Metrics details Impaired mucociliary transport is a distinguishing sign of cystic fibrosis but current methods of evaluation are invasive or expose young patients to ionizing radiation Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging may provide a feasible alternative We formulated a cationic microbubble ultrasound contrast agent to optimize adhesion to the respiratory mucus layer when inhaled Potential toxicity was evaluated in human bronchial epithelial cell (hBEC) cultures following a 24-hour exposure compared to positive and negative control conditions In vivo tolerability and pulmonary image enhancement feasibility were evaluated in mice comparing oropharyngeal administration of contrast agent to saline control When induced to flow across mucus plated on microscope slides cationic microbubbles demonstrated greater affinity for target samples than standard microbubbles Cationic microbubbles elicited no proinflammatory or cytotoxic response in hBECs nor were any cross-links to the cilia observed cationic microbubbles mixed into the mucus layer and were observed to move with the mucus layer by the action of mucociliary transport cationic microbubbles enhanced sonographic visualization of the trachea and were well-tolerated with no adverse effects This developmental work supports the safety and feasibility of a mucus-targeting contrast agent that may be useful for pulmonary ultrasound applications These observations underscore the clinical need to develop a sensitive non-ionizing assessment of lung function and mucociliary clearance particularly for longitudinal evaluations requiring recurrent testing This study was approved by the UNC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and is reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines we evaluated C57BL/6 mice and human bronchial epithelial cell (hBEC) cultures The mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories Donated cells were obtained from the Marsico Lung Institute Tissue Procurement Core facility at the University of North Carolina Analytic testing of hBEC cultures and associated respiratory mucus were deemed “Not Human Subjects Research” by the UNC Institutional Review Board (IRB) The micron-scale diameter was selected to ensure the contrast agent remained within the airway surface layer with minimal epithelial absorption The aqueous lipid stock solution (4.67 mM total lipid concentration) contained 15% (v/v) propylene glycol and 5% (v/v) glycerol in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the diluent (PBS-PGG) and 3-mM total lipid were created by diluting the stock cationic lipid solution with PBS-PGG Lipid solutions (1.5 mL) were packaged into 3 mL serum vials and the air in the headspace was removed and exchanged with perfluorobutane (C4F10) TAP-lipid solutions and vials of lipid solution were stored at 4ºC To create gas-filled microbubble emulsions sealed vials containing room-temperature TAP-lipid solutions and perfluorocarbon gas were shaken in a VialMix (Lantheus Medical Imaging The diameter and yield of TAP-microbubbles were determined for microbubbles prepared from 1 and 3 mM TAP-lipid solutions using an Accusizer FX Nano system (Entegris from a 1 mM lipid solution containing a (9:1) molar ratio of DSPC to 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000) to create a lipid shell (DSPC/P2K) around a core of C4F10 gas TAP and standard microbubbles were diluted to approximately the same concentrations with microbubble diameters and concentrations observed at room temperature over time (0 Stability was also evaluated after a 1-hour incubation at 37 ºC to approximate the expected length of time for a clinical ultrasound Electrostatic charge was quantified for our standard microbubble formulation versus TAP microbubbles using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical; Malvern an approximately 1 × 108 /mL concentration was measured in 1 mM KCl and averaged across 6 replicates Clean glass slides were plated with respiratory mucus from a healthy donor and allowed to dry overnight A 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution in PBS was used to rehydrate the mucus and block the rectangular area surrounding the mucus sample 50 µL of contrast solution was pipetted onto the BSA-blocked area The slide was tipped to allow contrast to flow over the mucus area then inverted to allow contrast to “float” up against the mucus sample After a 1-minute inversion to allow flotation the slide was dipped into PBS to remove unbound microbubbles The slide was wiped to restore the rectangular wetted area around the region of interest and PBS was added to couple a water-immersion objective lens optically The spatial arrangement of microbubbles was observed microscopically at 400X and photomicrographs were captured to document microbubble-mucus interactions Mucociliary transport assays are coated by a mucus layer at the air surface interface in vitro quantification of mucociliary transport Evidence of cross-links between contrast agent and cilia was visually monitored Epithelial absorption was identified by fluorescence beneath the cilia with the proportion quantified relative to the entire area for each field of view emulsified from C4F10 gas and a 2 mM aqueous solution of lipids containing 12 mol% TAP yielded an average microbubble concentration of 2 × 109/mL we selected TAP-microbubbles > 0.5 μm which had a mean diameter of 0.78 ± 0.33 μm when stored overnight at 4 ○C and 0.81 ± 0.32 μm when stored at room temperature When observed across a 3-hour observation at room temperature the diameters and concentrations of TAP and standard microbubbles were stable and consistent (Supplementary Figure S4) the concentrations decreased by 50% for TAP microbubbles the mean diameters for TAP microbubbles increased from 0.8 microns to approximately 1 micron (a 25% change) while standard microbubbles maintained a diameter of 0.9 microns (Supplementary Figure S5) Cationic TAP microbubbles (MB) remained bound to human mucus after washing with PBS (a) in-house MB contrast agent did not remain bound to human mucus after washing with PBS (b) Depicted in the lower right of each micrograph is a 5-micron scale bar (red) Note that both contrast agents were enriched for larger diameter MB before the binding experiment Time-lapse movement of fluorescently labeled TAP microbubbles on a human bronchial epithelial cell culture. Panel (a): transmitted light video, panel (b): epifluorescence video. Panels show the same field of view, with fluorescently labeled particles similar in size and motion to those seen in the transmitted light images. Scale bar: 20 μm. Mucociliary transport rate measured across 8 fields of view by tracking the motion of TAP microbubbles (fluorescence speed) versus the motion of visible debris (transmitted light speed) on human mucociliary transport cultures Cytotoxic (lactate dehydrogenase release) and proinflammatory response (interleukin-8 secretion) induced by exposing human bronchial epithelial cell cultures to TAP microbubble contrast agent Abbreviations: LDH = lactate dehydrogenase TAP = 1,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammonimumpropane we have formulated a cationic ultrasound contrast agent that is optimized for muco-adhesion which may have future applications for evaluation of lung function and mucociliary clearance We were able to show that our TAP-microbubble contrast agent associated with mucus and traveled with the mucus layer in vitro by evaluating mucociliary transport assays composed of human bronchial epithelial cells The microbubbles mixed into the air-surface layer promoting the feasibility of TAP contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging as a means to evaluate mucociliary transport Our TAP-microbubble contrast agent demonstrated no cytotoxic or proinflammatory response to human bronchial epithelial cells cultures following 24-hour exposure which suggests feasibility for clinical use TAP-microbubble contrast agent enhanced tracheal ultrasound imaging and was well tolerated in vivo with no adverse effects noted on lung histology but its safe use in pulmonary applications microbubbles are destroyed by increasing the ultrasound system insonation power rupturing the microbubbles through induced cavitation It is possible that the violent destruction of microbubbles lodged within the mucus layer may adversely affect ciliary function it is also a possibility that microbubble cavitation may be therapeutic by breaking apart the thickened mucus in patients with CF and facilitating its clearance from the respiratory tract both scenarios are speculative and as of yet untested Acoustic angiography is a developing ultrasound technique which uses a dual frequency transducer to selectively receive the superharmonic echoes arising from contrast microbubbles with high signal to noise but without background from tissue which can assess microbubble movement or decorrelation over multiple frames may be particularly useful for mapping heterogeneity in transport rates arising from localized regions of ciliary discoordination the mucociliary transport rate could potentially be quantified from the time for contrast signal intensity to peak or by quantifying the rate of contrast signal intensity decay as microbubbles are cleared by the action of mucociliary escalator preschool aged children would almost certainly require sedation or anesthesia to remain still for image acquisition mucociliary clearance time or mucociliary transport rate measured by acoustic angiography may be more feasible imaging markers of mucociliary function than direct measurement of mucociliary transport rate by super-resolution ultrasound These translational aspects remain to be evaluated in future work we have presented preliminary findings supporting the safety and feasibility of a mucus-targeting contrast agent that may be useful for pulmonary imaging applications The quantitative data supporting the statistical analysis in this study will be made available upon request to the corresponding author: caughey@med.unc.edu The future of cystic fibrosis care: a global perspective Activity of Erdosteine on Mucociliary Transport in patients affected by chronic bronchitis Bronchial Mucus Transport Velocity in Paralyzed anesthetized patients Effect of heated humidified ventilation on bronchial mucus transport velocity in general anaesthesia: a randomized trial Intranasal micro-optical coherence tomography imaging for cystic fibrosis studies Mucus clearance and lung function in cystic fibrosis with hypertonic saline Multisite comparison of Mucociliary and Cough Clearance measures using standardized methods Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry https://cff.org/Research/Researcher-Resources/Patient-Registry/2019-Patient-Registry-Annual-Data-Report.pdf (2019) Pediatric lung ultrasound — pros and potentials Lung ultrasound in pediatric radiology - cons Clapp, P. W. et al. Feasibility of an Inhalable Ultrasound Contrast Agent to Enhance Airway Imaging. BioRxiv (2021). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.27.446053 Pulmonary delivery of scutellarin solution and mucoadhesive particles in rats Nanoparticle surface charge impacts distribution uptake and lymph node trafficking by pulmonary antigen-presenting cells Nanoparticles that do not adhere to mucus provide uniform and long-lasting drug delivery to airways following inhalation Advances in molecular imaging with ultrasound Mucoadhesive drug delivery system: an overview Targeted tissue transfection with ultrasound destruction of plasmid-bearing cationic microbubbles Endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 is a marker for high-risk carotid plaques and target for ultrasound molecular imaging Tailoring the Size Distribution of Ultrasound Contrast Agents: Possible Method for Improving Sensitivity in Molecular Imaging Induction of ciliary orientation by matrix patterning and characterization of mucociliary transport Continuous mucociliary transport by primary human airway epithelial cells in vitro Sears, P. R. & Ostrowski, L. E. Mucociliary Transport Device Construction and application to Study Mucociliary Clearance. in 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3507-0_17 (2024) All-digital image capture and whole-field analysis of ciliary beat frequency Nielsen, T. B., Yan, J., Luna, B. & Spellberg, B. Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and hospital- acquired bacterial pneumonia. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3791/57672 (2018) Optimizing ultrasound molecular imaging of secreted frizzled related protein 2 expression in angiosarcoma Quantitative evaluation of microvascular blood flow by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) High resolution Ultrasound Superharmonic Perfusion Imaging: in vivo feasibility and quantification of dynamic contrast-enhanced acoustic angiography Assessment of the Superharmonic Response of Microbubble Contrast Agents for Acoustic Angiography as a function of Microbubble parameters Superharmonic Ultrasound for Motion-Independent localization Microscopy: applications to Microvascular Imaging from Low to High Flow Rates Mucociliary Clearance in mice measured by Tracking Trans-tracheal fluorescence of nasally aerosolized beads Regional differences in Mucociliary Clearance in the Upper and Lower Airways Adaptive Multifocus Beamforming for contrast-enhanced-Super-resolution Ultrasound Imaging in Deep tissue Download references The authors would like to thank Rani Sellers PhD for her expert interpretation of mouse pulmonary histology We also thank the Particle Tracking Microrheology Cystic Fibrosis Foundation National Resource Center supported by grant HILL20Y2-OUT We acknowledge the UNC Lineberger Preclinical Research Unit at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill which performed the animal studies and is supported in part by an NCI Center Core Support Grant (P30CA16086) to the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center Weitz’s imaging contributions were partially supported by NIH R01CA282648 The authors would also like to thank the Small Animal Imaging Core Facility funded in part by the NCI Cancer Center Support Grant and the NIH S10 Shared Instrumentation Grant This study was funded by a grant from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CAUGHE23G0) Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine All authors read and approved the manuscript and agree to be accountable for their contributions conducted the experiments and performed the analytic testing and Caughey are co-inventors on a pending patent describing a microbubble ultrasound contrast agent optimized for muco-adhesion and pulmonary imaging Dayton declares ownership interest in SonoVascular and Triangle Biotechnology as well as intellectual property licenses and royalties from Revvity and Ostrowski report no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80933-x Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Tokyo-based producer Sakura Tsuruta debuts on All My Thoughts with eight colourful collages of sound Have an exclusive first listen to ‘Obsidian’ below the project follows the Japanese DJ and producer’s sprawling debut album originally released in 2022 and reissued in 2023 Tsuruta finds inspiration in the “luminous beauty and symbolic depth of gemstones” flowering modulations and punchy beats to construct eight colourful collages of sound ‘Obsidian’ is the project at its most tactile with scrambled synths and pointillistic rhythms tethered to an unrelenting percussive core whilst cuts like ‘Twilight’ and ‘Lapis Lazuli’ invite total immersion through gleaming pads and spacey ambient soundscapes ‘GEMZ’ is set for release on 26th November via Seb Wildblood’s All My Thoughts label. Pre-save the EP here and have an exclusive first listen to ‘Obsidian’ below Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker Community Safety Department Director To Resign Amid Tension With Cambridge Police Department From Lab to Startup: Harvard’s Office of Technology Development Paves the Way for Research Commercialization People’s Forum on Graduation Readiness Held After Vote to Eliminate MCAS 8 Takeaways From Harvard’s Task Force Reports Researchers at the Harvard Medical School discovered that the enzyme GUK1 promotes lung cancer growth by boosting the metabolism of tumor cells Lung cancer researchers previously knew that tyrosine proteins could aid regulation of the metabolic process in cancer cells but the new findings reveal that tyrosine directly promotes lung cancer growth by regulating enzymes like GUK1 Though the disease is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States and worldwide lung cancer’s molecular strategies of growth have remained difficult to pinpoint This month’s HMS study sheds new light on lung cancer’s cellular mechanisms an assistant professor at the University of Miami and co-first author of the HMS study The study shows that lung cancer cells “can chemically modify metabolic enzymes such as GUK1 to enhance their function and tumor growth,” he said The team used mouse models and human cancer cells to identify the relevant enzyme using protein analysis to compile a list of possible target enzymes before arriving at GUK1 The study is the first time the researchers were able to demonstrate that nucleotide metabolism directly regulates key growth enzymes it was unexpected that GUK1 emerged as the identified target GUK1 “was previously not well studied in cancer because it was thought of as a non-specific ‘housekeeping’ enzyme,” Haigis wrote in an email Haigis added that the “synergistic team” working on the project contributed to the success of the study pointing to Kurmi’s biochemistry expertise and co-first author Jamie L Schneider’s clinical experience as a thoracic oncologist at Mass a postdoctoral research fellow studying cancer cell biology at the University of Leeds said the study was well-executed and holds promise Studies like this are “helping all of us to understand more about the biology of these oncogenic fusions,” she said “The importance of this study is that overall they found this metabolic kinase to be involved in other oncogene fusions very important in terms of cancer biology,” Stampson added “It suggests that it’s more of a widespread universal kind of mechanism of how oncogenic fusions relate with metabolism to control tumor growth.” Given that GUK1 serves as a key enzyme providing the cancer cells with metabolic support required for rapid and sustained growth several experts said it could be a promising target for new lung cancer therapies it may still be too early to know whether GUK1 could serve as a viable target for lung cancer patients “Our work identified that GUK1 activation is important for certain subsets of lung cancer but more work will need to be performed to know whether it is a specific target,” Haigis wrote —Staff writer Mana Tsuruta can be reached at mana.tsuruta@thecrimson.com. Follow her on X @ManaTsuruta Want to keep up with breaking news? Subscribe to our email newsletter. a global leader in surimi and convenience seafood products announced its partnership with the SURFER Big Wave Challenge an annual competition dedicated to showcasing the high-octane moments of big wave surfing The collaboration pays homage to the shared history of surfing and surimi as wave riders were among the first to popularize sushi by way of the California Roll in the 1970s Aquamar is sponsoring the Big Wave Challenge "Wipeout of the Year" award which recognizes the most epic and entertaining falls from surfers around the world with the winner being crowned at the gala awards show in Nazare were some of the earliest adopters of the California Roll it is only fitting to merge one of the biggest competitions in surfing with a longtime leader in the surimi space," said Bill Sharp "We're excited by the passion and support Aquamar brings to the community while sharing their delicious sushi products with us."  originally developed as a collaboration among surfers and sushi chefs at California Beach Rock N Sushi in the 1980s the roll will be debuted at Big Wave Challenge's old-fashioned rager surf party at Bruno's Bar & Grille in Huntington Beach "We've always shared the adventurous and creative spirit of big wave riders reuniting Aquamar with the sport of surfing is the most authentic way for us to honor our founders and fuel excitement around the future of sushi — starting with our modern takes on the California Roll that offer new ways to enjoy our product," said Daryl Gormley guests of the US Open of Surfing afterparty will also be able to sample Aquamar's new Tropic Shred Roll Spicy Onda Roll and Big Chipper Roll created with Naoya Tsuruta The new rolls feature popular ingredients from the United States that offer a fun spin on the traditional California Roll About SURFER Big Wave ChallengeThe SURFER Big Wave Challenge is the latest incarnation of the XXL Big Wave Awards and is one of the most successful competitions the sport of surfing has ever known The event celebrates excellence on both sides of the lens showcasing not only the world's best big-wave surfers but also the photographers and videographers who capture their wins (and their wipeouts) best rides and best moments of the year will be showcased Do not sell or share my personal information: Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application Enter your phone number above to have directions sent via text This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors Read the full story on Japan 2 Earth - Tsuru-no-Mai Bridge: Upcycling Wood Waste from a Tourist Treasure The town aims to add new value to this precious tourism resource and attract more visitors by promoting these products Sales revenue could also be funneled into future bridge maintenance costs The second batch of wooden products will be unveiled this summer Will this endeavor breathe new life into efforts to create a circular economy whose name means "crane rice fields," has historically been associated with cranes dating back to the Edo period local authorities incorporate cranes into town planning The landmark Tsuru-no-Mai Bridge was completed in July 1994 at a total cost of 260 million yen funded by national and prefectural subsidies The arched wooden bridge is 300 meters long and 3 meters wide It was constructed from 700 cypress (asunaro) trees of over 150 years in age designed to evoke the image of a pair of cranes in flight Continue reading the full story on Japan 2 Earth to read more about the products made from waste wood And find more great articles on the environment and the challenges of achieving the SDGs on our affiliated website Japan 2 Earth (J2E) sparking a transition to a sustainable future (Read the article in Japanese.) You must be logged in to post a comment ' + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.webview_notification_text + ' " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_title + " " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_text + " Horror Collector is a new manga series based on a book series coming from Yen Press’s Middle Grade Imprint JY Yen Press announced that it would be publishing the manga edition of its novel series Horror Collector on JY for Kids their middle-grade imprint. Care to bet what it's about The series was first announced in June 2023 as part of JY's expansion of its prose titles from KADOKAWA's Tsubasa Bunko label The upcoming adaptation will mark the third manga series for JY Original Story by Midori Sato and Norio Tsuruta These are mostly rumors and pranks fueled by trolls—entertainment But the unlucky few learn the hard way that some legends are true Many of these unfortunate souls are doomed but their luck may change if they cross paths with the boy in the red hood He roams from town to town and appears wherever strange things occur Or living proof that monsters are all too real… Four volumes in the Horror Collector novel series which features a unique and engaging blend of mystery and horror have currently been released with more on the way supernatural horror series that the Japanese – and Asia in general – are very good at creating Asian folklore and horror have traditions very different from Western Judeo-Christian beliefs and have a deeper reach in the land urban legends that school kids like to tell each other Horror Collector the manga will be priced at $13.00 USD / $17.00 CAN JY is thrilled to be able to continue adding and adapting creative stories for young readers in varied formats so that can be enjoyed in all forms For more information, visit www.jyforkids.com Professor emerita and research professor in physics Located in Bozeman, MT For questions or comments contact the Ask Us Desk      D2L/Canvas      “Second to Last” has the added bonus of a surprise Myles Underwood part at the end and leaving us …wanting more Myles footage in New York :) MVP of the edit is still Tenzin’s back foot on the switch heel up the curb though ☺️ Previously: Homies Network Presents: Coles & Kyota, Homies 2, The Homies Video Koh Tsuruta appeared before a disciplinary board at Augustana University and pleaded for his reputation was suspended and banned from campus after being accused of raping a female student that summer At issue was whether to permanently expel Tsuruta for violating the woman’s rights under guidelines for campus sexual assault enforced by the federal government “Before you burden me with a lifetime of consequences and forever label me as a rapist I ask that you put yourself in my shoes,” Tsuruta told the board before the expulsion was