure of legend on Lubang and beyond
The story of the mysterious holdout caught the attention of a young adventurer named Norio Suzuki
who set out to find &ldquo;Lieutenant Onoda
the two men ran into each other in the jungles of Lubang
Suzuki told Onoda that Japan was worried about him
but Onoda firmly replied that he would not surrender unless ordered to by a superior officer
Norio Suzuki poses with Onoda and his rifle after finding him in the jungles of Lubang Island
Image: <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoryPorn/comments/3ro63g/norio_suzuki_holds_hiroo_onodas_rifle_with_a/">Norio Suzuki via reddit</a>
and with the help of the government tracked down Onoda&rsquo;s commanding officer
who was by now an elderly man working in a bookstore
nearly 29 years after the end of the war.&nbsp;
Onoda surrendered his sword to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos
and received a pardon for his actions over the previous decades (he and his companions had killed some 30 people in their long war)
He returned to Japan and was greeted as a hero
but chose to move to Brazil and become a cattle rancher
he came back to Japan and established a group of schools to teach wilderness survival to children
the adventurer: shortly after finding Onoda
He was killed in an avalanche in the Himalayas in 1986 while continuing his hunt for the Abominable Snowman.)
Onoda passed away in 2014 at the age of 91
Onoda offers his sword to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos to express his surrender at the Malacanan Palace in Manila
Onoda speaks at a Press Club luncheon in his honor
<a href="http://www.retronaut.com">Wolfgang Wild</a>
<a href="http://www.retronaut.com">Alex Q. Arbuckle</a>
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stayed holed up in Philippine jungle until he was coaxed out in 1974
</a>The last Japanese soldier to come out of hiding and surrender
almost 30 years after the end of the second world war
caused a sensation when he was persuaded to come out of hiding in the Philippine jungle in 1974
The native of Wakayama prefecture in western Japan died of heart failure at a hospital in Tokyo on Thursday
Onoda’s three decades spent in the jungle – initially with three comrades and finally alone – came to be seen as an example of the extraordinary lengths to which some Japanese soldiers would go to demonstrate their loyalty to the then emperor
Refusing to believe that the war had ended with Japan’s defeat in August 1945
Onoda drew on his training in guerilla warfare to kill as many as 30 people whom he mistakenly believed to be enemy soldiers
The world had known of his existence since 1950 when one of his fellow stragglers emerged and returned to Japan
A second member of the group reportedly died in 1950
whose sole remaining companion was killed in a shootout with Philippine troops in 1972
He was only persuaded to surrender when his former commanding officer travelled to his hideout on the island of Lubang in the north-western Philippines and convinced him that the war had ended
he believed attempts to persuade him to leave were a plot concocted by the pro-US government in Tokyo
By the time he surrendered he had been on the island since 1944
two years after he was drafted into the Japanese imperial army
Onoda wept uncontrollably as he agreed to lay down his perfectly serviceable rifle
He was later pardoned for the killings by the then Philippine president
Onoda wore his 30-year-old imperial army uniform
He returned to Japan in March the same year
but after struggling to adapt to life in his homeland
he emigrated to Brazil in 1975 to become a farmer
He returned to Japan in 1984 and opened nature camps for children across Japan
telling reporters on Friday: &quot;I vividly remember that I was reassured of the end of the war when Mr Onoda returned to Japan.&quot;
Onoda was one of several Japanese soldiers who remained holed up in their former battlegrounds long after the war ended
In 2005 there were unsubstantiated claims that two former Japanese soldiers in their 80s were still in hiding in the mountains on the Philippine island of Mindanao
The men were reportedly afraid that they would be court-martialled for desertion if they gave themselves up
This month's Spotlight focuses on a Japanese soldier who for three decades refused to believe the war was over 
Onoda was the penultimate Japanese holdout to surrender from World War II
He remained at his jungle post in Lubang Island in the Philippines for over 29 years
Taniguchi eventually relieved Onoda of his duties on March 9
1974 after he was discovered by explorer Norio Suzuki
Teruo Nakamura became the last known soldier of the Japan Imperial Army to surrender
he never received the kind of attention afforded to Onoda or Shoichi Yokoi
Japan’s two most famous holdouts both wrote autobiographies
Onoda’s was adapted into a movie that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival earlier this year
Yuya Endo as a young Hiroo Onoda in Onoda 10,000 Nights in the Jungle
1922 in the city of Kainan in Wakayama Prefecture
he was interested in combat training and joined the kendo club at junior high school
heading to Wuhan in China to work for the Tajima Yoko trading company aged 17
Onoda stood out and was recruited for specialized training at the army&#8217;s Nakano School
A training center for military intelligence operations
These skills would prove invaluable in the decades that followed
His mission was to do everything he could to hinder enemy attacks there
and Philippine Commonwealth forces took control of the island
Most Japanese soldiers either surrendered or were killed
leaflets were dropped informing the soldiers the war had ended
The four remaining Japanese soldiers on Lubang Island in Arthur Harari&#8217;s movie
Even when family photos and letters were dropped from an aircraft
It was the same with announcements over loudspeakers
Shimada attacked local fishermen on a beach
several holdouts surrendered during the 1950s including the famous castaways from the island of Anatahan
their time there was sensationalized as a lurid tale of sex and violence
the humiliation of defeat was too much to take
Seaman Noboru Kinoshita was captured in the Philippines in 1955 and chose to take his own life rather than return to Japan
Then Yokoi was discovered in a Guam jungle in January 1972
Kozuka was shot and killed by local police officers while burning rice collected by famers
Ononda was now the last of his group remaining
Kanji Tsuda as the older Onoda meeting explorer Norio Suzuki (Taiga Nakano)
news of Kozuka’s 27-year survival led to a rethink
Search efforts were set up to find the soldier
That was until Norio Suzuki set out on his expedition
the Middle East and Africa before briefly returning home
His next mission was to search for &#8220;Lieutenant Onoda
He found Onoda just four days into his trip. Even as the soldier prepared his rifle, Suzuki remained calm. &#8220;The emperor and the people of Japan are worried about you,&#8221; <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/hiroo-onoda-19222014-soldier-who-never-surrendered-became-belated-war-hero-20140128-31kj9.html">he said</a>
Onoda eventually became friendly with the explorer
but wasn&#8217;t prepared to leave unless he was relieved of his duties by his commanding officer
Suzuki returned with Taniguchi so he could do just that
Onoda – 10,000 Nights in the Jungle premiered at the Cannes Film Festival earlier this year
A few months later, another holdout was discovered accidentally by a pilot on the Indonesian island of Morotai. Nakamura (born Attun Palalin), was treated very differently to Onoda. Repatriated to Taiwan, he wasn&#8217;t even entitled to a pension, initially receiving just ¥68,000 from the Japanese government. They eventually relented, paying him ¥20 million, yet despite his extreme loyalty to the cause, Nakamura received little attention in Japan prior to his death from lung cancer in 1979.  
Onoda, on the other hand, was treated like a hero. After decades hiding away from the world, he was suddenly thrust into the international spotlight. That wasn&#8217;t something he enjoyed. Disillusioned with Japan, which he believed was losing its traditional values, he moved to Brazil to raise cattle. He married Machie in 1976 before returning home eight years later. The pair established the Onoda Nature School aimed at teaching children about the value of life.  
Onoda spent his remaining years moving back and forth between Japan and Brazil. He died of heart failure due to complications from pneumonia on January 16, 2014 aged 91. A legendary figure in this country, he was back in the news recently following the release of Onoda – 10,000 Nights in the Jungle. Starring Yuya Endo and Kanji Tsuda, the film debuted in Cannes in July before its Japan release last month.  
*All movie images provided by Elephant House.  
2022Photograph by Adam Pape for The New YorkerSave this storySave this storySave this storySave this storyThe Japanese lieutenant Hiroo Onoda emerged from hiding
after fighting the Second World War for twenty-nine years
He’d been deployed to the Philippine island of Lubang in 1944
and had received secret orders to hold his position even as the Imperial Army withdrew from its airfield there
His commander promised that someone would come back for him eventually
by three fellow-soldiers who’d got lost in the jungle during the retreat
but then one man wandered off and surrendered
and the other two were killed in skirmishes with local police
the Japanese dropped leaflets and sent search parties
His brother spoke to him through a loudspeaker; his father left him a haiku
But Onoda had sewn himself so seamlessly into his surroundings that he eluded detection
he dismissed all outside communication as propaganda
newspapers called him a “straggler” or “holdout,” words that failed to convey the sublime futility of his mission
who has admitted to bending the facts even in his documentaries
“Most details are factually correct; some are not.”) Herzog’s films
His archetypal character might be someone undaunted by nature’s cruelty
who follows his dreams so doggedly that he ends up living a nightmare
It’s easy to see why he was drawn to Onoda’s tale
and spoke intently of the jungle—where Herzog has set some of his most beloved films
the Wrath of God”—which he has called “a curse weighing on an entire landscape.” Few writers are better equipped to capture a place so overwhelmingly opaque that it lapses into absurdity
and a life that became an exercise in purposed purposelessness
and Onoda’s war has the eerie gravity of a thought experiment come to life
an island about twice as large as Manhattan
and Onoda becomes “an impalpable dream figure
the discovery of a piece of used chewing gum on a bamboo pole counts as a major plot development
Onoda believes that American G.I.s may have placed it there to taunt him
he’s certain that someone has moved it “by a hand’s breadth.” Herzog has always been attuned to the ways in which survivalism functions as a form of existentialism
The brutal irony of “The Twilight World” comes in moments like these
when Onoda succumbs to what a psychologist might call patternicity
hearing signals that soon fade into the endless noise
A leaflet proclaiming the end of the war must be a forgery
Onoda’s devout belief in his mission becomes a form of schizophrenia
Confronted with a newspaper left behind by a search party
he decides that it’s too replete with ads to be real: “They’ve censored the actual news
“The Twilight World” is a funny novel in the same way that Herzog’s film “<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/08/08/loners">Grizzly Man</a>”—about an environmentalist who loved bears
or deadpan is an understatement; it’s more like cosmic farce
or field recordings of the hiccups of fate
The novel’s most humorous events are also its most despairing
he was reluctant to abandon the elaborate dream he’d inhabited
He’d stumbled upon a Japanese tourist who’d gone looking for him
he returned a few weeks later with Onoda’s commanding officer
that the Army “had merely wanted to test his dependability.”
Having missed the detonation of <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1946/08/31/hiroshima">the atom bomb</a>, the <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1969/07/26/the-moon-hours">moon landing</a>
he returned to Japan a postwar Rip Van Winkle
enshrining the “Onoda spirit” as an exemplar of lost Japanese duty and discipline
His homecoming “seemed to stir the deepest and most melancholic feelings,” the Times noted
Though “The Twilight World” is full of melancholy
The word “honor” appears only in dialogue—for Herzog
it derives not from patriotism but from his unswerving ability to ignore his own insignificance
Herzog puts an ultrafine point on it: “Onoda’s war is of no meaning for the cosmos
he predicted that his writing would outlast his movies—but
he approaches the task of novel writing with more caution and
He seems to write with an Onoda-like sense of obligation
he has said that he felt fiction was the only appropriate form for telling Onoda’s story
“The passage of time is one of the reasons why the story became a book and not a film,” he said in the interview
Lifting the foot out of the mud is already past
and setting it down in front of you is the future
As a series of images, “The Twilight World” is slow and spectral, closer to <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/01/17/the-metaphysical-world-of-apichatpong-weerasethakuls-movies">Apichatpong Weerasethakul</a>’s “Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives” or Terrence Malick’s “The Thin Red Line” than to Herzog’s own movies
translated from the German by Michael Hofmann
marches to his distinct cadences—anyone who knows his voice will find it in these pages
(Those who don’t should consult the audiobook
read by the man himself.) The Herzogian tendency toward high-minded pronouncements
“The monstrous clatter of water enjoins everything to silence
Crickets sound “as though a great locomotive had applied its emergency brakes”; spiders weave their webs “like diabolical harpists plucking irresistible melodies.” Reflecting on Onoda’s tendency to see conspiracy behind every effort to reach him
or else the codes are unpredictably enriched with reality
this is an apt description of “The Twilight World”: a true story unpredictably enriched with fiction
it seems to shimmer with layers of meaning
who has made a career studying the emptiness of meaning-making
celebrates Onoda’s noble crusade even as he dismisses its abject triviality; it takes a kindred spirit to admire someone who held himself hostage to a lost cause
Herzog devotes almost none of the novel to Onoda’s life after his long war
These are biographical afterthoughts for Herzog
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A limousine driver watches <a href="/culture/photo-booth/a-limousine-driver-watches-her-passengers-transform" class="InternalLinkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">her passengers transform</a>
The day Muhammad Ali <a href="/news/news-desk/the-day-muhammad-ali-punched-me" class="InternalLinkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">punched me</a>
What is it like to be keenly intelligent but deeply alienated from simple emotions? <a href="/magazine/1993/12/27/anthropologist-mars" class="InternalLinkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">Temple Grandin knows</a>
The harsh realm of “<a href="/books/under-review/the-harsh-realm-of-gentle-parenting" class="InternalLinkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">gentle parenting</a>.” 
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Fiction by F. Scott Fitzgerald: “<a href="/magazine/2012/08/06/thank-you-for-the-light" class="InternalLinkEmbedWrapper-fhjgJW cQLtaa">Thank You for the Light</a>.” 
<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/newsletter/daily">Sign up for our daily newsletter</a> to receive the best stories from The New Yorker.
