the music event “HELLO INDIE 2024” will be held at Sendai PIT in Miyagi Prefecture for the first time in five years a “Pay What You Wish” system has been introduced allowing attendees to set their own prices NiEW is interested in this event that supports the indie scene and would like to introduce the reasons for their attention and the highlights of the event ‘HELLO INDIE’ was initially launched as a circuit event across four venues in Sendai city in 2014 it extended to include Matsumoto and Hiroshima followed by an outdoor stage in Yamagata in 2018 ‘HELLO INDIE’ returns to Sendai PIT The reason for changing locations and continuing to challenge is rooted in its mission statement: “to support artists pursuing high artistic and unique musical qualities and to establish and grow that scene.” In other words it aims to bring indie artists who are less visible outside of the Tokyo area to various locations thereby increasing exposure to excellent music 2014Akeboshi / Arakajime Kimerareru Koibitotachi e / KUDANZ / The fin / spike shoes / sleepy.ab / Yūko Sebu / Tamtam / Masato Tomobe / Hump Back / Fūmidō / LITE / ROTH BART BARON / Kūkikōdan / Krite / Keishi Tanaka / Ryūdai Sasaki / NINGEN OK2015iri / Oorutaichi / Chizuru Oki / GEZAN / Cypress Ueno & Roberto Yoshino / Ssighborggg (USA) / Ryūdai Sasaki / SALU / spike shoes / sébuhiroko / Tamtam / Chinza Dopeness / Saho Terao / Masato Tomobe / Triple Fire / never young beach / Bambambazaar / The fin / Yogee New Waves / LITE / Lamp / ROTH BART BARON2016 (Sendai / LITE / Ryu Matsuyama2018 (Yamagata)iri / KUDANZ / The fin / PAELLAS / Bruno Major / Taichi Mukai / Ryu Matsuyama2019WOMAN / 5kai / the band apart / THE REDNECK MANIFESTO (Ireland) / JYOCHO / spike shoes / Densa med dig / Nyantora / heaven in her arms / uri gagarn / LITE / ROTH BART BARON The organizers’ curation is excellent so if there are artists I don’t know I’m sure there are others I’d also enjoy NiEW Best Music is a playlist featuring artists leading the music scene and offering alternative styles in our rapidly evolving society the NiEW editorial team proudly curates outstanding music that transcends size Japanese golfer Rikuya Hoshino poses with the 2024 Qatar Masters trophy Get to know more about Japanese professional golfer Rikuya Hoshino with these 12 facts about his life and career in the game Rikuya Hoshino is making significant strides in the professional game and is fast becoming one of the stand-out names on the DP World Tour But if you don't know all that much about him Hoshino turned professional in 2016 and picked up his first professional win in 2017 on the Japan Challenge Tour He joined the Japan Golf Tour in 2017 and won his first event in September 2018 Hoshino qualified for his first Major in 2018 - the US Open - but failed to make the cut at Shinnecock Hills He entered the top-100 of the Official World Golf Rankings for the first time in 2019.  His career high position of 63rd in the OWGR was achieved in 2021 shortly after winning the Asia-Pacific Diamond Cup Subscribe to the Golf Monthly newsletter to stay up to date with all the latest tour news head-to-heads and buyer’s guides from our team of experienced experts His best Major finish is T26 at the US Open in 2021 The only Major Hoshino is yet to play in is The Masters He has made the cut in four Major appearances otherwise He qualified for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics in his home country of Japan Hoshino has won six times on the Japan Golf Tour and once on the DP World Tour His other pro success arrived on the Japan Challenge Tour Hoshino's debut success in Europe arrived at the 2024 Qatar Masters in his 34th start courtesy of a one-stroke victory over Ugo Coussaud at Doha Golf Club Hoshino became the fourth Japanese winner in DP World Tour history behind Isao Aoki He graduated from the University of Brighton with a degree in Sport Journalism in 2017 and spent almost five years as the sole sports reporter at his local newspaper Jonny has interviewed several stars of the game Jonny enjoys learning as much about the game as he can and recently reached his Handicap goal of 18 for the first time He attended both the 150th and 151st Open Championships and dreams of attending The Masters one day Metrics details Maize is the world's most produced cereal crop and the selection of maize cultivars with a high stem elastic modulus is an effective method to prevent cereal crop lodging We developed an ultra-compact sensor array inspired by earthquake engineering and proposed a method for the high-throughput evaluation of the elastic modulus of maize cultivars A natural vibration analysis based on the obtained Young’s modulus using finite element analysis (FEA) was performed and compared with the experimental results which showed that the estimated Young’s modulus is representative of the individual Young’s modulus FEA also showed the hotspot where the stalk was most deformed when the corn was vibrated by wind The six tested cultivars were divided into two phenotypic groups based on the position and number of hotspots we proposed a non-destructive high-throughput phenotyping technique for estimating the modulus of elasticity of maize stalks and successfully visualized which parts of the stalks should be improved for specific cultivars to prevent lodging the lodging of plants due to the wind and rain has been a critical factor in limiting the yield of cereals over the past half-century semi-dwarf varieties with higher harvest index were opted to avoid the lodging instead of those with larger and stronger plants that could withstand lodging As harvest indices in many cereal crops have reached at theoretical maxima our next step is to systematically produce lines with higher biomass production and enhanced lodging resistance to meet increasing food demand The authors spent over ten years cloning genes and conducting stem breakage tests on many recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to estimate Young’s modulus and cross-sectional secondary moment they developed numerous varieties with a high Young’s modulus and secondary moment of the section achieving both high biomass production and lodging resistance in rice an accurate and high-throughput method to measure the Young’s modulus of maize is required to breed maize lines with both high biomass productivity and high resistance to lodging it seems possible to instantaneously estimate the elastic properties of the maize plant by placing a group of sensors on the surface of the maize body and measuring the microtremor simultaneously Young's modulus of plants ranges from 0.1 to 100 MPa which requires high-frequency sampling 500 Hz to 1 kHz to estimate the elastic modulus of maize using a sensor with a mass of 2–3 g or less the sensor should be ultra-compact and lightweight so that it does not deform the plant and influence its vibration characteristics the