confirmed Questions of fairness surround the student who is suing Augustana for loss of educational opportunities Criminal charges against him – second-degree rape simple assault and false imprisonment – were dismissed in March including an earlier vehicular homicide felony that killed two people reveals a tangled web of past indiscretions and second chances enough to cast doubt on his claims of injustice This is not his first lawsuit against Augustana He sued in an attempt to halt last year’s disciplinary proceedings claiming his rights were violated because he had not yet defended himself in court The request was denied and Augustana carried out the expulsion Department of Education that require swift investigations for sexual assault Such proceedings have drawn controversy nationally because of a lower standard of evidence and lack of due process “The (Augustana) process was a complete sham,” says Sioux Falls defense lawyer Mike Butler who represented Tsuruta in his criminal case “It’s shocking when someone is found to have committed sexual offenses even though the judicial process doesn’t say so.” declined comment due to pending litigation Augustana filed a motion last month asking a judge to dismiss Tsuruta's current lawsuit seeking to end a process that has blurred lines between concerns over campus sexual assault the rights of the accused and the value of a reputation for individuals and institutions alike the Lutheran-based private school showed leniency toward Tsuruta who committed an earlier vehicular homicide felony that killed two people in Iowa and was later arrested on campus for disorderly conduct As he awaits a judge’s decision in his latest lawsuit attention should be paid to what brought him to this point The youngest of three children born to Ryoji and Deb Tsuruta Koh was part of a high-achieving household in Lake Mills a north Iowa town of about 2,000 residents located 20 miles southwest of Albert Lea earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Iowa earned her law degree from Northwestern University and works as a federal law clerk “Koh was always smart like they were,” says Pastor Randall Baldwin of One in Christ Lutheran Parish in Lake Mills a family friend who spoke at a sentencing hearing for Tsuruta “He just needed to find the right vision or dream Tsuruta completed high school in 2008 and enrolled at Augustana where his mother received her degree in 1973 Tsuruta’s life changed forever in the summer of 2009 Heading to a nearby lake with two friends for an early-morning fishing trip he ran a stop sign in his Toyota Camry and broadsided a Chevrolet Cobalt driven by 58-year-old Harlan Derr Prosecutors alleged that the 19-year-old Tsuruta was driving without headlights was legally drunk and had used a controlled substance before getting behind the wheel Tsuruta was taken to a hospital in Iowa City with third-degree burns in his feet that would later require partial amputation She addressed the court at his sentencing in September of 2010 along with Baldwin and Tracy Riddle Riddle died of cancer less than a year later Tsuruta pleaded guilty and was sentenced to up to 20 years in prison A plea agreement lowered the level of vehicular homicide to reflect that he was driving recklessly but was not intoxicated He was ordered to pay $300,000 in restitution to the victims’ families “My husband was on his way to work and the next thing I know he’s dead Slated to serve his sentence at the Iowa Medical and Classification Center because of his injuries Tsuruta planned to resume his studies at Augustana through an online program he rose from his wheelchair and referenced the crash victims and their families “I am sorry for everything that happened,” he said the associate dean of students at Augustana who spoke on Tsuruta’s behalf wrote about him in an online journal not long after be began serving his sentence “(We) got a letter from him yesterday and he seems to be doing OK,” wrote Riddle “Please join me in praying that the Iowa court system will have mercy on him.” A district judge reduced Tsuruta’s sentence with the 10-year vehicular homicide sentences to be served concurrently “Further prison time is unlikely to promote the protection of society or specifically deter the defendant from further criminal activity,” Judge Colleen Weiland ruled He is insightful and remorseful about his choices and actions He has legitimate interests to pursue and the intellect and drive to pursue them.” especially when she heard of Tsurata's legal issues after being released we wouldn’t be having a discussion about him being charged with rape or disorderly conduct because he would be in prison,” she said but I would like to think that the accident would have changed him Tsuruta was back in Sioux Falls attending Augustana in the fall of 2014 The judge’s presumption that his legal problems were behind him proved to be flawed Campus security tried to disperse a crowd at a Halloween dance and Tsuruta was "highly intoxicated" and uncooperative He refused to take his hands out of his pockets He was sanctioned for the offense but no attempt was made to revoke his parole had plans to study abroad and was moving forward He wore special shoes on his partly amputated feet to help him walk the most visible remnant from the fatal crash Tsuruta went to a bar with Augustana classmates including a woman he originally met on campus two years earlier Problems arose when the group left the bar and returned to Tsuruta's campus apartment The woman told police that Tsuruta approached her in the bathroom and she had to push him away he was passed out and woke up about an hour later When Tsuruta made sexually suggestive comments and tried to kiss her while shedding his clothes she tried to leave the apartment but was picked up and thrown onto the bed with her arms pinned above her head as sexual assault occurred She fled the apartment but didn’t report the assault to police until a month later which suspended Tsuruta pending the outcome of its internal investigation “I had never interacted with a police officer and didn't know what to do," the woman says "I had trouble dealing with what happened to me.” Argus Leader Media doesn't name crime victims requested a delay in the Augustana hearing but was denied due to safety concerns though his client had returned to Lake Mills “We tried to explain that it was an active investigation with new evidence coming forth,” says Butler including a young man who would have testified that (the alleged victim) had threatened to tell everyone that he had raped her which arose out of the end of their relationship She also deleted messages between her and (Tsuruta) that would have led to the inevitable conclusion that this was not a non-consensual sexual encounter.” Butler also claimed Tsuruta could not have chased the alleged victim down in the manner she described because of the physical debilitation he faced from his foot injuries “We tried to restore fairness to the (Augustana) disciplinary process “His accuser turned over false evidence and got him thrown out of school The criminal case against Tsuruta was dropped five months after the Augustana hearing and two months after a judge granted a motion by Tsuruta’s lawyers to obtain mental health records involving the woman including two counts of felony second-degree rape were dismissed “without prejudice,” which means they can be refiled at a later date The woman said she supported dropping the charges because of the treatment she received and the anxiety that came with coming forward “(Tsuruta’s) lawyers called everyone who knows me to try to find out personal details about my life,” she said it was out in public and it got to the point where I was terrified to go anywhere so I told my attorney that I didn’t feel like I could handle the trial and the humiliation that comes with that.” A judge has yet to rule on Augustana’s motion to dismiss the lawsuit filed against the university but one thing appears certain: Tsuruta’s association with the school is over His case sparked debate on the delicate balance between due process rights and swift justice when it comes to campus sexual assault and unfair treatment is frequently in the eye of the beholder Argus Leader Media city columnist Stu Whitney can be reached at swhitney@argusleader.com Install the TJR Wrestling web app for instant access to the very latest news and reviews This is one of the most historically-important matches in wrestling history It was a classic story of an established top star being challenged by a younger rising star But established star Tsuruta wasn’t facing off against just any rising star who would soon become one of the best pro wrestlers to ever live But before Misawa could reach that pinnacle he had to go through a monstrous opponent in Jumbso Tsuruta first As a reminder, I am reviewing Five Star and almost-Five Star wrestling matches as rated by Wrestling Observer’s Dave Meltzer. It goes back to the 1980s and I’m going to pick different matches from different eras to see how they look today. Check out previous entries in my 5 Star Match Reviews series right here We’re going straight to the match first this time Tsuruta extends his hand for a handshake but Misawa ignores it Tsuruta takes Misawa down with a shoulder tackle Tsuruta slams Misawa hard and taunts the crowd Misawa ducks a Tsuruta high nee and lands a running dropkick He charges again but walks into a big boot from Tsuruta A big lariat from Tsuruta gets him a two-count Tsuruta hits some hard strikes and goes for a backdrop suplex but Misawa reverses it into a pin in midair for a two-count He dropkicks Tsuruta out of the ring and skins the cat then lends a big dropkick to Tsuruta below Misawa elbows him hard sending him back down Misawa runs and lands a picture-perfect flying plancha Misawa headlocks Tsuruta and hits some hard elbows before applying a front facelock Tsuruta reveres into the double-arm test-of-strength lock at the five-minute-mark but Misawa reverses it and keeps it in even as Tsuruta almost reverses it on him leading to a standoff and more applause from the crowd and when Tsuruta reaches the ropes Misawa slaps him in the face He slaps Tsuruta again after another clean break Then Tsuruta lands a jumping knee to the crowd’s excitement which gets reversed into an abdominal stretch from Misawa The much bigger Tsuruta reaches the ropes and tosses Misawa out of the ring Misawa gets whipped into the barricade then tossed back into the ring A big double-arm suplex gets Tsuruta a two-count so he applies a sleeperhold at the ten-minute mark He tries a second time but Misawa reverses into a dropkick Misawa dives off the top rope with a diving dropkick for a two-count He lands a back elbow and a gutwrench suplex Misawa lands a frog splash for a two-count but Tsuruta counters by dropping Misawa throat-first onto the top rope Tsuruta lands a piledriver for another two-count followed by a Lou Thesz press for another two-count Tsuruta lands hard knee drops to Misawa’s neck followed by a big dropkick for two Tsuruta climbs the top rope and removes a knee pad in preparation for a diving move Misawa gets up but Tsuruta knees him in the face Tsuruta teases a double-arm suplex but Misawa fights out of it at the fifteen-minute mark Tsuruta slams Misawa and goes for a dive but Misawa cuts him off Misawa goes for a superplex but Tsuruta fights out and lands a diving kneedrop for a two-count Now the crowd really starts chanting for Misawa Tsuruta lands a powerbomb for another two-count Tsuruta tries for a double-arm suplex but Misawa counters into a backslide for two Misawa lands a big elbow smash and both men go down allowing Misawa to land a sliding dropkick to him once he gets up Misawa lands some kicks and teases a German suplex but Misawa ducks his attack and lands a European clutch for another close two-count Misawa lands another big kick and goes for the frog splash but Tsuruta gets his knees up Budokan Hall is going nuts with Misawa chants Tsuruta slams Misawa and locks in a Boston Crab but Misawa reaches the ropes at the twenty-minute mark a third lariat into the corner followed by a backdrop suplex But Tsuruta counters that with an elbow smash Both men go down and Tsuruta’s selling the elbow as if that counter caused him great pain Tsuruta charges with a jumping knee but Misawa dodges causing Tsuruta to hit the ropes very hard Misawa attempts a vertical suplex but Tsuruta holds on Tsuruta counters into a vertical suplex of his own Tsuruta counters midair into a crossbody pin Everyone is going absolutely crazy with joy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsMQi6B7WuA The story behind this match is extremely important which is why I kept it until after the main play-by-play review Misawa had portrayed Tiger Mask II for almost five full years before this match happened He had unmasked only a few weeks prior and wanted to challenge Jumbo Tsuruta to a one-on-one match and Misawa wanted to prove he belonged in the main event conversation Tsuruta had recently lost the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship to Terry Gordy in an upset This match took place only a few days later so most people didn’t think that Tsuruta would suffer two huge upset losses so close to one another He had only just unmasked recently and fans already loved him as a singles star So up until the very day this match was to take place company owner and booker Giant Baba hadn’t fully decided on a finish Baba would sit near the merchandise stands and watch as fans rushed the concessions and bought all the Misawa merch the fans were chanting Misawa’s name extremely loudly and Baba hadn’t ever seen anything like it Baba made an uncharacteristic decision: he made a last-minute change to have Misawa beat Tsuruta instead Tsuruta initially wanted the decision to go to a draw or a double count-out but Baba held firm and wanted Misawa to win Tsuruta had no problem with this and put Misawa over clean as a sheet the rising star Misawa defeated the nigh-untouchable ace Tsuruta in a shocking yet decisive victory it proved to the whole world that Misawa was the future star of AJPW That makes this one of the most important wrestling matches in Japanese history Yet while the significance of this match cannot be overstated the match itself just wasn’t worthy of the five-star treatment they put on a very simple match with crisply-executed moves and solid back-and-forth action the match felt like it was beneath Misawa’s later five-star epics Both Misawa and Tsuruta played their respective roles perfectly hungry rookie that had to do whatever it took to win even going so far as to slap Tsuruta in disrespect to get him riled up And Tsuruta played the role of controlling veteran dominating Misawa early and forcing him to really fight from underneath there was still something lacking in this match to make it a historically-epic match There just wasn’t that much raw tension that can be found in later Misawa matches The only moment that showed any genuine unpredictability was the final sequence of reversals That last-second switch leading to Misawa’s winning pin is as iconic a finish as any and would be brought up in many of his later big matches the body of the match felt rather bland and lacking in ornate flashiness sometimes keeping things simple in a match is what makes them stand out Tsuruta’s barrage of two-counts made sense in the match but didn’t really feel like they could end the match And there just wasn’t that much in the way of pure intensity that would come in later Misawa matches There was a clear inner story of Tsuruta growing increasingly frustrated which actually led him into the missed jumping knee and that closing suplex sequence that cost him the match altogether I think they didn’t go deep enough in telling that story It was like they were only testing the waters with what they could do instead of going all in is more remembered for its historical significance than its overall quality Misawa’s victory over Tsuruta here was critical in launching Misawa’s main-event career which in turn would lead to some of the greatest wrestling matches ever But the match itself left a bit to be desired It’s definitely worth watching if you want to understand AJPW’s history in chronological order and if you want to see a great example of the normally-quiet Japanese crowd losing their collective shit in joy over a wrestler winning And if only they had done a bit more in the actual body of the match to make it more tense and exciting then it would be truly deserving of the 5-star perfect match reputation Check out previous entries in my 5 Star Match Reviews series right here. Thanks for reading. props: {"enabled":true,"viewLimit":1,"excludeLabels":["Sponsored"],"timeframe":2592000000,"displayOverlay":false,"promoCode":"registration_meter","isLoggedIn":false,"requiresUserInput":false,"displayGate":true,"views":1} skipWhenExists: false }); Enjoy this free article CMSBrowserComponents.load({ el: '#vue-1746496222739-501' props: {"className":"content-meter__toggler","beforeExpanded":"Enjoy this free article.","beforeCollapsed":"Create a free account","targets":[".content-meter"],"toggleClass":"content-meter--open","iconModifiers":["xl"],"iconName":"chevron-up","initiallyExpanded":true,"expandedIconName":"chevron-down"} skipWhenExists: false });Create a free Diverse: Issues In Higher Education account to continue reading Literature has always been prevalent in every aspect of Dr she would submit poems inspired by scriptures and stories from her grandmother to the youth magazine Wee Wisdom who also taught poet Gwendolyn Brooks and playwright Lorraine Hansberry further ignited her passion for literature That fire translated into a career that “took off” in 1997 after Tsuruta returned to one of her alma maters She became an associate professor of African American literature received tenure and eventually earned a full professorship Describing herself as an “activist professor,” her teaching style focuses on student-centered pedagogy “I enjoy working with the students of all backgrounds,” says Tsuruta a professor in the Africana studies department at SFSU “Africana studies gives me a chance to focus on the kind of literature throughout the African diaspora that enhances students’ pride of being Black.” “I look at the history of the word ‘womanist,’ which came from the early days of Blacks in this country …,” says Tsuruta “I believe in culturally derived womanism for Black women She “hopes” that people see “Black pride and Black determination” through her work “It is wonderful to have been born Black,” says Tsuruta as well as being here for my students from all backgrounds.” Tsuruta also served as the department chair of Africana Studies for 12 years at SFSU Her role was to be an advocate for the department and serve as a resource for students to discuss general concerns to be able to be someone that [students] could find faith in speaking to” she says “We engage each other with integrity and mutual support I have enjoyed students coming to the office Tsuruta’s strong relationships with students also translated into the classroom She is often stopped on campus by students hoping to converse Some have even invited her to their weddings “I love the students and I feel loved and embraced by the students That is such a nice way to live your life.” Tsuruta frequently judges at the annual College Language Association poetry contest and her poems have been featured in magazines such as The Black Scholar just read some poetry and get some chocolate candy,’” she says “It is a glorious way to spend the evening or weekend Tsuruta was recently elected to be a delegate for the Modern Language Association and serves on the board of directors for the National Council for Black Studies “We all want to have professional organizations,” she says “It means a lot to your career as well as to your personal growth goals I feel I have been blessed with a career I did not anticipate.” “I was blessed in that my husband is as proud of me as were my parents when they were alive,” she says “And that is nice because some academic women don’t necessarily find a partner who is totally excited about their careers and busy with their own career.” “are focused on [their] particular cultures.” “The kids always joke that if ‘Mom puts something Africana on her side of the mantelpiece or on the wall Dad is going to balance it with something Japanese,’” she says “I have African paintings on my side and he has Japanese paintings on his side Tsuruta set a goal to work more on her poetry She plans to focus on one creative piece for at least three hours before transitioning into academic writing “The writing is just really different but you are being creative in both “The way you present your thesis in a scholarly article I just really love words and language as well as inspiring students to love it.” This article originally appeared in the February 18, 2021 edition of Diverse. Read it here 1990s All Japan had a higher number of amazing must-see matches than any company since then and the majority of those matches still hold up well today What was the first recognizable starting point for that decade-long run of truly spectacular Today we revisit the Triple Crown title match between Jumbo Tsuruta and Genichiro Tenryu from June 5th As a reminder, I am reviewing Five Star and almost-Five Star wrestling matches as rated by Wrestling Observer’s Dave Meltzer. It goes back to the 1980s and I’m going to pick different matches from different eras to see how they look today. Check out previous entries in my 5 Star Match Reviews series right here Tenryu and Tsuruta were two of All Japan’s biggest stars of the 1980s both of them had spent years wrestling for Giant Baba both in Japan and abroad and held many titles both All Japan’s and other companies’ including NWA titles Tsuruta combined the company’s three top titles – the PWF World Heavyweight Championship and the NWA International Heavyweight Championship – to create the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship And two days after Tsuruta became the inaugural Triple Crown champion Thus the stage was set for a dream match of epic proportions Tsuruta and Tenryu were former tag partners that eventually went their separate ways and became professional rivals the former PWF Heavyweight and NWA United National Champion watches from ringside as the crowd cheers wildly Tsuruta and Tenryu trade stiff strikes until Tenryu dodges a jumping knee Tsuruta applies a deep headlock as the crowd chants his name Tenryu tries fighting out but Tsuruta keeps it on and lands a bulldog for a two-count Tsuruta switches to a cobra clutch and Tenryu start sinking to the mat; but once the crowd starts chanting he begins fighting back Tenryu makes it to his feet and gets a ropebreak blocks a jumping knee and goes for a counterattack but Tsuruta lands a second kneelift Tenryu tries fighting back with chops but Tsuruta boots him down He drops an elbow and pins but only gets two Tsuruta reapplies the camel clutch as the crowd rallies behind Tenryu They start booing Tsuruta as he hits STIFF double ax handles to Tenryu’s back and neck Tsuruta throws Tenryu into the barricade and then back into the ring but that fires Tenryu up and he tackles Tsuruta back out to the floor Tenryu flips onto the apron and lands a tackle to the floor Tenryu takes control with chops and a kneebar The fans now chant for Tsuruta as Tenryu rolls him over into a pin that gets two Tsuruta tries escaping by punching Tenryu’s kidneys but Tenryu answers by digging his knuckles into Tsuruta’s worked over knee Tenryu lets go and lands a fist drop and some chops but Tsuruta counters with an overhead belly-to-belly suplex and pins for two-count Tsuruta reapplies his grounded cobra clutch and keeps it in for a long time so Tsuruta lands a running jumping knee and pins for another two-count Tsuruta hits more stiff forearms and elbows and then teases a powerbomb Tenryu powers out but then gets shut down with ax handles The crowd boos as Tsuruta locks in an abdominal stretch but Tenryu soon powers out into a pinning predicament that gets a one-count Tenryu tries an armbar but Tsuruta’s too close to the ropes so he follows up with chops and head-butts Tenryu rushes Tsuruta as he re-enters the ring he starts hitting stiff chops but Tsuruta shuts him down with a stiff elbow to the ear that leads to another two-count leading to some shoulder checks from Tsuruta Tsuruta pins but Tenryu has his foot on the ropes Tsuruta pins again but Tenryu gets yet another ropebreak Tsuruta lands two more diving kneedrops and goes for a pin Tsuruta follows with a Thesz press and pins once more Tenryu still escapes and starts fighting back but can’t overcome Tsuruta’s power as he lands a Backdrop suplex but this time Tenryu slingshots him into the ropes Then Tenryu pins but only gets a two-count Tsuruta’s still relatively healthier and so he sends Tenryu into the ropes and lands a dropkick that gets two Tsuruta follows with a trop-rope jumping knee that sends Tenryu across the ring into a corner Then Tsuruta pulls down his kneepad and teases another big jumping knee He cradles Tsuruta and pins but only manages a two-count Tenryu pills his kneepad down and tries a powerbomb Tsuruta powers out and into a jackknife pin that Tsuruta barely escapes Tsuruta goes back to the top rope and jumps of but Tenryu dodges Tsuruta lands a belly-to-belly but Tenryu gets up first and goes to the top rope Tsuruta gets another two-count and goes for another lariat Tenryu dodges and Tsuruta hits the ropes instead Winner and NEW