tells the strange story of Japan&#x27;s controversial WW2 hero
Its themes of nationalism and fake news are more relevant now than ever
December 1944: in the final months of World War Two
a Japanese lieutenant named Hiroo Onoda was stationed on Lubang
a US attack forced Japanese combatants into the jungle – but unlike most of his comrades
Onoda remained hidden on the island for nearly 30 years
The Japanese government declared him dead in 1959
he was alive – committed to a secret mission that had instructed him to hold the island until the imperial army&#x27;s return
He was convinced the whole time that the war had never ended
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and Filipina-Australian filmmaker Mia Stewart to complete her own documentary later in 2022
it is evident that Onoda is an alluring subject
and &quot;fake news&quot; more relevant than ever
his story remains as fascinating and contested a subject as it did upon his re-emergence nearly 50 years ago
Onoda was conscripted into the Japanese army in 1942
where he was selected for guerilla combat training
At the Futamata branch of the Nakano Military School
his training defied the widely distributed Senjinkun battlefield code instructions
which forbade Japanese combatants from being taken prisoner and instructed them to die fighting or via self-sacrifice instead
&quot;You are absolutely forbidden to die by your own hand,&quot; he was told upon being sent to Lubang in late 1944 – as recalled in his 1974 memoir
&quot;Under no circumstances are you to give up your life voluntarily.&quot;
Onoda&#x27;s mission was to destroy the Lubang airfield and a pier by the harbour
plus any enemy planes or crews who attempted to land
and as enemy forces took control of the island
he and his fellow troops retreated into the jungle
The war was soon over – but the leaflets that were dropped on Lubang to inform stragglers of Japan&#x27;s surrender on 15 August 1945
by Onoda and the three remaining servicemen who stood by him
They remained hidden in the wilderness among stinging ants and snakes
convinced that the enemy was trying to starve them out
but Onoda assumed them to be Japanese prisoners
Photos from family members were believed to be doctored – Onoda was not aware that his hometown had been bombed and rebuilt
Jets heard flying overhead during the Korean War (1950-53) were thought to be a Japanese counter-offensive
while newspapers dropped on the island informing them otherwise were dubbed &quot;Yankee propaganda&quot;
he and comrade Kinshichi Kozuka &quot;had developed so many fixed ideas that we were unable to understand anything that did not conform to them.&quot;
Kozuka was ultimately killed by shots fired by local police in October 1972
before an encounter with an eccentric Japanese explorer named Norio Suzuki resulted in an agreement
If Suzuki could bring Onoda&#x27;s commanding officer to Lubang with direct orders to lay down arms
Suzuki&#x27;s mission was a success – and Onoda&#x27;s war came to an end on 9 March 1974
the French director of Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle
initially wanted to make an &quot;adventure&quot; film
having been inspired by writers like Joseph Conrad and Robert Louis Stevenson
and reading Bernard Cendron and Gérard Chenu&#x27;s 2020 book
1944-1974 – a &quot;documentary&quot; text informed by interviews with Onoda
and the authors&#x27; visits to Lubang – he realised he&#x27;d found the perfect source material
&quot;The whole story was fascinating,&quot; Harari tells BBC Culture
&quot;You can&#x27;t not be struck by it.&quot;
But while acclaim for the film has been widespread, it has not been entirely universal – with Sight &amp; Sound magazine notably critical of Harari&#x27;s portrayal of Onoda, and the omission of any meaningful Filipino perspective. &quot;With nationalist sentiment on the rise again in Japan,&quot; <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/reviews/onoda-10000-nights-jungle-lost-filipino-wilds" class="sc-f9178328-0 bGFWdi">James Lattimer wrote</a>
in a review published shortly after the film&#x27;s premiere in Cannes
&quot;making a film that essentially celebrates someone who appeared to fully assimilate its imperialistic ambitions is naive at best and insulting at worst; it&#x27;s telling here that the Filipinos who appear are little more than cannon fodder.&quot;
a farmer named Fernando Poblete describes his gruesome discovery of a fellow islander&#x27;s corpse: &quot;the body was found in one place
Harari admits that he had expected his film to be contentious – and while he doesn&#x27;t defend Onoda&#x27;s actions
he does justify his creative decision-making
is to &quot;stand by [Onoda] like a member of his group,&quot; so as to understand the experience of a soldier who was &quot;completely imprisoned&quot; within his own point of view
(He draws parallels to the present-day conspiracy
denial and fanaticism seen around the world
and the dangerous actions that often go with them)
Taking this perspective doesn&#x27;t mean agreeing with Onoda
pointing to the inclusion of semi-fictional scenes in which islanders are killed in cold blood as a result of Onoda&#x27;s actions
&quot;I tried to show that the violence in which the [Filipinos] live is an outraging violence
[but] it&#x27;s a very difficult and tricky position for the mise-en-scène in a way
because I tried to manage both feelings.&quot;
associate professor at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies and author of the essay Le retour du soldat Onoda et ses résonances
which contribute to what she feels is a less-than-heroic interpretation of the character
&quot;The film shows that Onoda was feared and hated by the inhabitants,&quot; she tells BBC Culture
&quot;[and while] these scenes do not measure up to the cruelty of the facts
they can raise doubts and can disturb the public
and invite them hopefully to reflect.&quot;
and the repercussions for a soldier abandoning certain duties
or failing to adhere to traditional standards
were severe: &quot;Even if the death penalty was not carried out
[a disgraced soldier] was so thoroughly ostracised by others that he might as well have been dead.&quot; To complicate matters further
Onoda&#x27;s secret orders to survive using any means necessary and hold the territory until the imperial army&#x27;s return effectively isolated him from his comrades
And it would have weighed heavily on him that he had already failed in his mission to destroy Lubang&#x27;s pier and airfield
&quot;The ideology of no-surrender during the war was powerful,&quot; Beatrice Trefalt
senior lecturer in Japanese Studies at Australia&#x27;s Monash University
but this hardly explains the extent of Onoda&#x27;s commitment
or ran into hopeless battles as a last-ditch effort
and so the surrender was very welcome for most people.&quot; She concludes that Onoda was likely &quot;a very uncompromising person&quot; who refused to abandon his principles
&quot;This refusal cost the lives of not only two of his comrades/friends
Onoda might have found it easier to convince himself that he didn&#x27;t know [the war was over]
rather than to face up to the destruction engendered by his own
Onoda wasn&#x27;t the only soldier who found it difficult to believe that the war had ended
many Japanese groups continued fighting long after the country&#x27;s surrender
Twenty-one soldiers were rounded up on the island of Anatahan in 1951
endured 29 years in the jungle after the end of World War Two
And Shoichi Yokoi remained hidden in the Guam jungle until 1972
The latter revealed that he knew the war had been over for 20 years – but had been too frightened to give himself up
is that many other Japanese holdouts &quot;found ways to live in the formerly occupied country,&quot; and even started families in some cases
&quot;refused to live in collaboration with the inhabitants [of Lubang].&quot;
he was cheered by a crowd of up to 8,000 people – a moment that was played out live on NHK
Japan was facing its worst economic performance in two decades
Onoda offered a timely reminder of the traditional and positive Japanese virtues of bravery
pride and commitment that had been widespread during wartime
His re-emergence offered a useful propaganda tool for the country&#x27;s powerful conservatives – or at the very least
&quot;He aligned himself with the powerful faction
and played the role that would allow him the most benefit,&quot; Trefalt says
&quot;The money he made from the media frenzy was always going to be better than the measly veterans&#x27; pension.&quot;
but he was at the same time seen as a victim
and then criticised as the embodiment of militarism – Naoko SeriuIn her book
Japanese Army Stragglers and Memories of the War in Japan
Trefalt describes the controversy that met Onoda&#x27;s bestselling memoir
war veterans confronted Onoda at a public launch event
&quot;loudly questioning his account… and accusing him of concocting a pack of lies,&quot; she writes
the memoir&#x27;s ghostwriter Ikeda Shin published his own account
titled Fantasy Hero,believing that it was his responsibility to inform the public that he believed Onoda was not a hero
&quot;Onoda was greeted as a hero,&quot; Naoko Seriu says
of the breadth of interpretations of his character
&quot;but he was at the same time seen as a victim
and then criticised as the embodiment of militarism.&quot; Onoda&#x27;s reception
Evidently the fantastical elements of Onoda&#x27;s legend are as alluring as its disputed truths
who is completing a documentary that offers a Filipino perspective of events
On Search For Onoda&#x27;s fundraising page
Stewart describes how her own mother grew up on Lubang being told stories about a &quot;mythical soldier&quot; who hid on the outskirts of their village and would cause harm to those who approached
&quot;It&#x27;s easy to romanticise the time-travelling soldier who refuses to surrender
the survivor,&quot; Stewart tells BBC Culture
&quot;I was [also] in awe of Onoda when I first learned about him.&quot;
But <a target="_blank" href="http://www.searchforonoda.com/" class="sc-f9178328-0 bGFWdi">the trailer</a> for Stewart&#x27;s film highlights the significant truth that is perhaps understated in other accounts of this story
The war didn&#x27;t end in 1945 for Onoda; but it didn&#x27;t end there for the Filipinos on Lubang
And the voice of the Filipino people needs to be heard
&quot;so as to counter the image of Onoda as a hero
and to bring attention and justice for the victims and their families,&quot; she says
Stewart encourages every person who comes across Harari&#x27;s film or Herzog&#x27;s book to seek out her documentary
compelling and controversial as Onoda&#x27;s
this simple conclusion is also the most logical
There are several sides to every story – the truth
Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle is released in the UK and Ireland on 15 April
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Results: The numbers of total splenocytes and splenic CD3−B220− phenotype (non-T/non-B lymphocytes) in offspring on postnatal day 5 were significantly increased after exposure to CB-NP during the organogenesis period compared with other gestational periods of exposure and control (no exposure). In contrast, expression levels of mRNA associated with chemotaxis and differentiation of immune cells in the spleen were not affected by CB-NP exposure during any gestational period.
Conclusion: The organogenesis period was the most susceptible period to CB-NP exposure with respect to lymphoid tissue development. Moreover, the findings of the present and previous studies suggested that long-term exposure to CB-NP across multiple gestational periods including the organogenesis period, rather than acute exposure only organogenesis period, may more severely affect the development of the immune system.
Volume 3 - 2021 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2021.700392">https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2021.700392</a>
enhances the risk of pediatric allergic diseases that is potentially associated with disruption of neonatal immune system
Previous studies have revealed that maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticles (CB-NP) disturbs the development of the lymphoid tissues in newborns
the CB-NP-induced immune profiles were observed to be different depending on the gestational period of exposure
It is important to identify the critical exposure period to prevent toxic effects of nanoparticles on the development of the immune system
the present study was aimed to investigate the effect of CB-NP on the development of neonatal lymphoid tissues in mice
depending on the gestational period of exposure
Methods: Pregnant ICR mice were treated with a suspension of CB-NP (95&#x000a0;&#x003bc;g/kg body weight) by intranasal instillation; the suspension was administered twice during each gestational period as follows: the pre-implantation period (gestational days 4 and 5)
organogenesis period (gestational days 8 and 9)
and fetal developmental period (gestational days 15 and 16)
The spleen and thymus were collected from offspring mice at 1
Splenocyte and thymocyte phenotypes were examined by flow cytometry
Gene expression in the spleen was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
Results: The numbers of total splenocytes and splenic CD3&#x02212;B220&#x02212; phenotype (non-T/non-B lymphocytes) in offspring on postnatal day 5 were significantly increased after exposure to CB-NP during the organogenesis period compared with other gestational periods of exposure and control (no exposure)
expression levels of mRNA associated with chemotaxis and differentiation of immune cells in the spleen were not affected by CB-NP exposure during any gestational period
Conclusion: The organogenesis period was the most susceptible period to CB-NP exposure with respect to lymphoid tissue development
the findings of the present and previous studies suggested that long-term exposure to CB-NP across multiple gestational periods including the organogenesis period
rather than acute exposure only organogenesis period
may more severely affect the development of the immune system
it is important to reveal the mechanisms of immunotoxicity caused by nanoparticles and the effects of maternal exposure to them
the findings of the studies indicated that immune responses elicited by CB-NP might be dependent on the stage of gestation to which they were exposed
this critical exposure period is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of nanoparticles on the development of the immune system
we reported differential effects of CB-NP exposure during each gestation period on the thymus
the peripheral tissue of the immune system
The exposure period was divided into three periods: pre-implantation period
Thirty-one pregnant ICR mice at 11&#x000a0;weeks of age were purchased from Japan SLC Inc
Japan) and were randomly divided into control group (C group; n&#x0003d;8)
pre-implantation period exposure group (P group; n&#x0003d;9)
organogenesis period exposure group (O group; n&#x0003d;7)
and fetal developmental period exposure group (F group; n&#x0003d;7)
The mice were housed in a room at a controlled temperature (22&#x02013;24&#x000b0;C) and humidity (50&#x02013;60%)
and were given ad libitum access to food and water
Summarized scheme of animal treatments and sample collection
Pregnant mice were randomly divided into four groups; control group (C group; n&#x0003d;8)
The pregnant mice were intranasally exposed to carbon black nanoparticle suspension (95&#x000a0;&#x003bc;g/kg body weight) at gestational days 4 and 5 for the P group
and gestational days (GDs) 15 and 16 for the F group
The control group were treated with the same volume of ultrapure water each time
six male offspring per 1&#x000a0;dam were randomly selected and their spleen and thymus were collected at postnatal day (PND) 1
and 5 for flow cytometry and gene expression analysis
All animal experiments were treated and handled in accordance with the Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals (<a href="#B29">Kilkenny et al., 2011</a>)
and with the approval of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tokyo University of Science
All efforts were made to minimize the number of mice used and the suffering experienced by them
To investigate the distribution of intranasally instilled inorganic nanoparticles into the lung tissues, adult mice were treated with intranasal instillation of an aqueous suspension of NaYF4 co-doped with Yb3&#x0002b; and Er3&#x0002b;, which emits near-infrared luminescence at 1,550&#x000a0;nm by irradiation with 980&#x000a0;nm light, as a model of inorganic nanoparticles (120&#x000a0;nm, 10&#x000a0;mg/ml) (<a href="#B28">Kamimura et al., 2017</a>)
The distribution of the instilled nanoparticles was observed using a near-infrared camera (Xenics
Belgium) under irradiation with near-infrared light of a wavelength of 976&#x000a0;nm
The nasal cavity of the dams collected after 10-days of final instillation (5-days after birth of the offspring) was fixed in the 0.1&#x000a0;mol/L phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 4% paraformaldehyde for 24&#x000a0;h
The fixed tissues were decalcified using 15% formic acid in the 10% formaldehyde for 48&#x000a0;h
the nasal cavity was divided into three regions (nasal vestibule
The tissues were embedded into paraffin after dehydration using ethanol and xylene
The tissues cut into 4&#x000a0;&#x003bc;m sections by microtome (TTM-200
Japan) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&#x00026;E) for histopathological analysis
and then stained with fluorescent-conjugated antibodies
and prepared for flow cytometric analysis.Fluorescence data of 10,000 lymphocyte events per sample were acquired with BD FACSCantoTM II (BD Biosciences
United States) and analyzed using FlowJo 7.2.2.2
The lymphocyte subpopulation was discriminated from other cells
using peak area of forward- and side-scatter signal (FSC-A and SSC-A)
dead cells were excluded using FSC-A gating and propidium iodide staining
and CD4&#x0002b;/CD8&#x0002b; ratio in the thymus and CD3&#x02212;B220&#x02212;
and CD4&#x02212;CD8&#x0002b; cells in the spleen were calculated based on the percentage of each subpopulation
Spleen tissues were homogenized in Isogen II to extract total RNA (Nippon Gene Co.
Japan) according to the manufacturer&#x02019;s protocol
RNA quantification was performed by spectrophotometry at OD260 in a BioPhotometer plus (Eppendorf
RNA extracted from each sample was used for qRT-PCR analyses
Total RNA (1&#x000a0;&#x003bc;g) from each sample was reverse-transcribed with M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen Co., Carlsbad, CA, United States) to generate complementary DNA according to the manufacturer&#x02019;s instructions. qRT-PCR was performed in duplicate using SYBR Green Real-Time PCR Master Mix (Toyobo Co. Ltd. Osaka, Japan) and primers (Fasmac Co., Ltd. Kanagawa, Japan) for the indicated genes (<a href="#T1">Table 1</a>)
we chose genes associated with major chemokines for recruitment of lymphocyte subsets and master regulators for differentiation of each lymphocyte
The target gene expression levels were normalized to the expression level of the housekeeping gene
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh)
Primer and probe sequences for quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses
All data are presented as mean &#x000b1; standard deviation (SD), and the levels of significance are cited. R version 3.6.3 (<a href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/</a>) was used for statistical analyses
Significant effects and interaction of gestational periods of CB-NP exposure and age on number and sex ratio of newborns per dam
and mRNA expression levels were identified by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)
The ANOVA was combined with the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test when appropriate
The significance level was set at p &#x0003c; 0.05
The images have shown that the intranasal instillation can transport the nanoparticle to the respiratory organ but not the gastric organ and the translocated nanoparticle to the respiratory organ was gradually removed from the lung over 24&#x000a0;h
Since this ex-vivo imaging analysis using near-infrared light can capture at only so far nanoparticle-accumulated sites
it was not possible to evaluate the translocation of nanoparticle to the extrapulmonary organs
even if a small amount of the nanoparticle reached the organs
Distribution of intranasally instilled nanoparticle throughout the lung in mice
(A&#x02013;C): Images of NaYF4: Yb3&#x0002b;
Er3&#x0002b; nanoparticle dispersions and their luminescence under irradiation with near-infrared light (976&#x000a0;nm)
(D&#x02013;G): Distribution of nanoparticles in each organ after 80&#x000a0;min of intranasal instillation of the suspension
(H&#x02013;K): Distribution of nanoparticles in each organ after 24&#x000a0;h of intranasal instillation of the suspension
(A,D,E): Pictures of nanoparticles dispersions and the organs captured under bright field
(B,E,I): Luminescence under irradiation with near-infrared light
(G,K): Illustration showing the positions of the organs in the D and H pictures
Fluorescence images were obtained using a near-infrared camera with an InGaAs sensor (integration time: 500&#x000a0;ms)
scanned under irradiation with near-infrared light (976&#x000a0;nm
In mother mice, CB-NP were not deposited in the nasal cavity or surrounding regions (<a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>). In addition, no inflammation was observed in the tissues (<a href="#F3">Figure 3</a>)
The results suggested that the nasal cavity was not damaged by instillation or recovered during gestation
Histological analysis of nasal cavity of mother mice
Paraffin sections (4&#x000a0;&#x003bc;m) of the nasal cavity of mother mice (n&#x0003d;5) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin after 10-days of final instillation
Deposition of CB-NP and histopathological alteration was not detected in the nasal cavity and/or surrounding regions of mother mice
No deaths caused by intranasal instillations of CB-NP in pregnant mice were observed during each exposure period. There were no significant differences in the number of offspring per dam and sex ratio of newborns (<a href="#T2">Table 2</a>), and offspring body weights at PND 1, 3, and 5 among each group (<a href="#T3">Table 3</a>)
Body weight [g] of offspring at postnatal days (PND) 1
To identify the critical gestational periods
we evaluated the total number and immunophenotyping of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen of offspring
In the thymus, no significant changes were detected in the number of total lymphocytes and specific phenotype (<a href="#F4">Figures 4A&#x02013;E</a>). However, exposure to CB-NP during the organogenesis period induced a high ratio of CD4&#x0002b;CD8&#x02212;/CD4&#x02212;CD8&#x0002b; in offspring at PND 1 compared with other groups (<a href="#F4">Figures 4F,G</a>)
Effect of maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP) on the number and percentage of each lymphocyte in the thymus of offspring at postnatal day 1
(A): Number of total lymphocytes in the thymus
(B&#x02013;E): Number of each lymphocyte calculated based on the total lymphocytes and percentage of each cell type
(F): All p-values calculated by two-way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA showed no significant effect of CB-NP exposure on the number of (A) total lymphocytes [F (3
(F) A significant effect of CB-NP exposure was detected on the CD4&#x0002b;CD8&#x02212;/CD4&#x02212;CD8&#x0002b; ratio [F (3
79) &#x0003d; 4.12; &#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.0090] with significant exposure/age interaction [F (6
79) &#x0003d; 3.78; &#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.0023]
The Tukey post-hoc test showed that (G) the CD4&#x0002b;CD8&#x02212;/CD4&#x02212;CD8&#x0002b; ratio after CB-NP exposure during the organogenesis period was higher than that of the control (&#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.0081)
pre-implantation period (&#x0002a;&#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003c; 0.001)