sensors employed in earthquake engineering cannot be directly used to identify the elastic modulus of living maize plants due to their excessive weight which weigh less than a few grams and are thus unlikely to affect the vibrational characteristics of the maize body three MEMS sensors are placed on the corn stalk for spatial–temporal measurements of acceleration waveforms while applying an external impact to the plant The time required for a single measurement is only approximately 2 s and the small size and portability of the device enable extremely high-throughput measurements this paper provides the details of the data interpretation technique for a high-throughput simultaneous estimate of Young's modulus based on the estimated Young’s modulus and the morphological information of corn the natural frequencies of the above-ground part of maize are predicted By comparing the simulation results with the field measurement we verified that the measured Young’s modulus is consistent with the measured natural frequencies Preliminary finite element analysis (FEA) of a maize plant: (A) contour map of the mean stress at the first eigenmode The results indicate that that the below-ear (inset a) and above-ear sections (inset b) deform significantly under free vibration the Young’s modulus of these two regions may contribute essentially to the plant’s mechanical properties Record section and Young’s modulus of the vibration data associated with the impact test: (A) Position of the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensor array attached to the matured maize plant (cv An impulsive load wave was applied at the bottom of the stem to generate the surface shear waves (B) Travel time curve for the shear wave (left) across the maize surface (cv The travel time curve (solid line) clearly exhibits the different wave velocity in the stem V1 between S1 to S2 and V2 between S2 and S3 Dispersion curve indicates the presence of a Lamb wave in section S1 to S2 while very small dispersion is present in section S2–S3 (C) Young’s modulus estimated by V1 and V2 based on the linear elasticity (D) Wave velocities and (E) stalk densities below (S1–S2) and above (S2–S3) the ear for different cultivars Tukey’s HSD test was used to examine the statistical significances at p < 0.05 and different alphabets indicate significant differences and *** in (C) indicate significant differences between below- and above-ear stalk sections at p < 0.05 Values in parentheses above the bars are the ratio of above to below ear sections the Young’s modulus \(E\)(kPa) can be estimated from the S-wave velocity where \(\nu\) and \(\rho\) denote the Poisson’s ratio and the density of the elastic medium (t/m3) It is noteworthy that the above relationship is exact when the S-wave is a body wave and approximately holds when the S wave is a surface wave The waveform raises an important question as to whether this wave can be regarded as a body wave The results for all cultivars indicate that the wave period was approximately 8 ms which is an average of ones on all cultivars/plants and the S-wave velocity was approximately 80 m/s the wavelength \(\lambda\) can be obtained as follows: Lamb waves propagate while reflecting off a thin elastic plate and exhibit dispersion phenomenon wherein wave speed depends on the frequency the wave speed of the Lamb wave was slightly slower than that of the body wave Significant differences were observed between the Young’s modulus and the wave velocities of below-ear (E1) and above-ear sections (E2) (Fig. 2D,E) Measurements ranged from 10.6 to 20.4 MPa for E1 and from 6.3 to 11.6 MPa for E2 suggesting that the stalk section below the ear was stiffer than that above the ear although no significant difference was observed between E1 and E2 in the KD580 and NS115 The highest E1 was observed in the high-yielding and lodging-tolerant LG2533 cultivar while the lowest value was observed in the high-yielding but more lodging-susceptible Taranis cultivar LG2533 also showed a lower E2/E1 ratio than the other cultivars examined which is another cultivar with high lodging tolerance a E2/E1 ratio below 0.5 in these two cultivars is an indicator of stiffer basal and flexible upper stalk sections Such physical properties of stalks are potentially favorable traits for withstanding heavy wind loads on the upper canopy with increased stalk plasticity Regarding the two theoretical determinants of Young’s modulus, the observed varietal differences in E2/E1 ratio were largely attributed to the variation in wave velocities rather than to the volumetric density of the stalk (Fig. 2C,E) The lodging-tolerant cultivars LG2533 and Flec also showed the lowest Vs1/Vs2 ratios suggesting that non-destructive measurements of Vs on below- and upper-ear stalk provide a rough estimation of the E2/E1 ratio in a high-throughput manner without destructive sampling of stalk density would be more efficient than the present MEMS sensors-based procedure Experimentally determined natural frequency and damping ratio (A) Bending vibration test for measuring the step response associated with the bending mode (B) The vibration data were bandpass filtered at 0.1–10.0 Hz to remove noise the response was fit by the analytical solution of the damped free vibration problem D) The natural frequency and the damping ratio obtained from the fitting of the observation (E) The relationship between natural frequency and Young’s modulus † and * indicate statistical significance in correlation coefficient at p < 0.1 and p < 0.05 KD580 and LG2533 showed slightly lower values than those of the other cultivars which could be due to a mechanism involved in the high lodging tolerance of this cultivar The relationship between the Young’s modulus and natural frequency is shown in Fig. 3E Although the Young's modulus in the S1–S2 interval and that in the S2–S3 interval showed a correlation with the natural frequencies it was not possible to estimate the Young’s modulus from the natural frequencies it is difficult to accurately estimate the Young’s modulus of maize from its natural frequency The damping ratio was successfully evaluated as a byproduct High viscous damping allows wind energy to be dissipated more efficiently making high-damping traits a potential breeding target Natural frequency estimated by finite element analysis. The predicted natural frequencies of the six cultivars are mostly identical to one of the experiments. the stress levels are distinctly different for each mechanical/morphological phenotype The novel ultra-lightweight sensor array successfully measured the Young's modulus of corn stalks non-destructively The actual weight of each sensor head was approximately 3.5 g including fixture devices stem and apical ear of examined individuals (n = 48) at milk stage were 195 g and the total weight of three sensors was equivalent to only 2–5% of each organs and less than 