If that sounds more like the kind of gushing blurb associated with guidebooks and travel blogs than an objective appraisal Commercial barges no longer unload their cargo at its stone quays in quite the same quantities as before. But the labyrinth of canals and old moats that run through the former castle town in Fukuoka Prefecture are still vital to the local economy of a town that is neither too large nor too restricted many visitors also elect to view it from the repose of a canal barge The main attraction of Yanagawa, in fact, is its willow-lined canals, which flow by old samurai villas and sluice gates form a complex labyrinthine design that adds depth and interest to the town there is usually a story or meaning behind the design that is not immediately apparent once had the secondary function of controlling water levels to create a strong defensive network Stone steps leading down to the canals are broad They were not just loading bays for watercraft but also scrubbing boards for women who would bring their laundry down here for a good wash Yanagawa's flat-bottomed boats, a little like Venetian gondolas, but without the rising grandeur of their black prows, are called donkobune who use poles to propel the boats along the shallow canals these local folk songs are a far cry from the arias and snatches of operetta performed by their Venetian counterparts These boatmen take visitors on one-hour cruises known by the lyrical-sounding term kawakudari (descending the river) The boats are all season, but if you take one in the winter when mists are known to occasionally swirl over the waters, you will be able to tuck yourself under warm quilts placed over heaters known as kotatsu-bune. It's a cozy way to drift around the canals on these chilly days. And there is nothing quite like cupping your hands around a flask of hot sake while tucked under a nicely toasty quilt. Contrasting with the hardness of stone water gates, embankments are overgrown with grasses, blue flags, irises making the waterways seem more like natural rivers than canals Only their regularity hints at human intervention Carefully tended vegetable patches provide further evidence of the good life. Traces of the city's antiquity are found more here than in the canals themselves, whose routes are well traversed by visitors. Here in the back streets at the core of the original town, within the network of waterways, rustic houses, worn stone walls, drain covers, and well-weathered shrines are pockets of serenity for locals and the occasional curious visitor If old prints and the scale of the grounds are anything to go by, the castle that once stood at the heart of the canal system Look hard enough and you can find a few foundation stones amidst the weeds of the old site It's a pretty plot of land with an underlying melancholy that evokes the uneasy lines of an old haiku by the poet Matsuo Basho: Yanagawa was founded by the Kamachi clan in the 16th century. Its water sources, however, are far older, dating back to the Yayoi period (300 BC-250 AD) when a sink of damp lowland existed near the mouth of several rivers that funneled into the nearby Ariake Sea Canals were dug to drain the land and improve its agricultural prospects of the town's surface area is water. The angularity of Yanagawa's grid of canals contrasts with the winding lanes of the old town that transect it An aerial view would no doubt reveal something like an octopus sitting on a chessboard Yanagawa consists of two parallel sectors: a more recent architecturally traumatized area of the sort seen everywhere in Japan there is something endearingly old-fashioned about Yanagawa along with a disproportionately large number of shrines and temples Water has influenced not only the economy of the town but also its cultural life Many of Yanagawa's festivals are water-borne affairs. The spring Hina Matsuri, or Children's Doll Festival assumes an interesting form along the canals of Yanagawa as boats laden with girls dressed as Hina dolls and women in court attire It is a traditional custom in the town for mothers to sew sagemon when a child is born. their first thoughts will be less of festivals than of eel dishes Eating baked and steamed Unagi no Seiromushi rice and eel steamed with a sauce made from sugar and soy The fish is said to increase a person's stamina the whole town seems to smell of baked eel as charcoal-infused smoke billows out into the street from vents at the side of restaurants. small fish cooked with local vegetables and egg in an earthenware pot is another local specialty. Much tourist mileage is extracted from the fact that Yanagawa is the birthplace of the poet Hakushu Kitahara (1885-1942) ranging from belles-lettres and children's verse to contemporary tanka poems Hakushu's early life was spent among the canals here it seems to have been a pleasant childhood His parents owned one of the prosperous redbrick sake breweries that still stand in the town to this day You can see the rear of the brewery from the canal boats and some of the footbridges that cross that part of the system The family's wealth