AJPW Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion after 24:05: Genichiro Tenryu Hansen helps Tenryu to his feet and Tsuruta approaches to shake Tenryu’s hand Despite having a great crowd and being a historically-important contest – it was basically the match that started King’s Road and laid the foundation for All Japan’s glory years in the 1990s – it simply doesn’t hold up There were so many matches that came afterwards that took this match’s formula and improved upon it significantly but this contest was and is completely overshadowed by the matches involving 1989 Ric Flair who has having some of the best matches of all time that year How could this match hope to compete with those timeless classics The match started off hot with a signature move exchange and a close German suplex and then the heat died with some bland albeit well-executed headlocks Tsuruta did a great job establishing himself as a major challenge for Tenryu Each time Tenryu got the slightest bit of momentum Tsuruta knew how to shut him down effectively It was like the pro-wrestling version of The Tortoise and the Hare Tsuruta was explosive from the opening bell and hammered Tenryu for at least twenty of the match’s twenty-four minutes but Tenryu – like the tortoise – was slower yet more determined He endured Tsuruta’s unrelenting punishment but kept scoring small hits here and there Tenryu’s careful offense gradually wore him down Tsuruta – like the hare – was pretty much out of gas and completely vulnerable Tenryu managed to endure everything Tsuruta had thrown his way and had just enough energy to survive a bit longer This pattern went on for most of the match until Tsuruta started slowing down a bit which allowed Tenryu to land more and more critical hits until he hit his finisher It was simplistic and that made the match easy to get into and therefore fun to watch there was something…off…about the match as well Even though the match had a solid story and action it just cannot be compared to what took place afterwards this match comes across as overly simplistic and underwhelming If you’re into more classic-style pro-wrestling and want to see two dudes competing for a coveted prize Even though Tenryu and Tsuruta were terrific in their day their match here lacks so many elements of what made later matches so much better Tsuruta no-sold Tenryu’s extended legwork almost completely There was tons of repetition in what was done in the ring the fans started booing Tsuruta; not because they were into his heel work here but because they were getting restless over his intentional slowing down of the match with increasingly-redundant matwork his finishing stretch was abrupt and lacking in tension His entire time in control towards the end lasted a minute The rest of the match was almost all Tsuruta which made Tenryu’s victory come across more as lucky than decisive which in turn weakened the impact of his win in general Though this match is important for historic reasons as a match on its own it’s solid but nothing exceptional but compared to how much pro-wrestling has changed in over thirty years their excitement wasn’t enough to help this match I’m not usually one to say that everything gets better over time in pro-wrestling; if you’ve read some of my other match reviews you might’ve noticed that there are a lot of flaws with modern matches that actually make them worse than their predecessors This match is a case of the opposite; what came after it outclassed it in basically every conceivable way Tsuruta and Tenryu deserve all the credit in the world for coming up with the winning formula that laid the foundation for 1990s Kings’s Road All Japan But while their formula was sound in theory it needed major improvement in practice those improvements were about a year away and from there began perhaps the best stretch of great matches in pro-wrestling history Scenes from Coordinator for International Relations Max Totaro’s time in Tsuruta which is Hood River’s Sister City: A tori frames buildings in a neighboring town wearing green) poses with a group of new friends Totaro has spent the last year in Tsuruta and will continue for a second term are seven stories high and take at least a year to make,” Max Totaro writes A friend gets an unusual vantage point to scope out the scenery Max Totaro has served as the Hood River-Tsuruta Sister City Committee’s Coordinator of International Relations for the past year which has been Hood River’s sister city for more than 40 years The annual Taste of Tsuruta benefit dinner and auction is Saturday A new menu will feature a variety of dishes from Nashi Ramen Tsuruta High School students will be in attendance Tickets are available at the Hood River News Information from the News and our advertisers (Want to add your business to this to this feed?) Sign up to receive notifications when a new Columbia Gorge News e-Edition is published Would you like to receive our news updates? Signup today Receive weekly updates on obituaries and death notices Oregon Capital Press presented by Columbia Gorge News Receive updates on upcoming promotions and special sections Receive weekly updates on local sports news there are no recent results for popular videos Your browser is out of date and potentially vulnerable to security risks.We recommend switching to one of the following browsers: Account processing issue - the email address may already exist Invalid password or account does not exist Submitting this form below will send a message to your email with a link to change your password An email message containing instructions on how to reset your password has been sent to the email address listed on your account And other matches still are great because they feature insane crowds making tons of noise in appreciation of the action unfolding before them The match we’re looking at today is an example of that third point the action here was relatively subdued and wouldn’t be considered a ‘spot-fest’ by anyone’s definition it’s an incredible match that still holds up amazingly well after almost thirty full years Today we look back at the six-man tag team match between Tsuruta’s Army (Jumbo Tsuruta Masanobu Fuchi and Akira Taue) and Misawa’s Army (Mitsuharu Misawa Toshiaki Kawada and Kenta Kobashi) from May 22nd As a reminder, I am reviewing Five Star and almost-Five Star wrestling matches as rated by Wrestling Observer’s Dave Meltzer. It goes back to the 1980s and I’m going to pick different matches from different eras to see how they look today. Check out previous entries in my 5 Star Match Reviews series right here All Japan’s main story was the rivalry between Jumbo Tsuruta’s army and Mitsuharu Misawa’s army Tsuruta was the old guard while Misawa was the rising star looking to become the unquestioned ace After Misawa pinned Tsuruta in one of the biggest shocks in AJPW history Tsuruta wasn’t ready to give up his coveted top spot while Misawa was hungry to claim it for himself both of them brought more wrestlers to their respective sides Misawa enlisted his then-best friend Toshiaki Kawada and a young Kenta Kobashi who was only four years into his career at that point and still far less experienced than everyone else here an ex-sumo wrestler who was embroiled in a heated feud with Kawada a devious veteran who was the closest All Japan had to an overt ‘American-style’ heel This was the rubber match in the three-match series between these two teams. Their first big tag match together took place on October 19th, 1990 it’s time to settle the score once and for all Or the team of rising stars with something to prove This match originally took place on May 22nd, 1992 in Sapporo. As an aside, I want to point out that Kobashi was involved in another 5-star epic three days later in Sendai because it had an even crazier crowd than the one for this match The AJPW wrestlers of the 1990s were definitely another breed of special The video’s slightly clipped so we miss out on the first few minutes of the match The action begins with the fans loudly chanting Kobashi’s name as he counters a vertical suplex from Fuchi with one of his own He dropkicks Fuchi out of the ring and then lands a bulldog from the apron to the floor Fuchi struggles back to the apron and Kobashi attempts to suplex him over the rope and into the ring but Taue attacks Kobashi first Kobashi fights him off but Tsuruta tries to interfere as well Kobashi fights both of them off as he and his team clear house with all three of their opponents the Super Generation Army lands diving planchas onto a different opponent: Misawa onto Fuchi Taue looks to have hurt his knee as Kobashi lands a rolling cradle on Fuchi in the ring for a two-count The audience screams uproariously as Misawa tags in and lands a dropkick and a flying crossbody for a two-count But he gets too close to Tsuruta and Tsuruta hits him from behind Misawa elbows him hard but Fuchi uses that to get him into a corner for Tsuruta to tag in he and Misawa go blow-for-blow with stiff elbows until Misawa gets him into a corner Tsuruta counters an Irish whip and sends Misawa into a corner but Misawa goes for a crossbody counter Except he can’t because Fuchi holds him in place Tsuruta capitalizes with a massive back suplex and then tosses Misawa out of the ring He distracts the referee as his teammates double-team Misawa allowing Taue to land a chokeslam onto the exposed floor Fuchi tosses Misawa into the ring and Tsuruta pins for two Misawa kicks out of a pin following a Thesz Press and in comes Taue Misawa gets triple-teamed again and then Taue drops him throat-first on the top rope But his knee’s still giving him trouble so he tags Fuchi who applies a sleeper hold for a bit and then tags Tsuruta Fuchi makes it out to guard the pin but not Taue But it doesn’t matter because Misawa kicks out Tsuruta applies his own sleeper and Misawa sinks to the mat Tsuruta decides to tag Taue and he hits Snake Eyes for a two-count of his own He still can’t move around much so he tags Fuchi who foot chokes Misawa in his corner with Tsuruta’s help Fuchi does an amazing job at getting heat by locking a figure-4 neck lock on Misawa using the ropes while Tsuruta pulls Misawa’s legs from the floor Tsuruta tags in once more following a Misawa kick-out but Misawa makes a sudden attempt at a comeback with elbows He attempts a sunset flip but Tsuruta stops him dead in his tracks with a forearm to the face Taue tags in again and lands a piledriver for two He goes for another move when Misawa kicks his bad leg But he’s too far away and Taue’s holding back who drags both of them closer to his corner as the referee’s distracted with Fuchi Kawada kicks the hell out of Taue’s bad knee and lands a running lariat for two He tosses Taue to the floor and then lands a knee crusher onto the announcer’s table he tries lifting Taue but Taue’s knee prevents him from moving Taue tries kicking with his free leg but Kobashi toughs it out It takes Fuchi coming in and kicking Kobashi in the head for him to break the hold But Kobashi chases Fuchi down and knocks him to the floor Kawada tags in and locks Taue in the tree of woe and stands on his chin as Kobashi kicks Taue’s knee Fuchi tries to cause more bedlam but Kawada puts him in the tree of woe and stomps on him as Misawa lands some kicks Kawada demolishes Taue with a back of the knee stomp/knee crusher combo and then locks in a bow-and-arrow hold But it doesn’t last long because Tsuruta comes in and rubs his boot in Kawada’s face Misawa tags in and hits some kicks and elbows but still appears to be suffering the effects of that earlier chokeslam to the floor Tsuruta comes in and distracts the referee Kawada tags in and attempts a sharpshooter but Taue resists as much as he can so Misawa springboards in and lands a splash That’s enough to break Taue’s resolve and Kawada locks in the sharpshooter fully He sees Fuchi coming in and breaks the hold flipping Fuchi off all the while (just like in 1991) but can’t pin because the ref’s busy pushing an enraged Fuchi back Kobashi holds Taue’s leg against the top rope allowing Misawa to nail more kicks to further demolish that knee and goes for a Boston crab but Taue gets to the ropes for safety Taue keeps resisting until Kobashi’s forced to drag him to his corner and tag Kawada Suddenly Taue elbows Kawada down and cheap-shots Kobashi Kawada lands some stiff elbows and tries to lock in a single leg crab but Taue resists again Kawada tries stomping on his face but Taue keeps resisting Tsuruta rushes in and clotheslines Kawada from behind That allows Taue to roll over and tag Fuchi Fuchi tosses Kawada out of the ring as Tsuruta removes more ringside mats Then he drops Kawada head-first onto the exposed floor with a piledriver Then Fuchi gets revenge by placing Kawada in the tree of woe and stands on his head while Tsuruta keeps Kawada in place for him Tsuruta tags in and locks in an abdominal stretch and wrenches it deep while Fuchi pulls on Kawada’s arms Fuchi was awesome at being the ultimate support teammate allowing Taue to choke him against the ropes they repeat that same move again but with Fuchi standing on Kawada to add extra pressure Fuchi tags in and locks in another sleeper hold Kawada sinks to the canvas as the fans chant his name Tsuruta tags back in and goes for a vertical suplex Kawada lands behind him and locks in a sleeper with bodyscissors Taue breaks it up by stomping on Kawada’s head and then tags in as the legal man He lands some elbow drops for a two-count and tags Fuchi Fuchi kicks Kawada’s head and Kawada no-sells and stares daggers back at him Kawada counters with a short-range lariat and both men collapse Tsuruta comes in and stomps away on Kawada Misawa runs in and attacks Tsuruta while Fuchi tags Taue Taue goes to attack Kawada but Kawada kicks him in the head and then in the bad knee He kicks Taue into a corner and unloads with chops Kobashi lands a corner clothesline and goes for an elevated DDT now Fuchi tags in and lands a pair of backdrop suplexes Both Tsuruta and Taue come to save the pin but Kobashi kicks out at two Kobashi counters an Irish whip and lands a shoulder tackle Kobashi follows with a scoop slam/leg drop combo and goes to the top rope The crowd is screaming as he prepares for his moonsault But Tsuruta stops him despite Misawa’s interference He dives and turns a moonsault into a crossbody Misawa tags in and lands a diving elbow smash to Fuchi and a running one to Tsuruta Then he applies a facelock to Fuchi but Taue breaks it up Misawa responds with elbows so stiff you can hear them over the crowd cheering Fuchi blocks and pushes Misawa into Tsuruta’s knee and then tags Tsuruta in Tsuruta hammers away on Misawa and hits a jumping knee Misawa a voids a kneelift and hits a huge elbow smash Tsuruta connects with the Backdrop suplex and pins Fuchi holds Kobashi on the ropes as Taue holds Kawada back Tsuruta attempts another backdrop but this time Misawa resists. Fuchi lands some chops to Misawa’s head. That allows Tsuruta to lift Misawa up…but he counters into a pin in midair. Shades of their epic June 8th 1990 encounter Kawada tags in and fires away with kicks and chops Tsuruta counters an Irish whip with a kneelift But Kawada bounces right back up and hits stiff chops Tsuruta soon catches on to his strategy and hits enough counters and blocks to knock Kawada down In comes Taue who lands a DDT and pins for two He goes for a Samoan drop but Kobashi saves his partner Kawada lands a desperation lariat to the back of Taue’s head and goes for a powerbomb Taue lands his own Folding Powerbomb on Kawada Taue whips Kawada into the ropes and connects with another chokeslam He pins but this time Kobashi makes the save Fuchi tosses Kobashi out of the ring as Misawa comes in to help Kawada But that’s short-lived as Tsuruta takes Misawa out Kawada counters with a gamengiri kick to his head Kawada locks in that hold as everyone else brawls ringside Fuchi escapes Kobashi’s control and breaks up Kawada’s hold Kawada follows up with a Folding Powerbomb Misawa locks Tsuruta in his facelock and Kobashi locks Fuchi in a sleeper All three members of the Super Generation Army have someone from Tsuruta’s Army trapped in submission holds Both Fuchi and Tsuruta reach out in vain to try and save Taue Winners after 36:36: The Super Generation Army (Mitsuharu Misawa That was amazing. Wow, what a fantastic tag match. It was so incredibly exciting that it just flew by. I haven’t seen a six-man tag match that exciting in a long time. In fact, the only other one I’ve seen that’s this great is the six-man involving these same wrestlers from April 20th, 1991 It takes an exceptional level of talent to put on such an exciting and athletic wrestling match while keeping the fans on the edge of their seats for thirty-five minutes These wrestlers really were something special The match was built on several intense rivalries working together was neutralized early on with a devastating chokeslam to the floor yet his bitter hatred for Tsuruta kept popping up throughout the match He did much less here compared to their earlier six-man matches and spent more time on defense That forced Kobashi and Kawada to do most of the heavy lifting for their team effectively turning it into a two-on-three handicap match for a while And while Misawa and Kawada tried their best to even the odds by dismantling Taue for a long period of time they kept getting roadblocks thrown at them courtesy of Fuchi’s constant interference That’s one of the things I adore about these old All Japan classics: there isn’t a hard limit on how many times the illegal men on a team can interfere and to what extent But instead of taking that freedom and turning these matches into senseless brawls or constant gang-up segments these wrestlers kept things as professional as they could Both teams gave all three members opportunities to shine Each man got time to try a different strategy and interference came in only when it was needed That’s where Fuchi shone as perhaps the best classic heel in Japan Although both Taue and Tsuruta interfered plenty here it was Fuchi that got the most mileage out of his actions He knew exactly how to help his teammates out the most especially with his various holds and small adjustments I can’t remember the last time I saw Wrestler A trap Wrestler B in an abdominal stretch while Wrestler C came in and pulled one limb to give Wrestler A’s hold more power Small stuff like that it is what made Fuchi stand out as a wrestler He was so much smaller and less significant in terms of storyline importance But let’s not pretend that Fuchi was alone in showing some great wrestling here did make the most out of what little he could do by going after Tsuruta whenever possible to keep that rivalry afloat in a refreshing inversion of his usual status as face-in-peril spent more time on offense and landed some crazy moves that brought the crowd to their feet How many other 240-pound heavyweights could transition from a moonsault into a crossbody in midair with the skill and grace of a cruiserweight he use his size advantage to land brutal knee strikes and bulldozed his way through his opponents whenever they seemed to be gaining the slightest advantage the stars here were undeniably Kawada and Taue were bitter archrivals here yet within a year would become tag team champions together That injury became the crux of Misawa’s Army’s strategy It was almost as if this match was a mirror of everything else in All Japan: Taue – the clear-cut villain that was booed out of the building was being worked over by the faces and spent so much time in peril And while normally that sort of match structure would lead to the fans rallying behind the victim being worked over – which would’ve been the case if Kobashi were in that position – here the fans cheered on and on Taue was worked over by both Misawa and Kobashi and it wasn’t until the very end that Kawada finally got his hands on him reached its climax once those two began fighting and Taue even resorted to using Kawada’s own finisher on him to try and score a pin Kawada’s animosity towards Taue was so intense that he wouldn’t let himself be felled that way That fire led to one of the most exciting and symbolic finishes in AJPW history which is a lot considering how much effort these wrestlers put into Kawada locked Taue in his Stretch Plum submission hold as Misawa and Kobashi both did similar things to Tsuruta and Fuchi Despite their best efforts to break up Kawada’s pins and submission holds there was no escape once all three of the babyfaces had their respective holds on And while the win marked another decisive victory for Misawa’s Army it also gave Kawada a critical moment to shine proving that he was just as capable of getting big wins as Misawa was These old AJPW matches hold up well for many reasons The wrestling was simple yet straightforward There was a lot going on yet at no point did things feel chaotic or disorganized All six wrestlers meshed so well together that all the match’s moving parts came together seamlessly into an amazing match that not only looks great today but still surpasses a lot that came after it If there’s anything to be learned from this match it’s how to use small details to tell a deeper story From the slightest of facial expressions to small gestures all the small details conveyed the larger story told here The language barrier will likely make it hard to understand what’s going on; but luckily these wrestlers know that and use their actions to tell the right stories perfectly This match might seem like a random six-man tag contest but under the surface there were multiple interwoven feuds and rivalries that exploded throughout the match simply great and I cannot recommend it enough Today we’re looking back at an example of that third point It’s one of the first big six-man matches between two sides that would come to define the landscape in All Japan Pro-Wrestling the company that hosted quite possibly the best pure in-ring wrestling ever The six wrestlers in this match had several contests together but this was the first one that really stood out and set the standard to which these men would come to be defined over the next decade and beyond This is the first six-man tag team match between Tsuruta’s Army (Jumbo Tsuruta and Akira Taue) and Misawa’s Army (Mitsuharu Misawa As a reminder, I am reviewing Five Star and almost-Five Star wrestling matches as rated by Wrestling Observer’s Dave Meltzer. It goes back to the 1980s and I’m going to pick different matches from different eras to see how they look today. Check out previous entries in my 5 Star Match Reviews series right here On June 8th, 1990 Misawa did the unthinkable and pinned Tsuruta in singles competition That victory solidified him as AJPW’s future ace because he had not reached that position yet he had to prove that victory wasn’t a fluke He had to not only beat Tsuruta at least one more time but he had to convince the fans that he could carry All Japan no matter what But Tsuruta wasn’t going to go down without a fight And since Misawa had his then-best friend Kawada at his side Tsuruta decided to enlist some friends as well whose intense and bitter feud with Kawada had begun around the same time as his feud with Misawa had begun Misawa also added Kenta Kobashi to the mix hoping to add a rookie to his side to match Taue (since both Kobashi and Taue had debuted within a month of each other) And since that gave Misawa a one-man advantage Tsuruta balanced the sides by bringing Fuchi a wily veteran that had was one of Giant Baba’s first students Tsuruta was going to big his heels into the sand and hold his position as much as he could alongside his teammates Misawa and his army hoped to capitalize on Misawa’s earlier singles success and prove that he was indeed as good as Baba thought he was The side composed entirely of rising stars with youth and determination on their side Or would it be the veteran and his allies that were willing to do whatever it took to get under their opponents’ skin Taue stiff Kobashi with a forearm and Kobashi fires back with the same in a corner Kobashi headlocks Taue but Taue knocks him down on a shoulder tackle twice and then cheap-shots Kawada on the apron Taue charges back to Kobashi but Kobashi counters into an armlock and then drags Taue to his corner Kawada tags in as the crowd cheers wildly in anticipation of the two rivals going at it they tease locking up but Kawada decides to hit stiff kicks to Taue’s knee instead Taue goes down on a follow-up shoulder tackle and dodges a big kick He goes for an armlock but Kawada escapes by kicking him in the head and then tags Misawa Misawa lands a bunch of kicks until Tsuruta tags in Tsuruta and Misawa trade elbows until Tsuruta powers him into a corner and lands a counter elbow that knocks Tsuruta down Tsuruta counters with a kneelift and then shoves Misawa hard into the ropes He hits Misawa with brutal body blows and then tags Fuchi Fuchi follows up on the damage his partner did by slamming Misawa and stomping on his gut Hot tag to Taue who likewise lands a kneelift of his own Taue locks in an abdominal stretch but Kawada breaks iot up Kobashi lands a dropkick and some corner chops but is soon countered by Taue and eats a corner back elbow Tsuruta tags in again and kneelifts Kobashi and locks in a nigh-angle Boston crab Fuchi tags in and dropkicks Kobashi’s face in he whips Kobashi into a corner but Kobashi counters with a sick springboard crossbody and pins for two Fuchi quickly regains control with an eye rake and tags Taue who does the same He goes for an Irish whip but Kobashi counters and lands