1% of total fresh weight of a single plant; therefore the effects of installing these sensors on maize stalk was able to assume negligible This device would also be transferable to other crops and plant species with a large above-ground structure further miniaturization of the sensors would be required for application in cereal crops with shorter and thinner stem architecture such as wheat The newly developed method used an MEMS accelerometer to measure the wave velocity of surface waves in the corn stalk to estimate the Young's modulus for that section suggest that the wave velocity is lower than the S-wave velocity of the entity wave these waves are presumed to be surface waves indicate that the theoretical damping ratio of maize is approximately 5–25% This is significantly greater than the attenuation rates of metals and concrete; thus Lamb waves propagate through repeated reflection and refraction which would have enabled the measurement of wave velocity Future studies will apply the proposed methodology to the anisotropy of the stalk to identify the anisotropic material parameters they did not know the locations on the stem that should be hardened Our method shows where and how hard the stem should be this research allows for trial and error in the shape and material of corn FEA has been used to design optimal shapes and materials no similar approaches have been used to actively design crop morphology and physical properties to search for a grass type that is resistant to overthrow This study proposes a high-throughput measurement technique for Young's modulus and FEA which provides tools to search for phenotypic traits that are less susceptible to wind forces and lodging Six maize cultivars with varying lodging resistance: KD580 were obtained from a local seed supplier and grown in the experimental field of Hokkaido University (43.07° N Each plot consisting of 4 rows with 0.75 m of row spacing and 0.18 m of intra-row spacing were arranged into randomized complete block design with four replications After land preparation by two passes of rotary tillage followed by opening of the seed furrow at a depth of approximately 5 cm synthetic fertilizer was applied along each row at a rate of 130 kg N ha−1 180 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 100 kg K2O ha−1 as basal No additional fertilizer was supplied during the growth period Two seeds per hill were sown manually on May 10th Atrazine-based herbicides were sprayed at 2nd leaf stage (V2) and thinned at V3 to ensure uniform stand establishment at a planting density of 74,100 plants ha−1 The dates of silking were recorded for each cultivar and all measurements were performed at the milk stage (R3) Three tri-axis ultra-micro analog accelerometers (AK-KXSC9-2050 US) modularized on 12 mm × 12 mm electric boards were connected to a PC-based data logger (Picolog 1216 UK) with a 12-bit resolution and a maximum sampling frequency of 1 kHz The detection rage and sensitivity of the accelerometers were ± 19.6 ms−2 and 14.9 ms−2/V Only the x- and y-axis outputs were connected to the data logger with a fine copper wire having a diameter and length of 0.2 mm and 3 m The data logger was enclosed in a plastic container and mounted on a tripod together with a laptop PC to increase field portability under the maize canopy An application voltage of 3.3 V was applied to each accelerometer through a universal serial bus on a laptop PC coupled with a stepping-down converter module Three accelerometers were fixed on a plastic fixture device with a heat-shrinkable tube and firmly attached to three positions along a maize stem using a plastic cable tie Each sensor was placed on the 1st stalk node (S1) All sensors were aligned horizontally to the row The total weight of each sensor head was less than 2 g Mechanical configuration of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensor array (a) Three accelerometers were attached to the above and lower sections of maize stalk and the output voltage was recorded using a PC-based data logger with high frequency Traveling velocity of impact waves between S1 and S2 as well as S2 and S3 on stalk were measured (b) Simplified schematic diagram of sensor array (c) Field measurement of wave velocity using the developed system (d) Pulling tassel base for bending vibration test The obtained waveform was processed and analyzed using PicoLog software Ver because the reproducibility of waveforms in each measurement was adequately high and the arrival time for the first S-wave at each sensor was noted to calculate the traveling time between two sensors from which Young’s modulus was derived as follows: The maize plant can be considered as a linear elastic body when the deformation is small \(u\) is the horizontal displacement field \(x\) is the traveling distance from the bottom of the plant and \({f}_{s}\) is the external shear force The density of maize plants is generally non-zero; therefore we can divide both terms by density to obtain the equation: which is the shear velocity observed in the travel-time curve (Fig. 2) The shear modulus and Young’s modulus \(E\) are related via Poisson’s ratio \(\nu\) as follows: Young’s modulus is calculated using the following equation: The finite element meshes were partially overlapped and used for modal analysis The governing equations of the system are as follows: where \({\sigma }_{ij}\) is a Cauchy stress tensor The equation is discretized based on the FEM \({u}_{J}\) is the discretized displacement field and \({F}_{I}\) is the external force vector Substituting this equation into the discretized equation the following generalized eigen value problem is obtained and flesh ones are around 0.27–0.38 (2008) it is worth noting that FEA uses Young's modulus and density in the S1–S2 and S2–S3 sections according to the experimental values A maize plant was approximated as a single degree of freedom system as proposed by Baker et al.50 The analytical solution of the equation under free vibration is given by: Data for the impact and bending vibration tests were analyzed using the open-access statistical tool for agricultural research (STAR ver 2.0.1; International Rice Research Institute One-way analysis of variance was performed for comparisons among cultivars followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for pairwise mean comparisons at p < 0.05 Student’s t-test was performed to compare the Young’s modulus and volumetric mass density of the below- and above-ear stalk sections The plant materials examined in the present study are commercially available hybrids purchased or provided from local seed suppliers with permissions for experimental use and international legislation and guidelines for the use of all the materials and experimental methods Understanding and reducing lodging in cereals Utilizing temporal measurements from UAVs to assess root lodging in maize and its impact