provided him with the funds to attend Waseda University judging from photos displayed in the old family home he took on the dress and mannerisms of dissolute European painters and symbolist poets that were de rigueur at the time doe-eyed young man in an overcoat resembling Matisse's painting smock. Other worthy Yanagawa sights include a Meiji period (1868-1912) house called the Ohana Reinforcing the town's enduring leitmotif of water the pine islands of Matsushima in Sendai. Author: Stephen Mansfield You must be logged in to post a comment. ' + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.webview_notification_text + ' " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_title + " " + scriptOptions._localizedStrings.redirect_overlay_text + " The canal city of Yanagawa in Fukuoka Prefecture celebrates the annual Doll Festival (Hina Matsuri) with several colorful events over the course of two months. Celebrations in the city kick off with a special parade, a procession of local girls dressed up as princesses who ride through the streets on decorated ox carts. A second procession occurs a month later, on the third Sunday in March, only the venue changes to the city’s canals. Throughout the two months, local businesses, restaurants and the city’s Ohana Villa open their doors to allow visitors to view their impressive Hina doll displays and hanging sagemon decorations. The festival runs annually from February 11th to April 3rd. Sign up for our weekly newsletter of articles from Japan, Korea, Guam, and Okinawa with travel tips, restaurant reviews, recipes, community and event news, and more. It was the MD Program orientation week at the University of Toronto’s Temerty Faculty of Medicine, and first-year student Catherine Nie held a card imprinted with this message in her hands. She was seated in historic Burwash Dining Hall along with about 280 classmates for the traditional MD student welcome breakfast hosted by dean Lisa Robinson (MD ’91, PGME Internal Medicine). Nie had just been handed an envelope marked Alumni Words of Wisdom and was instructed to open it and read the message inside. As she started to absorb the words, she looked around at the other students reading their messages in this Hogwarts-like setting, and it started to sink in — this was really happening. She had made it into medical school. “It was a surreal, pinch-me moment,” she says. “I literally had tears in my eyes.” Nie had known she wanted to be a physician since she was a child. At age 13 she was diagnosed with scoliosis and frequently visited the McMaster Children’s Hospital in Hamilton for scans, bracing and other appointments. She eventually received spinal fusion surgery and now has two titanium rods and 20 screws in her spine. The experience could’ve been traumatic, but Nie has fond memories of the health care professionals who took care of her during that time. “I had some incredible doctors that really made a difference in my life,” she says. “I knew I wanted to be that doctor for someone else.” Now, sitting in Burwash Hall, Nie’s dreams of starting her medical education had come true and she was filled with excitement and gratitude — but she also felt a little apprehensive. Having grown up in Hamilton and completing her undergrad at McGill University in Montreal, Nie didn’t know a single person in Toronto. Receiving words of encouragement from someone who’d once been in her shoes felt special. Nie looked up Yanagawa and contemplated reaching out to him to let him know how much she appreciated his message. After debating for a while, she finally decided that if he had taken the time out of his busy schedule to submit the message, he would appreciate a thank-you email. She put her thoughts together and hit send. Years earlier, in 2004, Yanagawa received his own good news about his acceptance to the U of T MD Program. At the time he was pursuing a post-doctoral fellowship in the UK, having recently completed his PhD in cardiovascular pathology at the University of British Columbia. He had tried unsuccessfully to get into medical school twice before, so knowing he’d just been accepted by one of the best in the world, he was on cloud nine. Yanagawa had only been to Toronto once before for his application interview. He didn’t know a single person in the city, but he was excited to return to Canada for the next chapter in his medical education. At his own Dean’s Breakfast that fall, he didn’t receive a card but he does remember the “words of wisdom” from alumnus Dean David Naylor (MD ’78), who gave welcoming remarks to the incoming class. “It was one of the best speeches I’d heard in my life,” he says. “It was all about the past, present and future of medicine. I was so inspired, I decided to get involved in student governance.” Yanagawa started by learning all 200 of his classmates’ names. His personal and professional network grew, and he eventually became his class president in first and fourth year as well as president of the medical society. More than twenty years after he arrived in Toronto, Yanagawa is now the division head of cardiac surgery at