a running lariat He spinkicks Taue so hard Taue falls to the floor Kawada whips him into the steel barricade and then drags him out into the crowd Kawada makes it back to the ring and Taue rushes him the moment he steps through the ropes Tsuruta tags in and lands forearms to Kawada’s back He slams Kawada hard and Kawada tries fighting back but Tsuruta’s just too strong for him Fuchi tags in and stiffs Kawada’s back as well He locks in a single leg crab and tags Taue who elbow drops Kawada’s back while Fuchi maintains his hold Taue goes for a back body drop but Kawada blocks with a kick and tags Misawa Misawa hits some elbows and lands his diving spinning lariat for a two-count which allows Kawada to stomp away on Taue’s head Kawada drags Taue out to the stands and suplexes Taue onto the exposed floor where Misawa catches him and lands a gutwrench suplex for two and tags Kobashi Kobashi slams Taue and applies a single leg crab but in comes Fuchi to break it up He punches Kobashi several times but Kobashi doesn’t release his hold That’s a great way of making a wrestler look tough and determined Misawa tags back in and targets Taue’s back as well with different strikes and a back body drop He goes for his own back body drop but Taue counters with a DDT Tsuruta tags in and drills Kobashi with a massive lariat and pins Tsuruta follows up with a nasty punch and knee to Kobashi’s nose and then lands a swinging neckbreaker for a one-count He tosses Kobashi out of the ring and tags Fuchi who slams Kobashi’s face into the steel barricade and grabs a chair There are no disqualifications in All Japan so this is all legal Fuchi smashes the end of that chair into Kobashi’s face and stomps away on it back in the ring Kobashi’s nose is now bleeding as Fuchi lands more punches to it Taue tags in and rubs his boot on Kobashi’s bloody nose then lands an atomic drop/back suplex combo for two He tags Fuchi again and Fuchi lands a jumping kick to Kobashi’s face for yet another two-count Kobashi tries crawling over to his teammates but Fuchi holds his leg He tries breaking free but Tsuruta tags in first and lands another brutal lariat Tsuruta lands more punches but this time Kobashi fires back with chops and a wheel kick that stun Tsuruta He’s inches away from tagging Kawada when Tsuruta pulls him away and tags Taue and then lands a Samoan drop that also gets two Kobashi lands behind him and lands a Backdrop That stuns Taue long enough for Kobashi to tag Kawada Kawada explodes in a flurry of kicks and elbows Taue no-sells and sumo rushes Kawada into a corner Kawada keeps firing back and Taue takes him down Kawada fires back with his patented step-kicks and even shoves the referee back as he tries to calm Kawada down That momentary distraction allows Taue to hit a lariat and tag Tsuruta Kawada rushes the company ace but Tsuruta answers with stiff knees He sends Kawada into the ropes and goes for the same lariat that demolished Kobashi The arena comes unglued as he hits elbow smash after elbow smash That’s followed by a diving elbow from the top rope that gets a two-count They brawl some more and Tsuruta gets the upper hand with a jumping knee Taue tags in but Misawa’s still focused on Tsuruta He elbows Tsuruta to the floor and they brawl some more That allows Taue to land a suicide plancha through the ropes Misawa and Taue brawl until Misawa drops him with a running elbow Kobashi tags in but is instantly knocked down with a lariat that gets two Kobashi counters an Irish whip with a shoulder blocks and also pins for two He charges but runs into a powerslam from Taue but manages to kick out Misawa and Tsuruta all brawl to the floor as Kobashi and Fuchi continue wrestling in the ring He grabs Fuchi’s leg but Fuchi counters with an enzuigiri and tags Tsuruta He destroys Kobashi with a third lariat and goes for a powerbomb Misawa goes to save Kobashi with a running elbow Tsuruta sees him coming and elbows him first Kobashi punches out and does the Misawa counter into a pin in midair Kobashi follows up with guillotine leg drops and tries another moonsault Fuchi cuts him off until Misawa drops Fuchi That distraction allows Tsuruta to land a massive second-rope Backdrop suplex Tsuruta lands one more Backdrop suplex for good measure Winners after 25:25: Tsuruta’s Army (Jumbo Tsuruta Another mesmerizing classic from 1990s All Japan It wasn’t particularly deep in terms of scientific wrestling or high-risk craziness; it didn’t need to be it was a match built purely on story and rivalry both of which carried the action forward and concluded in a fantastic contest worth going out of your way to watch Misawa’s crew had their beef with Tsuruta’s crew and they wanted to show that even though they were as-of-yet-unproven stars they were determined to show they were worthy Misawa spent most of his time keeping things simple with kicks and elbows save for when he was in the ring with Tsuruta Misawa cranked his intensity up to eleven and tore into him as much as possible And even though Tsuruta kept shutting him down hoping to continue his momentum off his June 8th singles victory commanding his allies and directing traffic to cause mayhem against a team of people he was clearly sick and tired of dealing with He destroyed Misawa’s back and gut whenever he could and used multiple double and triple-team opportunities to weaken Misawa’s resolve He also did the same when Kobashi and Kawada were in peril using multiple quick tags to keep the pressure on them while also keeping his team strong and intact That’s how tag team wrestling should be done: using the tag stipulation to one’s advantage to create a number’s game that weakens the opposing side as quickly and decisively as possible Kobashi was the face in peril that took a beating from everyone at first and throughout the middle of the match and ended up shining at the end as the underdog that was desperate to prove he belonged He got his legs destroyed early on and took chairshots to the head but still persevered until the end Even though he was only two years into his career Kobashi took an unbelievable shitkicking here (including a bloody and possibly broken nose) to the point that it took three lariats and two massive Backdrop suplexes from Tsuruta to keep him down I also appreciated how he took several punches to the head while completely exposed because he had Taue in a submission hold yet he didn’t let go instantly He tanked it as best he could and it made him look much tougher Small details like that go a very long way in making a wrestler look so much better Then there was the war between Kawada and Taue these two were just amazing at conveying the idea that they had legit hatred for each other They cheap-shotted each other over and over Both guys used facial expressions and body language that strongly suggested that they were trying very hard to keep the professionalism at the bare minimum and that they really wanted to hurt each other And when Kawada got the hot tag towards the end it charged at Taue and their wrestling interactions turned into a very convincing-looking fight It was impossible to tell what was ‘worked’ and what was real full-contact striking borne of intense anger for one another But that mystery turned into moments of unbridled rage and explosiveness that buoyed the otherwise strict and purely wrestling-centric moments when any other combination of wrestlers were legal Whatever Kawada and Taue did – big or small subtle or overt – their interactions together were so awesome and left you wanting to see more each time This is something that I think is sorely lacking in today’s wrestling world It’s extremely rare for any feud to have the sort of tense line-blurring action that Kawada and Taue put on here There’s so much overt cooperation that the idea of there being genuine competition or possible bitterness goes out the window That in turn makes modern wrestling matches come across as less personal and less relatable (with a few exceptions here and there) the only times these days we as fans can truly believe that two wrestlers have genuine hate for each other is through online rumors and discussion The wrestling action itself seen these days is- for the most part – so sanitized and so clear-cut that few rivalries or stories come across as convincing enough for viewers to really sink their teeth into and believe that the animosity is real or anything close to it That’s why Kawada and Taue were so great here They were such tremendous professionals that they put on a spectacular performance that one could easily believe they were trying their hardest to contain themselves and not turn this match into a real fight That tension and animosity was by far one of the best hallmarks of 1990s All Japan and it came through in this match as it did in many others The only thing that kept this match from maintaining its perfect 5-star rating after so much time was that it simply didn’t compare to later matches involving the same men This match was the starting point for what these men could do and they did a phenomenal job of wrestling a match that told all the necessary stories the match still lacked in some aspects that were addressed in their later matches The April 1991 match went much farther with the psychology and tension and their May 1992 match delivered more in terms of pure fanservice and giving the audience what they wanted It was as if all the pieces were there in this match and they were putting the puzzle together The match just lacked some flow and believability on the part of Misawa’s team Once Kobashi started eating lariats and finishers from Tsuruta it became less a question of which team would win and more of a question of how long would Kobashi survive it lacked the much-stronger nail-biting tension that lasted until the bitter end that was seen in their other two big six-man matches It’s extremely rare for a match to so be so satisfying while delivering so little Compared to modern ‘epics’ this match had very basic wrestling and the actual moves were some of the most straightforward and uncomplicated you’ll ever see this was twenty-five minutes of pure excitement borne out of the desire to see these wrestlers fight one another All six of them did such an amazing job teasing and build up certain interactions It was like seeing months of teasing and promos between two sides with such bitter animosity that you couldn’t help but chant ‘let them fight’ when they came to blows this was basically almost half-an-hour of those sides getting it off their chests and releasing all their pent-up aggression in the ring in a highly cathartic way But the best part is that this was only the start of things between these two sides The feud between Misawa’s army and Tsuruta’s Army would continue well into 1992 and the two sides went on to have many great matches together through it all there were three six-man matches between them that stand head and shoulders above the rest: this one These early 90s tag matches might’ve lacked in the jaw-dropping craziness All Japan would later become famous for but it more than made up for it in raw tension and excitement through pure storytelling And then there’s 1990s All Japan Pro-Wrestling which found the right combination of those three formulas and created their own unique style the old 1990s AJPW matches have still withstood the test of time better than almost any other wrestling style (just ask Eddie Kingston who loves King’s Road even more than I do) And today we look back at another classic that while not as widely known as other matches it still one of the best matches of the past thirty years Today we look back at the tag match between Jumbo Tsuruta & Akira Taue and Mitsuharu Misawa & Kenta Kobashi from June 5th This match can best be described as ‘Tsuruta’s last stand’. Ever since June 8th, 1990 he has been at war with Misawa and his friends The tide shifted back and forth between Tsuruta’s Army and Misawa’s Army several times Although Tsuruta was still the established company ace his time at the top was soon coming to an end he couldn’t maintain his position above Misawa for long Realizing that Misawa’s popularity couldn’t be contained and that his status as ace was soon going to disappear completely hoping to stay at the top just a bit longer But this wasn’t singles competition; it was a tag match And it just so happened that Tsuruta and Taue were tag team champions This marked Tsuruta’s seventh tag title reign and his first with Taue Taue had spent almost two full years as Tsuruta’s right hand man and direct protégé and he hoped to prove Tsuruta right for trusting him with such an important honor that was a lower-card tag division; it lacked the presence of heavyweights and the company’s top wrestlers Could Kobashi channel that same energy and wrestling skill into this match in which he was not the ‘big brother’ to the smaller Kikuchi but the least-experienced out of everyone involved This match originally took place on June 5th, 1992. It was rated ****3/4 out of five by the Wrestling Observer’s Dave Meltzer Let’s see how well it holds up after almost thirty years to the day This is for Tsuruta & Taue’s AJPW World Tag Team Championships Taue gets Kobashi in a headlock and then shoulder tackles him down Kobashi ducks down but Taue lands a running crossbody for a one-count They trade arm wringers until Taue lands some head-butts and tags Tsuruta Each man hits a stiff elbow and a standoff ensues ‘Jumbo’ Tsuruta lives up to his name and easily powers Misawa into a corner and lands another elbow flurry He stiffs Misawa as hard as he can and goes for an Irish whip into the opposite corner Misawa gets his foot up to block but Tsuruta boots Misawa Misawa answers with a springboard back elbow and a spinkick Tsuruta hits back and lands a big kneelift to Misawa’s gut Tsuruta lands body blows to Misawa’s now-weakened ribs and then tags Taue Tsuruta holds Misawa’s arms back as Taue hits more punches to Misawa’s torso as the crowd starts booing this blatant underhandedness Misawa sinks into a corner as Taue lands more stiff shots and foot chokes him Taue goes for a suplex but Misawa lands on his feet behind him and drops him with an elbow Now Kobashi tags in and he lands a dropkick He gets into a short chop exchange with Taue so Taue answers by raking his eyes Tsuruta tags in and rubs his boot in Kobashi’s face He slams Kobashi and goes for a Boston crab Tsuruta tosses Kobashi to the floor and Taue throws him into the barricade Taue tags in and starts landing stiff kicks to Kobashi’s face Taue pushes him into the ropes and slaps him hard Taue throws him to the mat allowing Tsuruta to stomp on him Misawa tries to come in to even the odds but the referee forces Misawa back as Tsuruta stomps on Kobashi’s face some more Tsuruta tags in again as the crowd chants for Kobashi and lands a knee crusher He follows that by standing on the back of Kobashi’s knee and rubbing it into the mat before hitting another stomp/knee smasher combination allowing Taue to smash Kobashi’s weakened leg into the steel ringpost Tsuruta follows with an STF but Kobashi manages to get a ropebreak Taue tags back in and kicks Kobashi’s bad leg He throws Kobashi to the floor and lands a knee crusher onto the steel barricade Taue applies a kneebar/heel hook while forcing Kobashi’s legs as far apart as possible until Misawa breaks it up Kobashi tries to crawl to his corner but Tsuruta tags in and stiffs him first Kobashi tries powering up by no-selling Tsuruta’s kicks but a big boot sends him back down Tsuruta tags Taue and holds Kobashi in place while Taue lands a running dropkick to Kobashi’s knee Kobashi sells like his knee is completely messed up and then Taue lands yet another knee crusher Taue gets a two-count off a Samoan drop and then lands a Manhattan drop/back suplex combo Taue goes to tag Tsuruta but Kobashi tries to stop him by holding him back Taue hits an enzuigiri but Kobashi keeps him in place anyway Taue resorts to punching Kobashi’s face until Misawa stomps on him to keep Tsuruta from tagging Misawa pulls both Taue and Kobashi to his corner and gets the tag He lands a spinkick/senton combo for a two-count and then hits a dropkick for another two-count He locks in a single leg crab but Tsuruta stomps him with a thumb to the eye He tags Kobashi who lands a scoop slam/leg drop combo He tries a Boston crab but Taue starts crawling to the ropes Misawa stops him from touching the tropes by hitting a springboard splash And judging from the crowd’s loud applause Kobashi locks in the crab but Taue still manages a ropebeak (though not before Misawa kicks his head as he exits the ring) Kobashi gets some revenge for earlier with a stomp/knee smasher combo of his own Misawa tags in and kicks at Taue’s weakened leg He locks in different painful-looking leg stretches and then tags Kobashi who lands yet another knee crusher followed by a Texas cloverleaf submission hold Tsuruta comes in and lands a punch but Kobashi doesn’t let go right away He’s so determined to keep the hold on Taue Tsuruta falls out of the ring and now Misawa tags in again Taue blocks a knee crusher so Misawa surprises him with a back suplex instead Tsuruta breaks that up and Kobashi sees this so he attacks Taue at the same time Taue boots him first and goes for a modified chokeslam Tsuruta blocks it allowing Taue to connect with a lariat He hits a jumping knee on Misawa and punches Kobashi He scoop slams Misawa and ties him in the tree of woe for a foot choke Tsuruta sends Misawa into the ropes and hits a lariat Taue tags in and lands a DDT for a two-count He stomps on Misawa’s head and tags Tsuruta back in He locks it in as tightly as possible and Misawa sinks to the canvas Kobashi has no choice but to come in and save his partner even if that means getting some boos from the audience I guess they really don’t like illegal interference Tsuruta sends Misawa into a corner and lands a running knee to the face and some more foot choking The referee warns him after he lands some punches so he sends Misawa into the opposite corner But Misawa counters with a springboard back elbow Then he goes to the top rope and connects with a diving elbow smash Misawa lands a diving spinning lariat and applies a facelock Taue breaks it up so Misawa drops him with an elbow and then goes back to the facelock on Tsuruta Kobashi rushes in to keep Taue at bay with a sleeper which leads to thunderous applause from the fans Kobashi tags in and chops the hell out of Tsuruta’s chest He sends him into another corner and hits a corner lariat/elevated DDT combo for another two-count He lands a shoulder tackle and goes for a cobra twist/abdominal stretch but Tsuruta elbows out Tsuruta hits a big boot and tags Taue but Kobashi hits first with high kicks and corner chops Taue reverses a corner Irish whip but Kobashi ducks his lariat and lands a dropkick Kobashi follows with an early version of Stratus-faction and pins for another two-count Kobashi with a missile dropkick followed by a frog splash from Misawa Misawa holds Tsuruta at bay as Kobashi pins Misawa locks Tsuruta in his facelock as Kobashi lands another leg drop Misawa takes a moment to stop Taue from taking advantage by hitting an elbow suicida to the floor Misawa tosses Taue into the ring and awaits Kobashi’s tag Kobashi gets close but Tsuruta hits him from behind sending Misawa to the floor before the tag is complete Tsuruta lands a Backdrop suplex on Kobashi Taue tries a chokeslam but Kobashi resists Misawa elbows Tsuruta and breaks up the pin Taue powerbombs Kobashi as Tsuruta locks Misawa in a sleeper Misawa escapes the sleeper and elbows both Tsuruta and Taue That allows Kobashi to land a bridging German suplex Kobashi goes for a double-arm DDT but Tsuruta hits him first Misawa goes after Tsuruta as Taue lands a chokeslam Tsuruta counters Misawa and locks in another deep sleeper Winners and STILL AJPW World Tag Team Champions after 27:12: Jumbo Tsuruta & Akira Taue I have yet to see a match involving Misawa and Kobashi (either as partners or as opponents) that I would describe as anything less than “great” had yet another marvelous match that does indeed hold well after three decades This was an outstanding tag match that had the right mix of drama Misawa and Kobashi were clearly the heroic underdogs in this match Tsuruta used his veteran experience and brutality to keep Misawa grounded during the early goings of the match until Kobashi tagged in Kobashi proved to be perhaps the greatest wrestler to ever live in terms of non-verbal storytelling he played the big brother that came in to save his friend and clean house after Kikuchi had taken a beating Kobashi was the face-in-peril that took a relentless beating He fought like a scrappy underdog facing down a smarter and more relentless combined force in Tsuruta and Taue Tsuruta mostly played the hits here while Taue got a chance to shine and show how crafty and dangerous he could be He didn’t need to out-power Kobashi or out-strike Misawa; he exploited weaknesses in each man to make it easier for Tsuruta to hit his biggest and most effective moves Taue came back in to finish his opponents off and score a big win for his team But damn if both Kobashi and Misawa (but mostly Kobashi) didn’t make it hard for the champions They landed last-second counter after last-second counter They both fought through incredible pain and destroyed limbs They fought valiantly until the very end and survived so many incredible near-falls Misawa was only able to achieve one of his goals Kobashi had taken savage beatings before but here he seemed to grow as a wrestler He wasn’t just a fall guy; he stood on his own two feet (at least until his knee got torn apart once again) and worked just as well with Misawa as Kawada did Together they showed great tag team psychology as they tried to isolate Taue from Tsuruta That strategy nearly worked but it just wasn’t enough They weren’t as cohesive a unit as Tsuruta and Taue were And while their strategy of isolating Taue worked to a degree it wasn’t as effective as Tsuruta and Taue’s strategy of attacking both Misawa and Kobashi The champions were far more comfortable taking cheap-shots and using the numbers game to pick their challengers apart Misawa got weakened early which opened up Kobashi for a longer and more drawn-out heat segment And while Kobashi and Misawa did manage to overcome that Tsuruta was still able to use his veteran instincts and sense of ring awareness to keep Misawa away from Kobashi long enough for Taue to put Kobashi down for the three-count The match was filled with last-second escapes and counters that kept fans guessing It seemed like either team could win at any moment only for the other side to turn the tides It really was a rollercoaster of a match that built up slowly at first but then turned into an exciting and tense finishing sprint that was typical of All Japan at the time there was one glaring problem: Kobashi’s inconsistent leg selling When a wrestler starts targeting a body part and the wrestler taking damage starts selling so much it takes the viewer out of the match when that selling stops That gets worse when there is such deep and exciting selling at one point only for the wrestler to stop selling soon afterwards and act as though nothing really happened Tsuruta and Taue had spent a long time dismantling Kobashi’s left leg He got it smashed several times and they did everything they could to render him immobile And then Misawa was in the ring less for less than a minute before Kobashi tagged back in who moments earlier struggled to even lift himself up had somehow healed so quickly and so much that he could now hit leg drops and use both legs without any adverse effects That inconsistency was silly and weakened the story of the match especially given All Japan’s tendency to showcase deep matches with airtight psychology and consistent selling A wrestling match doesn’t need to go into overkill to be great One doesn’t need to do everything possible in a match to kill off any need for a future rematch Sometimes all one needs is the right story and the right mix of realism and believable false finishes That’s what we got here: it was old school pro-wrestling shown as an athletic contest with a story instead of something wacky and over-the-top There’s a reason so many of these 1990s matches hold up better than many of their modern counterparts: even with so many similar moving parts the older matches still feel different from one another These days everything’s so copy-and-paste whereas matches like this one had intricate details and minor changes in almost every action and movement That’s one of the best parts of 1990s All Japan: the same wrestlers had many matches together and no two of them were the exact same Thanks for reading. You can email me with any questions or comments, and be sure to check out my 5-Star and Almost 5-Star Match Reviews series here There’s this belief in pro wrestling that the more people you add to a match There’s a satisfying straightforwardness in a one-on-one fight that makes it easier to have a great match than Two-on-two combinations are usually the simplest It’s extremely rare for a match to feature six or more wrestlers and be put together as well as a standard two-on-two tag match Unless it happens in All Japan Pro-Wrestling The match we’re revisiting today is one of the best matches of the early 1990s It’s an outstanding six-man tag team match that nearly lasted an hour yet never got boring Today we revisit the classic 1991 war between Tsuruta’s army (Jumbo Tsuruta Akira Taue and Masanobu Fuchi) and Misawa’s Army (Mitsuharu Misawa The big