and fetal developmental period groups (&#x0002a;&#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003c; 0.001) on postnatal day 1
Effect of maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle (CB-NP) on the number and percentage of each lymphocyte in the spleen of offspring at postnatal day 1
(A): Number of total lymphocytes in the spleen
(B&#x02013;G): Number of each lymphocyte calculated based on the total lymphocytes and percentage of each cell type
(H): All p-values calculated by two-way ANOVA
Two-way ANOVA showed significant effects of CB-NP exposure on the number of (A,H) total lymphocytes [F (3
79) &#x0003d; 3.66; &#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.016] with exposure/age interaction [F (6
79) &#x0003d; 2.53; &#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.027]; (D,H) CD3&#x02212;B220&#x02212; [F (3
79) &#x0003d; 4.39; &#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.0066] with significant exposure/age interaction [F (6
79) &#x0003d; 5.12; &#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.0058]; and (G,H) CD4&#x02212;CD8&#x02212; [F (3
52) &#x0003d; 3.94; &#x00023;p &#x0003d; 0.013] without exposure/age interaction [F (6
52) &#x0003d; 1.89; p &#x0003d; 0.14] in the spleen
and no significant effect of the exposure on the number of (B) CD3&#x0002b;B220&#x02212; [F (3
79) &#x0003d; 1.11; p &#x0003d; 0.35]; (C) CD3&#x02212;B220&#x0002b; [F (3
79) &#x0003d; 1.44; p &#x0003d; 0.24]; (E) CD4&#x0002b; CD8&#x02212; [F (3
52) &#x0003d; 1.18; p &#x0003d; 0.33]; and (F) CD4&#x02212;CD8&#x0002b; [F (3
The Tukey post-hoc test showed that the number of (A) total lymphocytes in the organogenesis period group was significantly increased compared with the control (&#x0002a;&#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003c; 0.001)
and fetal developmental period groups (&#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.0057) on postnatal day 5
the Tukey post-hoc test indicated that the number of (D) CD3&#x02212;B220&#x02212; cells in the organogenesis period group was significantly increased compared with the control (&#x0002a;&#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003c; 0.001)
and fetal developmental period groups (&#x0002a;&#x0002a;p &#x0003d; 0.0012) on postnatal day 5
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the changes in the number of splenic lymphocytes, we evaluated the expression levels of genes associated with cell migration (Cxcr5, Cxcl13, Ccr7, and Ccl19) and differentiation (Tbx2, Gata3, and Foxp3) in the spleen. No significant differences were observed among groups with respect to these genes (<a href="#F6">Figure 6</a>)
Expression levels of genes related to chemotaxis and differentiation of immune cells in the spleen
and Foxp3 in the spleen on postnatal days 1
These findings suggest the importance of focusing on the organogenesis periods for the evaluation and management of developmental immunotoxicity of nanoparticles as well as chemical toxic substances
Summary of the effects of maternal exposure to carbon black nanoparticle on lymphoid tissues
The present study and the previous studies have shown that the effects of maternal CB-NP exposure on the population of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen were different depending on the gestational periods of the exposure
The effects were greater for exposures that include the organogenesis period
The evidence suggests that long-term exposure across multiple gestational periods including the organogenesis period may cause serious effects on the development of immune tissues compared with acute exposure
The arrows indicate a significant increase or decrease in the cell number
The arrows with brackets indicate a tendency of the increase or decrease in the cell number
the present study showed only a moderate increase in the number of lymphocytes in the spleen without dysregulation of gene expression
The evidence suggests that exposure to nanoparticles across several gestational periods including the organogenesis period may cause different biological effects of varied intensity on the development of immune organs compared with acute exposure
It is important to evaluate the developmental toxicity induced by long-term exposure to nanoparticles during multiple prenatal periods
Since humans are usually exposed to air pollutants during both prenatal and postnatal periods
it is necessary to evaluate the combined effects of nanoparticle exposure during the organogenesis and perinatal period to understand developmental immunotoxicity by particulate air pollution
which leads to an increase in the risk of allergic diseases
The evidence suggests that alteration of microRNA expression may be related to the molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal lymphocyte population induced by CB-NP exposure during the organogenesis period
Finally, asthma-like symptoms during childhood adversely affect the maturation of lung function leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease later in life (<a href="#B3">Bisgaard et al., 2021</a>)
prevention of asthma caused by particulate air pollution is a challenging issue that should be solved for health promotion of the society as a whole
it is essential to understand the relationship between particulate air pollution and allergic diseases
The present study is the first to evaluate the differential effects of nanoparticles on developmental immunotoxicity with respect to the gestational period of exposure
in which the lymphoid primordium formation is initiated
was observed to be the most critical period concerning CB-NP exposure
While no effects were observed after the exposure during pre-implantation and fetal developmental gestational periods
exposure to low doses of CB-NP on gestational days 8 and 9 during the organogenesis period in mice disturbed the lymphocyte population in offspring
the CD3&#x02212;B220&#x02212; phenotype (non-T/non-B lymphocytes)
which likely to be involved in innate immune system associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases
increased in the organogenesis exposure group
the present study revealed the effects of maternal exposure to CB-NP on the development of the thymus and spleen during each stage of gestation
Our findings indicate the importance of focusing on the organogenesis period for evaluation and management of developmental immunotoxicity caused by nanoparticle exposure
Based on the findings of the present and previous research
we can propose that evaluation of combined effects during the organogenesis and perinatal periods are needed to prevent developmental immunotoxicity and to predict the risk of allergic diseases caused by particulate air pollution
The raw data supporting the conclusion of this article will be made available by the authors
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Tokyo University of Science
a Grant-in-Aid from a JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Number 24790130
and a Grant-in-Aid for the Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant (Research on the Risk of Chemical Substances) from the Ministry of Health
The funders had no role in the study design
fluorescence-activated cell sorting; H&#x00026;E
quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; SD
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Received: 26 April 2021; Accepted: 27 July 2021;Published: 11 August 2021
Copyright &#x000a9; 2021 Onoda, Okamoto, Shimizu, El-Sayed, Watanabe, Ogawa, Abe, Kamimura, Soga, Tachibana, Takeda and Umezawa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).</a> The use
Mia Stewart’s upcoming 15-plus-years-in-the-making documentary
deflates the heroic myth of Japanese holdout soldier Hiroo Onoda and tells the other side of the story
Both Arthur Harari’s 2021 Cannes-premiering narrative feature
Japanese holdout soldier Hiroo Onoda stalked the Philippine island of Lubang for 29 years after the end of World War II
he was greeted with an elaborate hero’s welcome
The ensuing PR campaign posed a man who sacrificed decades of his life for his country
embodying selfless traditions some thought dissolved in his absence by the Japanese economic miracle
that he chose to stay in Lubang because he was convinced the war never ended
is highly disputable and impossible to confirm
But it is indisputable that he killed Filipino civilians outside of wartime
This much he openly admitted in the bestselling memoir
his expurgated account of his time on the island
The self-pitying hero myth continues to persist in two recent retellings that gloss over his murders: Arthur Harari’s Cannes-premiering narrative feature Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle (2021) and Werner Herzog’s debut novel
Onoda’s myth was never monolithic, and dissenting voices have challenged it from the beginning. His reception in Japan was itself mixed. As Naoko Seriu, associate professor at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, recently <a href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220413-onoda-the-man-who-hid-in-the-jungle-for-30-years">told BBC Culture</a>
“[Onoda] was at the same time seen as a victim
and then criticized as the embodiment of militarism.” Two years after the release of Onoda’s memoir
published Imaginary Hero: Three Months with Officer Onoda [final English title TBA]
a retraction of the lies that he once played a hand in sublimating
Tsuda is convinced that Onoda knew the war was over and not only killed but enjoyed doing it
filmmaker Mia Stewart started making a documentary film
from the perspective of the people of Lubang
members of her own family—particularly her mother
Stewart has been facilitating the first English translation of Imaginary Hero in a joint effort to dispel the myth and fill out the story overseas. As of April 2023, <a href="https://searchingforonodadoc.wedid.it/?fbclid=PAAaZY4GrU7ywJW1ph5ouFLHRyU5c6H0YQRIzUIdzfWQFQAp8pk_Nvu4U23wQ">she is raising funds to complete this venture</a>
she continues the conversation started by Imaginary Hero with the ghostwriter’s sons
who reveal more about Onoda and their father’s relationship with him
She has struggled to fund the film over the last decade and a half
A festival premiere and distribution may still be years away
according to his podcast with Nathan Callahan
“more or less 20 countries,” with a production budget of 4 to 5 million euros
This is a relatively scant budget for a period war film but far more than the thousands Stewart has so far raised and needs to finish
She began Searching for Onoda long before Harari or Herzog entered the picture
and in part due to which stories have an easier time getting financed
I talked with Stewart and Harari separately over zoom about their different approaches and the problem of Onoda’s widespread misrepresentation
Herzog’s PR team at Penguin Random House passed on an interview
saying the director was no longer doing press for the book
I highlight excerpts from Twilight World that I feel speak for him
nearly every Filipino is cannon fodder without a name
The only Filipino that Herzog names in Twilight World is the infamous dictator Ferdinand Marcos
whom the Japanese government bribed to pardon Onoda for his war crimes on live television
Herzog only ever refers to Filipinos in the book collectively as “peasants,” “sentries,” “rice farmers,” “islanders,” and “donkos” (a slur)
he slips into a similar tendency: “When [Onoda] kills the young Filipino peasant … Iniez… She’s not a peasant
She’s just Iniez.” Because both versions tell the story from or close to Onoda’s perspective
the people of Lubang straddle the peripheries
only coming into focus in a rifle’s line of sight
But also wanting to appear sympathetic to Onoda’s victims
they include pity for them at the edge of the page or the frame.&nbsp;
The limits of Harari and Herzog’s subsidiary empathy look even more obvious when confronted with a film that centers the people who were impacted by Onoda
Stewart flew all the way to New York to attend the premiere of Harari’s film at New Directors/New Films and interview him in person for her Searching for Onoda documentary
Harari is now part of the larger media narrative myth around Onoda
In the audience Q&amp;A after the ND/NF premiere
“My mom grew up on [Lubang] island during Onoda’s time
and Onoda and his men actually shot and killed my grandfather’s brother
so it was very difficult for me to separate that from the film… I do commend you for tackling such a complex story and also a very complicated character
did you have any reservations about criticisms you might face creating a story about such a controversial character?”
anticipating Stewart’s attendance as she had emailed him beforehand
I was very conscious of the difficulties regarding the point of view of the film—my choice to always be on his side
which is the wrong side—because he has a vision of history that is objectively wrong as we know it as an audience and [that I know as a] writer… I hope that in my film
in my artistic attempt and the way that the actors embodied the [characters].”
Harari retains a measured distance and enough awareness to see incoming criticisms from afar and plausibly deny charges of ill intention
Knowing how little screen time Filipino characters have in the film—my generous guess is 5 of 165 total minutes—I find his conviction and hope that their perspective exists “very strongly” hard to accept
Onoda himself alternately reports having killed upwards of 130 people
Stewart told me that the audience reaction didn’t seem to incite reflection about the violence of Onoda’s actions
“What annoyed me after was how emotionally connected people felt to Onoda and his story,” she said
As much as Harari can say that he was trying to create distance between himself and Onoda
he ultimately created a romanticized view of Onoda from Onoda’s perspective
Onoda was able to go back to his life and create a whole new life in Japan
There were people who just couldn’t do that.”&nbsp;
Stewart cannot so readily leave the story behind and is driven to finally show audiences what happened from her family’s side
When she adapted Onoda’s memoir into a creative nonfiction paper in high school
her mother corrected her—there were huge parts missing from the story that her mother knew about firsthand
Inspired to record the islanders’ stories from that point on
she started returning to Lubang to film research interviews on a MiniDV camcorder
some of which appear in a 96-minute rough cut of Searching for Onoda that I viewed for this piece
Stewart gives the vast majority of the run time to firsthand testimonies and oral histories of the people in Lubang
Her interviewees’ faces are recorded within feet of the camera operator (often Stewart herself)
She rarely cuts or turns her camera away from their faces and words
employing sparse B-roll and animation only to visualize Onoda’s narration: quotes from interviews
and other Lubang friends and family remember their encounters with Onoda
Their meticulous detailing of Onoda’s patterns of migration
and of farm life under constant threat is an attempt at making up for the lack in Harari and Herzog’s depictions and Onoda’s own account
This narrative repair is essential to remembering and reflecting how dramatically Onoda’s looming presence strained everyday life in Lubang
where denizens observed an early evening curfew until he finally left
Interviewing the daughter of Pelagio “Lyong” Tagle
Stewart learned that the man was “hacked with a saw” after being shot
Her lola told her the story of how Onoda killed Francisco Villar with a bolo
Stewart talks with a group of men who corroborate her grandmother’s testimony of the gruesome murder
and intercuts the two stories to emphasize their similarities
His two sons relay the story to the camera: While tending the land
the three of them came under fire by Onoda
then his sons dragged him to safety and canoed him back into town
Both sons returned to the island to care for their mother and younger siblings
“That’s why so many elderly people have one leg now,” another man tells Stewart
citing Onoda’s tendency to target kneecaps and an artery near the groin
Each story is only a small part of the whole
due to Onoda’s looting and burning of their harvest or the murder of a family member
Stewart told me she estimated that “60 or 70%” of the people she interviewed have since passed away and that her interviews are the only record of their stories
“I’m happy with it just being a recording and acknowledgment of their experience
This was and still is a story that was intended to be told for my family
It’s essentially a documentation of my family’s and the people on the island’s experience.”
Stewart also shared an early English translation of Shin’s book
“It’s wasteful to use 1 bullet for 1 person
I tried to figure out how to kill 2 people with 1 bullet
so they never come into the mountain alone
I say this because from hearing his stories carefully
it was clear that the islanders had no intention to kill.”
Harari and Herzog frame Lubang civilians and police as actively antagonistic
seeking out and ambushing Onoda and his comrades
Stewart also noticed this tendency in Harari’s film
one of the three men who accompanied Onoda after the war
is killed by local police: “Harari shows that the islanders had basically instigated an attack
He portrayed the islanders as less passive than I believe them to be and know from interviews and my family members.” In Tsuda’s book
“I have never heard him [Onoda] talking about any incident where the islanders initiated the fight
‘We didn't make a mistake to be found by donko.’ Then why did he shoot the islanders?”
Should Fictions or Memories Lay in the Gaps of History
Filipinos were also subject to lurid scare tactics
the CIA turning local mythology against them most infamously when they drained the blood of the corpses of communist Huk soldiers and punctured their necks with bitemarks to suggest real-life aswang
feels akin to such reality-bending scare tactics and gives no indication of the aforementioned history
Harari finished and released his film having read a single book on Onoda
a French book: Bernard Cendron and Gérard Chenu’s Onoda: Seul en guerre dans la jungle
such as in KUCI’s Film School: “Film School Radio with Mike Kaspar” podcast: “I didn’t read historical books about Japan or the war
because the fact is that everything about Onoda’s story can be understood even if you don’t really know the general situation of the war
Herzog similarly describes Lubang and its people as removed from his idea of history: “Other than a sense of the day coming to an end
It’s as though it were forbidden—there’s not even a real sense of present because each performed action is already in the past
which in its taciturnity will not allow present.” Void of any sense of familiarity with the place
these broad observations borrow from culturally ingrained stereotypes of the tropics as mystifying and dangerous to heat-averse Westerners
the lieutenant wonders what power he has over his rifle
which in real life he maintained meticulously until his return to Tokyo: “‘Sometimes,’ says Onoda
‘it feels to me that there is something about these weapons that takes them out of human control
And doesn’t war seem to have a life of its own too
Was it the rifle and the jungle that possessed Onoda to kill
to colonial soldiers ostensibly moved to madness by the nature of the foreign environment
which is in fact being consumed by the outsiders’ violent nature—has historically shifted blame to the people on the defense and mis-situated its own metaphorical mirror.&nbsp;If Onoda went mad
it was from seeing his violent nature reflected in the people and nature that he destroyed
introducing home video footage of herself growing up on the island early in the film
Unlike the unplaced jungles of Harari and Herzog’s imaginaries
the real-life landscapes of Lubang generate vivid
locals walk Stewart through the trails and tunnels Onoda took
They show her a coconut tree with one of Onoda’s bullets still lodged in its husk
Stewart’s mother remembers him vaulting out of the window of the home economics classroom with a pair of scissors
The mayor at the time of Onoda’s surrender
remembers how many times the soldier got sick during his term—just twice
This collective memory conjures imagery far more vivid than Onoda’s own censored accounts and the nondescript visuals of Harari’s film and Herzog’s book
A record of such details is critical because decades of hazily heroizing Onoda has so much required their suppression
“I wanted people to forget when [the film] was made
why it was made,” Harari told Asian Movie Pulse
“and to just be on the journey and experience.” In addition to when and why
he hopes you’ll forget where: for practical reasons
Cambodia offered French-speaking labor; the crew was mostly Cambodian
“If you add up all those nationalities,” Harari calculated
is predicated on forgetting the facts that naturally abound in Stewart’s film
“I’d love to invite [Harari] to the island and actually see where Onoda had lived and what he had done
I think if they actually filmed on the island and not Cambodia that it might have changed the way he did the film
I think he was able to remove himself emotionally to a certain degree and depict Lubang Island however he wanted.” His choice of shooting location allowed him to further avoid confrontation with the real history of Onoda and Lubang people
which is redundantly limited to how Onoda has already most commonly been portrayed
he could not help but situate the film’s journey within Western genre trappings: “My culture
and my interests as an occidental man are very much influenced by romanticism
If I have been fascinated by Onoda and very interested in his story
it was because I could very easily project onto it something of romantic literary myth… I try to see the whole aspect of Onoda—and it was not completely bad and not completely good
When Stewart interviewed Harari after the ND/NF screening
he revealed he knew “the real Onoda was much scarier” than the one he depicted
and was a “sociopath” who was probably “happy to have killed some enemies.” Late into writing the script
his friend translated and summarized a few pages of Imaginary Hero that described Onoda stabbing the chief of a Lubang village to death
shocked … and I understood that my script was too gentle and too evasive about the violence of Onoda.” This
led him to create the scene where Onoda orders Akatsu to stab a Filipino captive to death
but again taking the murder out of his hands
He goes on to doubt the veracity of Onoda’s testimony
“Every one of us has reasons mysterious even to ourselves to say what we say,” Harari maintained
“So the truth is not exactly always what you say
it's completely ambiguous—completely.”&nbsp;
after spending time with the people of Lubang
Stewart’s work-in-progress project also provides a fuller picture of Onoda
She brings the audience closer to him with Onoda’s own voiceover
giving him a conflicted interiority that Herzog and Harari eschew for distance
In the final 20 minutes of Searching for Onoda’s rough cut
we leave Lubang for the first time and follow Stewart to Japan
just days before Stewart is scheduled to meet Onoda there
She attends his public memorial at the Yasukuni Shrine
who is in unfit mental condition to be interviewed
and witnesses a collective remembering and celebration of the man that feels
totally jarring against everything that came before
One former colleague from the youth nature school that Onoda founded tells Stewart she thinks of him as a grandfather; others swear by his kindness with convincing smiles
Archival footage of Onoda lecturing at the nature school shows the warmth he emitted later in his life and the adoration he received from people in return
expresses this dramatic personality shift to the camera by showing two posters of Onoda’s face
one from when he first returned from Lubang
Kando describes Onoda as looking like a “demon.” In the second
he describes Onoda as “beaming.” Late in life
Where Harari and Herzog might have fixated on the supposed paradox in the contrast
cuts through it—“I want to tell you a story about a man who has committed acts of evil but is given a second chance.”