on productivity New approach for rice improvement using a pleiotropic QTL gene for lodging resistance and yield Development and application of a model for calculating the risk of stem and root lodging in maize Effect of aeroelasticity on the aerodynamics of wheat Determination of crop dynamic and aerodynamic parameters for lodging prediction High-throughput analysis of arabidopsis stem vibrations to identify mutants with altered mechanical properties Morphometric and mechanical characteristics of Equisetum hyemale stem enhance its vibration Dynamic behaviour of inflorescence-bearing Triticale and Triticum stems The development of a theoretical model for the windthrow of plants A method for the assessment of the risk of wheat lodging Recombinant inbreds for molecular mapping in Maize Genetic variation and QTLs for 15N natural abundance in a set of maize recombinant inbred lines Characterization of free amino acid QTLs in maize opaque2 recombinant inbred lines Mechanical properties of maize fibre bundles and their contribution to lodging resistance Soil moisture assessment by means of compressional and shear wave velocities: Theoretical analysis and experimental setup Effects of pore collapse and grain crushing on ultrasonic velocities and Vp/Vs Statistical distributions of wave velocities and elastic moduli in near-surface unsaturated soils S-wave velocity profiling by inversion of microtremor H/V spectrum The effect of body waves on phase-velocity determined by the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method Robust estimation of 1D shear-wave quality factor profiles for site response analysis using seismic noise MEMS vibratory gyroscopes: structural approaches to improve robustness (Springer Economic MEMS based 3-axis water proof accelerometer for dynamic geo-engineering applications Design and optimization of MEMS heart sound sensor based on bionic structure Understanding and implementing the finite element method (SIAM On a finite element method for dynamic contact/impact problems Tree stability in an improved soil to withstand wind loading A finite element model for investigating effects of aerial architecture on tree oscillations A generic 3D finite element model of tree anchorage integrating soil mechanics and real root system architecture Group velocity and characteristic wave curves of Lamb waves in composites: Modeling and experiments Domain decomposition methods for domain composition purpose: Chimera Preventing lodging in bioenergy crops: A biomechanical analysis of maize stalks suggests a new approach Multi-scale modelling predicts plant stem bending behaviour in response to wind to inform lodging resistance Composite overlapping meshes for the solution of partial differential equations The finite element method with overlapping elements—a new paradigm for CAD driven simulations Overlapping finite element meshes in AMORE Functional structural plant models—Case LIGNUM Root morphology and biomechanical characteristics of high altitude alpine plant species and their potential application in soil stabilization Virtual plants need water too: Functional-structural root system models in the context of drought tolerance breeding A functional imaging study of germinating oilseed rape seed Determination of Poisson’s ratios in relation to fiber angle of a tropical wood species Determination of the viscoelastic properties of apple flesh under quasi-static compression based on finite element method optimization Download references Funding was provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant Numbers 17J02383 proposed the numerical analysis scheme and implemented the software The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32130-5 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science About us | Advertise with us | Contact us Posted: 9 February 2017 | | 1 comment Recent findings by Japanese scientists may be a breakthrough in developing a silver bullet for the treatment of septic shock Sepsis is a life-threatening condition due to excessive immune responses to infection that damages the patient’s own tissues and organs the blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level often leading to multiple organ failure and death there is no effective therapy yet available for septic shock The research team led by Yasuhiro Ogawa, Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe and Masashi Yanagisawa of the International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba found that subcutaneous injection of the neuropeptide orexin can markedly improve survival rate of mice suffering from endotoxin shock (sepsis model mice) discovered by Yanagisawa and his colleagues in 1998 plays a critical role in controlling sleep and wakefulness and is also known to alter heart rate and body temperature in rats suggesting that it may potentially be a therapeutic agent for circulatory shock Hypothetical schema of multiple pathways by which OXA may improve survival in mice with LPS-induced endotoxin shock the clinical application of orexin is technically difficult because it works in the brain and delivery of orexin to the brain is hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) an interface that selectively transports essential molecules to the brain and separates the brain from the circulatory system in order to protect the central nervous system (CNS) from hazardous substances a hallmark pathophysiology of the systemic inflammatory syndrome in order to deliver orexin into the CNS,” Irukayama-Tomobe says The researchers confirmed that peripherally injected orexin can enter the brain because of the enhanced BBB permeability caused by septic shock which subsequently helps mice to survive and recover from septic shock by restoring body temperature and increasing the heart rate They further found that orexin is likely to regulate immune responses through multiple signalling pathways in the brain Future studies include elucidation of the precise mechanism through which CNS orexin regulates the responses of the immune system They are validating the effect of peripherally administered orexin in primates with septic shock aiming at clinical applications in the future Related topics Related conditions Related organisations, Related people, , By 1 comment , , , All subscriptions include online membership giving you access to the journal and exclusive content By By A very interesting information and maybe it can be valuable for human beings – in the future Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id" "a99ddcbea68408e410fc0b24330febd7" );document.getElementById("a3f6228d48").setAttribute( "id" Write for us | Advertise with us Drug Target Review is published by: Russell Publishing Ltd.Court LodgeHogtrough HillBrasted © Russell Publishing Limited, 2010-2025. 