story in AJPW during the early 1990s was the war between Tsuruta-gun (Tsuruta’s Army) and Misawa’s Super Generation Army. Misawa beat Tsuruta in a legendary singles match almost a year earlier Misawa needed to prove that win wasn’t a fluke and that he could replace Tsuruta as AJPW ace But aside from that stable-vs-stable conflict there were some individual feuds going on as well Misawa had pinned Tsuruta before and wanted to take his top spot as AJPW’s ace Kobashi was the least-experienced man in this match and wanted to prove himself especially against a wily veteran like Fuchi And Kawada & Taue were involved in a blood feud I’m not sure exactly when their feud really kicked off and when it got so intense But what matters is that Kawada and Taue were bitter enemies at this point The hostility they had for each other seemed to transcend professionalism and respect as both of them (but mostly Taue) took whatever chances they could to cheapshot each other Each wrestler had a clearly-established role in their team’s hierarchy Misawa and Tsuruta were the leaders of their respective stables Kawada and Taue were their respective right-hand men Kobashi and Fuchi were the most likely to be pinned both of them had to be particularly wary of quick pins But that’s not to say that this was inevitable the match could conceivably end with any combination of wrestlers and it would tell an interesting story and make sense holds him back then lays some chops into Taue but Taue reverses his whip and lariats Kobashi They have a quick technical exchange and in tags Tsuruta Tsuruta asks for Misawa and Kobashi tags him in Misawa lands some elbows but Tsuruta’s unphased He lands a big knee to Misawa’s gut and tags Fuchi Fuchi slams Misawa and whips him but Misawa counters into an abdominal stretch Suddenly Taue breaks this up and just as Kawada gets back to the apron Tsuruta tags in and dominates Misawa with big knees in the corner He whips Misawa into a corner but Misawa counters into a great crossbody In tags Kobashi who dropkicks Tsuruta then lands a slam and a rope-assisted leg drop for the first two-count Tsuruta takes control with a knee and a big slam then tags in Fuchi Fuchi lands a diving chop then some standing armbreakers to weaken Kobashi’s arm Fuchi ties Kobashi up like a pretzel and gets a one-count Taue tags in and copies Fuchi with a diving armbreaker followed by a Fujiwara armbar Kobashi tries to roll through but Taue counters into a cross armbreaker It doesn’t last long because Kawada comes in and punts Taue in the back This infuriates Taue because he cheapshots Kawada from behind and they brawl Fuchi lays some cheap kicks to Kawada but Kobashi pushes him back We get a huge pull-apart between both teams but Kawada won’t stop beating on Taue Taue and Misawa are now the legal men and Misawa nails Taue with elbow smashes He tags Kobashi who applies an abdominal stretch Misawa dropkicks Taue and then applies a prison lock (deathlock/double-underhook lock combination) Taue briefly gets some cheers as he tries to fight out of the hold but Misawa keeps knocking him down with elbows He drags Taue to his corner and tags in Kawada who explodes in a fury of chops and elbows Tsuruta whips Kawada into the steel barricade and lands a piledriver on the ringside mats But the crowd is still firmly in Kawada’s corner Fuchi guillotine drops Kawada throat-first into the top rope which gets lots of boos He stomps on Kawada a lot and tags in Tsuruta who boots Kawada in the face a few times then rubs his boot in his face Taue tags in and lands a facecrusher for two Kawada tries to fight back with prone kicks to the head but Taue keeps stomping on his face The crowd continues to cheer for Kawada as Taue applies a figure-4 neck lock Kawada rolls to the ropes so Taue throws him out of the ring and tags Fuchi The two of them land an aided spike piledriver onto Kawada ringside but not before hitting another cheapshot to the face Fuchi applies a neck-and-arm lock but Kobashi makes the save Tsuruta tags in and applies a sleeper hold Taue tags in and applies a sleeper of his own Kawada’s so weakened that he gets knocked down and out of the ring by the lightest clothesline I’ve ever seen Taue whips him into the steel barricade and clotheslines him over it He drags Kawada’s near-lifeless body back to the ring and lands a Samoan drop for two Kawada makes it to his corner and tags Kobashi as Taue tags Fuchi Kobashi charges in and drops all three of his opponents with dropkicks A shoulder tackle on Fuchi gets him a two-count Fuchi sneaks in a quick enzuigiri and whips Kobashi but Kobashi reverses into a powerslam for another two-count Kobashi knocks both him and Taue off the apron We’re twenty minutes in as Misawa goes for a Tiger Driver but Taue knocks him down with a clothesline Jackknife pin by Fuchi but Misawa kicks out Tsuruta tags in and hammers away on Misawa Misawa avoids a knee lift by holding onto them and lands a running elbow and crossbody press for two He goes for elbow suicida but Tsuruta moves so Misawa skins the cat and elbows Fuchi instead as he tried for another cheapshot Kobashi lands a springboard plancha onto Tsuruta Kobashi tosses Tsuruta into the ring and tags Kawada Kawada whips him and goes for the spinkick but Tsuruta blocks and slams Kawada down to the mat He goes for a vertical suplex but Kawada counters into an armbar Misawa and Kobashi charge in to stop Tsuruta’s partners from helping him The crowd’s on their feet cheering for Kawada Kawada lands more stiff kicks but Tsuruta fires back with slaps Kawada lands more step kicks but Tsuruta catches his leg again and throws him away In comes Taue who lands a back suplex for two He lands an atomic drop and goes for another but Kawada lands on his feet behind him Kawada follows with a facelock but Taue crawls to the ropes Kobashi tags in and shoulder tackles Taue down and lands a Boston crab but Kobashi drops Taue and lariats Tsuruta Kobashi tags in Misawa and scoop slams Taue allowing Misawa to land a frog splash for a two-count A running senton gets Misawa another two-count Kobashi lands a fireman’s carry slam for two and then applies a Texas cloverleaf But this time he doesn’t see Tsuruta coming and gets booted in the face Misawa tags in and drops Taue with a kick and a diving spinning lariat Taue kicks out of a pin so Misawa applies a sitting abdominal stretch Then he tosses Taue out of the ring and has a standoff with Fuchi while Kawada gets some revenge for earlier Plus some kicks to the back for good measure Misawa lands a running elbow smash but Taue kicks out at 2.5 but Kobashi kicks him and applies a standing abdominal stretch It doesn’t last long as Tsuruta breaks it up Both men escape the ring as we pass the thirty-minute mark Kawada teases a powerbomb on the ringside mats but Fuchi cuts him off He tries again but this time it’s Tsuruta that blocks him Kawada recovers in the ring then kicks Taue in the corner as soon as he gets back in he lands more stiff kicks to the head then tags Kobashi Taue slumps over and looks to be in legitimate pain he’s in there with Kobashi so I don’t blame him But Kawada’s having none of this and punts Taue in the back Kobashi follows with a piledriver for a two-count and tags Misawa who lands a sidewalk slam for another two-count which actually makes the crowd cheer for Taue he’s taking the biggest shitkicking in the match so far so I’m not surprised they’re behind him Kawada tags in and applies a single-leg crab but Kawada just drags him back to the middle of the ring Kawada’s too consumed with beating Taue to care at this point but Kawada let’s go and flips Fuchi off as he goes to tag Misawa Misawa kicks away on Taue and Taue starts fighting back with chops But Misawa just drops him with an elbow and tags Kobashi Kobashi lands a big lariat in the corner and an elevated DDT but doesn’t pin because he sees Fuchi from the corner of his eye Misawa dropkicks Taue out of the ring and helps Kobashi onto the top turnbuckle Kobashi goes for a vertical suplex but Fuchi dropkicks his leg The camera zooms in on Kawada and he looks like he just wants to murder Fuchi Fuchi tags in and kicks away at Kobashi’s knee The crowd chants Kobashi’s name as Fuchi continues this onslaught then tags Tsuruta and throws Kobashi out of the ring Tsuruta catches Kobashi ringside and drops him knee-first onto the barricade Tsuruta elbows Kobashi but he answers with an elbow of his own Tsuruta tosses Kobashi back out of the ring and tags Fuchi I’ve never seen any foreign objects (besides the barricade) used in All Japan Fuchi lifts Kobashi up and lands a knee crusher onto the steel chair onto the ring apron Kobashi lands knee-first on the hardest surface possible Kobashi desperately tries to fight back with slaps but can’t stand up for more than a few seconds Fuchi dropkicks his knee to stop him from reaching his partners and applies an STF as the crowd chanters Kobashi’s name Fuchi applies another leg submission hold but Kobashi quickly grabs the ropes this time Kobashi manages to kick Taue in the head and crawls to his corner Kobashi’s fingertips away but Taue stops him He follows this with a brutal-looking single leg crab putting immense pressure on that nearly-destroyed leg of Kobashi’s Tsuruta kicks out (literally) and Kobashi tries another desperation crawl to his corner But Tsuruta catches him and lands some knee smashes The referee asks Kobashi if he gives up and he shakes his head defiantly Tsuruta holds Kobashi up by one leg and tags Fuchi who kicks at the same leg and wraps it up in the ropes Then he tosses Kobashi out of the ring again and Taue drops him knee first onto the wooden announce table And this isn’t a gimmicked table designed to break How Kobashi’s able to walk after all this I have no idea Taue follows Fuchi’s example and smashes a chair into Kobashi’s knee Fuchi goes for a backdrop suplex but Kobashi reverses into a quick pin for two He kicks Fuchi away and tries to go to his teammates but Tsuruta tags in and cuts him off once more He lands another knee smasher then follows with a Goldberg-style leg lock Kobashi tries to kick Tsuruta in the face with the free leg but it does nothing Taue tags in and lands a diving elbow drop onto Kobashi’s leg and applies another leglock He goes for a figure-4 leglock but uses his hand to block Taue from locking one leg and applying maximum pressure It would add much more drama to a submission sequence and would get the move even more over as something to avoid as much as possible We’re now forty-five minutes in as Kobashi escapes the leglock and Taue tags in Fuchi Kobashi musters what little strength he has left to counter into a suplex of his own Kobashi tries to reach his corner but again Fuchi cuts him off Tsuruta tags in again and boots Kobashi down Tsuruta goes for a powerbomb but Kobashi resists giving Kawada enough time to kick Tsuruta in the face Each time Kobashi gets even the slightest second wind who lands another knee crusher into a single leg crab He drags Kobashi towards his corner to keep him from his partners Kobashi reaches the ropes and Fuchi tags in again He kicks at the knee and goes for a knee crusher Fuchi lands stiff slaps on both Misawa and Kobashi who lands a jumping knee on Misawa for two Tsuruta maintains control and tags in Taue Back suplex/diving chokeslam combo by Tsuruta and Taue Taue has him in the Canadian backbreaker (Dominator) position Fuchi charges and knocks Kobashi out of the ring But Kobashi reverses his Irish whip into the barricade each daring the other to make the first move Misawa tags in and goes for a German suplex Kawada and Kobashi hold their respective opponents at bay The fans are screaming on the top of their lungs Winners after 51:32: The Super Generation Army (Mitsuharu Misawa That was the best six-man tag team match I have ever seen They managed to keep the audience completely engaged for over fifty full minutes and they kept weaving so many new twists and turns into the story they were telling Everything was grounded in a very basic wrestling style No crazy flips (beyond a Moonsault or two) And they told multiple stories simultaneously Everyone looked like a million dollars in this match Fuchi came across as a cold-blooded killer that wanted to rip Kobashi to pieces Kobashi got the crap beat out of him but never gave up Misawa came across as the determined future ace that fought tooth-and-nail with the established ace Tsuruta and wouldn’t back down Tsuruta also fought like hell and made sure to make life difficult for Misawa the fans still respected Tsuruta enough to cheer loudly for him whenever he did his biggest moves It seems almost weird describing how they looked like they were fighting each other legit in this match considering they’d become partners in two years’ time it was blatantly obvious there was bitterness between them They took whatever liberties they could and looked for any opening possible to try and kill each other And their own feud didn’t exist in a vacuum it was woven into the larger story of this tag team match This is something I think is sorely lacking in most modern wrestling matches: nothing feels genuine Modern pull-apart brawls and supposed hatred between two or more wrestlers doesn’t come close to looking as realistic as this Kawada and Taue showed exactly how to make their feud seem real: they didn’t make it look like they were wrestling each other or working a fight; they put on a convincing display that they were actually fighting they were actually fighting for real in some kind of who-is-tougher head game They threw each other around and brawled in a way that you’d expect to find in a real fight laser-precise or choreographed; it looked wild The closest thing I can compare this do is the famous Undertaker-Brock Lesnar pull-apart brawl prior to SummerSlam 2015 But even that segment had certain traits and hallmarks that made it obvious that it was ‘scripted’ If there’s one thing these wrestlers were masters at here and changes in control were timed absolutely perfectly That allowed the match to progress smoothly even during a slightly-deflating middle portion in which little happened But what little did happen created so much tension that you couldn’t tell that the pacing had really slowed One of my favorite minor details in this match is a concept common to old AJPW matches that isn’t seen much these days When one wrestler from one side has their legal opponent in a submission hold his partners will rush to the other side to hold off the opponent’s partners should they try and make the save Doing so forces the viewer to ask more questions as the tension builds up Will one of the victim’s teammates break through the wall of humanity to save their partner in peril Will they get pushed back and then fight harder to make the save Will the person in the hold reach the ropes how will that impact the rest of the match These little guessing games make the match so much better; and in this match they weren’t overdone in any way There was also some great selling in this match that really made it seem like a brutal endurance contest But Taue sold it like he had taken a bullet to the stomach He slumped over by the ropes and stayed there preventing Kobashi from doing his next move right away so it made sense for Taue to add some additional realism to something that would otherwise be forgotten And considering that he’d take more brutal moves shortly thereafter Taue came across as a tough bastard for taking such an extended and brutal beating And Kobashi was the same once Fuchi started attacking his knees This has become basically a centerpiece to these old Kobashi matches Kobashi was a power wrestler that relied on his knees for everything screamed loudest when Kobashi was in peril Some people screamed as loud as they could they were so invested in and excited by Kobashi’s fight It was almost an hour long yet it never got boring multiple interwoven and interesting stories You can watch this match without having any context or without knowing any Japanese and you’ll catch on very quickly It’s a perfect example of showing over telling No dialogue or promos are needed to understand the story here crowd and commentators do that together instead If there was ever a match that should be used as a standard-bearer for six-man matches All six wrestlers fought admirably here and put on one hell of a match You’ll definitely have to invest some time in it SectionThe building materials are all ordinary materials available at a local builder’s merchant – the full potential of which were tested through our detailing and different methods of site executions The entire building and components were all modeled three dimensionally with some components and furnishings further broken down to be processed in CNC so they could be brought to the site as flatpack components This process cut fabrication time and costs significantly and reduced the distance between the drawing board and execution on site Many designs could be executed within a few days notice and at no increase in cost – such as the cheese hole ventilation grill in the kitchen and the children’s height ruler on the column casing.The record of this CNC flatpack process can be traced to the numbering system visible on the faces of each piece The executed flatpack elements include dining table You'll now receive updates based on what you follow Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors If you have done all of this and still can't find the email Rape and other charges have been dismissed against an Augustana University student who was suspended and almost expelled after he was arrested Koh Evan Tsuruta was charged with second-degree rape simple assault and false imprisonment after the woman he had been drinking with in July 2015 said he raped her Minnehaha County Deputy State’s Attorney Amanda Eden said Wednesday "The state could certainly consider refiling in this matter if able to proceed in the future," she said Eden said she could not comment on the circumstances surrounding the case’s dismissal because of confidentiality issues Augustana's handling of Tsuruta's case promoted concerns from some who felt his due process rights were violated by the disciplinary process The university immediately suspended Tsuruta after he was arrested and began a 60-day disciplinary process that could have ended in expulsion Department of Education sent a letter to universities ordering them to conduct swift investigations following reports of sexual assault The letter mandated a disciplinary hearing take place within 60 days of a report being made Punishments range from suspensions to expulsions Tsuruta sued the university claiming it was violating his rights by moving to expel him before he had a chance to defend himself in court He called for the university to suspend its disciplinary hearing until his criminal case was resolved The university refused and said there was no legal standing to force it to delay the hearing the victim told police she was raped July 3 following a night at a local bar and the group later went to Tsuruta’s apartment in the 2400 block of South Grange Avenue Tsuruta made sexual comments to the woman and got undressed The victim told police she tried to leave the apartment The victim said she was able to get away from Tsuruta the victim confronted Tsuruta about the attack in a text message She reported the rape to Sioux Falls police Aug founder and director of Boys and Men Education said the due process afforded criminal defendants is not the same as the due process of a student in a school proceeding Taylor said lawsuits such as the one Tsuruta filed against Augustana are coming up more frequently adding that it's only a matter of time until the Department of Education is forced to review its policy “The resistance to these is gaining substantial traction,” Taylor said “I should expect by 2017 we are going to see serious changes being considered at the federal level.” Augustana University officials declined to comment about whether Tsuruta would be allowed to return to school Multitalented artist and musician Sakura Tsuruta shares her top albums Tokyo-based musician Sakura Tsuruta released her debut album, C/O She has performed both domestically and as far afield as Canada and Europe and appeared on radio shows from the UK to Hong Kong and Mexico A regular performer at Tokyo’s Mutek festival, she has graced the same lineup as previous TW interviewee Hatis Noit She’s also active as a DJ in the Tokyo club scene She has performed her live set for brands including The North Face and graced the front of Forbes Japan Tsuruta composes electronica that’s glitchy and ambient meaning that she’s equally as at home in the ambient world as she is in the dance scene with her wide-ranging ear for various types of music would be the perfect person to ask for album recommendations TILT by Confidence Man “This uplifting album is my go-to choice for a sunny Friday morning dancing around in my pajamas with my third cup of tea LP.8.2 by Kelly Lee Owens “Kelly Lee Owens is one of my favorite artists I love the contrast that her gentle voice and the glitchy metallic sounds create and how they complement each other Let’s Turn It Into Sound by Kaitlyn Aurelia Smith “Kaitlyn Aurelia Smith is another favorite of mine and if there is one artist that I feel is constantly evolving in style but also unapologetically herself Her ethereal vocals and modular synth harmonies are mesmerizing.” Spirit Exit by caterina barbieri “I keep coming back to this album since its release in July 2022 It’s so refreshing to hear great song structures in such innovative music It makes the musical journey so much more interesting but easy to navigate especially with the emotionally charged and cathartic experience that this album creates.” Big Earth Energy by Cool Maritime “I particularly love the sound design of this entire album I think it’s a really bold decision not to have the drums or beats that we might hear in electronic music in the conventional sense the intricate layers of synth sounds create this groove that is so unique even without the drums.” Check out Tsuruta’s website here. Volume 4 - 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2018.00043 This article is part of the Research TopicIntertemporal Choice and Its AnomaliesView all 11 articles The study of intertemporal decision-making is an interdisciplinary scientific topic of economics Most of these studies focus on individual intertemporal decisions but little is known about the relationship between groups and individual time preferences we intend to assess the role of group intertemporal decision-making We experimentally investigate how to aggregate individual time preferences by clarifying who has the most influence on group decisions among heterogeneous group members The first is the multilateral bargaining hypothesis which is based on the multilateral bargaining model If people employ this model to reach agreement the most patient member in a group has the greatest impact on group choices When people employ this model to reach agreement the median patient member in a group has the greatest impact on group choices we find that the median patient member in a group has a significant impact on group decisions in an unstructured bargaining situation This finding suggests that people use the majority voting rule during group intertemporal decision-making our findings support the median voter hypothesis the results of a chat analysis show that this result is partially due to people's conformity with the majority opinion Many essential economic decisions are made by groups such as companies and households investment plans in companies are decided in meetings with multiple people and saving plans in households are decided by partners Environmental decisions are also intertemporal choices we are faced with a decision between consuming ecological resources today vs These types of decisions are mainly made by the society identifying that husbands had a greater impact than wives did in joint choices might not be generalizable to other regions or countries who use face-to-face dialogue to make decisions who then communicate with each other via text messages on a computer The third contribution of our study is that our groups contain more than two members (i.e. This makes it possible to generalize the results to real-life group settings Our fourth contribution is that we analyze the chat messages during group decision-making to establish how the group forms a consensus The fifth contribution of our study is to show how individual time preferences are aggregated in groups The mechanism behind time preference aggregation has not been studied previously the goal of this study is to determine the processes behind group decisions in an intertemporal context we examine whose discount factor is the closest to the group discount factor and interpret this member as having the greatest impact on a group decision we check the results using a regression analysis Based on the results of the regression and post-estimation analyses, we reject the multilateral bargaining hypothesis. However, rejecting the multilateral bargaining hypothesis and not rejecting the median voter hypothesis does not guarantee support for the median voter hypothesis [13] we conduct a Bayesian analysis and calculate the Bayes factors The results support the median voter hypothesis we examine the text data generated by the participants' computer-based chats to investigate why the median voter hypothesis is supported we find that the third person to express an opinion (i.e. the last person) tends