A.E. Hunt is an endeavoring filmmaker, cameraperson in production, and writer with bylines in Filmmaker, Criterion, Sight &amp; Sound, Film Comment, American Cinematographer, MUBI Notebook, and more. He is also vice president of <a href="https://dedzafilms.com/">Dedza Films</a>
a distributor for and by underrepresented filmmakers
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 Aidan O'Shea leaves the pitch after Mayo's victory in the Connacht Senior Football Championship quarter-final against Sligo at Hastings Insurance MacHale Park in Castlebar last Sunday. The full-forward scored a goal and two points in a man of the match display.	Picture: Sam Barnes/Sportsfile
Colm Reape stood over the kick-out with a kind of theatrical stillness. His restarts had been a source of unease all afternoon, and now he faced the most pressurised of them all. The kick was only ever going to be sent in the direction of one man. Aidan O’Shea, who had spent the afternoon grafting with that inexplicable blend of chaos and control, had wandered into the middle third, as if sensing the story would pass through him once more.
Sligo bodies were swarming, sniffing a first championship win over Mayo in MacHale Park since 1975. But as the ball arced out towards the stand side, it was clear the big moment was falling to Mayo’s biggest man. O’Shea rose and gathered it cleanly, and for a brief moment it felt like he could’ve even floated away with it as if it was filled with helium. But he eventually came down, securing both possession and Mayo’s pathway into the Connacht semi-final.
For long stretches, this was a Mayo performance stitched together with frayed thread. The fundamentals were all there – the running power, the clear physical edge, the sense that a burst of scores was imminent – but the execution was absent. From the opening moments, when Ryan O’Donoghue’s free dropped limply into the hands of Sligo goalkeeper Daniel Lyons, something felt slightly off-kilter. The first score of the game went to David Quinn, and Sligo only grew more comfortable from there.
Mayo, of course, had their moments. O’Donoghue’s first-half goal was taken with menace, the Belmullet man bouncing off Eddie McGuinness before drilling a low shot past Daniel Lyons. Jack Carney had a half-chance for a second but his effort was well saved. And yet, every time Mayo looked ready to pull clear, they faltered.
Sligo, meanwhile, gradually began to play with belief. From the 27th minute to the half-time whistle, they outscored Mayo five points to two. Alan McLoughlin even appeared to be considering going for goal for a split second after slicing through the Mayo defence, before opting to tap it over. And when Niall Murphy curled over his fourth point just before the break, Sligo had closed the gap to three. The half-time whistle had come at the wrong time for the visitors.
Through it all, O’Shea worked away in that indefinable role he has made his own. Drifting, absorbing, directing. As others flitted in and out, he remained fixed to the contest, like a hinge on which the entire afternoon swung.
The second-half began with Mayo hinting at a surge. O’Shea’s goal arrived early. He nonchalantly took the scenic route around the goalkeeper, slowed himself, and placed the ball in the net with the ease of a man popping into his local for a pint. It felt like a catalyst for Mayo to push clear.
But Sligo refused to wilt. Just minutes later, they landed a goal of their own. Pat Spillane fisted a clever ball across the square and Luke Towey, ghosting into the goalmouth, palmed it into the net. The response was immediate, sharp, and served notice that this game wasn’t done. Tension lingered.
There were still chances to kill the contest, but Mayo couldn't convert. And when Cian Lally tore through the middle of the Mayo defence on two occasions, MacHale Park stood still. The first time, he lashed the ball over when the net beckoned. The second time, he made no mistake, slicing through and hammering it in. Sligo’s belief rose once more.
As the exchanges grew more frantic, O’Shea’s role became more pronounced. In addition to his goal, he scored three points from play and had a crucial hand to play in several more. When Mayo needed control, he slowed it down. When they needed a foothold, he found it. He was less a forward and more a travelling blacksmith, fixing what needed fixing as he went.
There were solid performances elsewhere, too. Darren McHale looked sharp, drifting cleverly into space and tagging on four points from play in one of his best outings in a Mayo jersey. Jack Carney battled well, particularly when positioned closer to goal, while Dylan Thornton remedied the side’s league final woes by always offering Reape with a solid option from kick-outs. But by any measure, O’Shea was the standout performer.
The Breaffy man has heard it all by now – the speculation about whether this might be his last summer, the suggestion that his role should be reduced to cameo appearances off the bench, the whispers that his best days are behind him. But none of that mattered here.
When Mayo needed composure, power, presence, it was O’Shea who gave it to them. He scored a goal, won vital possession, and imposed himself across the pitch with the quiet authority of someone who no longer feels the need to prove anything, but ends up doing it anyway.
Mayo are still a team in progress. There are flaws to fix and bigger days ahead. But whatever version of themselves they’re building towards, O’Shea will remain central to it. Not a fading veteran. Not a luxury option. Just the anchor they need when they can’t find their footing.
In 1974, nearly three decades after the end of World War II, a Japanese soldier named Hiroo Onoda finally laid down his rifle. For years, he had lived in the jungles of the Philippines, convinced that the war was still going on. Efforts to bring him home had failed – he simply didn’t believe the fight was over. It was only when his former commanding officer was flown in to relieve him of duty that Onoda finally emerged from the trees.
But you just know that it will take more than a commanding officer for O’Shea to stand down.
Every summer, like clockwork, Mayo’s own Hiroo Onoda steps back into the cauldron of championship football – and Mayo breathes a little easier. Long may it last.
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<a href="https://www.historynet.com/" rel="home">HistoryNet</a>
Emelio Viaña went out to farm sweet potatoes with his two sons
at their farm near Yapusan on the western side of Lubang Island in the Philippines
Emelio sat down for a lunch break and was drinking a cup of coffee
The first bullet shattered Emelio’s upper thigh
Another shot struck his young son Diony in the leg
The two boys frantically dragged their father into the shelter of nearby aroma bushes—the large hard thorns were piercing and painful
His sons barely managed to drag him away as fast as they could to their small boat and row him to a small fishing port at Tubahin
Still in mortal fear of being shot at as they paddled away
they watched helplessly as their father bled to death in front of their eyes
By the time they reached safety it was too late
Amid all the horror there was one sight that Protacio would never forget
While hiding in the thorny bushes he had seen his father’s murderer stalking them
The murder of Emelio Viaña was one in a series of killings that plagued Lubang Island for decades from the end of World War II until the 1970s
All the victims were islanders going about their daily lives who were targeted and assaulted at moments when they were isolated and vulnerable
Their grieving family members have never forgotten them
and their deaths tore wounds in their close-knit community which are still unhealed.&nbsp;
Yet these victims have been forgotten in the world’s collective memory
the man responsible for these grisly crimes—which he would later refer to euphemistically as “guerrilla warfare”—became something of a celebrity
he materialized from the wilderness of Lubang Island in 1974 still dressed in his Imperial Japanese Army uniform and formally surrendered
He claimed not to have known that the war had ended—a claim he reinforced with his 1974 autobiography
in which he also claimed to have been conducting a so-called “guerrilla war” on Lubang Island without admitting to the details of what that meant
he died in 2014 and has passed into legend
frequently cast into the role of a “lone samurai” type of character
His story has received renewed attention in recent years—such as in Arthur Harari’s 2021 film
and a fictionalized 2022 novel about him penned by eminent German filmmaker Werner Herzog
in the shadows of Onoda’s dazzling fame stands a host of his silent victims waiting to be noticed
The violence against local people that Onoda barely admitted to in his autobiography has so far done nothing to dim his glamor in popular imagination
The murders committed by Onoda and fellow Japanese stragglers under his leadership on Lubang Island have largely been forgotten and ignored
“He committed acts of terror against these people for 30 years
No one has ever asked for their side of the story,” independent documentary filmmaker Mia Stewart told MHQ in an exclusive interview
With a personal connection to Lubang Island and a dedication to historical research that has seen her gathering testimony from islanders and investigating Onoda for more than 10 years
she seeks to ensure that the voices of Onoda’s victims are finally heard in her documentary
The documentary is in its final stages of production.&nbsp;
“The thing I want to bring out in my documentary is the resilience of the island and the Filipino people as a whole,” said Mia
“That’s something that I want to highlight.”&nbsp;
Onoda claimed to have been a soldier continuing to fight a war
Yet the people he attacked in cold blood were civilians
It begs the question: was he a soldier…or a serial killer?&nbsp;
Mia’s journey to create the documentary began in high school
her mother was raised on Lubang Island and one day mentioned Onoda when Mia was doing research for a school project
Mia located his autobiography at a local library and discussed her findings with her mother
‘That’s interesting that he’s written all this stuff but he doesn’t actually mention the shootings.’ I asked
That was when Mia learned about the murder of her great-uncle Emelio Viaña for the first time—and she soon found out there were even more victims
While their surviving relatives vividly remembered their murders
the victims and their deaths were omitted from Onoda’s autobiography
‘There are all these killings missing from the book
I want to find out about that side of the story.’ That’s how the documentary started.”&nbsp;
located about 90 miles southwest of Manila
is tranquil and beautiful—not the type of place one would expect to find death prowling in the shadows
Its beaches are serene and its mountains majestic
Local residents earn their livelihoods from farming and fishing
a small fishing village on the southwestern tip of the island
“The men worked hard on the farms to send their children to Manila to further their education
in order to support their families,” she said
the community is centered around church and family
Street parties and fiestas celebrate certain Catholic saints or feast days
The children there still walk to school and neighbors don’t feel the need to lock their doors
make up a large portion of the population in Looc—and everyone knows everyone
So a death in the community feels like a death in the family,” she said.&nbsp;
Murder stalked the island beginning in the 1950s
Onoda had made himself the de facto leader of a group of three other Japanese stragglers: Pvt
later disparaged by Onoda in his book as a “weakling,” surrendered in 1950
being shot in 1954 when the group was engaged in depredations
the pair were responsible for the murder of Emelio Viaña in 1961 and spent over a decade butchering local inhabitants of Lubang
“The 18 years that Kozuka and I spent together were the ones in which I was most actively engaged in guerrilla tactics,” Onoda states ambiguously in his autobiography
euphemistically referring to violence against civilians as guerrilla warfare as he usually did
“This was due to a large extent to the rapport that existed between us
and frequently we needed only to look at each other to decide what we would do next.” 
Onoda claimed to be the brains of the pair
stating that Kozuka “deferred to me in matters of judgment.” Kozuka was ultimately shot by police in 1972
leaving only Onoda who decided to come out of hiding a mere two years later
Onoda manages to sanitize any sense of criminal behavior from his narrative
Although his book gives the impression that he was fighting some type of war against some opposing enemy force
The people Onoda targeted were local residents he ambushed when they were working
or doing ordinary activities in the company of their children or grandchildren
Many were violently slaughtered with knives
Residents lucky enough to survive their wounds after being shot at were often left crippled
and rendered unable to perform manual labor to provide for their families
If Onoda and his partner were really fighting a “war,” it seems to have been a war on innocent civilians.&nbsp;
“Quite a few people [I’ve interviewed] have talked about the killings
My documentary focuses on the killings that happened on the south of the island where my mother is from,” said Mia
“I have at least six official death certificates based on police reports which prove that Onoda actually killed these people due to the manner of their injuries.”&nbsp;
The island was deceptively quiet and peaceful at intervals before something horrible and bloody would happen
The murders were unpredictable but occurred regularly
the Japanese holdouts also sneaked into people’s huts and even the local school to steal items like pots and pans
and they had no recourse from predators who continuously victimized them
They couldn’t harvest without the fear of being attacked
Children couldn’t go play out at a certain time,” Mia said
“The value of their land and farmland was essentially reduced—they weren’t able to be as productive on their farms without the threat of someone being killed
They were taking their lives into their own hands whenever they ventured out.”&nbsp;
Mia’s research has found that a series of particularly twisted killings occurred during the time frame when Onoda and Kozuka were together as partners
One example was the murder of Ayong Tagle in 1964
His daughter Estelita was in grade school at the time
he went to a field just outside the village to harvest rice
not far from home—the field was only 2 kilometers from the town center
Ayong lay down to sleep in a small hut beside the field
Onoda and his partner Kozuka had arrived with homicidal intentions
his body was found in the middle of where they had been plowing—in an open circle area—and he had been decapitated,” said Mia
was brought back into the village with some difficulty
“It was hard to get to him because the fields were all in flames,” Mia said
The townspeople were horrified by the shock of the grisly murder in such immediate proximity to their homes
as well as by the sight of their neighbor’s bloodied corpse
All the young kids witnessed that,” said Mia
Ayong’s horrifying death came as a devastating blow to his daughter Estelita
Yet more hardship was in store for the family
“It was very hard for the children because they lost their father and their mother really wasn’t able to do much physical labor to help provide for them
It kept them in a certain state of poverty,” said Mia
“Obviously it affected the whole trajectory of their lives.”&nbsp;
While Onoda was feted in popular legend over the years as some type of modern samurai warrior
not a single person ever asked Estelita to speak publicly about what had happened to her father until Mia interviewed her several years ago
this is the first time I’ve ever told this story…and whenever I hear the name Onoda
Another child who spent a lifetime grieving for his murdered father was Bernardo Canals
Bernardo was asleep one early morning when a neighbor woke him
yelling that Bernardo’s father Rafael had been shot by the Japanese and telling the boy to hurry and go to him
Bernardo frantically jumped onto a horse and rode down unpaved paths to the part of the island where his father had been working
Instead he ran straight into other locals carrying his father’s lifeless body down the road
He was still very hurt by what happened,” Mia said
he was the eldest son and then had to provide for his family
he then had to look after siblings and then couldn’t pursue his own dreams.”&nbsp;
The murder was detailed in a police report—as was that of Francisco Villar
gave an interview to Mia in which she recalled the day vividly
The women of the village went to a nearby river to wash clothes
they always went in a large group for safety
One day gunshots rang out nearby and a boy came screaming into their midst
telling them to run and that the Japanese had shot his grandfather
“When local police returned to the location
they found the young boy’s grandfather shot
who obtained Villar’s death certificate.&nbsp;
None of these deaths appear in Onoda’s autobiography
which seems to overdo itself in trying to impress upon readers his supposed military goals
that the book cannot hide is the contemptuous attitude Onoda had towards Filipino civilians
His references to them are terse and cynical
His description of how he identified Norio Suzuki
a young explorer who ultimately secured his agreement to surrender
“If he [Suzuki] had not been wearing socks
I might have shot him…The islanders would never do anything so incongruous
The ones who could afford to wear socks would have had shoes on too,” Onoda expressed with disdain
This offhand remark indicates that Onoda was not only well-aware of the poverty of local residents but would have been willing to shoot an islander merely at the sight of their sandals
there was no investigation into his actions on the island
He received what amounted to an unconditional pardon by Philippines’ President Ferdinand Marcos
said that he admired the latter’s courage and welcomed him to stay in the Philippines
The families of victims on Lubang Island—and indeed the ghastly experiences of the islanders for three decades—had been ignored
“The local authorities had to hold people back
the locals had gotten wind of what was going to happen and people basically wanted to attack Onoda and kill him,” Mia said.&nbsp;
Bernardo Canals was one of many people who felt they had been denied justice
He and other islanders welcomed the opportunity to share their stories with Mia in the hopes of getting wider recognition for Onoda’s victims and surviving relatives
Bernardo passed away during the Covid-19 pandemic
Many of the other witnesses to events on the island and relatives of victims have also passed away due to their advanced age
“That’s one of the most important things for me—80% of the people I’ve interviewed
have all passed away since I started filming and doing these interviews,” Mia said
“A lot of these interviews are the very first—and last—times that they are able to tell these stories.”&nbsp;
one person who Mia managed to get to agree to being interviewed was Onoda himself
who had previously refused to speak with her for five years; but he passed away at age 91 on Jan
2014 before the interview could take place
“I was in Japan the day he died,” said Mia
who had arranged to meet Onoda at the controversial Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo
“I couldn’t interview my main subject anymore
He had died and that changed the whole thing.”&nbsp;
of the souls of war dead who died for Japan’s emperor
the souls of the dead become deities called kami
The shrine currently includes war criminals among honored deities
regularly making it a focus of international political controversy
Mia traveled to the shrine for his memorial service.&nbsp;
“Four months earlier I had just been filming on the island and was interviewing relatives and people from the island who were talking about how difficult life was for them
how Onoda basically ruined their lives,” she said
“To be attending his memorial afterwards felt really odd.”&nbsp;
Mia was determined to gain a better understanding of this man who had taken so many lives.&nbsp;
“I was trying to be as respectful as possible to the process itself
But it was very strange to be at the shrine
There were a lot of people attending,” said Mia
“I shook her hand and I was introduced to her
She’s from Lubang Island.’ She acknowledged my presence.”