St. Michael's Hospital (Unity Health) as well as the program director and associate professor of cardiac surgery at U of T. He continues to be involved in the MD Program, delivering a heart-focused lecture to MD students each year. He also regularly responds to the annual call for Temerty Medicine alumni Words of Wisdom when it lands in his inbox. He likes to focus on gratitude, which he feels is a “superpower” for managing hardships. “It’s almost like a force-field,” he says. “I think it’s important to talk about the hard times, about the B-side of the album, and reinforce the importance of gratitude.” Yanagawa had never received a direct response to one of his Words of Wisdom messages before he heard from Nie, but he is no stranger to MD student mentorship. His contact info appears at the end of his undergraduate heart lecture presentation, and he invites students to reach out to him for help. Every year he has about 40 or 50 students shadow him in the operating room. When the email arrived from Nie, Yanagawa knew how he would respond. He put his thoughts together and hit send. Nie couldn’t believe it — Yanagawa was suggesting they grab coffee. She was flabbergasted that someone with such a busy schedule would offer his time to a stranger he only knew as the random recipient of his Words of Wisdom message. Nie took the opportunity to instead ask Yanagawa about shadowing, and he was happy to oblige. This past October, Nie spent about six hours in an operating room observing Yanagawa, watching him perform three separate heart surgeries. He had her stand on three stacked stools, tall enough to see over the drape with a clear view of the patient’s heart below. She admits she didn’t fully understand what was happening but was enthralled. She is hoping to return to observe Yanagawa later this year — after her cardiology unit, so she has a better understanding of what she’s seeing. For now, Nie is interested in paediatrics but is keeping an open mind and welcoming opportunities as they present themselves. She is participating in the Longitudinal Academic Mentorship Program (LAMP), which paired her with a paediatrics resident at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), and she’s looking forward to shadowing him on his clinical rotations. But no matter where her educational and career journeys take her, she vows to heed the advice shared by Yanagawa and will always remember the gratitude she felt on day one. Volume 15 - 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2021.661899 This article is part of the Research TopicHardwired to Self-Wire: The Role of Neuromodulation in BehaviourView all 5 articles the cerebellum has been thought to play a significant role in motor coordination a growing body of evidence for novel neural connections between the cerebellum and various brain regions indicates that the cerebellum also contributes to other brain functions implicated in reward Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) make inhibitory GABAergic synapses with their target neurons: other PCs and Lugaro/globular cells via PC axon collaterals and neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) via PC primary axons PC-Lugaro/globular cell connections form a cerebellar cortical microcircuit which is driven by serotonin and noradrenaline PCs’ primary outputs control not only firing but also synaptic plasticity of DCN neurons following the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in the cerebellar cortex strong PC-mediated inhibition is involved in cerebellar functions as a key regulator of cerebellar neural networks we focus on physiological characteristics of GABAergic transmission from PCs we introduce monoaminergic modulation of GABAergic transmission at synapses of PC-Lugaro/globular cell as well as PC-large glutamatergic DCN neuron and a Lugaro/globular cell-incorporated microcircuit we review the physiological roles of perineuronal nets (PNNs) which are organized components of the extracellular matrix and enwrap the cell bodies and proximal processes in GABA release from PCs to large glutamatergic DCN neurons and in cerebellar motor learning Recent evidence suggests that alterations in PNN density in the DCN can regulate cerebellar functions it is important to characterize GABAergic transmission from PCs and their neuronal modulation there has been few evidence for their modulatory action on GABAergic transmission from PCs and intrinsic neuronal excitability of Lugaro/globular cells and large glutamatergic DCN neurons we introduce the characteristics of GABAergic transmission at synapses between PC axon collaterals and Lugaro/globular cells and PC primary axons and large glutamatergic neurons in the DCN focusing on 5-HT- and NA-mediated modulatory effects on GABAergic transmission we especially focus on the physiological significance of PNNs which are expressed in the DCN and enwrap synapses between PCs and the large DCN neurons in dynamic regulation of GABAergic transmission as well as in cerebellar motor learning suggesting that Lugaro/globular cells can synchronize activity among Golgi