to follow the majority opinion This phenomenon might lead to the observed result even though the experimental group setting is a free discussion and follows the unanimity rule The rest of the paper is organized as follows Section Methods describes our experimental design and procedures Section Hypotheses presents the two hypotheses Section Results analyzes the results using regression the indifference amount of the delayed option (1 month) relative to the amount (JPY 1,750) of the early option (today) was JPY 2,165 “High up” was JPY 2,150 and “Lowdown” was JPY 2,180 The participants were not informed of all the available alternatives or the titration rule before the task The combinations of dates for the early and delayed options were categorized into two types: (early date The order of the two types of dates was determined randomly Participants choose whether to receive a lower amount of money at an early date or a higher amount at a later date the amount of the delayed option is changed the indifference amount for the delayed option relative to the amount of the early option can be determined The indifference amount for the delayed option is shown for 16 categories (A three participants per group discussed the options using text messages on a computer participants could not identify the other group members' gender We did this to eliminate unobservable effects on decision-making that would result from a face-to-face discussion this enabled us to analyze the text data for each group discussion: for example we investigated our finding that median voter hypothesis was supported (i.e. the median patient member had the greatest impact on group choices) the amount of the reward shown was per person: for example “Each member is going to receive JPY 1,750 today or JPY 2,000 one month later.” Participants needed to make a group choice through discussion No time limits were imposed in any of the conditions The amount of the reward per person was the same in all three choice conditions One of the options that the participants chose was selected randomly by the computer and the selected option was paid to participants The option that was paid was selected from all group choices a person's group chose under the group condition all individual choices s/he chose under the individual condition and all individual choices the other group members (two persons) chose under the “for another” condition The advantage of this reward was that we could make the transaction cost the same between the immediate reward and the delayed reward The average reward was approximately JPY 1,890 After participants arrived at the laboratory, the instructions were distributed. The instructions4 are included in the Supplementary Material Participants sat in cubicles and chose the alternatives using a computer we informed participants about the reward they were to be paid and they completed a post-experimental questionnaire that inquired about their demographic data The first hypothesis is based on the multilateral bargaining model the most patient member in a group has the greatest impact on group choices (multilateral bargaining hypothesis) The second hypothesis is based on the median voter model the median patient member has the greatest impact on group choices (median voter hypothesis) This subsection describes the multilateral bargaining hypothesis This hypothesis predicts that the most patient member has the greatest impact on group choices Our experimental setting is close to multilateral bargaining in that members of a group negotiate with each other over group choices Our experiment differs from these bargaining models, where members decide how to allocate the resource among themselves, because members decide on a common group discount factor (i.e., time preferences) in our experimental setting. Here, we follow Ambrus et al. [6] who studied how individual risk preferences were aggregated in groups and also employed the multilateral bargaining model as a theoretical background We do so because we also investigate how individual preferences are aggregated in groups applying the multilateral bargaining model is plausible because people have heterogeneous opinions and make group decisions through discussion in our experimental setting The main difference between our hypothesis and that of Ambrus et al. [6] is that we assume heterogeneous individual discount factors, whereas they assume common discount factors among members of a group. Our assumption is closer to how group decisions are made in real-life. Another difference is that we employ the unanimity rule; that is, group members' choices must be the same after the discussion5 Several theoretical studies based on the multilateral bargaining model assume heterogeneity of individual discount factors and employ the unanimity rule [21–23] a more patient member receives a higher payoff and has stronger bargaining power This is because patient members can reject unfavorable proposals more easily than impatient members The unfavorable option refers to an objective option (i.e. and an impatient member C (δC = 0.2) when proposer A proposes that A receives 60 the patient member B compares 20 to δB (= 0.9) × (the expected allocation of B at t + 1) to decide whether or not to accept the proposal the impatient member C compares 20 to δC (= 0.2) × (the expected allocation of C at t + 1) to decide whether or not to accept the proposal the impatient member C's expected payoff at t + 1 is likely to be lower than that of the patient member owing to the difference in the discount factors When B and C's allocations at t + 1 are both 40 the patient member B rejects the proposal at t (20 < 0.9 × 40) but the impatient member C accepts the proposal at t (20 > 0.2 × 40) We apply this logic to our experimental setting the multilateral bargaining hypothesis states that the most patient member has the greatest impact on group choices This subsection describes the median voter hypothesis This hypothesis predicts that the median patient member has the greatest impact on group choices in our experiment The median voter model is well known and is applied in various academic fields [24]. Here, the median voter's choices are selected as the group choices under majority rule if all voters have a single peaked preference [25] we hypothesize that the median patient member has a significant impact on group choices we predict that group decisions are conducted under the majority voting rule even though they can discuss the options freely In our experimental setting, the median patient member's final choices are the same as the final group choices when the group members employ the majority voting rule. The explanation is as follows (see Figure 1) we consider the situation in which all the members' preferences are different For the first question (JPY 1,750 at an early date or JPY 2,000 at a later date) For the second question (JPY 1,750 at an early date or JPY 2,120 at a later date) the person who likes D the best selects the early option but the other members select the delayed option the group chooses the delayed option because they employ majority voting For the third question (JPY 1,750 at an early date or JPY 2,060 at a later date) For the fourth question (JPY 1,750 at an early date or JPY 2,090 at a later date) the person who likes F the best selects the delayed option but the other members select the early option the group chooses the early option because they employ majority voting which is the same as the median patient member's final choice The results for the other cases are the same we consider the situation in which two of the members' final choices are the same The median patient member always belongs to the majority if one member prefers C but the other two prefer D then the median patient member is the person who prefers D then the median patient member is the person who prefers E the median patient member's final choice is also the final group choice under the majority voting rule because the median patient member always belongs to the majority we consider the situation in which all the members' final choices are the same the median patient member's final choice is the same as the final group choice in this situation the median voter hypothesis states that the median patient member has the greatest impact on group choices We classify group members into three ranks, as follows. Rank 1, rank 2, and rank 3 represent the order of the discount factor under the individual condition in the same group6 Rank 1 refers to the most patient member (the highest discount factor) in a group rank 2 refers to the median member (the second highest discount factor) and rank 3 refers to the most impatient member (the third highest discount factor: i.e. If two members in the same group have the same value when the value of member A's discount factor is 0.8 that of member B's discount factor is 0.8 and that of member C's discount factor is 0.7 we set rank 1 and rank 2 to 0.8 and rank 3 to 0.7 If all members of the group have the same value we set all three rank values to the same value Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics for each rank and the group discount factors for each date. Figure 2 shows the mean discount factors of the (today, 1 month) condition. Figure 3 shows the mean discount factors of the (1 month rank 2 seems to be close to the group discount factor Discount factors for each rank under each combination of dates Mean discount factors for the group condition and the individual conditions (Rank 1 The combination of dates for the early option and the delayed option is (today vs Participants choose to receive a smaller reward today or a larger reward one month later Each rank refers to the order of the discount factor under the individual condition in the same group and rank 3 refers to the most impatient member (the third highest discount factor Group refers to the discount factor for the group condition Mean discount factors for the group condition and individual conditions (Rank 1 The combination of dates for the early option and the delayed option is (1 month vs Participants choose to receive a smaller reward one month later or a larger reward two months later For a more detailed analysis, we conduct a regression analysis and a post-estimation analysis. These analyses are partially based on the work of Ambrus et al. [6] who also analyze how individual preferences are aggregated at the group level They investigated risk preferences using a lottery task and selfishness using a gift exchange game We focus on the model in which the group decision is a linear function of (δg(rank i))i=1,2,3: where δggroup denotes group g's elicited group discount factor and δg(rank i) denotes rank i's elicited individual discount factor in group g We use δg(rank j) to refer to the jth highest discount factor among the individuals in group g (in particular δg(rank 1) refers to the highest and δg(rank 3) refers to the lowest discount factors) α3) as the influence of each rank on the group discount factors we conduct a post-estimation analysis using our two hypotheses (i.e. the multilateral bargaining hypothesis and the median voter hypothesis): see section Hypotheses we test whether the most patient member has the greatest impact on group choices by analyzing whether we can reject α2 = α3 = 0 we test this more strictly by analyzing whether we can reject α2 = α3 = 0 and α1 = 1 we can interpret that the multilateral bargaining hypothesis is rejected we test whether the median patient member has the greatest impact on group choices by analyzing whether we can rejectα1 = α3 = 0 We also test this more strictly by analyzing whether we can reject α1 = α3 = 0 and α2 = 1 we can interpret that the median voter hypothesis is rejected we test whether the most impatient member has an impact on group choices we test whether we can reject α1 = α2 = 0 and we test this more strictly by analyzing whether we can reject α1 = α2 = 0 and α3 = 1 we can interpret from the results that the most impatient member does not have the greatest impact on group choices Table 2 shows the results of the regression of the group discount factors on the ordered individual discount factors. The coefficient of the median member's discount factor, α2, is positive and significant for both combinations of dates. Table 3 shows the results of the post-estimation analyses we reject that “the most patient member has the greatest impact on group choices,” “the most patient member strongly has the greatest impact on group choices,” “the most impatient member has the greatest impact on group choices,” and “the most impatient member strongly has the greatest impact on group choices” for both combinations of dates at the 1% level We cannot reject “the median patient member has the greatest impact on group choices” and “the median patient member strongly has the greatest impact on group choices” for both combinations of dates at the 1% level we reject the multilateral bargaining hypothesis the most impatient member does not have the greatest impact on group choices Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression of group discount factors on individual discount factors Results from the post-estimation analysis (p-values) In this subsection, we conduct a Bayesian analysis. As mentioned in the previous subsection, we reject the multilateral bargaining hypothesis. However, rejecting this hypothesis and not rejecting the median voter hypothesis does not guarantee support for the median voter hypothesis. In other words, not rejecting a hypothesis is not the same as supporting the hypothesis [13] we analyze which hypothesis best fits the experimental data We first conduct the following four linear regressions using Bayesian methods and calculate the Bayes factors to judge which hypothesis best fits the experimental data Model (2) includes all the members' discount factors as explanatory variables Model (3) includes only the most patient member's discount factor (i.e. δg(rank 1)) as an explanatory variable Model (4) includes only the median patient member's discount factor (i.e. δg(rank 2)) as an explanatory variable Model (5) includes only the most impatient member's discount factor (i.e. If the median voter hypothesis is supported Model (4) will fit the experimental data better than Models (3) and (5) the joint prior distribution of the coefficients and the variance is proportional to the inverse of the variance we also assume a normal distribution for the dependent variable (i.e. δgroup) and start with a non-informative Jeffreys prior for the three parameters (i.e. and β=(Constant,δ(rank1),δ(rank2),δ(rank3))′ the vector of coefficients is β=(Constant,δ(rank,R))′ The Bayes factors compute the relative probabilities of how well each model fits the data If a log Bayesian factor is larger than zero the reference model fits the data better than the base model and vice versa where the base model is Model (2) and the base model is Model (4) All statistical analyses are performed using STATA 14.0 The first and third columns report the log Bayes factors using Model (2) as a base model the value of the log Bayes factor is positive when the reference model is Model (4) for both combinations of dates Model (4) fits the data better than Model (2) the model that includes only the constant and rank 2 is better than the model that includes all of the coefficients The second and fourth columns report the log Bayes factors using Model (4) as a base model the value of the log Bayes factor is negative when the reference model is Model (3) for both combinations of dates Model (4) fits the data better than Model (3) the model that includes the constant and rank 2 is better than the model that includes the constant and rank 1 we conclude that the median voter hypothesis is supported We reject the multilateral bargaining model using a regression analysis and a post-estimation analysis in section Regression Analysis and Post-estimation Analysis we discover that the median voter hypothesis is supported using a Bayesian analysis in section Bayesian Analysis we investigate why the median voter hypothesis is supported by analyzing the text data from the group chats Why does the median patient member have a strong impact on group choices even though the experimental setting uses the unanimity rule we focus on the order of preference expression The person who expresses an opinion first is 1st the person who expresses an opinion second is 2nd and the person who expresses an opinion third is 3rd The proportion of expressions closer to the own preferences declines from 1st to 3rd (i.e. The proportions in each order of preference expressions are statistically different [χ(2)2 = 8.0602 Multiple comparisons show that the proportion between 1st and 3rd is significantly different (p = 0.014 and the proportion between 2nd and 3rd is not significantly different (p = 0.306 those who express their own opinion third fail to express own preferences less often than those who do so first Table of whether the first expressions in the group chats are dishonest the number of “dishonesty due to conformity with the majority” is 63 there might be a tendency for people to follow the majority We guess that this tendency affected our main findings that the median patient member has the greatest impact on group choices The “dishonesty due to conformity with majority” works to the median member's advantage z) who have single-peaked preferences; in this situation there are four patterns of members' preferences (i.e. the number of combinations of the order of preference expressions and own opinions is six (i.e. Ax indicates that person x chooses option A It is possible that “dishonesty due to conformity with the majority” occurs when {1st When the third person z fails to express his/her own opinion B but instead expresses A to follow the majority “dishonesty due to conformity with the majority” occurs median person y's preference) is selected as the group choice These cases might increase the significance of the median patient member's effect on group choices we guess that the median patient members have a significant impact on group choices partially because there are many cases of “dishonesty due to conformity with the majority.” Naturally there might be other reasons why median patient members have an effect on group choices This study investigates how individual intertemporal preferences are aggregated in groups through deliberation by clarifying who has a significant effect on group choices the multilateral bargaining hypothesis is based on the multilateral bargaining model which predicts that the most patient member in a group has the greatest impact on group choices the median voter hypothesis is based on the median voter model which predicts that the median patient member in a group has the greatest impact on group choices We found that the median patient member has a substantial impact on group choices; that is we examined the text data from the group chats to investigate why the median voter hypothesis is supported people who express their own opinion third (i.e. This may be one reason for our result (i.e. the median member has the greatest impact on group choices) even though the experimental setting is a free discussion and uses the unanimity rule Our results indicate that a median patient member in a group has the greatest impact on group intertemporal choices even while using a free discussion and the unanimity rule When workers make investment decisions under these conditions in a meeting the median patient opinion might be accepted This finding is surprising because many economists assume that the most patient member has the strongest bargaining power in group choices the groups are small and contain an odd number of members (i.e. we cannot generalize our results for an even number of members or for large groups we cannot determine whether the more patient median member or the less patient median member has a greater impact median patient's power may decrease in large groups when compared with small groups Median member becomes a pivotal member in group decision less often in a large group than in a small group the answer to how much impact which median member has in a large group is unknown Resolving these issues is left to future research The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors MT developed the study concept and the experimental paradigm and conducted the experiment MT performed the data analysis and interpretation under the supervision of KI Both authors contributed to the discussion section of the manuscript and approved the work for publication This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research JP17H04780 JP 15K13007 for KI and 15H05728 for Yoshiyasu Ono the Top-Setting Program to Advance Cutting-Edge Humanities and Social Sciences Research and the Joint Usage/Research Center at ISER The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest We thank the faculty and staff of the Center for Behavioral Economics at ISER who kindly allowed us to use their laboratory resources The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fams.2018.00043/full#supplementary-material 1. ^Bixter et al. [1] also studied group and individual time preferences They investigated whether individual choices after group decisions are affected by group agreement 2. ^Of course there are cases where all the members' individual discount factors are same or two of the three members' individual discount factors are same We explain how we handled these cases in section Regression Analysis and Post Estimation (Regression analysis and post estimation) 3. ^We do not include the “for another” condition in our analysis because we are not interested in this category in this study. See Tsuruta [16] for a discussion of this condition we analyze only the group and individual conditions 4. ^The instruction is written in Japanese 5. ^In their experimental setting, Ambrus et al. [6] employed the unanimity rule they built their hypothesis using both the unanimity rule and the majority rule 6. ^We explain how to calculate discount factor (i.e. 7. ^For example, the person who prefers D in Figure 1 is considered to choose the early option for the first question (JPY 1,750 at an early date or JPY 2,000 at a later date) 8. ^We check whether people's opinions are the same as those of the individual conditions We do not count opinions that change during the discussion and count only the first expression in each question There is one expression per person in each question there are four expressions for one combination of dates for the early option and the delayed option the number of all first expressions is 840 (4 × 2 × 105 = 840) the number of first expressions not close to the own preferences is 168 (the number choosing an option NOT closer to own preference) ÷ (the number of all expressions) = 168/840 = 0.2 9. ^We exclude cases where no chat occurred or where the order of preference expression is ambiguous in Table 6 10. ^As mentioned in the Method section participants always face a choice between two options Evidence from collaborative decision making Influence and choice shifts in households: an experimental investigation CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Household decision making in rural china: Using experiments to estimate the influences of spouses Groups make better self-interested decisions CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Are group members less inequality averse than individual decision makers CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar How individual preferences are aggregated in groups: an experimental study CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Risk preference differentials of small groups and individuals CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Comparing small-group and individual behavior in lottery-choice experiments Google Scholar Are groups more (or less) consistent than individuals CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Group and individual risk preferences: a lottery-choice experiment with self-employed and salaried workers An experiment on risky choice amongst households CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Is time-discounting hyperbolic or subadditive CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Group and individual Time Preferences in Laboratory Experiments In: Discussion Papers in Economics and Business (Osaka University) (2016) 16:11 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Efficient delays in a stochastic model of bargaining CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Time-preference heterogeneity and multiplicity of Equilibria in two-group bargaining CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Players' Patience and Equilibrium Payoffs in the Baron–Ferejohn Model Google Scholar Proposal power and majority rule in multilateral bargaining with costly recognition CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar An invariant form for the prior probability in estimation problems Citation: Tsuruta M and Inukai K (2018) How Are Individual Time Preferences Aggregated in Groups A Laboratory Experiment on Intertemporal Group Decision-Making Received: 20 April 2018; Accepted: 23 August 2018; Published: 02 October 2018 Copyright © 2018 Tsuruta and Inukai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Manami Tsuruta, dHN1cnV0YWJvbm9AZ21haWwuY29t Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Throughout the Philippines’ 100 years of participation in the Olympic Games, many Filipino sports heroes have stepped forward to bring honor