Although she would have liked to have interviewed Onoda personally
Mia was glad to be able to witness his history from a different perspective
“It all happened not the way I intended or planned
But I’m thankful I was able to be a part of that.”&nbsp;
The Japanese people she has interacted with throughout her research for the documentary have been very accommodating
“I got to meet and become quite close to people who Onoda was close with in his life after Lubang Island
It’s almost like he was a different person to them,” she said
I got to know people who worked really closely with him
For me that provided an unexpected complexity to my documentary.”&nbsp;
Mia visited the Onoda Nature School in Japan
a wilderness survival school for youth he founded in the 1980s
They told me about what Onoda was like when he came back,” said Mia
She did broach the topic of the murders on Lubang Island but
her gracious hosts were unaware of the details of what had happened
“It was a mystery to them as well,” she said
“A lot of them didn’t even really know the full extent of the killings
They knew that Onoda had thought it was still wartime and was probably responsible for something
I think it will probably shock a few of them when they see my documentary to find out about how brutal some of the killings were.”&nbsp;
However not all Japanese are fans of Onoda
Mia uncovered some startling revelations from interviewing the sons of Tsuda Shin
the ghostwriter who helped write Onoda’s autobiography
Tsuda Shin felt guilty during his lifetime about the role he played in writing Onoda’s memoir
He published a book of his own detailing how Onoda’s famed autobiography was less of a candid testimonial than a carefully crafted document shaped by Onoda and a group of Japanese publishing professionals gathered at a nature&nbsp;resort
Mia understands why Onoda’s survival story has been spellbinding to many people
she was intrigued by his tale when she first heard about him
“He basically went in when he was 22 and he came out when he was 54
It was this idea of a soldier trapped in time
Yet after traveling to Lubang and collecting interviews from local residents as well as from her relatives
That happened very quickly as soon as I was at the island and able to see firsthand the anger that came out of people,” she said
but these people lost their lives.’”&nbsp;
The true details of Onoda’s stay on the island have been lost within mythology
Mia says that many people perceive Onoda as a “lone survivor” and do not realize that he was with Kozuka for more than 20 years
I can understand that there is an appeal to the story because you can have this romanticized view of a soldier and lone survivor surviving on coconuts
living in the jungles in this isolated place
But Onoda was actually not alone,” she said
“Then there’s also this myth that he was heroic
He killed people and he was actually a murderer.”
As to whether—or when—Onoda really knew the war was over
Another overlooked fact is that Onoda admitted to having looted a transistor radio in 1965
without wanting to portray Onoda as a victim himself
want to comment on the way the Imperial Army trained their soldiers to never surrender and think a certain way
There are others who say that Onoda was trained to look at things differently as an intelligence officer
Then on the other hand you have people who say
if he was trained as an intelligence officer
then why couldn’t he work out that the war was over?’”
Onoda’s knowledge of when the war ended is something that Mia cannot definitively prove and something she says people can form their own opinions about
she wants to draw attention to the cold-blooded murders of unarmed Filipino islanders which cannot be characterized as acts of war by any stretch of the imagination
what courage!’ No one ever really stops to think what the consequence of his ‘war’ actually meant,” she said
Today a shrine stands on the spot where Kinshichi Kozuka
died after being shot by Filipino police during one of the duo’s violent raids on the local community
Nevertheless its memorialization of Kozuka’s death is inescapable
What about the murder victims—the people whose ancestors had lived and worked on the island for generations
who were simply going about their daily lives when they were brutally killed in front of their children and neighbors
“No,” answered Mia sadly when asked this question
adding that a memorial for the victims has been a main goal of hers that she has been unable to realize yet
She intends for the documentary and translated book to serve as lasting tributes to the victims
“But it would be great to have a physical place on the island.”&nbsp;
The documentary is in its final stages of production
but Mia has been struggling to pull together enough funding to complete it
Although local people from Lubang are “excited to have their story told,” it has been challenging to get people capable of sponsoring it interested in doing so
“My family is constantly asking me when it’s going to be finished
But I haven’t been able to get it over the line yet,” she said
“It’s just a matter of getting enough funding together
That’s been one of my biggest challenges.” 
One fiscal sponsor for Mia’s documentary is the From the Heart Foundation. “People <a href="https://searchingforonodadoc.wedid.it/">can make 100% tax deductible donations</a> through that
That’s the main sponsor at the moment.”&nbsp;
The reasons for Onoda’s popularity might lie with the way that Onoda and people close to events chose to present the story
“He said he didn’t know the war was over and he represented this relic to a time in Japan that people were maybe feeling nostalgic towards and strengthened some sense of national pride or identity
I think that whole narrative really served his agenda
and also relations between the Philippines and Japan as well
because essentially Ferdinand Marcos forgave Onoda and pardoned him for his crimes
He was never put on trial for what he did.”
Mia wants people to question Onoda’s legend
“The main thing for me is getting this story out there as much as possible
so that when people come across Onoda and Google him
they will immediately also see the other side of the story.” 
To learn more about and support Mia&#8217;s work on the documentary, visit <a href="https://searchingforonodadoc.wedid.it/">https://searchingforonodadoc.wedid.it/</a>. To learn more about her accompanying book translation project, visit <a href="https://searchingforonodadoc.wedid.it/campaigns/11400-an-imaginary-hero-a-book-by-tsuda-shin">the project website here</a>
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Zita is the editor of both Military History Quarterly and Vietnam Magazine
She is currently pursuing a master’s degree in military history
She received an award from the National Federation of Press Women in 2022 for her editing work on Vietnam Magazine
She has written numerous military history books
articles and book reviews and is also an award-winning author
Her book “Bernard Montgomery’s Art of War” won a Silver Medal from the Military Writers Society of America
She is fluent in German and is a member of the U.K
Her areas of interest include the Vietnam War and World Wars I and II
Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers
In 1964 an Ohio woman took up the challenge that had led to Amelia Earhart&#8217;s disappearance
how Wild Bill Donovan shaped the American intelligence community
During the 1835–42 Second Seminole War and as Army scouts out West
these warriors from the South proved formidable
“History is a guide to navigation in perilous times
History is who we are and why we are the way we are.”
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Hiroo Onoda wouldn't accept Japan's World War II defeat until 1974
He stayed in the jungle on the Philippines island where he had been deployed
His former commanding officer had to travel to the island to persuade him to give up
Onoda died of pneumonia in a Tokyo hospital Thursday
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a Japanese intelligence officer who for 29 years after the end of World War II continued to hide
fight and kill in the jungles of the Philippines because he did not believe the war was over
Japan's <a href="http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/people/AJ201401170048" target="_blank">Asahi Shimbun says</a> Onoda died Thursday in a Tokyo hospital where he was being treated for pneumonia
The newspaper sums up the story of Onoda's post-war years this way:
"[Onoda] He was deployed to Lubang island in the Philippines to fight the Allied forces
Onoda came across pamphlets dropped on the island by the U.S
He thought it was a trick by the United States
He continued using his guerrilla tactics in the belief that the war was still not over
Suzuki explained that the war was long over
but Onoda responded: 'I will not quit fighting unless there is an order that relieves me of my duty.'
"Onoda returned to Japan in March 1974 after his wartime commander landed on the island and ordered Onoda to lay down his arms."
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25772192" target="_blank">The BBC writes that</a> Onoda "was greeted as a hero on his return to Japan." He's thought to have been among the last Japanese soldiers from World War II to surrender
"Three other soldiers were with him at the end of the war
One emerged from the jungle in 1950 and the other two died
a soldier from Taiwan who served in the Japanese army
was found growing crops alone on the Indonesian island of Morotai in December 1974
Mr Nakamura was repatriated to Taiwan where he died in 1979."
As for why he refused to give up for so long, Onoda once had this to say: "<a href="http://world.time.com/2014/01/17/japanese-soldier-who-missed-the-end-of-wwii-by-three-decades-dies/" target="_blank">I am very competitive</a>."
During the nearly 30 years Onoda spent on the island, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/world/asia/hiroo-onoda-imperial-japanese-army-officer-dies-at-91.html" target="_blank">The New York Times says</a>
he and the three others who were with him for some or much of that time "evaded American and Filipino search parties and attacked islanders they took to be enemy guerrillas; about 30 inhabitants were killed in skirmishes with the Japanese over the years."
[he] presented his sword to President Marcos
who pardoned him for crimes committed while he thought he was at war," the Times says
Onoda spent some of his later years in Brazil
he "learned that a youth studying to enter university murdered his parents with a baseball bat in Kanagawa Prefecture
Onoda decided to return to Japan to teach children how to become strong enough to overcome their difficulties."
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Volume 4 - 2012 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnevo.2012.00011">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnevo.2012.00011</a>
Part of this article's content has been mentioned in:
Intrapersonal and interpersonal processes of social exclusion
People are typically quite sensitive about being accepted or excluded by others
Previous studies have suggested that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is a key brain region involved in the detection of social exclusion
this region has also been shown to be sensitive to non-social expectancy violations
We often expect other people to follow an unwritten rule in which they include us as they would expect to be included
such that social exclusion likely involves some degree of expectancy violation
The present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study sought to separate the effects of expectancy violation from those of social exclusion
such that we employed an &#x0201C;overinclusion&#x0201D; condition in which a player was unexpectedly overincluded in the game by the other players
we found that the dACC and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) were activated by exclusion
we identified a negative correlation between exclusion-evoked brain activity and self-rated social pain in the rVLPFC
These findings suggest that the rVLPFC is critical for regulating social pain
whereas the dACC plays an important role in the detection of exclusion
The neurobiological basis of social exclusion is different from that of mere expectancy violation
These findings suggest that people are highly sensitive to being accepted or excluded by others
such that they can detect even the slightest cues of exclusion
These findings suggest that the rVLPFC plays an important role in the regulation of social pain
This study involved participation in two paradigms: Cyberball and Cybershape
expectancy is violated without the experience of social exclusion
but one of the computalized players violated the rule continuously
These researchers found greater dACC and vACC activation during exclusion in Cyberball
as compared to rule violation in Cybershape
the question of whether dACC activation underlies social exclusion or expectancy violation remains unsettled
An advantage of this design is that it allows one to remove the effects of &#x0201C;noise&#x0201D; in the form of participant responses that do not involve them feeling excluded while also enabling the researcher to subdivide the conditions into exclusion-related and overinclusion-related events
If dACC activity in response to social exclusion merely reflects expectancy violation
activity levels in this area should not differ across exclusion-related and overinclusion-related events
if activity in this area reflects the processing of exclusion
exclusion-related events should induce higher levels of dACC activity as compared to overinclusion-related events
Twenty-two healthy undergraduate students (3 males
SD = 1.7; all right-handed) participated in the experiment
They were paid &#x000A5; 2000 for their participation
All participants gave their written informed consent after receiving a detailed deception of the study
which was approved by the Ethnic and Safety Committees of Shimane University
Participants then played Cyberball during an fMRI scan
The two other players were depicted as animated cartoon icons in the upper corners of the screen
The other players automatically threw the ball to each other or to the participant
waiting 1.0&#x02013;2.0 s (determined randomly) between throws in order to increase the feeling that the participant was indeed playing the game with other individuals
Participants used their left and right index fingers on a response pad to throw the ball to the left or right player
Participants played Cyberball in 12 continuous blocks of fair play
Each block consisted of about 25 throws (duration of &#x0007E; 45 s per block)
participants received the ball on one-half of the throws (50%)
participants received the ball on one-fifth of the throws (20%)
participants received the ball on four-fifth of the throws (80%)
On completion of the virtual game, participants completed questionnaires that assessed social pain levels (<a href="#B49">Williams et al., 2000</a>; <a href="#B32">Onoda et al., 2009</a>, <a href="#B33">2010</a>)
These assessed participants&#x00027; subjective experiences of self-esteem (&#x0201C;I felt liked&#x0201D;)
belongingness (&#x0201C;I felt rejected&#x0201D;)
meaningfulness (&#x0201C;I felt invisible&#x0201D;)
and control (&#x0201C;I felt powerful&#x0201D;) on nine-point scales
To check the game experience manipulation and to measure subjective deviation from the expectancy regarding how often participants should receive the ball (i.e.
we asked participants to recall the percentage of ball throws that went to them (&#x0201C;What percentage of the throws were thrown to you?&#x0201D;; 0&#x02013;100 %)
we also asked participants to rate feelings of surprise (&#x0201C;I felt surprised during the task&#x0201D;) on a nine-point scale
Both perceived percentage of throws and level of surprise were used as expectancy violation indices
Questionnaires were completed separately for both exclusion and overinclusion conditions
Imaging data were acquired using a Siemens AG 1.5 T scanner
A time course series of 193 volumes per participant was acquired with echo planar imaging sequences (TR = 3000 ms
structural scans were acquired using T1-weighted gradient echo pulse sequences (TR = 12 ms
Imaging data were analyzed using SPM8 software (Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology
The first three volumes of each fMRI run were discarded due to an unsteady MRI signal
Slice timing correction was performed for each set of functional volumes
Each set was realigned to the first volume
spatially normalized to a standard template based on the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) reference brain
and finally smoothed using an 8 mm FWHM Gaussian kernel
An event-related design was modeled, which included &#x0201C;exclusion&#x0201D; event, &#x0201C;micro-rejection&#x0201D; event, &#x0201C;overinclusion&#x0201D; event, &#x0201C;inclusion&#x0201D; event, and response movement (i.e., the button press required to throw the ball to the other player) as regressors (Figure <a href="#F1">1</a>)
Exclusion event was operationally defined as the events on which participants did not receive the ball more than three consecutive times
Micro-rejection event was operationally defined as the events on which participants did not receive the ball
except for exclusion events (as defined above) and immediately after overinclusion events
Overinclusion event was operationally defined as the occasions on which participants received the ball more than three consecutive times
inclusion event was operationally defined as the events on which participants received the ball
except for overinclusion events and immediately after exclusion events
Regressor durations were set at 0 s on stimulus onset (i.e.
The pink lines indicate examples of micro-rejection events
The red lines indicate examples of exclusion events
The sky blue lines indicate examples of inclusion events
The blue lines indicate examples of overinclusion events
To control for expectancy deviation and direction of the ball
&#x0201C;exclusion&#x02014;micro-rejection (i.e.
overinclusion-related event)&#x0201D; comparisons were performed via whole-brain paired t-tests
This analysis allowed us to localize regions showing different levels of activation during social exclusion and overinclusion
after excluding the effects of expectancy violation
The statistical threshold for these t-tests was set at an uncorrected p &#x0003C; 0.001 and a voxel size of &#x0003E;10
Regression analyses were used to detect possible relationships between changes in social pain (i.e.
exclusion&#x02014;overinclusion) and brain activation (i.e.
The threshold for these analyses was set at an uncorrected p &#x0003C; 0.001 and a voxel size of &#x0003E;10
All coordinates are reported in MNI coordinate space
The same analysis was also conducted for changes in expectancy violation and brain activation
Figure <a href="#F2">2</a> shows self-reported social pain
Repeated measures One-Way ANOVAs were used for statistical analysis of the behavioral data
and Greenhouse&#x02013;Geisser adjustments were applied
Participants felt more social pain during social exclusion (M = 5.6
There was no significant difference between fair play and overinclusion sessions (F &#x0003C; 1)
Middle: surprise during overinclusion and exclusion
Right: perceived percentage of throws during overinclusion and exclusion
Participants also reported that more throws went to them during overinclusion (M = 71.4%
SD = 19.7) than during exclusion (M = 28.6%
both conditions significantly differed from the midpoint (i.e.