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functionalities of the website CookieTypeDurationDescriptioncf_ob_infopersistent1 minuteThis cookie is set by Cloudflare content delivery network and in conjunction with the cookie 'cf_use_ob' Metrics details Root penetration into the soil is essential for plants to access water and nutrients as well as to mechanically support aboveground structures This requires a combination of healthy plant growth Despite the current knowledge of the static rheology driving the interactions at the root–soil interface few theoretical approaches have attempted to describe root penetration with dynamic rheology we experimentally showed that radish roots in contact with soil of specific density during a specific growth stage fail to penetrate the soil To explore the mechanism of root penetration into the soil we constructed a theoretical model to explore the relevant conditions amenable to root entry into the soil The theory indicates that dimensionless parameters such as root growth anisotropy and dynamic root–soil competition are important for root penetration The consequent theoretical expectations were supported by finite element analysis and a potential mechanism of root penetration into the soil is discussed These results indicate that the morphology and dynamic growth of both primary roots and lateral structures (lateral roots and root hairs) are key factors in understanding how roots penetrate the soil These lines of evidence indicate that both root growth and soil mechanical properties can be highly variable we examine the behaviors of radish roots at the very initial growth stage in soils with different mechanical properties and determine the threshold of root penetration occurrence which we call the root penetration criterion This allowed us to identify conditions where roots fail to penetrate the soil We then translated these conditions into equations describing how root penetration may respond to different soil types and then tested the resulting criterion with realistic plant–soil numerical simulations using FEM we successfully summarized the plant–soil mechanical parameters into simple equations that will empower a systematic exploration of the root penetration criterion Radish seedling rooting behaviors are variable (a–c) The penetration of radish roots into the soil is affected by the soil properties and seedling growth stage (a) Representative images of 7-days after hydration (DAH) seedlings transferred to vermiculite (left) or silica sand (right) at 1-DAH (b) Representative images of 7-DAH seedlings transferred to silica sand at 1-DAH (left) or 2-DAH (right) (c) A typical 4-DAH seedling grown on the surface of a vertically oriented agar plate Co: cotyledons; Hy: hypocotyl; Sc: seed coat Cell division is limited to the region near the root cap (d) Rate of successful root penetration for two European and two Asian radish cultivars transferred to either vermiculite or silica sand at 1-DAH Each data point is an average of four independent pots (n = 3–5 seedlings each) Error bars indicate standard deviation (SD) (e) Rate of successful root penetration in three European radish cultivars transferred to silica sand either at 1- or 2-DAH Data show averages of four pots (n = 3–5 each) ± SD The growth stage of the plant thus affects its ability to penetrate the soil possibly due to the increased root–soil frictional forces exerted by the longer primary root with root hairs These results suggested that seedlings with primary roots reaching a certain length with root hairs may provide better anchorage to promote soil penetration root penetration potential is controlled by both the soil mechanical properties and the initial root length such as fluctuating soil void ratios and root morphological changes during growth This implies that competition likely occurs between these antagonizing forces at the root–soil interface Theoretical evaluation of root penetration criterion in a linear regime (a) Schematic diagram of the mechanical forces imposed on the foundation pile (b) External force acting against the virtual displacement with lateral frictional force \({f}_{s}\) (blue) and penetration resistance force \({f}_{t}\) (red) as a function of displacement (c) Resultant force acting against the virtual displacement for the foundation pile (d) Schematic diagram of the mechanical forces imposed on the plant root (e) External force acting against virtual displacement with lateral structures (lateral roots and root hairs) \({f}_{s}\) (blue) and penetration resistance force \({f}_{t}\) (red) as a function of displacement (f) Resultant force acting against virtual displacement for the plant root (g) Root penetration criterion in a linear regime (h) Color plot of the time interval before root uplift \({t}_{lift}\) \({t}_{lift}\) increased gradually under the assumption \({u}_{c}=5\) cm and \(\delta u=0.5\) cm/min only root penetration is observed over a typical experimental time scale (~ minutes or ~ hours) less than the order of \({10}^{4}\) min the root penetration criterion therefore simply reflects the degree of competition between the root and the soil Root uplift will take place only when the force exerted by the soil outcompetes the force exerted by the root we sought to more accurately describe the mechanical terms of \({f}_{s}\) and \({f}_{t}\) the plant undergoes these two antagonizing forces; therefore we first define each effect as the positive virtual displacement of the root base \(u(+)\) and the negative virtual displacement of the root tip \(u(-)\) along the vertical axis we extended the model in terms of the growth anisotropy of the plant root and the competition between lateral friction and soil compression stress outlined below where \(t=u(\pm )/\delta u\), and the radius of the root is defined as Theoretical evaluation of root penetration criterion in a nonlinear regime (a-c) Schematic diagram of the growth anisotropy (a) static pressure and friction ratio (b) and dynamic pressure and friction ratio (c) (d) Color plot of the diffrent cases depending on the indices of α (e–i) External force and resultant force as a function of the absolute value of the virtual displacement Since the lateral frictional force \({f}_{s}\) should depend on the primary growth \(L\left(t\right)\) due to the enlargement of the frictional area and on the coefficient \({E}_{s}\) and the effective displacement of the frictional domain \({u}_{s}\) The force \({f}_{s}\) may not have to be proportional to the virtual displacement \(u(+)\) because the frictional force becomes strong when the lateral structure increases we assumed the effective displacement is a nonlinear function \({u}_{s}=\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{{G}_{s}u\left(+\right)}{\delta u}\right)-1\) using the secondary growth rate \({G}_{s}\) Thus the force \({f}_{s}\) can be rewritten as For \({f}_{t}\), we considered the contribution of the root cap cross-section area to the compression of the soil cylinder