to our flag. But there was one in particular who started it all by winning the country’s first-ever medal back in 1928: swimming legend Teofilo Yldefonso 96 years ago that he achieved that feat by finishing third in the men’s 200m breaststroke finals of the 1928 Amsterdam Games to take home the bronze medal According to records on the World Aquatics website who had qualified through the heats and the semifinals over the past days lined up against five other swimmers: two from Germany Yoshiyuki Tsuruta of Japan won the gold medal by setting a then-Olympic record of 2:48.80 (the record is now held by France’s Leon Marchand, who clocked 2:05.85 in Paris 2024) Erich Rademacher of Germany finished second at 2:50:60 The 25-year-old Yldefonso clocked in at 2:56:40 to win the bronze medal according to a post by the National Quincentennial Committee commemorating the medal anniversary in 2021 was an active soldier under the Philippine Scouts on top of being a national athlete He competed for the Philippines in three editions of the Olympics — Amsterdam 1928 and won bronze medals in back-to-back editions in 1928 and 1932 Not only was he the country’s first medalist he was the Philippines’ only two-time medalist until Hidilyn Diaz joined that list three years ago According to his biography on the Philippine Olympians Association website he is recognized with the title of “The Father of the Modern Breaststroke” He would later become a survivor of the Bataan Death March but would die in a concentration camp near Capas Ilocos Norte unveiled a statue in his honor in 2006 How many medals does the Philippines have now The Philippines currently has a total of 18 medals including four in the ongoing 2024 Paris Olympics where gymnast Carlos Yulo has won two gold medals and boxers Aira Villegas and Nesthy Petecio have delivered one bronze medal each {{gallery.imageDetails.images.0.description}} Group of language experts is taking local governments and organisations to task for their over-reliance on machine translation Encountering mangled English is a frequent source of mirth for many residents of Japan but for one group of language professionals the proliferation of inappropriate words and phrases is becoming a national embarrassment loosely translated as the association for the consideration of Japan’s English is taking local governments and other bodies to task for their over-reliance on machine translation on official websites and public signage While many English-speakers in Japan will have encountered hilarious – and often nonsensical – slogans on bags and T-shirts the group is most concerned about the negative impact that official miscommunications could have on tourism and Japan’s growing foreign community in the case of an earthquake or a medical emergency Since launching their group several months ago mostly graduates of Columbia Business School The official website of Meguro ward in Tokyo renders kurashi – or “living” – as “dark matter” the machine translation having apparently misread the original word as sumanai We’re not trying to look down on people .. But with the Olympics probably happening next year we want official English to be decentChikako Tsuruta an experienced conference interpreter and professor at Tokyo Woman’s Christian University said problems arise when software mistranslates the meaning of specific kanji characters “They produce unintentionally funny translations that could easily be corrected if they were just checked by an English speaker,” said Tsuruta adding that Chinese- and Korean-speaking colleagues had noticed similar issues with those languages researchers and employees of foreign companies had long been frustrated by the widespread use of wasei-eigo – Japanese-made English – in official literature “We were talking about it over lunch and decided we no longer wanted to feel embarrassed about poor English usage,” she said The volunteers have started contacting local governments and have so far received positive responses Local authorities in Urayasu – home to Tokyo Disneyland – have set up a working group that is expected to make recommendations to improve the city’s multilingual online services later this year “We’re not trying to look down on people or make fun of them,” Tsuruta told the Guardian “But with the Olympics probably happening next year we want official English to be decent and presentable to the rest of the world “And foreign people living in Japan should at the very least be given accurate especially if they need to evacuate after a natural disaster a subsidised scheme to encourage domestic tourism during the coronavirus pandemic Even major corporations occasionally fall into the wasei-eigo trap, Tsuruta said, citing Hitachi’s long-running “Inspire the Next”, and Toyota’s Olympic-inspired “Start your Impossible” The association will have its work cut out should it choose to take on the misuse of English in advertising and design The longstanding practice of using English words and phrases to give a product service or campaign a cosmopolitan feel has produced several classics including Nissin’s “Boil Japan” promotion for its Cup Noodles Seven years ago, the mascot of Fukushima Industries, an Osaka-based manufacturer of industrial cooling systems, made international headlines after understandable associations were made with Japan’s handling of the Fukushima nuclear meltdown. The mascot’s name: Fukuppy Others, though, are guilty only of the same poor punctuation found on shop signage in countries where English is the first language. This month, Takashimaya department store in Kyoto was forced to cover up posters after social media users pointed out how a missing comma had sabotaged its simple Updated Draws and Results PALO ALTO, Calif.--The Gonzaga women's tennis team saw one final bit of history Saturday as Alex Bourguignon and Haruna Tsuruta reached the doubles quarterfinal at the ITA Northwest Regionals at Taube Family Tennis Stadium in Palo Alto The Zag duo reached the quarters by beating California's Jasie Dunk and Maria Smith 8-6 they fell to the third-seeded pair of Shweta Sangwan and Alyssa Tobita from Oregon ending their time in the regional championship's main doubles bracket Bourguignon and Tsuruta's quarterfinal run equals the deepest run by a Zag duo in program history. In 2015, current junior Sophie Whittle and then-partner Samantha Polayes reached the quarters as well taking four games off fourth-seeded Caroline Lampl and Melissa Lord of Stanford but losing 8-4 One doubles pair and three individuals, meanwhile, picked up consolation victories Saturday. Nevada Apollo and Ashleigh Jacobs won their pairs contest 8-4 Bourguignon beat Fresno State's Abigail Watanabe 7-5 and her doubles partner Tsuruta downed Oregon's Paiton Wagner 6-2 The Bulldogs will conclude their time at the ITA Northwest Regionals on Sunday BOYDEN, Susanne (CP) def. Garley, Domonique (Gonzaga) 1-6 Apollo, Nevada (Gonzaga) def WAGNER, Jackie (SJSU) def. Jacobs, Ashleigh (Gonzaga) 6-2 Bourguignon, Alex (Gonzaga) def STLOUKALOVA, Katerina (FSU) def. Ketels, Kate (Gonzaga) 6-2 Tsuruta, Haruna (Gonzaga) def Thanks for visiting The use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here I have reviewed 121 of them. Some of them are incredibly famous and are remembered the world over while others are obscure and wouldn’t have been known about had it not been for dedicated fans recording Meltzer’s (in)famous star ratings This match took place over thirty years ago and is one of the most forgotten of the (supposed) 5-Star classics It took place during the golden decade of the 1990s long before 5-Star ratings were (perceived to be) given out like candy home of many of the best matches to ever take place But does this match hold up as well as those other greats Today we revisit the tag match between Misawa & Kawada and Tsuruta & Taue from an All Japan show in September 1990 Misawa beat Tsuruta in one of the most historically significant matches in decades That win helped Misawa catapult himself into AJPW’s main event scene He still had to prove he belonged there…which he failed to do right away Misawa failed to beat Stan Hansen to capture the Triple Crown Heavyweight title Misawa lost to Tsuruta in a #1 contender’s match Those two big losses didn’t affect Misawa’s standing with the fans but it did affect his standing with his peers in the AJPW locker room who no longer believed in the Misawa miracle those two big losses were all the proof he needed to believe that Misawa’s win over Tsuruta was nothing more than a fluke He no longer believed in Misawa as a future ace or as a stable leader Taue realized his future was at risk by being a faceless figure in Misawa’s stable and that his own career aspirations were better served teaming with a bigger star Taue left Misawa and his Super Generation Army and joined Tsuruta and his Army Misawa and his teammates felt the bitter sting of betrayal Misawa was furious but he couldn’t let his emotions get the better of him the stone-faced warrior 100% in control of his emotions And that wasn’t just a gimmick; he needed a cool head if he was ever going to beat Tsuruta again he left the anger and the fiery passion to his right hand man Whereas Misawa’s feud with Tsuruta was straight-laced and largely devoid of personal barbs The two seconds soon began waging a war that would last almost three full years Kawada channeled all of his stable’s fury into his actions and his stiff offense while Taue eager to prove Tsuruta right for accepting him the two sides vowed to engage in bloody and brutal matches that would become the main storyline in All Japan all the way until early 1993 This match originally took place on September 30th Tsuruta shoves Taue aside because he wants to start the match with Misawa Misawa obliges and hits Tsuruta with a stiff slap to start the match He hits two more following a tense stare-down and then the two wrestlers finally lock-up Tsuruta and Misawa go back-and-forth trading slaps and chops until they start trading elbows and hits a flying elbow smash to drop Tsuruta He tags Kawada and the two hit tandem back elbows and jumping elbow drops Kawada applies a deep headlock and keeps it in despite Tsuruta’s attempts at a pin and shooting him into the ropes Tsuruta tries different ways of escaping until he runs out of options and hits a Backdrop suplex and then tags Taue Taue hits a running lariat for a one-count and then gets another one-count off a swinging neckbreaker He applies a Figure-4 neck lock but Kawada escapes and locks in a heel hook Taue gets an instant ropebreak so Kawada punts his spine so hard he falls out of the ring Misawa takes advantage and whips Taue into a barricade He and Taue start brawling ringside until Misawa smashes Taue’s head into the ringpost and throws him into the ring where Kawada hits some of his famously-stiff kicks Taue starts bleeding either from the nose or the forehead from Kawada’s kicks as Misawa tags in and lands more elbows Taue gets pissed and hits elbows of his own and then tags Tsuruta He follows with a sleeper hold and when Misawa resists Tsuruta switches to body blows He sends Misawa into a corner but Misawa answers with a second-rope back crossbody that misses Tsuruta completely but it still allows Misawa to tag Kawada Kawada whips Tsuruta into the ropes and hits his patented spinkick/leg lariat Tsuruta fights through them and throws Kawada down by his leg and tags Taue who whips Kawada into the ropes and locks in an abdominal stretch Taue follows with a rib breaker for a two-count and then locks in a Boston crab Misawa comes into save Kawada but he gets booed for doing so Tsuruta tags in and applies a leglock but Kawada escapes by kicking with his free leg Tsuruta responds with some stiff strikes but Kawada answers in kind Kawada hits a barrage of elbows but Tsuruta hits only one to stop him and then throws him to ringside Kawada returns to the ring but is met with stiff kneelifts to the gut that send him back out Kawada returns to the ring eventually and is once again met with stomps and kneelifts to the gut that send Kawada to the floor yet again Kawada returns once more and this time a simple scoop slam hurts him so badly he sells like he’s on the verge of collapsing Misawa saves Kawada from another Boston crab and the fans boo again Taue tags in and follows Tsuruta’s example by targeting Kawada’s gut with kneelifts so he lands a scoop slam/elbow drop combo and pins but this time only gets a one-count Taue carries Kawada to his corner while locking a bearhug and tags Tsuruta Tsuruta slams Kawada and locks in a Figure-4 leglock but gets stopped when Misawa lands a leg drop on him Tsuruta keeps it locked in so Misawa continues kicking him until Taue goes after Misawa The two illegal men start fighting while Kawada reverses an Irish whip from Tsuruta and hits a rebound lariat Misawa stomps on Tsuruta until he escapes to ringside but Misawa gives chase and smashes him into the ringpost Misawa continues his stomping in the ring which leads to “Tsuruta” chants Tsuruta hits a desperation elbow to stop Misawa from stomping on the side of his head but Misawa hits back with elbows of his own and then tags Kawada Kawada hits some more stiff kicks which send Tsuruta into his corner and allow Taue to tag in Taue rushes Kawada and hits a standing dropkick and then knocks Misawa off the apron Taue hits corner chops but Kawada fires back with a corner jump kick and then some of his famous stepkicks Kawada switches to a flurry of knees to the side of Taue’s head but those only manage to get the crowd to rally behind Taue He hits Kawada with some sumo arm thrusts and a back elbow for a one-count Misawa tags in and stomps on the open wound on Taue’s forehead Misawa kicks Taue’s head some more which only rallies the crowd behind Taue even more Taue kicks out of a senton at two so Misawa tags Kawada and throws Taue to the floor Kawada whips Taue into the barricade and then drags him out into the stands Then he throws him to the floor by the entrance curtain Taue returns to the ring but is met with more Kawada stepkicks to his head Kawada follows with another spinkick for a two-count and tags Misawa again They double suplex/elbow drop Taue and dropkick Tsuruta to the floor and then baseball slide dropkick Taue to the floor on the opposite side of the ring Misawa sees Tsuruta coming back so he elbows him so hard he flies over the barricade and half into the stands The camera misses Kawada diving onto Taue but the crowd still applauds Taue’s grueling effort to re-enter the ring Taue tries brawling with Misawa but Misawa shuts him down with Misawa tags Kawada and the two of them go for a double spinkick combo Misawa hits while Kawada misses completely and Taue rightfully kicks out The crowd boos as Kawada throws Taue back to the floor Misawa whips Taue into the barricade again but this time Taue bounces back and clotheslines Misawa Misawa returns to the ring first and drags Taue to his corner and tags Kawada Taue tries fighting him off with head-butts but Kawada shuts him down with step-knees and a brutal chest kick that yield another two-count which allows Misawa to land a frog splash for a two-count as Tsuruta breaks up the pin Kawada tags in again and goes for a powerbomb but Taue powers out and staggers over to his corner and tags Tsuruta Tsuruta runs wild with a jumping knee on Kawada and a running dropkick on Misawa He pins the now-legal Misawa for a two-count and then lands a Backdrop suplex He pins but Misawa gets his foot on the ropes He sends Misawa into a corner and this time has Misawa scouted when Misawa goes for the counter crossbody Tsuruta turns it into a facecrusher and pins for another two-count Kawada tags in and unloads with kicks but Tsuruta hits back with a head-butt and a huge dropkick Taue tags in and lands a slam/three elbow drop combo for another two-count He follows with another slam and a top-rope elbow for yet another two-count He tries a sleeper but Kawada counters it with a Backdrop and tags Misawa who lands a Backdrop of his own for a two-count Misawa tags in and hits a spinkick as the crowd chants for Taue Misawa goes for another but Taue blocks this one and throws Misawa down even though the referee’s hand hit the mat three times I guess one was premature since that was announced as a two-count Kawada tags in but he too eats a lariat from Tsuruta for a two-count Tsuruta tries both a full Boston and then a single leg crab but Kawada gets a ropebreak Kawada holds on and then hits a kick to block a back body drop Misawa tags in and hits some kicks and a slam He tags Kawada and holds Tsuruta in place as Kawada ascends the top rope Kawada lands a moonsault body block and pins but only gets two Tsuruta knocks him down with a knee to the head and fires up enough to tag Taue Taue gets a two-count off a Russian leg sweep and then hits a Misawa-style running elbow for another two-count Taue follows with a piledriver and pins but Kawada gets his foot on the rope Taue throws Kawada to the floor and then hits a suicide dive through the ropes Taue misses a corner charge and Kawada tags Misawa Taue tries reversing a suplex but Misawa lands behind him and goes for a German suplex Taue elbows out and hits a DDT for a two-count Taue follows with a Samoan Drop but only manages two again He follows with an atomic drop and holds Misawa in place doe Tsuruta to hit a big boot for another two-count Taue goes for a back suplex but Misawa lands behind him Kawada holds Tsuruta in place for Misawa to hits another diving elbow smash Kawada and Misawa hit a diving Hart Attack-style elbow combo Taue rolls through to pin Kawada but Kawada kicks out Kawada hits a kick off the ropes but Taue counters with a small package Misawa goes for arunning elbowe but Taue boots him first Misawa counters into a Tiger Driver but Tsuruta stops the pin Taue tries pinning but Misawa kicks out and tags Kawada while Taue tags Tsuruta Kawada lands a spinkick and an abisengiri rolling kick but only manages a two-count and hits a butterfly suplex for a two-count Kawada counters a back body drop with a sunset flip Both Kawada and Taue trade sumo arm thrusts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM7HUEf69M0 Even though it contained three of the fabled Four Pillars of Heaven plus Tsuruta it didn’t live up to the standard these wrestlers would set a few years afterwards and it was structured in a way that told the opposite story of what it was meant to Even though Misawa and Kawada were the babyfaces in this feud or as close to overt heels as it got in Baba’s All Japan They isolated Taue for a very long time and actually elicited heat for doing so Misawa – All Japan’s supposed new and future babyface star – was booed by the fans as he saved Kawada a few times who was supposed to be out there trying to prove something In the end it was Taue – the betrayer who abandoned the Super Generation Army – that got the biggest and most sustained reaction in the match He came across like the sort of FIP Kobashi usually portrayed: the unyielding underdog that took a monumental beating but kept fighting in spite of it all which seemed to throw the larger narrative out of whack If the entire background for this match was built on the SGA’s fury over Taue’s betrayal then this match’s narrative didn’t tell any of that Taue came across as a hero and a victim of Misawa and Kawada’s onslaughts And even though the fan reaction seemed to be shifting towards Misawa and Kawada by the end The match was also crippled by the decision to go a full 45 minutes the tension waxed and waned too many times and there was lots of stalling with the constant exiting and re-entering the ring It seemed obvious that these wrestlers didn’t have a solid game plan and just did random stuff without much in the way of forethought While that did help the match by making it come across as wilder and more of a brawl/fight it also made the match drag and sucked a bit of the tension out of it Not even the typical All Japan stiffness and realism could help elevate this match into something special Taue came across as a hero far more than a traitor He got bloodied (most likely the hardway) early and endured lots of punishing offense Kawada took a similar thrashing from Tsuruta with his ribs and torso targeted throughout the match And Tsuruta and Misawa continued their blood feud with lots of stiff strikes that left both men hurt and neither man in a clear position of superiority over the other And while 80% of the match was slow and a bit dull The match’s tension built up gradually and reached a dramatic crescendo as the time-limit drew closer The sense of desperation that was present but not so obvious early on in the match became unmistakable towards the end Both sides tried anything and everything they could to possibly score a victory From signature moves and finishers to simple counters and roll-ups Misawa and Kawada seemed to have more ideas up their sleeves but time ran out for them just as they were getting closer Not only did the match end in a draw but the match left viewers with a very clear sense of evenness between both teams Neither side was truly within reach of victory This stalemate forced both sides to expand their forces which would lead to Kobashi joining the SGA and Fuchi joining Tsuruta’s Army both sides engaged in many awesome six-man matches that would go on to define AJPW’s main card for two more years This is one of those matches that keeps building to some big climax that never truly comes There’s so much action but nothing is layered like in a typical King’s Road classic it’s painfully obvious that both sides stall here to reach that 45-minute mark just so that they can say they went so long But going long just for the sake of it is meaningless if the journey there is plodding and repetitive By Liz Shackleton2020-11-10T15:30:00+00:00 Hong Kong-based sales company Autumn Sun has picked up international rights to Chinese horror film The Perilous Internet Ring the film is based on popular internet novel She Died On QQ Tsuruta was one of the pioneers of the J-horror boom along with filmmakers such as Hideo Nakata and Takashi Shimizu directing films including Ring 0: Birthday (2000) which was a prequel to Nakata’s world-renowned Ringu series His credits also include Premonition (2004) and Orochi: Blood (2008) “We loved the Ringu trilogy and our story demanded a high-calibre Japanese horror director to bring it to life,” said Ma who also wrote the novel that hit TV show The Longest Day In Chang’an is based on “We wanted to create a something never done before on Chinese screens.” the film revolves around a college girl solving the mystery of a cursed internet novel that causes its readers to die and had grossed $1.7m (RMB11.3m) as of November 10 “Tsuruta is bringing the celebrated J-horror aesthetic to Chinese cinema while carefully navigating the boundaries of the genre within what’s allowed to pass for Chinese screens,” said Autumn Sun founder Elliot Tong “The result is a contemporary and cool hybrid.” Tsuruta also previously directed Japan-Hong Kong co-production Scarecrow (2001) which was co-financed by Hong Kong’s Emperor Motion Pictures Company’s latest foray into genre will open theatrically on October 10 The extended version of Anselm Chan’s ‘The Last Dance’ also picked up two awards Oscar winner proposing federal tax incentives ‘Ish’ and ‘Learning To Breathe Under Water’ will also feature Monday’s statement to reporters follows Truth Social Screen International is the essential resource for the international film industry access to the Screen International archive and supplements including Stars of Tomorrow and World of Locations Site powered by Webvision Cloud a fashion brand for people with disabilities By Sean May Takafumi Tsuruta’s grandmother developed dementia 10 years ago she gradually found herself bound to a wheelchair as a preventative measure—her worried family didn’t want her to wander off and get lost “That was when I first starting thinking that I wanted to make clothes that are functional and fashionable.” Fast forward a decade and Tsuruta is doing just that with the goal of creating a fashion brand that was inclusive of all people He debuted his collection at Fashion Week Tokyo—the most revered runway in Japan—and in doing so tenbo became the first brand in Japan to feature both disabled and able-bodied models together in a single show tenbo clothing is made to be worn by both disabled and able-bodied people tenbo designers make certain functional choices in their designs to accommodate the needs of people with disabilities “When I first started looking into clothing for disabled people it shocked me that the designs were all unattractive they were purely functional,” Tsuruta said “I wanted to use my fashion background to change that.” Tenbo clothing aims to make fashion accessible to people with disabilities this is clear in the little details of each design allowing people with disabilities like Parkinson’s disease to dress themselves freely making it easier to wear for people in wheelchairs “The most important thing is to listen,” said Tsuruta “to actually engage with disabled people to find out what they want I’ve learned a lot about disabilities in the last few years.” And Tsuruta’s willingness to listen is perhaps the reason why the brand has gained traction with the disabled community the brand is more than a maker of fashionably functional clothes—it is a community tenbo hires disabled people to usher guests to their seats Disabled people who are fans of the brand attend the shows and many of the models themselves are disabled