The absolute difference values between the scores for both conditions and the midpoint did not differ (t &#x0003C; 1)
Participants felt more surprise during the overinclusion session (M = 4.4
SD = 1.8) than during the exclusion session (M = 3.8
Table <a href="#T1">1</a> shows brain activation comparisons between exclusion and micro-rejection scenarios. Exclusion produced activation in the dACC, insula, and thalamus relative to micro-rejection. Activations of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus areas were greater for micro-rejection than exclusion. Table <a href="#T2">2</a> summarizes comparisons between overinclusion and inclusion
Overinclusion gave rise to activation in the left visual cortex relative to inclusion
and premortor cortex showed decreased activation during overinclusion as compared with inclusion
Comparison of brain activations between exclusion and micro-rejection
Comparison of brain activations between overinclusion and inclusion
and thalamus were also greater for exclusion-related events as compared to inclusion-related events
the contrast of overinclusion&#x02014;inclusion vs
exclusion&#x02014;micro-rejection gave rise to activation in the bilateral visual cortex
Paired samples t-test comparing the exclusion&#x02014;micro-rejection and overinclusion&#x02014;inclusion
Comparison of brain activation for exclusion minus micro-rejection in contrast to overinclusion minus inclusion
Right: estimated dACC activity (BA 24: &#x02212;2
The threshold for whole brain t-test was set at an uncorrected p &#x0003C; 0.001
There were no statistically significant correlations between dACC activation and expectancy violation indices
Regression analyses between brain activation and social pain
Relationship between changes in blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal and subjective social pain during exclusion
Right: Scatter plots of rVLPFC activity and social pain
The threshold for these analyses was set at an uncorrected p &#x0003C; 0.001 and voxels &#x0003E; 10
Regression analyses between brain activation and perceived percentage of the throws
Regression analyses between brain activation and surprise
The main goal of our study was to identify the brain regions that are sensitive to social exclusion
by examining the effects of both exclusion and overinclusion
We used an event-related continuous block design to operationalize these social scenarios
Two sets of findings emerged as important and informative for our understanding of social exclusion experiences: (1) both the dACC and rVLPFC were activated during exclusion events after controlling for expectancy violation (i.e.
exclusion-related event &#x0003E; inclusion-related event); and (2) increasing rVLPFC activity was associated with decreasing self-rated social pain
whereas dACC activity was not associated with self-rated social pain
Our findings strongly suggest that people can detect and experience aversive feelings even at the slightest hint of social exclusion
The first is a discrepancy monitoring system
which serves to detect deviations from desired standards
The second is a sounding mechanism that signals a problem that needs to be addressed
The dACC&#x00027;s discrepancy-detection function is considered to be associated with the detection of social exclusion
whereas social pain is thought to be the product of the sounding system
Our findings seem to show that dACC activation reflects the former component
Note that overinclusion did not activate the dACC
indicating that the dACC activation found in previous social exclusion studies is not due solely to expectancy violation
Our findings suggest that dACC activity plays an important role in the detection of exclusion
The vACC seems to be involved in emotional processing regardless of the specific valence of the experienced emotion
We could not directly observe vACC activity
because this study was designed to compare overinclusion-related events
which have a relatively positive emotional valance
which have a relatively negative emotional valance
The rVLPFC seems to be involved in the regulation of social pain
and our finding of a relationship between event-related rVLPFC activity and overall subjective social pain appears to be novel
Our findings imply that neural activity in response to exclusion may modulate feelings of social pain
The fact that we also used negative events (i.e.
exclusion) may have reduced the impact of rewarding experiences associated with positive social feedback
Future research could examine neural responses in adults and adolescents in order to track how the neural alarm system developmentally changes
The present study revealed that dACC and rVLPFC activity might represent a neurocognitive index of social exclusion processing
The dACC could be involved in the detection of social exclusion
whereas the rVLPFC plays an important role in the regulation of social pain
This dual mechanism can be considered to be one possible foundation of the neurobiology of social exclusion
This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for scientific research (A) 19203030 from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science to the last author
This work was also supported by a grant-in-aid for Research Activity Start-up from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (number 22830128)
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Developmental influences on the neural bases of responses to social rejection: implications of social neuroscience for education
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Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging
Yamaguchi S and Ura M (2012) Is dorsal anterior cingulate cortex activation in response to social exclusion due to expectancy violation
Copyright &#x000A9; 2012 Kawamoto, Onoda, Nakashima, Nittono, Yamaguchi and Ura. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</a>
distribution and reproduction in other forums
provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc
*Correspondence: Taishi Kawamoto, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan. e-mail:<a id="encmail">dC1rYXdhbW90b0BoaXJvc2hpbWEtdS5hYy5qcA==</a>
"Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle" tells the true story of a Japanese soldier who refused to leave his jungle post for 30 years after World War II
'Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle,' about a Japanese soldier who stayed at his post for 30 years
And you thought you should have quit that last job sooner
“Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle” is a dramatization of the notorious story about the Japanese soldier
who refused to accept that World War II ended
instead spending nearly 30 years in the jungle as the world passed him by
Arthur Hariri’s “Onoda” could have made the soldier a ridiculous figure
But the power of “Onoda” is that it instead makes him a tragic one
a man whose faith in the cause was so absolute that he went to bizarre lengths to keep the fiction alive
“Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle” has its Madison premiere at 7 p.m
Perhaps appropriately for a film subtitled “30,000” nights
Hariri takes his time in telling Onoda’s story during the film’s 165-minute running time
the camera lingering on the lush jungle settings
Onoda is looking to do his part in the Imperial Army when Major Taniguchi (Issey Ogata) enrolls him in a secret mission
Onoda leads a small group of soldiers into the jungles of Lubang Island in the Philippines to wage guerrilla warfare on any Western invaders that might come to its shores
Taniguchi warns that the mission will never be acknowledged
and there will be no medals or honors afterward
But they won’t be forgotten: “We will be back for you!” Taniguchi exclaims
as Allied forces overwhelm the South Pacific and force Emperor Hirohito to surrender in 1945
But Onoda and his men think that the news is just a ploy to lure them out of the jungle
the unit dwindles down to Onoda and three other men
acting out wargames like little kids and unnerving the locals
Onoda goes to ever more bizarre lengths to convince himself and his men that the war is still going on
and Taniguchi will someday be back for them
It’s hard not to see reflections of our own political culture
and the feedback loop of political conspiracy theories
where every new piece of information is twisted and folded to fit into a pre-existing viewpoint
When Onoda’s family members shout into the jungle on bullhorns
it only makes him more convinced of the devious brilliance of the enemy
But Hariri is not making a political allegory
but a humane story of a man who wanders off from reality
and the long and painful process of bringing him back to the world
into the jungle to “order” Onoda to put down his weapon and go home
It’s a bittersweet irony — what saves Onoda isn’t the truth
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The three performed several of their biggest hits at the returning fashion show
<a href="https://www.nme.com/artists/lisa">Lisa</a>, <a href="https://www.nme.com/artists/cher">Cher</a> and <a href="https://www.nme.com/artists/tyla">Tyla</a> have performed at the returning 2024 Victoria&#8217;s Secret Fashion Show – watch their performance below
the Victoria&#8217;s Secret Fashion Show made its return for the first time in six years
and for the first time ever featured a performance line-up that was entirely made up of women
Cher was <a href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/cher-to-lead-all-women-line-up-for-victorias-secrets-first-fashion-show-since-2018-3794682">previously announced to close out the entire fashion show</a>
with Tyla and BLACKPINK&#8217;s Lisa also announced as performers
Lisa kicked off the night with a performance of her solo single &#8216;Rockstar&#8217;
Lisa performs at the 2024 Victoria&#8217;s Secret Fashion Show
she was sat on a motorcycle before getting off to join her dancers as they danced down the runway
The &#8216;Rockstar&#8217; performance ended with an extended dance break
Tyla performed a medley of her hit songs &#8216;Push 2 Start&#8217; and &#8216;Water&#8217;
as she donned Victoria&#8217;s Secret lingerie and the iconic VS Wings
Lisa then returned to perform her latest single
as Victoria&#8217;s Secret models paraded up and down the runway
Tyla performs at the 2024 Victoria&#8217;s Secret Fashion Show
performing two iconic songs – &#8216;Believe&#8217; and &#8216;Strong Enough&#8217; as she was surrounded by models
Performers at past Victoria’s Secret fashion shows include Mary J
Cher performs at the 2024 Victoria&#8217;s Secret Fashion Show
In recent news, Lisa is set to make her small-screen debut in the upcoming third season of HBO’s <a href="https://www.nme.com/series/the-white-lotus">The White Lotus</a>, which will be set in her home country of Thailand. “I feel like people are going to fall in love with Thailand even more,” she <a href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/blackpink-lisa-the-white-lotus-casting-cried-3783153">teased in an interview</a> earlier this year
As for Tyla, she <a href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/here-are-all-the-winners-from-the-2024-mtv-vmas-3792869">recently won her first MTV VMA in September</a>
taking home the award for Best Afrobeats for her smash hit &#8216;Water&#8217;
On Cher&#8217;s side of things, the singer is <a href="https://www.nme.com/news/music/cher-reportedly-in-talks-for-legends-slot-at-glastonbury-2025-3790138">reportedly “in talks” to take on the legends slot</a> at the 2025 edition of <a href="https://www.nme.com/glastonbury-2024">Glastonbury</a>
the ‘Believe’ hitmaker is said to be in “meaningful talks” with the event organisers and is already planning to fit the festival around some plans for some headline shows in the UK
The world’s defining voice in music and pop culture: breaking what’s new and what’s next since 1952
When Japanese soldier Hiroo Onoda was deployed to Lubang in the Philippines in 1944
he was instructed to hold the remote island until the Japanese Army returned
Onoda took the orders very seriously and fought a guerrilla war on the island for more than 10,000 days until he finally surrendered in 1974
Search parties could not convince Onoda that Japan had lost the war
They carried photos from Onoda's family members
since his hometown had been bombed and rebuilt
the buildings in the images didn't match his memories
Onoda served alongside fellow Japanese soldier Kinshichi Kozuka
but Kozuka fell in 1972 when he was shot by the local Filipino police
married and lived quietly until he died at age 91 in 2014
His incredible story later became the subject of a feature film
French director Arthur Harari's "Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle" premiered at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival and has earned both acclaim and condemnation for its portrayal of the Japanese officer
The film is available to buy or rent on digital streaming services including YouTube
fully embraced the principles promoted by his country's military command
There were other Japanese soldiers who continued the fight in remote locations in the Pacific after their country's surrender
We've got a clip from the movie that shows the tension between the troops in 1949
when Onoda still had command of a small band of holdouts on Lubang
Even though Onoda believed he was still operating under wartime conditions
the conflict was over and his guerrilla military actions were actually a form of terrorism
Harari's film doesn't really offer that perspective on the violence Onoda committed after the war was officially over
but it's really not a stretch to hold the soldier responsible after he'd been told the truth
"Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle" is still a fascinating movie
How does a soldier know when the war is over
How can men trained to hold out at all costs accept defeat
This movie tries to address those questions through one very strange soldier's experience
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a former second lieutenant in the Imperial Japanese Army
returned to Japan after hiding in the jungle of Lubang Island
for nearly 30 years after the end of World War II
He had been discovered there by the adventurer Suzuki Norio in February of the same year
Onoda would not accept that the war was over and that Japan had been defeated until his former commanding officer
traveled to the island in March and persuaded him to &ldquo;surrender.&rdquo;
Banner photo: Onoda Hiroo on Lubang Island in the Philippines on March 11
<a href="https://www.rogerebert.com/category/festivals">Festivals &amp; Awards</a>
&#8220;Onoda,&#8221; subtitled &#8220;10,000 Nights in the Jungle,&#8221; tells the story of the real-life figure <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/world/asia/hiroo-onoda-imperial-japanese-army-officer-dies-at-91.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Hiroo Onoda</a>
a Japanese soldier who spent nearly 30 years in the Philippines living out what must be a record-setting case of denial: He didn&#8217;t believe that World War II had ended
and he continued to fight for the Imperial Army on Lubang Island&mdash;sometimes even killing civilians
this portrait of a man who chose to shut out the outside world had an eerie resonance
Onoda kept World War II alive in his mind in a similar way: by rationalizing any sign of the war&#8217;s end as a ruse
He thinks magazines and radio broadcasts are faked
he and a comrade decipher what they think is an elaborate code and conclude that they&#8217;re being ordered to a spot on the southern shore of the island
(&#8220;It&#8217;s all totally coherent,&#8221; one of them says after they&#8217;ve finished their convoluted decryption techniques.)
it might be an honor.) Another rule of secret warfare
Each recruit should act as his own commanding officer&mdash;a guideline that Onoda
tasked with leading a guerrilla-style mission on Lubang
he and&nbsp;a small band of followers give names to various parts of the island and cultivate their own mythology
&#8220;Onoda&#8221; keeps things grounded with a commanding physicality
it suggests both the war films and the allegories of Sam Fuller.) It was shot by Harari&#8217;s brother Tom
and in a scene that truly defines commitment to the bit
Onoda is at one point shown sucking the maggots out of a wound
It&#8217;s hard to see how any man once afraid of dying could do that
To the extent that my festivalgoing day had a theme, it was &#8220;movies about writers struggling to empathize with an unfamiliar perspective, starring eminent French actresses.&#8221; That&#8217;s a mouthful, but it really does apply, times two. <a href="/cast-and-crew/fran%C3%A7ois-ozon">François Ozon</a> returned to the Cannes competition with &#8220;Everything Went Fine,&#8221; billed as &#8220;freely adapted&#8221; from a book by the French writer Emmanuèle Bernheim
a sometime Ozon collaborator who died in 2017
The book concerned Bernheim&#8217;s relationship with her father
grapple with whether Emmanuèle should accede to his wishes&mdash;it&#8217;s significant that he&#8217;s asked her and not Pascale&mdash;he remains resolute
so that he can see his grandson perform in a clarinet recital
&#8220;Everything Went Fine&#8221; gathers momentum as what André calls &#8220;D-Day&#8221; approaches.  André cannot die by assisted suicide in France&mdash;by law, he is not suffering enough&mdash;and so he must travel to Switzerland, where a woman played by <a href="/cast-and-crew/hanna-schygulla">Hanna Schygulla</a> (not seen enough in this movie
or most movies) will make the arrangements
such as the extended family&#8217;s history with the Holocaust
and how the concept of Holocaust survival might affect the decision to die
unquestionably deepens the film in retrospect for those who&mdash;like me&mdash;went in with little knowledge of the project&#8217;s genesis
&#8220;Everything Went Fine&#8221; rallies with a beautiful final act
cutting to black at a moment that is simple but devastating
She went to law school decades ago but never exercised those skills
A job counselor says that she&#8217;s cut out strictly to be a &#8220;maintenance agent,&#8221; the new euphemism for cleaning woman
who wants to understand the lived realities of unemployment and poverty by experiencing them herself
(The film was inspired by a book by the French journalist Florence Aubenas.) Going to work scrubbing toilets in Caen
she eventually finds herself employed where all of the area&#8217;s most desperate workers go: on a ferry that departs nearby Ouistreham
and where the work is so extensive and strenuous that workers are expected to clean 230 bedrooms&mdash;from bunks to first-class&mdash;at a speed of four minutes per room
Christèle (Hélène Lambert) and Marilou (Léa Carne)
and her lack of journalistic ethics&mdash;she writes about Christèle&#8217;s experiences without ever identifying herself as a mole&mdash;becomes a sticking point
Would she still to be willing to clean toilets with them once she has a sensational book on her hands
&#8220;Between Two Worlds&#8221; is an adequate muckraking drama that avoids the hectoring tone of certain recent Loach films
I did wonder whether the demographics of the low-wage workers (overwhelmingly white and French-born in this movie) were accurately depicted
We never explicitly hear the adage about how everyone who bought The Velvet Underground &amp; Nico&nbsp;formed a band
we get hands-on analysis from people like the singer-songwriter Jonathan Richman
and  who expounds in detail on what made the band&#8217;s sound unique
He recalls once being at a concert where an audience waited a full five seconds in stunned silence&mdash;Richman pauses and counts to five for effect&mdash;before applauding
&#8220;The Velvet Underground&#8221; isn&#8217;t just the story of the band
The surviving members are both wonky and funny: John Cale discusses how the most stable sound they could tune to was actually the &#8220;60-cycle hum of the refrigerator.&#8221; Maureen Tucker
launches into a rant about hippies (&#8220;this love-peace crap&mdash;we hated that&#8221;) when discussing the band&#8217;s first West Coast appearances
who died in 2019 and is also featured extensively
and even an old TV clip of Cale talking about Erik Satie
and you will actually vibrate when &#8220;Heroin&#8221; kicks in
Ben Kenigsberg is a frequent contributor to&nbsp;The New York Times
He edited the film section of&nbsp;Time Out Chicago&nbsp;from 2011 to 2013 and served as a staff critic for the magazine beginning in 2006.&nbsp;
Herzog draws on the extraordinary story of a real-life Japanese soldier who fought on for decades
unaware that the second world war was over
</a>Whenever a master of one artistic medium chooses to work in another, it raises the question of what the new discipline might offer, and what the previous one denied. The Twilight World isn’t Werner Herzog’s first book (nor his last – a memoir is awaiting translation), but it is his first attempt at what might loosely be called a novel. So: why not another film? What does the novel have to offer a man who, 60 years and 70 films deep into his career, can surely film whatever he wants?
Herzog’s preliminary disclaimer offers a clue. “Most details are factually correct,” he tells us, “some are not. What was important to the author was something other than accuracy, some essence he thought he glimpsed when he encountered the protagonist of this story.” It’s this essence, we assume, that Herzog felt his camera wouldn’t catch.
Herzog finds his way into Onoda’s story via a documentary framing device. He is in Tokyo, in 1997, directing an opera. Asked who he would like to meet he can think of only one person: Onoda. From there he flashes back, rendering Onoda’s time in the jungle through a series of compact, vivid scenes.
As his time on the island stretches into years, Onoda, we’re told, becomes “more stoical than ever”. When finally he accepts that the war has ended, he “seems without emotion, his inside is stone”. So fixed is Herzog in this impression that, just a page later, he repeats himself, telling us: “Onoda’s empty face betrays nothing, he seems turned to stone.” And yet Onoda himself, when he speaks, says: “There is a tempest raging inside me.”