below the root (Fig. 3b) As the soil at the early stage of penetration is assumed to be of normal density the initial earth pressure \({P}_{0}\) with the relative soil pressure \(P^{\prime}(={P}_{p}-{P}_{0})\) with the preconsolidation stress \({P}_{p}\) (soil weight × depth) and the current soil pressure \({P}_{t}\) are defined with the initial void ratio \({e}_{0}\) and the current void ratio \({e}_{t}\) as: where \(\lambda\) is the normal consolidation coefficient18 This relationship indicates how the temporal change in soil pressure between \({P}_{0}\) and \({P}_{t}\) affects the relative change in the soil void ratio \({e}_{0}\) and \({e}_{t}\) To relate this to the displacement \(\mathrm{u}(-)\) we need to know the relationship between the void ratio and the void volume as the void ratio is defined as \({e}_{t}={V}_{t}/{V}_{s}\) \({e}_{0}={V}_{0}/{V}_{s}\) with the soil volume \({V}_{s}\) the initial void volume \({V}_{0}\) and the current void volume \({V}_{t}\) Using the virtual displacement \(u\left(-\right)\) we formulated the difference between \({V}_{0}\) and \({V}_{t}\) as follows: We assume the following two physical constraints: (a) the equilibrium between the root volume expansion and the soil volume reduction associated with root growth and (b) the equilibrium between the root growing force and the soil compaction force Using the parameter \({D}_{v}\) as the depth at which the soil does not move when the root grows Using Eqs. (7) and (8) the displacement \(u(-)\) can be rewritten as the penetration resistance force can be rewritten as where the soil mechanical parameter \(S\) is defined as \(S=\frac{{e}_{0}+1}{\lambda {D}_{v}}.\) Due to the intrinsic penetration resistance force and the root growing force \({f}_{t}\) is also a nonlinear function of \(u(-)\) The governing equation is written as follows (using \(\mathrm{\delta u}=1\) for simplicity): To explore the typical behaviors of \(\alpha\) we made the following substitutions: \({E}_{s}=1 we constructed a simplified diagram to illustrate how these parameters change in the different cases below We defined five cases describing the root dynamics over a given time scale (\(t<{u}_{c}/\delta u\)) for the penetration state (P-state) and the uplift state (U-state) as a function of the parameters \(\alpha\) Case 1: P only: \(F(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,0)>0\) without solutions for \(u>0\) (Fig. 3e) Case 2: U only: \(F(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,0)<0\) without solutions for \(u>0\) (Fig. 3f) Case 3: P, then U: \(F(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,0)>0\) with one solution for \(u>0\) (Fig. 3g) Case 4: U, then P: \(F(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,0)<0\) with one solution for \(u>0\) (Fig. 3h) Case 5: P, then U, then P: \(F(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,0)>0\) with two solutions for \(u>0\) (Fig. 3i) Note that the UPU state was not numerically detected due to the quadratic form in front of the exponential term in \({f}_{t}\) The root penetration criterion in the nonlinear regime is therefore described by the resultant force \(F(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ,0)\) and the competition between soil and root depends on the mechanical forces \({f}_{s}\) and \({f}_{t}\) Results of root penetration numerical analysis using the contact finite element method soil principal stress and soil displacement of the simulations for two β-values by changing soil strength E (kPa) the resulting stress and displacement after deformation were calculated (right) (b) Schematic illustrations of root displacement and soil principal stress (c) Schematic illustrations of soil displacement for low β and for high β We conclude that root penetration becomes more likely with decreasing \(\beta\) values which is consistent with our theoretical estimation we constructed a unifying formula describing the root penetration criterion especially for the very early stage of plant roots in the transplanting situation with three dimensionless parameters: root growth anisotropy α and dynamic root–soil competition \(\gamma\) Our findings indicate that the root has two intrinsically antagonistic responses during soil penetration: growth of the primary root (\(\mathrm{\alpha }\)) and growth of the lateral roots and root hairs (\(\upbeta\) and \(\upgamma\)) These parameters are essential for the quantitative characterization of root–soil mechanics These results may point to a genetic regulation of root growth mechanics in addition to the abovementioned dimensionless parameters Since soil is resilient against compressive stress but fragile against tensile stress this bifurcation may more efficiently separate the soil to allow the root to elongate it will also be interesting to investigate the effects of these factors against dimensionless parameters in our model seeds were surface-sterilized with diluted sodium hypochlorite solution and sown onto plates containing 1 × Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.75% (w/v) agar and 1.5% (w/v) sucrose All pots and plates were cultivated in growth chambers at 22 °C under continuous white LED illumination The numerical analysis scheme is essentially based on ref 25 The growth stress model was obtained by adding a new momentum term to account for the growth stress according to the momentum conservation law The constitutive model for soil and plants was constructed based on the Neo-Hookean model Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are the same as for the roots and soil in ref 25 the Young's modulus of the root was set to 35.0 MPa and Poisson's ratio for both the root and the soil were set to 0.30 the Young's modulus of the soil was set to 1.62 MPa for soft soil The friction coefficient was set to 0.60 according to ref 21 and the root–soil contact surface was given a cohesion coefficient of 28.0 kPa to represent the cohesion caused by root hairs The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Root cap removal increases root penetration resistance in maize (Zea mays L) Contribution of root cap mucilage and presence of an intact root cap in maize (Zea mays) to the reduction of soil mechanical impedance and mechanical impedance: A review of limiting stresses and beneficial root cap traits Root cap shape governs root elongation rate under Feedbacks between soil penetration resistance root architecture and water uptake limit water accessibility and crop growth—A vicious circle Cortical cell diameter is key to energy costs of root growth in wheat Root hairs aid soil penetration by anchoring the root surface to pore walls Root hairs enhance Arabidopsis seedling survival upon soil disruption and phosphorus acquisition in soils of different strength Tillage and traffic effects (planters and tractors) on soil compaction and soybean (Glycine max L.) yields in Argentinean pampas Root growth