cells the Lugaro/globular cell-incorporated microcircuit can synchronize the firing of PCs among different microzones and presumably play a significant role in cerebellar motor control leading to the optimization of multiple muscle activity in motor tasks Because 5-HT1B receptors are normally coupled to the G protein (Gi/o) which negatively regulates adenylyl cyclase the 5-HT-mediated inhibitory effects could be attributed to a decrease in phosphorylation levels of proteins associated with synaptic transmitter release This indicates that 5-HT regulates the membrane excitability of PCs and Lugaro/globular cells via the differential modulatory effects on both GABAergic synaptic circuits and the membrane potential Monoaminergic modulation of GABAergic transmission onto LC/GIC or large DCN neuron the locus coeruleus-NA system play a role in fine tuning of PC firing to contribute to adequate cerebellar functions The VTA is known to project its dopaminergic axons to the frontal cortex which controls reward suggesting that neuronal activity of the DCN neurons can play a crucial role in higher cognitive functions NA-mediated alteration of neuronal activity in each of these nuclei would have functional significances could influence neural activity of DCN neurons Whereas spontaneous firing of PCs in each behavioral state is regulated by NA-mediated complex mechanisms as described previously the NA-mediated effect on GABA release from presynaptic terminals of PC primary axons in the DCN has yet to be tested it has not been elucidated whether PNNs can regulate cerebellar neuronal circuits dynamically and functionally nor how PNNs contribute to the regulation of motor learning we will focus on the physiologically significant roles of PNNs surrounding large glutamatergic DCN neurons in dynamic regulation of GABAergic transmission as well as in cerebellar motor learning Comparisons of phenotypes in the mouse DCN treated with ChABC it is concluded that PNNs can control presynaptic functions of PC axons in the DCN and modulate synaptic plasticity and membrane excitation of large neurons in the DCN Further investigations are needed to identify the exact molecular mechanism of the PNN-mediated modulation of presynaptic GABA release the LV-ChABC mice also demonstrated an increase in the density of GABAergic terminals around DCN neurons the enhanced inhibition could facilitate the rebound firing as observed in the cerebellar slices acutely treated with ChABC These findings demonstrate that modulation of PNNs is significant for the dynamic regulation of GABAergic transmission in the DCN and for fine control of cerebellar motor learning The lower graph shows predicted learning curves obtained from a mouse kept with (Runner) or without (Sedentary) a running wheel it is still possible that voluntary exercises in an EE and on a running wheel can improve not only cerebellar motor learning but also cognitive functions through several neuronal mechanisms presumably including alternations of PNN density in the DCN A variety of neuronal modulators are involved in controlling cerebellar neural circuits The characterization of the modulation of synaptic transmission and intrinsic neuronal excitation is significant for a precise comprehension of cerebellar motor learning and cognitive processing depending on the cerebellum PCs project not only their primary axons to the DCN but also collaterals within the cerebellar cortex especially around the PC layer to form negative feedback connections Both the GABAergic transmission from PCs is important because the primary axons transmit signals which are formed by PCs after integrating excitatory and inhibitory input signals and the axon collaterals form Lugaro/globular cell-incorporated microcircuits we focused on the characteristics of PC-mediated GABAergic transmission and the modulatory effects of monoamines and PNNs on synaptic transmission It will be of importance to demonstrate that in active animals the excitatory effects of 5-HT and NA on Lugaro/globular cells can contribute to motor coordination of the cerebellum additively or synergistically As PNNs regulate spontaneous firing of large glutamatergic DCN neurons which project their axons to various brain areas such as the brainstem alternations in PNN density in the DCN can regulate not only cerebellar motor learning but also cognitive functions that depend on the cerebellum future studies on mechanisms underlying the manipulation of specific components in the PNNs formed in the DCN will be important to unravel the physiology of cerebellar motor learning and cognitive processing and YY designed the project of this review carried out the literature search and analysis All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K06890 (MH) The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest Regulation of the rebound depolarization and spontaneous firing patterns of deep nuclear neurons in slices of rat cerebellum Locomotor activity modulates associative learning in mouse cerebellum A novel inhibitory nucleo-cortical circuit controls cerebellar Golgi cell activity