Read more</a>That inner tempest speaks to Onoda’s essence
His own twice-used word – “seems” – is telling
The extra interior dimension the novel form invites
and which in the right hands it excels at making visible
This may be merely a technical issue – perhaps
But given that Herzog is a white European man writing his way into Japanese culture
one does also wonder if a more profound failure of the imagination is to blame
when Herzog finally returns to his framing device
he tells us that “Onoda and I straight away struck up a relationship
We found much common ground in our conversations because I had worked under difficult conditions in the jungle myself and could ask him questions that no one else asked him.” Why not give space to this encounter
lies in the very terrain Herzog feels he and Onoda share: the jungle
This is where the true “essence” that captivates Herzog resides
Of course we can’t see Onoda: Herzog has made him his lens
 The Twilight World by Werner Herzog, translated by Michael Hofmann, is published by Bodley Head (£14.99). To support the Guardian and Observer, order your copy at <a href="https://guardianbookshop.com/the-twilight-world-9781847927231?utm_source=editoriallink&amp;amp;utm_medium=merch&amp;amp;utm_campaign=article" data-link-name="in body link">guardianbookshop.com</a>
Arthur Hirari transforms the true story of a Japanese soldier’s refusal to accept the end of the second world war into a heartbreaking drama of the ridiculous
won’t have it and is liable to shoot anybody who so much as points it out
is under strict orders to keep the Pacific theatre open and the US forces out of the Philippines
and never mind the fact that the world has long since moved on and there’s rock’n’roll music on his crystal wireless set
Along the way, the director, Arthur Harari, takes the exhausted <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/17/hiroo-onoda-japanese-soldier-dies" data-link-name="in body link">true tale of the lone Japanese soldier</a> and sculpts it into a captivating tragicomedy
a sharp-eyed study of zealotry and self-delusion
ridiculous and heartbreaking in about equal measure
Onoda (played in his youth by Yûya Endô; in later years by Kanji Tsuda) starts out commanding a small unit of fellow grunts
Harari shows them wandering the jungle like JM Barrie’s lost boys
occasionally running on to the beach to startle the local fishermen
the number dwindles until finally there’s only the lonesome lieutenant left
playing his forlorn game of soldiers after everyone else has gone to bed
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLWLA20Jp0g">Watch a trailer for Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle.</a>This is the archive of The Observer up until 21/04/2025
The Observer is now owned and operated by Tortoise Media
but whatever happens we’ll come back for you,” Major Yoshimi Taniguchi promised a young Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda on February 28
Taniguchi kept his promise—but it would take 29 years for him to fulfill
his Imperial Japanese uniform—worn since 1945—tattered but in remarkably good shape despite the 29 years of depravation
Onoda was tracked down by Japanese student Norio Suzuki in February of 1974
telling Suzuki that he would not return home until he received official orders
this time flanked by a Japanese delegation
Laying down his sword to Philippine President Ferdinand E
a weeping Onoda became one of the last Japanese soldiers from World War II to surrender
&#8220;I became an officer and I received an order. If I could not carry it out, I would feel shame. I am very competitive,&#8221; <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/lateline/japanese-holdouts-fought-for-decades-after-wwii/2336096">Onoda told ABC in 2010</a>
Onoda joined the Japanese Army in 1942 and was singled out for specialized training at the Nakano School—Japan’s primary training center for military intelligence operations
Such training would be key to his survival in the ensuing decades
Onoda later recounted in his memoir <a href="https://www.amazon.com/No-Surrender-My-Thirty-Year-War/dp/1557506639/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;linkCode=ll1&amp;tag=historynet02-20&amp;linkId=215fe3e69ebcada6cf1dad8f8ee81b80&amp;language=en_US">No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War</a>
a small strategic island 93 miles southwest of Manila Bay
gave the young lieutenant his final order—stand and fight
That command drove Onoda and three enlisted men into the jungles of Lubang where they engaged in guerilla warfare in the subsequent months against locals and those believed to be in cahoots with the Americans
In the chaotic final months of the war in the Pacific
American troops encountered a near fanatical Japanese Army
When Japan officially surrendered in September of that year
&#8220;The leaflets they dropped were filled with mistakes, so I judged it was a plot by the Americans,&#8221; <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/lateline/japanese-holdouts-fought-for-decades-after-wwii/2336096">he told ABC</a>
Onoda and the three soldiers continued to believe that they were at war
occasionally clashing with local residents and soldiers they took to be enemy guerrillas
30 island inhabitants were killed by the roving Japanese soldiers
By 1974, however, Onoda was alone. “One of the enlisted men surrendered to Filipino forces in 1950, and two others were shot dead, one in 1954 and another in 1972, by island police officers searching for the renegades,” writes the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/world/asia/hiroo-onoda-imperial-japanese-army-officer-dies-at-91.html">New York Times</a>
Pardoned by President Ferdinand for the crimes committed by while still believing he was at war
the then 52-year-old soldier returned to an almost unrecognizable Japan
Onoda soon became disillusioned with the materialism and changes within the Japanese society
The following year the former soldier moved to a Japanese colony in São Paulo
seeking a more tranquil life raising cattle
The pair moved back and forth from Japan and Brazil until Onoda’s death in 2014
Onoda was the last link to the old guard—a man who personified the traditional values of duty and sacrifice like the Samurais of yore
When asked in 1974 what was going through his mind for those 29 years in the jungle
I’m the News &amp; Social Editor at HistoryNet and a World War II researcher with an unparalleled affinity for Sir Winston Churchill
I have a Master's degree in military history from King's College
London and my cornucopia of interests include: World War II
By <a href="https://www.screendaily.com/lisa-nesselson/1100074.bio" rel="author">Lisa Nesselson</a>2021-07-07T20:00:00+01:00
Arthur Harari’s feature follows a Japanese soldier who fights on through the decades&nbsp;
An ambitious undertaking that fulfils its promise
Onoda - 10,000 Nights In The Jungle&nbsp;tackles the incredible true story of the titular Japanese soldier who spent 30 years hiding in the Philippine jungle unaware that the Second World War was over
This gripping tale of misguided patriotism recreates a vanished set of circumstances via excellent performances and well-tailored cinematic choices
While there are a few meditative lulls in this 165-minute adventure — which opens Un Certain Regard in Cannes — the proceedings are never dull and an accretion of detail leads to a memorably moving denouement
Onoda’s stubborn faith in his military hierarchy has a residual beauty all its own
Writer-director Arthur Harari attracted notice for his debut film
Dark Diamond,&nbsp;a French-language multi-layered heist-revenge tale set among diamond dealers in Antwerp
This polished and ultimately lump-in-the-throat venture in Japanese and Tagalog marks a quantum leap for him
In September of 1974 a young man (Taiga Nakano) arrives on a Philippine island by boat.&nbsp; He sets up camp
hangs a Japanese flag and blasts a plaintive song in Japanese from a cassette player.&nbsp;He’s hoping to attract a man we first see wearing foliage camouflage and talking to various locations in reverent tones while laying flowers.&nbsp;&nbsp;With many an unexpected development along the way
sometimes violent tale told almost entirely in flashback will put the 1974 actions in context.&nbsp;&nbsp;
Japan is losing the war and the Americans will soon arrive
Hiroo Onoda (Yuya Endo at the onset; Kanji Tsuda as the older man)
a would-be pilot who chickened out of a kamikaze mission
in search of redemption and thus an appealing recruit for no-nonsense Major Taniguchi (Issei Ogata)
previous cowardice and adversarial relationship with his father add up to a need to succeed at his assigned mission: protect and lead his men stationed in the Philippines so they will be ready to repel the enemy.&nbsp;
Onoda throws himself into serving the Emperor with a zeal that becomes its own hermetic and needless devotion
the original group under his command shrinks to just himself and one other soldier
Their clothes become a patchwork of mending and their wits are sorely tested
Their discipline and self-reliance are admirable but in the never-ending service of an information gap.&nbsp;&nbsp;
in which Onoda and Kozuka follow their own convoluted logic to conclude that a rescue party is actually out to get them is a classic of paranoid reasoning
That’s not really Onoda’s father using a loudspeaker to encourage him to show himself
they conclude — that’s surely what QAnon dolts would now call a ‘crisis actor’ &nbsp;posing as his father to trick them into surrendering.&nbsp; The delegation leaves newspapers and magazines to give the recalcitrant soldiers a sense of how Japan has changed in the five years since they say the nation was defeated.&nbsp; Is Japan a democracy
By the time Onoda and Kozuka pick up news — via a purloined transistor radio made by a new-ish company called Sony — of men walking on the moon
having stayed vigilant and in fighting trim while continuing to wait for reinforcements to repulse the enemy
seems like a feat as amazing as anything NASA may have accomplished
The story is told in such a way that viewers are in Onoda’s survivalist mindset
Excellent sound design&nbsp;creates&nbsp;the impression that viewers are hearing what the protagonist is hearing
The incredibly moving third act is full of suspense
especially for viewers who don’t know whether or not Onoda eventually agreed to surrender
This old soldier’s ritualistic devotion to the memory of his fallen comrades subtly highlights the idiocy and brutality of war but Onoda’s stubborn faith in his military hierarchy has a residual beauty all its own
Vincent Poymiro in collaboration with Bernard Cendron
freely inspired by the life of Hiroo Onoda
‘Ish’ and ‘Learning To Breathe Under Water’ will also feature
Company’s latest foray into genre will open theatrically on October 10
Florence Pugh takes centre stage for this mighty tussle in a post-Avengers world
Cheech Marin and Tommy Chong reunite to tell their own story
Pleasingly complex murder mystery opened the Hong Kong International Film Festival
Screen International is the essential resource for the international film industry
access to the Screen International archive and supplements including Stars of Tomorrow and World of Locations
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the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Tens of thousands of people lost their lives
as announced by Emperor Hirohito in a broadcast speech in which he asked people to “endure the unendurable and suffer what is unsufferable.” Amidst all this
there was one Japanese soldier who refused to believe that the war had ended
Image Source: Emperor Hirohito leaving the National Diet of Japan after making a speech at the open session
was an intelligence officer of the Imperial Japanese Army
Despite the war’s hostile environment culminating to a close
Onoda still stalked the Lubang island of the Philippines
committed to watching the skies for American bomb blasts while surviving on coconut milk
and slabs of meat that he would cut off the cows he butchered
the Japanese holdout soldier hunkered for 29 long years in the Philippine jungles
initially with three comrades and then alone after the two soldiers died in clashes with Filipino villagers and soldiers
&quot;Every Japanese soldier was prepared for death
I was ordered to conduct guerrilla warfare and not to die,&quot; he told the ABC four years before his death in January 2014
&quot;I became an officer and I received an order
If I could not carry it out I would feel shame
Image Source: A crowd of Japanese prisoners of war from the Imperial Japanese Army&#39;s (IJA) Thirty-Second Army at Okuku on Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan
(Photo by Keystone/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
when a Japanese commanding officer and adventurer located him and relayed the message that the Emperor wanted him to return to Japan
he had no choice but to lay down his arms and return
Onoda was bestowed the prestige of being seen as a hero
He stepped up to second lieutenant in the Imperial Japanese Army and authored several books about his experiences
Image Source: World War II Japanese straggler Lt
Hiroo Onada surrenders his sword here on March 10
Rancudo the Philippine Air Force Chief at a Government radar site on Lubang Island
the Philippines government forgave him for his involvement in the killing of the thirty islanders
He too extended generous donations towards the island people
Image Source: Portrait of Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda taken before the end of World War Two
one of two Japanese soldiers hiding out in the jungle following the end of the war
Lubang even developed a tourist attraction called the “Onoda Trail” in 2010
inspired by Onada’s adventures in his jungle stronghold
Onoda Trail is a network of pathways that Onoda and his fellow soldiers took to escape their enemies
The trail extends from Barangay village in Lubang to the neighboring Looc town
Onoda emigrated to Brazil where he worked as a cattle breeder on a ranch
he died of heart failure at a Tokyo hospital
Officials from Lubang Island sent their condolences to him
Onoda’s distinguished story was documented in Arthur Harari’s 2021 narrative feature “Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle,” which was also screened at Cannes
His story also makes the main theme of Werner Herzog’s 2022 novel
Since it started in 2009, beloved website <a href="https://lettersofnote.com/" target="_blank">Letters of Note</a>
assembled by self-described “letters nerd” Shaun Usher
has been chronicling famous correspondences throughout history
This was especially true this week when Usher excerpted an 1854 letter from Ralph Waldo Emerson
For manners and for wise living it is a vice to remember
You have done what you could; some blunders and absurdities no doubt crept in; forget them as soon as you can
To-morrow is a new day; you shall begin it well and serenely
and with too high a spirit to be cumbered with your old nonsense
to waste a moment on the rotten yesterdays.” When days get tough
The excerpt is also illustrative of a loving relationship between father and daughter
Since it was <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/DILyUIIIL_P/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">posted</a> on Instagram on April 8
some of whom have known it their whole lives
some of whom encountered it for the first time
❤️,” @littlenorthernbird shared.“Have sent this to colleagues when they’ve made a mistake and were besting themselves up about it
This quote helps you put things in perspective,” @sko2535 said
is known for his espousals of self-reliance
and an understanding that humans are innately good
these beliefs didn’t stop with him and he passed them onto his children
He took Ellen and her siblings on grand trips abroad to expose them to the world
to lands far off from where they lived in Massachusetts
He encouraged the family to write every day; took Ellen and her siblings on nature walks where he shared his wealth of knowledge on flora and fauna; he encouraged their education
“was appointed to Concord’s School Committee—the first woman in Concord to serve—and held the position from 1870 to 1876.” Ellen remained dedicated to creating enriching experiences for herself and those around her by writing
they still inspire us now in a multitude of ways
particularly if you just need to leave the day behind
Rosie the Riveter has inspired several generations
received Congressional Gold Medals for their service
The Rosie the Riveters got their proper due
The “<a href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/1791664/rosie-the-riveter-inspired-women-to-serve-in-world-war-ii/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rosies</a>,” as they were called
were women who worked in factories during World War II
While most of the men were fighting overseas
these women would be responsible for building
as most women were in domesticated roles and didn’t work factory jobs
They were called Rosies due to the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/rori/learn/historyculture/who-was-rosie-the-riveter.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Rosie the Riveter</a> character that motivated many people to join in on the war effort
and assemble in tight spaces in which the average man would be too large to fit into
would often work 10-hour days for six days per week
Among the estimated five million women who worked in factories for the defense industry was honoree Jane Tucker
&quot;I worked in Savannah, Georgia building Liberty ships, and I learned to become a welder when I was just 16,&quot; Tucker said to <a href="https://www.npr.org/2025/03/30/nx-s1-5332291/rosie-the-riveters-honored-for-service-in-wwii" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">NPR</a>
100-Year-Old &#39;Rosie the Riveter&#39; Shows Off B-29 She Helped Restore #news #foryou #fyP #breakingnews #usa
This work wasn’t just presenting a new opportunity for all women in general
Honoree Susan Taylor King was a Baltimore resident who needed a job and knew she could do it
Working as a Rosie was one of the only jobs at the time that wasn’t segregated
with Black women and white women working shoulder to shoulder
“The workforce at Eastern Aircraft was completely integrated, and this was the first time I had ever been in an integrated setting,” King told <a href="https://morehousehumanrightsfilmfestival.com/tribe_speaker/mrs-susan-king/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Morehouse College</a>
“There seemed to have been a social or civil relationship between the black and the white workers
It was also the first time that I had ever been allowed to wear pants in public.”
The character of Rosie the Riveter was meant to spur on the spirit of cooperation during WWII
but over time had grown into an icon used for women’s rights and to fight for more space in the workplace for women throughout the sixties and seventies
The image of her posing with her bicep exposed and the ‘WE CAN DO IT” slogan above her head was seen throughout marches and advocacy of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- YouTube<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTBooz2Qq9w" target="_blank">www.youtube.com</a>
and Internet memes as a voice in the continued fight for equity and to motivate folks to pursue their ambitions in spite of perceived limitations
Here are a few April Fools pranks throughout history that frankly cannot be beaten
- YouTube<a href="https://youtu.be/tVo_wkxH9dU?feature=shared" target="_blank">youtu.be</a>
In 1957, the normally stoic and serious <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-68707739" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">BBC News</a> played a prank on their viewers by covering a news story that Switzerland’s milder winter season and near-extinction of the “spaghetti weevil” caused an abundance of spaghetti crops in the nation
They even go into how proper tree breeding causes the spaghetti strands to be uniform in length
It was so convincing that the BBC received calls from viewers asking where they could purchase their own spaghetti bushes
Pictured: The newspaper ad announcing Taco Bell&#39;s purchase of the Liberty Bell.Photo credit: @lateralus1665
Many corporations and restaurant chains have some fun hoaxes shelling out fake products on April Fools Day, but not many got as much publicity as when <a href="https://www.theconstitutional.com/blog/2021/04/01/remembering-taco-bells-april-fools-joke-taco-liberty-bell-purchase" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Taco Bell</a> claimed to have purchased the Liberty Bell in 1996
Philadelphians were shocked not just at the purchase
but that the Liberty Bell was going to be renamed the “Taco Liberty Bell” and that the historical landmark would be relocated to Taco Bell’s corporate headquarters in California
the ad campaign/prank cost Taco Bell not only $300,000 but an additional $50,000 donation to help upkeep of the Liberty Bell as a gesture of goodwill
One of the later announcements of the fake &quot;Washing of the Lions&quot; events.Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons
This <a href="https://hoaxes.org/af_database/permalink/washing_the_lions1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">1698 prank</a> is considered the earliest recorded April Fools Day joke in history
It’s a recurring prank usually done to London tourists in which they’d be directed by locals to go to a moat near the Tower of London at “the White Gate” to see lions get their annual bath in the moat’s waters
tourists would wander aimlessly looking for it near the tower
much less lions being washed in the first place
This prank went a little too far...Photo credit: Canva
The smoky prank that was confused for an actual volcanic eruption.Photo credit: Harold Wahlman
After four years of planning, on April Fools Day of 1974, <a href="https://www.iflscience.com/the-greatest-april-fools-day-prank-of-all-time-took-four-years-to-plan-and-involved-a-volcano-46806" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Oliver “Porky” Bickar</a> and a few of his friends scaled up 3,202 feet on Mount Edgecumbe in Alaska to set up an elaborate prank that included the assistance of clear skies
There were many artistic and educational jobs that developed because of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s <a href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/surviving-the-dust-bowl-works-progress-administration-wpa/" target="_blank">Works Progress Administration</a>
but one that doesn’t get nearly as much attention is that of Pack Horse Librarian
In 1935 in the middle of the Great Depression
FDR created nationwide reforms that led to the development of the Works Progress Administration
The WPA helped to create jobs for Americans who desperately needed work
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt advocated for women to be included amongst those offered jobs
One of the initiatives that bloomed from these dual dedications to aid was the Pack Horse Library Project
Packhorse librarians ready to start delivering books.<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Packhorse_librarians_ready_to_start_delivering_books.png">commons.wikimedia.org</a>
not only did “63 percent of Kentucky&#39;s residents [have] no access to public libraries at the beginning of the Great Depression
and schoolchildren in the Kentucky mountains rarely had the experience of taking home a book to read.”
book donations poured in from all over the country
But it was not a job for the faint of heart–these women were tough and strong
and women either had to have their own horse or mule or rent one
but sometimes became 100 to 120 miles a week
This was not terrain that was easy to maneuver
Even if something happened to the librarian’s noble steed
friendly citizens would put them up in their homes and they’d continue back the next day
Pack Horse Library Project - Wikipedia<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Packhorse_librarian_on_a_rough_trail.gif">en.wikipedia.org</a>
this was not the first time such a project had been undertaken
a woman named May Stafford had made the journey through her home state on her own
Kentucky had tried to do the same in the years after
though people without access to books did want to learn how to read
The women who arrived bearing books became beacons and were later known as the “Book Women.” Some would even stay and read to local adults who were ill
Children’s books were in high demand because as young people learned to read
The librarians’ work reached some 50,000 families in 1936 alone
Because the Pack Horse Librarians needed a place to bring the books as well
local business owners often volunteered their spaces so libraries could continue to develop in person
These brave women traversed dangerous Appalachian trails to bring not just books
creating a legacy of literacy that lasts today
Packhorse librarian reading to a man.<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Packhorse_librarian_reading_to_a_man.gif">en.m.wikipedia.org</a>
“We build collective memories of our history to pass on to future generations and make the stories fit who we think we are or who we want to be.”