and yield of maize as affected by soil compaction and cover crops radiation-use efficiency and yield of three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Mechanical impedance to root growth: A review of experimental techniques and root growth responses root penetration resistance and root elongation rate in two sandy loam soils Penetrometer resistance equation: Its derivation and effect of soil adhesion Root-soil friction: Quantification provides evidence for measurable benefits for manipulation of root-tip traits On the generalised stress-strain behaviour of ‘wet’ clay Plant roots sense soil compaction through restricted ethylene diffusion A simple model to predict soil penetrometer resistance as a function of density Prediction of the penetrometer resistance of agricultural soils with models with few parameters Growth-sustaining Water potential distributions in the primary corn root: A noncompartmented continuum model Quantifying coupled deformation and water flow in the rhizosphere using X-ray microtomography and numerical simulations Micromechanics of root development in soil Experiments and FE-analysis of 2-D root-soil contact problems based on node-to-segment approach Soil penetration by earthworms and plant roots—mechanical energetics of bioturbation of compacted soils Visualization of Toyoura sand-grown plant roots by X-ray computer tomography One-dimensional compression behavior of a soil with high organic matter content Deformation and cyclic resistance of sand in large-strain undrained torsional shear tests with initial static shear stress The ultimate bearing capacity of foundations Numerical design-analysis for piles in sands Growth of axile and lateral roots of maize: I development of a phenotyping plat form Plant Allometry: The Scaling of Form and Process (University of Chicago Press Plant Physics (University of Chicago Press Complete mechanical impedance increases the turgor of cells in the apex of pea roots A simple formulation for two-dimensional contact problems using a moving friction cone Physiological responses of lupin roots to soil compaction Soil penetration by maize roots is negatively related to ethylene-induced thickening A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor controls cell growth and size in root hairs A novel growing device inspired by plant root soil penetration behaviors Revealing bending and force in a soft body through a plant root inspired approach Modeling of minimum void ratio for sand-silt mixtures A new evaluation index for reliquefaction resistance of Toyoura sand Continuous pressurization method for a rapid determination of the soil water characteristics curve for remolded and undisturbed cohesionless soils Gmsh: A 3-D finite element mesh generator with built-in pre- and post-processing facilities Download references This work was supported by MEXT KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Plant Structure Optimization Strategy” Grant Numbers JP18H05484 and JP18H05487 (to TD and SS) HT was awarded the Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Start-up) Grant Number JP20K22599 ST was awarded the MEXT KAKENHI JP20K15832 SS was awarded the MEXT KAKENHI JP20H00422 and JP20KK0135 These authors contributed equally: Haruka Tomobe and Satoru Tsugawa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology (IRCAEB) and S.S.: Radish seedling experiments; S.T.: construction of mechanical theory; H.T.: finite element analysis; H.T. S.T.: writing original manuscript; All authors: revising the manuscript and checking the data and theory Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34025-x Looking to sell your car? Sell it with Carro Research Honda Cars at 10% discount when you renew your car insurance Compare prices between different insurer providers and use the promo code 'PAULTAN10' when you make your payment to save the most on your car insurance renewal compared to other competing services “A turbocharger works at its best beyond 2000 rpm while the hybrid system is more effective below that engine speed that would be the best combination to achieve optimum fuel efficiency as well as power.” “Why isn’t the facelift prettier?” But I will guess the answer is: “We’ve spent so much time on the spec that we don’t have enough time to lift the design to another level.” Hope next time you have more time for the exterior I’m surprised that this CR-Z hybrid with a 1.5 litre engine gets from 0-100km/h in 9 seconds where the Preve with a 1.6 litre mild turbo engine gets to a 100km/h in 9.6 seconds Hope that the collaboration between Honda and Proton solves this up The CRZ and the 86 is showing that the Japanese are trying to get back into the budget sports car they so succeeded in the 90s and early 00s I hope there is some change in mentality in the Japanese car manufacturer as efficiency is not always the way to go The 2012 Civic is actually a failed gamble by Honda thinking in economic crisis hit America will begin to budget down and bu cheap cars In a sense it worked as the Civic was the best selling car in it’s segment But with criticism from all journalist including it’s once loyal Consumer Report put all project including the Jazz on hold and facelift the Civic The other thing that saddens me is that in all the CRZ Guess the Manual is really going in the way of the Jedi a diesel hybrid would be bttr….if honda could shoehorn its 1.6 idtec diesel wt this hybrid system…the current 1.6 idtec fc is at 80mpg & torque at 300nm…just imagine how it will further improve wt the hybrid system Honda Thailand give 10 years battery warranty to Jazz Hybrid I can answer that… it’s a paid warranty. all Honda Hybrid only give 3 years warranty. but Honda Thailand decide to add 7 years warranty which is actually paid by the customer themselves (included in the price) but warranty by honda malaysia only 5 years Nobody concern whether the battery is recycleable or not read more brother… Honda has started recycling its battery. for someone using greentech as his nickname u probably lacking the time to read more on greentech. 