Tsuruta says he has received positive feedback from tenbo collaborators They seek him out because they believe in the brand’s philosophy A French woman visited Japan to partake in a recent tenbo show tenbo has created a space for disabled people to express themselves through fashion disability fashion remains largely unexplored heading tenbo hasn’t always been easy for Tsuruta he had to deal with the stigma of establishing a fashion brand for the disabled Some called him out for being exploitative Tsuruta measures his success by how his designs are received by the people From purple sweet potatoes to wild horse sightings here’s how to make the most of Okinawa’s tropical escape Explore the best local brands shaping Tokyo’s fashion scene From vintage clothing to Hawaiian-themed goods here’s what’s worth checking out before it’s gone From buying and registering a bike to key rules of the road Collagen staples for beauty and health in Japan Our handpicked list of the best events going on this month and the untold tales of Japan’s queer community Everything you need to know before and during a natural disaster Stay up to date with Tokyo news and events AD Leave a rating/comment#IllustrationBack to ArticlesSHARE Onishi Gallery is honored to present Bijin-ga a stunning exhibition by contemporary Japanese painter Ichiro Tsuruta A prolific illustrator in Japan for several decades already Tsuruta first became widely recognized in 1987 when his artwork was featured in television commercials by the Japanese cosmetic company NOEVIA the Japanese television viewing-public became familiar with Tsuruta’s iconic depictions of Japanese women’s faces images that drew upon both Japanese Edo Period artistic traditions and Western Art Nouveau/Art Deco traditions Tsuruta’s first solo exhibition outside of Japan viewers encounter the strikingly painted portraits of Japanese women that evoke both Eastern and Western visions and that have made Tsuruta a renowned artist Named for the Japanese word “Bijin-ga” that describes images of beautiful women in Japanese artwork particularly those designed by Japanese woodblock artists this exhibition captures the spirit and history of “prints” of women’s faces that predated photography Tsuruta’s paintings pop off the canvas with the sharp angles and alluring expressions that animate the women’s depictions Tsuruta’s artwork is influenced by multiple traditions the Rimpa School was an artistic movement that flourished during the Edo Period and was characterized by a highly decorative style of painting and applied arts Tsuruta’s paintings recall this period artwork but distinctively merge it with the work of contemporary artists such as Alex Katz an American illustrator known for his flat Tsuruta unites Western photo-realistic tendencies with traditional Japanese-style woodblock portraiture to produce innovative paintings that appeal to both fine art and commercial art aesthetics Referencing the decorative arts of Japan and Art Nouveau/Art Deco styles of the West Tsuruta’s paintings bring together both traditional and modern creative approaches To illustrate just how drastically WWE has fallen Mick Foley led the Time Man of the Year poll He was removed from consideration - it was felt that he hadn't "done enough" to warrant consideration his unseemly profession had much to do with it Foley wasn't even the Man in 1998; wrestling was just that white-hot A passing of the torch is just another of pro wrestling's endless fictions Very rarely does it happen; it was attempted in 1990 - though Hulk Hogan treated the torch like it was a trillion dollar bill - when the WWF attempted to make the Ultimate Warrior the Man by foregoing the traditional transition custom It was an audacious but unsuccessful gambit; Warrior didn't have the same working magic he "wrestled" his old Intercontinental Title rival to diminished returns It's a combination of factors: drawing power the underrated ability to perform as a TV star the ability through promos to sell big matches on the pape is a matter of who was the biggest f*cking deal.. the Ultimate Warrior was the WWF Champion - but Hulk Hogan remained the man The two clashed in the closing stages of the Royal Rumble and at WrestleMania VI in the aforementioned stadium-sized Ultimate Challenge of WrestleMania VI this was his re-election masterstroke; he framed the result as his loss but he was simply too much of a stand-up guy to not pay respect to his opponent babyfacing himself as the next top babyface paraded in the ring Hogan enjoyed a hotter summer; he sold an injury at Earthquake's hands like no other assault he had been subjected to and the young fans of the WWF were too busy writing Hogan's letters than to pester their parents for tickets to the Ultimate Warrior Vs Hogan was the focus once more; the draw and the Man WhatCulture is part of Future plc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab) ©Future Publishing Limited Quay House England and Wales company registration number 2008885 09-15-2021DESIGN A London architect covered a building in cats and created a fictional backstory in order to change the neighborhood’s narrative BY Nate Berg Just off a main road in the south London neighborhood of Catford a giant black-and-white feline statue is perched above the sidewalk it’s been sitting on a sign for the Catford Centre shopping mall since it opened in 1974 the cat appears to be beckoning shoppers to duck off the main road and give the shops a look [Photo: pawopa3336/iStock]The cat is a cheeky bit of urban advertising that has survived several threats of demolition and gradually turned into a landmark. “It’s become an icon for people,” says Taro Tsuruta an architect who has designed a new apartment building in the neighborhood the cat symbolizes the sometimes unexpected ways that neighborhood narratives change over time [Photo: Ståle Eriksen/Tsuruta Architects]When he was commissioned by the local district council to design a series of apartments for a neighborhood-regeneration project Tsuruta decided to embrace the Catford cat’s unlikely stardom The five apartments he designed on top of and behind an existing retail building are accented with more than 27,000 cat faces that are laser-etched into the interiors and exteriors of the building pushing the neighborhood’s cat connection to the extreme the apartments are now part of Lewisham council’s rental housing stock [Photo: Ståle Eriksen/Tsuruta Architects]But Tsuruta’s design is more than just a play on the neighborhood name. In collaboration with writer Chris Robert, Tsuruta developed a fictional narrative for the apartment building connecting it with the neighborhood’s history and The backstory Tsuruta and Robert created revolves around two fictional actors, Kathrine Ford (a play on Catford) and Raven Bjorn (a reference to the nearby Ravensbourne River) The story is that they lived in the building on this site in the early 1900s back when Catford was home to Windsor Film Studios a silent film production house that actually did exist in the neighborhood from 1914 to 1921 The narrative tracks their divergent acting careers moving from the local film studio to the stages of London and film sets of Hollywood but always retaining a link to the neighborhood where the history of its film studio days has faded “Nobody really knows about that,” Tsurata says most people know about the giant fiberglass Catford cat an “object that doesn’t have a history,” Tsuruta says [Photo: Ståle Eriksen/Tsuruta Architects]To embed the story in the neighborhood, Tsuruta commissioned two official-looking blue plaques to mark the building as the former home of Ford and Bjorn, mimicking the style of historical markers around London [Photo: Ståle Eriksen/Tsuruta Architects]Tsuruta says this kind of storytelling is important for regeneration projects He says Catford has suffered from a stigma about crime and drug dealing and he was wary of simply adding a new building without trying to reshape how it’s seen new projects always layer over something old with the new we’re bringing in this past when we built the new building.” [Photo: Ståle Eriksen/Tsuruta Architects]Story adds value to a place factual events don’t really create anything.” [Photo: Ståle Eriksen/Tsuruta Architects]He’s hoping the plaques and the abundance of cats on the new apartments will provide a new story for the neighborhood “It’s something for people to say about Catford again “We wanted to have something that somebody can use to start a conversation If somebody can say there used to be a film studio here The final deadline for Fast Company’s Brands That Matter Awards is Friday, May 30, at 11:59 p.m. PT. Apply today. Fast Company & Inc © 2025 Mansueto Ventures Fastcompany.com adheres to NewsGuard’s nine standards of credibility and transparency. Learn More The Japanese town of Tsuruta is famous for hosting a unique annual competition – a popular game of tug of war in which bald men attach suction cups to their heads and pull in opposite directions The Covid-19 pandemic threw a wrench in all aspects of Japanese society but it’s fair to say that social gatherings and events were among the most impacted recently held its annual “Suction Cup Tug-of-War” tournament for the first time in three years and it was just as fun as people remembered Thought up by the Tsuruta Hagemasu Association as a way of shedding a positive light on baldness suction cup tug-of-war is a fun game in which two people sitting opposite from each other attach suction cups connected through a string to their heads and pull The person whose suction cup detaches first loses Operating under the motto ‘The light of baldness is the light of peace, illuminating the dark world brightly,’ the Tsuruta Hagemasu Association has been trying to shed a positive light on a condition that men have been dealing with for thousands of years Baldness can cause some men to lose self-esteem but Hagemasu wants its members to know that they can brighten the world with their baldness through positivity Ever since the association was founded in 1989 suction cup tug-of-war tournaments have been held annually in Tsuruta the game became so popular that the annual event was renamed the National Sucker Tug of War Tournament and saw participants from all over Japan the pandemic forced the event on hiatus for three years the bald men’s sport returned to Tsuruta Ota won the National Sucker Tug of War Tournament for the third consecutive time making him one of the most successful participants in the history of the sport he does have a rather flat crown of the head which I’m guessing can be considered an advantage there are other tricks participants sometimes use like polishing their heads or slightly altering the force with which they pull in order to force the opponent’s mistake Suction cup tug-of-war can be played by men with hair and even women who attach the suction cups to their foreheads but it’s clear to see why baldies dominate the sport For more wacky sports, check out car-jitsu and armboxing two of the goofiest contact sports ever created – Ed Don George defeated Steve Casey for the Boston AWA World Heavyweight Title – Karl Heinkler and Kurt Von Brauner defeated Don Lee and The Mighty Yankee to win the Georgia NWA International Tag Team Titles – Tex Riley and Gus Taylor won the Gulf Coast NWA Southern Tag Team Titles from The Mysterious Medics – Buddy Austin and El Mongol defeated Thunderbolt Patterson and Alberto Torres to win the World Wrestling Association World Tag Team Titles – El Mongol defeated Assassin #1 for the NWA Georgia Heavyweight Title – Bud and Ray Osborne defeated Bob and Fred Sweetan to win the Stampede International Tag Team Titles – Paul Jones defeated Johnny Walker to win the vacant NWA Florida Television Title in a one night – Dory Dixon and Raúl Mata defeated Goliath and Kinji Shibuya for the NWA Americas Tag Team Titles – Killer Karl Krupp and Fritz Von Erich defeated Kintaro Ohki and Umanosuke Ueda to win the NWA International Tag Team Titles – Jackie Fargo and Jerry Jarrett won the Mid-America NWA Southern Tag Team Titles defeating Jerry Lawler and Jim White – Wahoo McDaniel beat Superstar Billy Graham COR – Fritz Von Erich defeated The Texan (Blackjack Mulligan) for the NWA American Heavyweight Title – Missouri Champion Harley Race defeated Johnny Valentine in 2 out of3 falls – Edouard Carpentier and Bobo Brazil defeated Big Bill Miller and Stan Stasiak when Carpentier defeated Stasiak – Terry Funk defeated Lord Alfred Hayes – Pat O’Connor defeated Bulldog Bob Brown – Ali Vaziri and Don Wayt defeated Chuck O’Connor and Ed Wiskoski – Bill Dundee and Tommy Rich defeated Karl and Kurt Von Steiger to win the NWA Southeastern Tag Team Titles – The Iron Sheik and Bull Ramos defeated Jerry Oates and Jesse Ventura for the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Titles – Mr Wrestling II beat Georgia Champion Stan Hansen by DQ – AWA Champion Nick Bockwinkel beat Tommy Rich – Rocky Johnson beat Helmut Schmidt (sub Lars Anderson) – Wolfgang Schmidt & Helmut Schmidt beat Adrian Adonis & Pierre Lefebvre – The Grappler and Super Destoyer defeated Junkyard Dog and Dick Murdoch to win the vacant Mid-South Tag Team Titles in a one night – Brett and Buzz Sawyer defeated The Destoyer and Rip Oliver to win the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Titles – No DQ match: The Crusher & Baron Von Raschke beat Jerry Blackwell & John Studd – Nick Bockwinkel & Ray Stevens (sub Bobby Heenan) beat Greg Gagne & Buck Zumhofe – Hulk Hogan beat AWA Champion Nick Bockwinkel by DQ – Cage match: AWA Tag Team Champions Greg Gagne & Jim Brunzell beat Jerry Blackwell & Sheik Adnan – Ken Patera beat Baron Von Raschke COR – Bobby Heenan beat Tito Santana by DQ – The Ace of Spades drew Carl Fergie – Terry Taylor & Steve O beat Dream Machine & Porkchop Cash via DQ – Mid-America Champ Stagger Lee beat Bobby Eaton via DQ in a mask & title vs – The Rock-n-Roll Express beat Galaxian Alpha & Jim Cornette in a match were the Express’ hair was at stake – CWA International Champ Jerry Lawler pinned Duke Meyers – Jerry Lawler beat Jimmy Hart & Jim Cornette in a handicap match – Southern Champ Bill Dundee beat Dutch Mantel – Genichiro Tenryu & Shohei Giant Baba & Dory Funk Jr beat Jos Leduc & Bulldog Bob Brown & Goro Tsurumi – Stan Hansen & Bruiser Brody drew Greg Gagne & Jim Brunzell – AWA Champion Jumbo Tsuruta beat David Sammartino – Takahashi Ishikawa & Ashura Hara drew Akio Sato & Masa Fuchi – Mighty Inoue beat Rocky Hata by DQ – Rip Oliver won the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Title defeating Ricky Santana – Invader I defeated Jason the Terrible for the WWC Television Title – Frankie Lancaster defeated Super Medic to win the held up WWC World Junior Heavyweight Title – Tom Brandi & Scott Steiner beat The Cuban Assassins – Brickhouse Brown drew Billy Joe Travis Junior Heavyweight Champ Ken Wayne DCO Jeff Jarrett – Southern Tag Champs Ron & Don Harris beat Tommy & Doug Gilbert via DQ – Ernest Angel beat Jerry Lawler via DQ – CWA Champ Max Pain beat Jerry Lawler – NWA International Heavyweight Champion Jumbo Tsuruta defeated NWA United National Heavyweight and PWF Heavyweight Champion Stan Hansen to unify all the titles and become the first AJPW Triple Crown Champion – Stan Hansen and Dan Spivey defeated Terry Gordy and Steve Williams for the AJPW Unified World Tag Team Titles – Brad Armstrong pinned Dutch Mantell – Brian Pillman pinned Master Blaster Steel (Kevin Nash) – Terrance Taylor pinned Bobby Eaton – WCW Tag Team Champions Rick & Scott Steiner defeated Barry Windham & WCW TV Champion Arn Anderson – WCW US Champion Lex Luger fought Nikita Koloff to a double disqualification – WCW World Champion Ric Flair pinned Sting in a steel cage match – Chris Walker pinned Tetsuya Yamanaka – Shinji Takano pinned Kendo Nagasaki – Yoshiaki Fujiwara and Ishinriki defeated Tatsumi Kitahara and Shinichi Nakano – Satánico defeated The Dragon by countout – Samson Fuyuki and Takashi Ishikawa defeated The Beverly Brothers (Beau and Blake) – SWS Light Heavyweight Champion Naoki Sano pinned Chavo Guerrero to retain the title – Haku and Yoshiaki Yatsu defeated SWS Tag Team Champions The Natural Disasters (Earthquake and Typhoon) to win the title – Genichiro Tenryu defeated Ric Flair in a best-of-three falls match – WCW US Tag Team Champion Greg Valentine & Mike Graham defeated Michael Hayes & Jimmy Garvin – WCW TV Champion Steve Austin fought Dustin Rhodes to a 20-minute time-limit draw – WCW Tag Team Champions Arn Anderson & Bobby Eaton fought Rick & Scott Steiner to a double count-out – WCW US Champion Rick Rude defeated Ricky Steamboat via disqualification for WCW World Champion Sting) pinned Big Van Vader – Moondog Moretti defeated Ole Olsen for the West Coast Championship Wrestling Heavyweight Title – Kevin Sullivan pinned the Nightstalker – SMW Champ Tracy Smothers pinned the Dirty White Boy in a chain match – Ricky Morton & Robert Gibson defeated Stan Lane & Tom Prichard and Robert Fuller & Jimmy Golden in an elimination streetfight – 2 Cold Scorpio & Marcus Alexander Bagwell defeated Tex Slazenger & Shanghai Pierce – Ricky Steamboat defeated WCW/NWA Tag Team Champion Brian Pillman – NWA World Champion Barry Windham defeated Ron Simmons – WCW US Champion Dustin Rhodes & Cactus Jack defeated Rick Rude & WCW TV Champion Paul Orndorff – Sting defeated WCW World Champion Big Van Vader via disqualification – Steel (Val Venis) defeated Rayo de Jalisco – Mitsuharu Misawa defeated Jun Akiyama to win AJPW’s annual Champion’s Carnival tournament Jr.) defeated Los Vatos Locos (May Flowers Nygma and Picudo) in Zapopan to win the Mexican National Atómicos Titles – Scott D’Amore defeated Tommy Dreamer to win the Border City Wrestling Can-Am Heavyweight Title – Scott D’Amore lost the title to Mikey Whipwreck – Shelton Benjamin pinned World Tag Team Champion Ric Flair – Chris Jericho defeated Christian and Trish Stratus in a handicap match – WWE Women’s Champion Victoria pinned Lita to retain the title – WWE Intercontinental Champion Randy Orton pinned Cactus Jack in a hardcore match to retain the title – The Hurricane and Rosey defeated La Résistance (Robért Conway and Sylvain Grenier) – World Heavyweight Champion Chris Benoit defeated Shawn Michaels and Triple H in a triple threat match to retain the title – MNM (Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro (with Melina)) defeated WWE Tag Team Champions Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio to win the titles Chris Sabin and Brian Kendrick in an escape match to join the TNA X Division Championship match – The Beautiful People (Madison Rayne and Velvet Sky) (with Lacey Von Erich) defeated Angelina Love and Tara in a Steel Cage match for the TNA Knockout Championship and TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship – Kazarian defeated Shannon Moore and Homicide to win the vacant TNA X Division Championship – Team 3D (Brother Devon and Brother Ray) defeated The Band (Kevin Nash and Scott Hall) in a St – AJ Styles defeated D’Angelo Dinero to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship Jeff Jarrett and Jeff Hardy) defeated Team Flair (Sting Robert Roode and Desmand Wolfe) in a Lethal Lockdown match This marks a big week in the career of Japanese icon Tomomi “Jumbo” Tsuruta Friday marks the 35th anniversary of Jumbo Tsuruta winning the AWA World Heavyweight Championship on February 22 and this past Wednesday marked the 20th Anniversary of his retirement on February 20 one of Japan’s top amateur wrestlers he competed in the Summer Olympics in Munich But he caught the eyes of All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and a year later he was signed to the company after being personally selected by AJPW founder Giant Baba He was sent to the US for his pro wrestling training https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvFm6LMoeCQ He began working for the Funk family’s Western States territory of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) as well as working other NWA territories like Championship Wrestling From Florida the two formed a dominant tag team that wrestled throughout the NWA territories in the US and back home in Japan capturing the NWA International Tag Team titles on six occasions he was also a 5x NWA United National Champion as well in a showdown between NWA United National Champion Tsuruta and AWA World Heavyweight Champion Nick Bockwinkel in a title vs title match Jumbo defeated Bockwinkel to become the top champion for the AWA He would go on to defend the title against the likes of Bockwinkel before losing it to one of AWA’s young stars Rick Martel that May https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0NgITp_DW8 Jumbo would become the first man to hold the All Japan Triple Crown by successfully combing three championships – he had previously won the NWA International Heavyweight Championship from Bruiser Brody in 1988 he put his title on the line in a title vs titles match against NWA United National Champion and Pacific Wrestling Federation (PWF) Heavyweight Champion Stan Hansen the PWF was the kayfabe governing body of AJPW uniting the three titles together to form the All Japan Triple Crown Championship which has remained the top prize in All Japan and one of the most prestigious world titles in the world ever since where he teamed with Haku to face former AWA opponents Rick Martel and “Mr https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-4LsLXuwPo he announced his retirement from the sport after 26 years and moved to Portland and he was soon discovered to have kidney cancer The cancer then spread to his liver and he was soon back in Asia seeking treatments He underwent a kidney transplant in the Philippines in 2000 but complications from the surgery lead to his untimely passing on May 13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkIqqTcjmSA The Celtic Warrior is back as the former world champion returned for the first time in over three months on this week’s Raw WWE Raw tonight opened up with a bang as Jey Uso came out to kick things off and talk about Logan Paul Check back for our WWE Raw results from WWE Raw tonight from Omaha You can read our full preview of tonight’s show here Another week of strong action and storyline development on AEW Dynamite leads to another offering of more of the same the practice has reinvented a 1950s former council flat in Notting Hill in unusual and intriguing ways Dragon Flat is a minimalist take on the refurbishment of a two-level maisonette in a 1950s council block in London’s upmarket Notting Hill. Designed by Tsuruta Architects, its Japanese-inspired interior is a response to the client’s wish to turn its outworn post-war home into something more contemporary.  Constrained by the block’s concrete structure and low 2.4m floor-to-ceiling heights, Tsuruta Architects’ scheme has focused on opening up the apartment’s lower floor to liberate it from its post-war configuration and create an open, light-filled space. ‘The dual aspect of the flat was a gift, but was not apparent due to being subdivided by the stairwell, kitchen, dining and living room partitions,’ explains Taro Tsuruta, the practice’s founder. Opening it up was not easy. Only through ‘painstaking’ structural surveys has it been possible to remove all non-load bearing walls from this level without affecting the existing structure. Free of partitions, the space has been completely transformed with all utilities – kitchen, toilet and corner sofa – pushed to the floor’s perimeter. Storage is provided by a full-height cabinet that runs window-to-window along the length of the party wall. This features an engraving of the River Thames across its grid of cupboards. ‘The engraving will draw occupants’ attention away from the low ceiling,’ explains Tsuruta. A floating timber stair leads to the upper floor. Built in the same central position as the flat’s original enclosed stair, this elegantly crafted timber structure is both sculptural and practical, enabling light to filter through its perforated form. The tatami room’s interior is enhanced by SterlingOSB Zero-panelled walls engraved with flower images, transforming what could have been a stark, minimalist space into an informal, private retreat. ‘We focused on the surfaces in this constrained space,’ Tsuruta explains. Tsuruta says the choice of SterlingOSB Zero boards as wallpaper ‘pays homage to the flat’s humble beginnings as economical post-war housing’. However, engraving and then meticulously edging each panel with a discrete brass strip has transformed this utilitarian material into a highly decorative, almost luxurious finish. ‘We discovered that if you frame OSB with brass it becomes a very different material,’ he says.  The digitally-created image was engraved on the SterlingOSB Zero by transferring co-ordinate data to a CNC router – a digitally controlled cutting and carving machine. First the OSB is treated with oil containing a light pigment to create a contrast been the surface of the board and the CNC engraving. ‘Because the SterlingOSB Zero is layered, it did take a bit of trial and error to get the cutting blade and cutting speed right,’ he explains. OSB has also been used as a wallcovering in the toilet on the lower level. In this small enclosed space, the architect has playfully (and successfully) contrasted SterlingOSB Zero boards with Carrara marble slabs. ‘Marble is one of the most luxurious building materials and OSB one of the most functional. We wanted to express that contrast,’ he laughs. updates and our weekly newsletter – all designed to bring you the best stories from RIBAJ.com