- YouTube<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=363ZAmQEA84" target="_blank">www.youtube.com</a>
Fichier:Uxbridge Center, 1839.png — Wikipédia<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Uxbridge_Center%2C_1839.png/1024px-Uxbridge_Center%2C_1839.png">fr.m.wikipedia.org</a>
File:Women&#39;s Political Union of New Jersey.jpg - Wikimedia Commons<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Women%27s_Political_Union_of_New_Jersey.jpg">commons.wikimedia.org</a>
The recounting of a tale like Lydia’s is not uncommon throughout history. “Sometimes those stories from the past are not historically accurate because our memories don’t quite hold on that long,” The Huntington Library astutely <a href="https://huntington.org/educators/learning-resources/becoming-america/out-many-one/overview-out-many-one" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">observes</a>
“Over time those accounts can become stories and myths that we tell each other about what happened
and those stories shape our identities as a nation.”
“This opened the electorate to free property owners
when a new state law said only white men could vote.”
her legacy and fight for Hawaii&#39;s rights lives on
As we move toward the end of Women’s History Month
there are still many proven yet undertold stories about America’s progressive past; indeed
it reminds us of the need for such a month to begin with
File:Liliuokalani, photograph by Prince, of Washington (cropped ...<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Liliuokalani%2C_photograph_by_Prince%2C_of_Washington_%28cropped%29.jpg">en.wikipedia.org</a>
When I first pitched this story, I thought it would be interesting to share an informative biographical sketch of the woman who <a href="https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000687488" target="_blank">ideated</a> what was at first called Woman’s Day in the United States
Women&#39;s Day was originally celebrated the last Sunday in February--and became the forerunner to global phenomenon International Women’s Day
It also became a lesson in why we celebrate it and celebrate Women’s History Month
she advocated for women’s education and even ran for New York State Assembly (it’s reported that she &quot;lost by a small margin&quot;)
a founder of Old New York Call–Helped Education Groups.” The obituary touches on some of the above points of Malkiel’s career
but the breadth of her impact was otherwise erased
Malkiel was also absent from the American Labor Who&#39;s Who and Woman&#39;s Who&#39;s Who of America published at that point in time
and her letters or archives were nowhere to be found
Malkiel’s work in labor rights began with her own, fleeing what was then the anti-Semitic Russian Empire of the 19th century, when Jews were essentially driven out of the country. She arrived in New York and began working in factories as many immigrants did. The <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkxrxyc/revision/2" target="_blank">infamous conditions</a> of factories like these have now been extensively recorded
were often encouraged instead to be homemakers and had little to fall back on when facing treacherous factory conditions
the Woman&#39;s Infant Cloak Makers&#39; Union
socialism became the path to independence,” Miller wrote
to at least what she believed would be &quot;a cooperative commonwealth of workers which would liberate men and women and establish equality for all.”
Involved in the Socialist Party and the fight for women’s suffrage
she believed that women obtaining the right to vote would only lead to more strength and power amongst workers
lead to women’s emancipation alongside men’s
the men running the party often delegated women to be “official cake-bakers and money collectors,” as Malkiel put it
They also either didn’t understand why women’s suffrage was so important or didn’t think it was important at all
Malkiel established and/or led several women’s organizations dedicated to Socialism and later
became the first woman involved in Socialist Party leadership
When the Socialist Party did establish a Women’s Department and Women’s National Committee in 1908
Malkiel “was elected to the Woman&#39;s National Committee in three of its seven years,” Miller shared
Malkiel advocated for women’s place in the party
also championing immigrant women to learn about worker’s rights
She believed that women could advocate for real change
leaving their “cake and money” duties behind if they so desired
and in 1915 the Women’s Department and National Committee were erased from the party
Malkiel pivoted slightly but continued her dedication to women’s development by creating the Brooklyn Adult Students Association
Six Shirtwaist Strike women in 1909<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Six_Shirtwaist_Strike_women_1909.jpg/2560px-Six_Shirtwaist_Strike_women_1909.jpg">commons.wikimedia.org</a>
It would turn out that in all of this accomplishment and advocacy and journalism that the proverbial apple would fall not too far from the tree
co-founded Congressional Quarterly with Nelson
and its example led to modern political and accountability journalism,” the institute wrote
Henrietta Malkiel Poynter received no obituary in The New York Times
the way we name them both literally and metaphorically
has changed significantly since both Theresa and Henrietta Malkiel’s lifetimes
To look at Theresa’s life in the context of International Women’s Day is not just to honor her creation what was originally Woman&#39;s Day
but to honor lives like hers and Henrietta’s
people who haven’t always been given the credit they deserve or people who have written out of history entirely
are the reason we celebrate International Women’s Day and Women’s History Month at all
“What is your candid opinion of marriage?” Jacqueline Bouvier <a href="https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2018/05/jackie-kennedy-inquiring-camera-girl/" target="_blank">asked</a>
Bouvier–before she became Jackie Kennedy–was the journalist and photographer behind her own newspaper column
“Inquiring Camera Girl,” for Washington Times Herald
Every week between fall 1951 and early summer 1953
asking people on the street their opinions about a particular topic and taking their photographs
By the time “Inquiring Camera Girl” was done
U.S. First Lady Jackie Kennedy arriving in Palm Beach | Flickr<a href="http://www.flickr.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">www.flickr.com</a>
Bouvier even landed a junior editor position at Vogue
winning what was then their annual Prix de Paris contest–six months editing in Paris and then work in New York
her mother even suggested Bouvier perhaps wasn’t &quot;sophisticated&quot; enough for such a position anyway–it would be better if she’d try to find a husband
Despite promising her mother she’d give it up
Bouvier took the position but decided the world of fashion ultimately wasn’t for her
Bouvier wanted to see the world, and she wanted to write. As a graduation present, her parents gave her a trip to Europe with her sister Lee,  later Lee Radziwill, who had just graduated high school. Bouvier chronicled the trip and it ultimately became her book <a href="https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/one-special-summer_jacqueline-kennedy-onassis_lee-bouvier/344192/?srsltid=AfmBOopAfzDB9g6YexkpbV37lUl-mJq2XBEEAPAocWHTmNWxonb33TKF#edition=4222163&idiq=5478919" target="_blank">One Special Summer</a>
published with Lee some 23 years later in 1974
with a penchant for drawing–this book is one of the few places these drawings live in print
Bouvier’s stepfather helped her get a job working in the offices of Washington Times Herald, but after a successful pitch, she became a reporter. Her column “Inquiring Camera Girl” arrived that fall--as biographer Carl Sferrazza Anthony, who wrote the 2023 book Camera Girl: The Coming of Age of Jackie Bouvier Kennedy to great acclaim, <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@csajune/video/7216598234314116398" target="_blank">shared</a> on TikTok (see below)
the column had been anonymously titled &quot;Inquiring Fotografer&quot; before she made it a success
It led to not just interviews with Washington heavyweights like Richard Nixon
Eisenhower’s presidential inauguration and Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation
#jackiekennedy #jackiekennedystyle #kennedy #biography #cameragirl #cameragirlbook #bouvier #jackieo #jfk #jackkennedy #jfk #firstlady #flotus #jackiebouvier #simonandschuster #gallerybooks #photographer #newspaper #columnist #graflex #graflexspeedgraphic #inquiring #daily
In September 1953, Bouvier married a young senator from Massachusetts named John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Her writing work didn’t stop there. Carl Sferrazza Anthony found that she actually worked on several of JFK’s speeches. According to <a href="https://time.com/6974279/jacqueline-kennedy-onassis-anniversary-surprising-facts/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">TIME</a>
she wrote an 84-page report for the then-Senator on France’s political
and economic control of Vietnam…JFK used sections from the report in his first major foreign policy speech to the Senate in 1953.” The following year
he also used the report in a speech “that earned him his first national press coverage as a potential presidential candidate
helping to pave his path to the White House,” the magazine shared
#jackiekennedy #jackie #jackieo #onassis #kennedy #jacquelinekennedy #jackieonassis #jackiekennedyonassis #jacqueline #jacquelinekennedyonassis #jfk #kennedy #kennedyfamily #thekennedys #firstlady #flotus #whitehouse #potus #president #editor #publishing #work #job #love #columnist #newspaper #smiles
suggests that prehistoric hunter-gatherers in Brazil created mysterious rock art designs—known as petroglyphs—next to dinosaur footprints
These findings offer valuable insights into the intersection of paleontology and archaeology
Image Source: <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-56479-3?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=CONR_PF018_ECOM_GL_PHSS_ALWYS_DEEPLINK&utm_content=textlink&utm_term=PID100052172&CJEVENT=29a0da95039f11ef81ab6bcb0a18b8f8" target="_blank">Scientific Reports</a>
The paper notes that while researchers first identified the petroglyphs in 1975
they only recently discovered these carvings close to massive dinosaur footprints
This discovery was facilitated by the innovative use of drones
belong to dinosaurs from the Cretaceous Period
Researchers believe ancient humans deliberately placed these carvings next to the dinosaur prints
noting that some petroglyphs are only 2 to 4 inches away and may depict the footprints themselves
Troiano said these ancient humans were highly interested in the footprints and considered them meaningful in some way
This also goes parallel to the location of Serrote
which translates to &quot;Signpost Hill&quot; in Portuguese
a conservation area renowned for its hundreds of fossilized dinosaur footprints
Troiano and his fellow researchers carried out the research with a group of middle-school students who surveyed the site in 2023
In addition to learning about the convergence of paleontology and archaeology
the students helped photograph the specimens
The team noted that the tracks belong to various types of dinosaurs
The petroglyphs uncovered were mainly carvings of circles filled with lines and other geometric strokes
These artworks are attributed to humans who lived in the region anywhere between 9,400 and 2,620 years ago
&quot;They were small seminomadic groups of hunters and gatherers who lived in society and used objects made from stones,&quot; Troiano said
These ancient humans made these rock carvings with two techniques; perforation and scraping
&quot;Perforation involves using a kind of stone hammer to create depressions on the surface
while scraping entails rubbing a stone against the surface until it forms the desired engraving,&quot; Troiano explained
The petroglyphs offer crucial evidence about the historical population and shed light on the rituals and practices of that time
“I think rock art creation was embedded in some sort of ritual context: people gathering and creating something
perhaps utilizing some psychotropics,” said Troiano
adding that these people were interested in “what the footprints represent.”
Affirming Troiano’s hypothesis, Jan Simek, a distinguished professor of anthropology at the University of Tennessee, told <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/11/americas/carved-drawings-dinosaur-footprints-paraiba-brazil-scn/index.html" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank">CNN</a>
“The paper provides an interesting new example of how ancient people observed and incorporated fossils on the landscape into their religious experiences and interpretations.”
<a href="https://giphy.com/gifs/animation-animated-cute-EDMgatJnj6Z4Q" target="_blank">via GIPHY</a>
He said this case is another archaeological example of the “human tendency to tie the spiritual world created in the imagination to unexplained things in the world around us.” 
This article originally appeared last year
Japanese soldiers hid in the jungles of South-East Asia and the Pacific islands
the soldiers—known as “holdouts”—were hailed as heroes
such tales have always sounded like a joke
a myth or rare curiosity; in 1981 they were the inspiration for an episode of a British sitcom
which had its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival
is a tremendous survival epic made by a French director
It may be the only second-world-war film to cover a span of 30 years
Her wit and style, brought to life by these directors, make for a most enjoyable evening in
Ryan Coogler’s hit film is a riff on the uses and abuses of genre 
Two books trace the extraordinary rise and rapid fall of Yevgeny Prigozhin  
Robert Macfarlane and James Scott seek to understand the ways of water
The greatest civilisations of the past 3,000 years were the opposite of MAGA
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She wants to set the record straight about whyHiroo Onoda
the man blamed for killing Mia Stewart's great-uncle
killing people long after the war was over.Published 16 October 2022 7:55am
Sarah lost her sons to the Philippines&#x27; war on drugs
Dominique always wondered who his great-grandfather was
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old-fashioned anti-war epic tells the true story of the soldier posted to the Philippines in the second world war
who during the second world war had trained as a commando with orders to hold Lubang island in the Philippines and never to surrender or take his own life
Fiercely loyal to these original instructions
he held out as a hermit-guerrilla until 1974
as his ragtag unit died off or surrendered one by one
before he finally returned to Japan; one of the very last refuseniks
This movie shows the deeply strange existence of Onoda (played as a young recruit by Yûya Endô and as an older man by Kanji Tsuda)
He is a Crusoe of fanatical military spirit enacting his own private parody of war
Or maybe an absurdist farce that reveals what war actually is
he and his unit roam around the island with the colonial zeal of explorers or schoolboys
making a map and solemnly naming peaks and riverbanks
the enemy’s assumed presence preventing them from collapsing into Lord-of-the-Flies disorder
Onoda talks with his comrades about how it feels to get one’s first killshot – a killshot that actually happens after the surrender in which Onoda stoutly disbelieves; that all-important technicality that would magically transform an act of war into an act of murder
Onoda unhesitatingly burns the Filipino farmers’ crops and shoots them: actions entirely justified by the war in his head
and also of course by the Filipinos’ retaliatory actions
Onoda is alone and the authorities send his family to plead with him via a loudhailer; he thinks that’s just a trick
They leave him magazines and newspapers showing that the war is over
Yet he is no Mr Kurtz and he is more than a Mishima-type poseur: at the very end
uncomprehending childlike-old-man innocence
 Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle is released on 15 April in cinemas
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Hiroo Onoda was a Japanese intelligence officer during World War II
stationed on a small island in the Philippines
living in the jungle and resisting all attempts to convince him the war was over
Renowned filmmaker Werner Herzog tells a fictionalized account of this story in his first novel
Herzog told Ari Shapiro that he's always been a writer and that this book is finally putting into words a story he had in him for two decades
Shows the kind of “big” film you can make with relatively small means
Arthur Harari charts the remarkable story of Japanese soldier Hiroo Onoda
who refused to surrender at the end of World War Two
Most people who have studied history know the tale of the Japanese soldier who stood guarding his post during World War Two and refused to stand down until officially relieved by his commanding officer
It has become synonymous with the quaint spectacle of war
where such confusion highlights the absurdity of extended conflict
Arthur Harari’s Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle is the story of that soldier
told with an emphasis on the ravages of time and the noxious qualities of extreme patriotism
It is a film about state mind control more than it is a chronicle of human psychology gone awry
is presented as rather a meek figure who is quite literally set in his ways when spending over a quarter of a century clutching his rifle
He’s introduced as a greenhorn who is inducted into the military and manages to rise up the ranks
despite the fact his preppy resolve causes him to clash with fellow officers
strategically vital island in the Philippines and told to make sure the local airfield remains operational come hell or high water
suicide is not an option: Onada and his men must stand tall until the last breath is ripped from them by the encroaching enemy
There is something Herzogian in Hatari’s French-produced epic
particularly in the way it chronicles the monomaniacal tendencies of a man who just cannot be swayed by the hard evidence with which he is often presented
the members of his platoon either choose to desert or are struck down by illness (or the occasional bullet)
leaving Onoda to eventually fly solo into the 1970s
perceived enemy combatants are heard yelling the war is over while attempting to defend themselves from gunfire
but Onoda chalks this up as a trap – the malevolent propaganda of a foe quick to adopt dirty tactics to win out the day
In a world where the deluge of toxic opinion spewing from social media platforms has the ability to corrupt a rational mind
it’s a very prescient film in the way its subject is a person who has been wholly convinced of his destiny
to the point where he refuses to question the logic of his dire circumstance
There are occasional shoot-outs and sorties against natives
but much of the film comprises Onoda’s crooked and sense-twisting rationale for reaching this invisible finish line
simple and saddening document of everyday madness
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Little White Lies was established in 2005 as a bi-monthly print magazine committed to championing great movies and the talented people who make them
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