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If you wish to have a profile photo next to your name, register at Gravatar using the same e-mail address you use to comment Copyright © 2025 Driven Communications Sdn Peter LyonWriterYoshitada MoroPhotographerMar 11 off-again NSX supercar program is now truly dead both killed in favor of channeling resources toward good But now an unlikely hybrid sports coupe with a 6-speed manual gearbox -- a world first for a hybrid drivetrain -- is set to inject some passion back into Honda's performance heritage The production CR-Z's exterior is nowhere near as taut and tight as that of the concept Honda revealed at the 2007 Tokyo Motor Show a frenzy of anticipation: Was Honda bringing back the CR-X CR-Z lacks some of the muscularity of the concept imposing grille and upslanting headlights start a design motif that finishes with a bold swish for a C-pillar and a sculptured rear deck Many readers will remember the wedge-shaped CR-X of the early 80s and see some But as project leader Norio Tomobe pointed out at our drive session: "We were not aiming for a modern day CR-X new type of hybrid sports coupe that would take us into a more discerning and The fact that's it's a hybrid just adds another intriguing dimension to the sporty mix been clipped 4.5 in compared with the Insight It seems much more low-slung when you slip into the driver's seat There's plenty of headroom for driver's up to which would struggle to accommodate a 12 year Flatten the rear seats and you create 14.1 cubic feet of luggage space interior trim and quality seems about one and a half levels above and the instrumentation boasts more design flair Under the hood is the 1.5-liter i-VTEC engine from the Fit 6-speed manual transmission lifted out of the European-spec 1.8-liter Civic internal combustion engine delivers 112 horsepower at 6000 rpm and 107 pound-feet of torque at 4800 rpm; the CR-Z's brushless DC electric motor -- positioned in place of the and powered by nickel metal hydride batteries -- generates 14 horsepower at 1500 rpm Honda claims the combined power output of the CR-Z's hybrid system is 122 horsepower at 6000 rpm while combined torque is 128 pound-feet at 1500 rpm "Given the 1.5-liter's greater torque we had to redesign the IMA system and gearbox But to experience the full force of this beefy bottom end Tomobe suggests we first select 'sports mode' from the car's new and the electric motor acts as a kind of mild supercharger when The other modes -- 'Normal' and 'Econ' modes -- retard throttle response to reduce fuel consumption and lower emissions With world-beating manual gearboxes like those in the S2000 the CR-Z's stick shift has a lot to live up to the six-speed delivers deliciously short throws offer a seven-speed continuously variable transmission (CVT) The CVT requires the engine's torque output to be dropped to 123 pound-feet While the old CR-X twin cams were fairly rev-happy With maximum torque on tap from just 1500 rpm jumps from rest and reaches 60 mph in 9 seconds flat and the CR-Z will reward any right boot extension the specially tuned throatier exhaust adds to this all new sporty hybrid experience But it will also accelerate strongly from as low as 2000 rpm on an uphill grade thanks to the motor's 'assistance.' which effectively restricts throttle action but we found ourselves leaving it in sports mode as it offers quicker response at both low and high speeds and suits the sporty characteristics of this Honda claims an average of 48.5 mpg for Japanese spec CR-Zs; U.S.-spec manual cars are expected to achieve an EPA rating of 31/37 mpg while the CVT is expected to achieve 37/38 mpg those mileage numbers are a little disappointing frankly: For example, the bigger, heavier, more powerful, diesel powered VW Golf GTD will deliver 32 mpg in the city and 50 mpg on the highway on the European driving and is about a full second faster to 60 mph The good news for enthusiast drivers is that while the Insight is just plain harsh Enhanced rigidity throughout the body structure and significant revisions to the torsion bar setup on the rear suspension help explain CR-Z's steering, too. Tomobe had a secret benchmark, the steering of his own BMW 325i Coupe, and the revised EPS steering is therefore superbly weighted and Honda engineers also required special editions of Bridgestone's Potenza R050 or Yokohama's Advan A10, co-developed with both tiremakers. Tomobe says his handling evaluation team had Keiichi 'Drift King' Tsuchiya do some back to back laps in three sets of tires -- eco tires, high performance gumballs, and the special CR-Z rubber -- with Tsuchiya concluding that the latter type offer the best combination of grip, While the Insight employs a system that switches between hydraulic and regenerative braking, the CR-Z's main braking system is hydraulic. "We use a full hydraulic brake system that employs the regenerative braking only as an 'assist mechanism'," says Tomobe. Unlike the current crop of hybrids, which deliver a somewhat synthetic feel, the CR-Z offers sure-footed stopping power every time. Norio Tomobe acknowledges that the CR-Z is a bold step into an uncertain market. But he is convinced Honda has launched the hybrid coupe at the right time. With its bold looks, high quality, and genuine driver appeal, the CR-Z could stimulate interest in hybrids among customers who view the great gas mileage the technology delivers as a useful side benefit, and not simply the reason for buying the car in the first place. Oh, and watch out for the high performance Mugen version in coming in 2011. Front engine, FWD, 2-pass, 2-door hatchback 1.5L/113-hp/107-lb-ft DOHC 16-valve I-4 + 14 hp/58-lb-ft front elect motor, comb output 122 hp, 123-128 lb-ft (est) Subscribe to our newsletters to get the latest in car news and have editor curated stories sent directly to your inbox a popular sushi restaurant and carryout at 14 Mile and Main Street in downtown Clawson the downtown Clawson Facebook page announced Monday executive director of the Clawson Downtown Development Authority said Noble Fish will expand east and north into the spaces once occupied by the Tirana Cafe All the work needed for the expansion is interior work and it won't result in any closures of the business No exact timing for the completion of the expansion was available Monday because the plan for the design is still being finalized "A couple months" is the expected time frame is to expand while retaining the character the restaurant enjoys While the expansion will open up more seating it will also allow more to-go options to be offered The expansion will also streamline the entire takeout experience Noble Fish declined to make its management available for comment Monday so no word was given on whether expanded space would result in expanded hours at the restaurant Today's print edition Home Delivery "I hope foreign listeners can persevere with Japanese music," laughs bespectacled musician Ichiro Yamaguchi but I believe it will become mainstream in the future." have found their way into Japan's music charts despite an often deliberately contrary sound that mixes elements of rock with the balance of ingredients changing from album to album and even song to song.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); }); and their soundtrack was Japanese roots and folk music — artists such as Masato Tomobe or Wataru Takada," says Yamaguchi "I am very much influenced by these folk singers They sang about political and social issues In a time of both misinformation and too much information quality journalism is more crucial than ever.By subscribing Your subscription plan doesn't allow commenting. 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