Google Scholar An integrative theory of 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Moritoshi Hirono, bWhpcm9ub0B3YWtheWFtYS1tZWQuYWMuanA= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish Share your travel photos with us by hashtagging your images with #visitjapanjp Tsutsumi Hiroaki was born and bred in Yanagawa and has been steering for over three decades. Tsutsumi is now known in the region as one of the most experienced boatmen and tour guides at Yanagawa Kanko Kaihatsu K.K. The opportunity to meet people and hear stories from all walks of life - I really treasure these encounters smiling faces at the end of the trip and know that the passengers have had a good time Working outside in the fresh air in such a beautiful environment is also certainly hard to beat These are old Yanagawa songs from the Showa Period (1926-1989) about local traditions our boating culture or about a particular season I aim to select a song which will hopefully move my passengers and remain in their memory Sendo-san need to be good at all aspects of boat management from navigating to steering the boat skilfully They also need to be good communicators and effectively explain our local history and culture It’s important to be a good conversationalist and to read the mood of the passengers - creating the right atmosphere with a comfortable space and adequate time to allow our guests to simply enjoy the peace and serenity is essential Your question takes me back 30 years when I first began my career - yes the canals are quite shallow so there was no real danger but as professional sendo-san we treat this very seriously within the company there is a formal qualification process You are initially employed on a three-month trial basis where you receive comprehensive training on boat handling skills you need to continue to study and pass additional exams to become a true specialist Many love the ability to step back in time and appreciate the old townscape and waterways - while learning about our local history It gives passengers the opportunity to take time out Originally constructed by hand around 400 years ago the purpose was to create a system of defence to protect Yanagawa’s castle The waterways were predominantly used to transport samurai and soldiers the waterways are used as irrigation to support our local agriculture When there’s lots of rain the canals also allow us to effectively manage waterflow and protect the city against flooding Yanagawa was a castle town with a strong local identity that has developed and modernised over time Yanagawa decided to take a ‘whole town’ approach to developing Yanagawa as a tourism city city officials worked with tourism operators to create the right infrastructure and culture dedicated to welcoming visitors We like to think that all locals offer a genuine omotenashi (meaning to wholeheartedly look after guests) spirit to all visitors Overseas travellers are typically interested in Japan’s cultural heritage I tend to focus on aspects of our history and culture - this is easy as the past is very visible in the streets and waterways of Yanagawa I’m proud that we’ve managed to preserve our old town and culture in present-day Yanagawa and that we’re very open and welcoming Our city’s history stretches back to when the Tachibana clan ruled this region the former villa and Japanese garden of the family - it’s a major site in Japanese history I would also recommend a visit to the house where our local poet it’s noteworthy as the home of one of Japan’s literary greats It’s also lovely to wander the backstreets and along the numerous waterways past rice fields and locals going about their business Perhaps end the stroll at Yanagawa’s ashiyu drawn from the town’s onsen (hot springs) to relax and soothe tired feet Yanagawa’s unagi (eel) is amazing and we think it’s the best Many restaurants here have been making this dish for centuries and still use a secret tare (sauce) passed down over generations Freshwater eels are grilled first and basted in the tare and then placed over tare-mixed steamed rice The whole dish is then steamed and topped with very thin slices of egg omelette This steaming method used makes our unagi dish particularly light and fluffy The unagi is soft and succulent and literally melts in your mouth Unagi seiro-mushi is a delicacy for special occasions but locals also eat a lot of fresh seafood from nearby Ariake Bay One popular dish in Yanagawa and the broader region is ‘kutsu-zoko’ - flounder simmered in a shoyu (soy sauce)-based broth sashimi from fish caught fresh in the bay is a favourite and goes particularly well with sake We have a local sake brewery called Yanagawa Shuzo I think the best matsuri in Yanagawa is the ‘Hakushu-Sai’ It’s held over three days in early November with various events set up across the city and along the main canal The best way to enjoy the festival is from the donkobune - the boats stop at different sites where you can hear the poems of Hakushu being recited listen to community choir groups sing Yanagawa songs and watch on as small portable shrines are carried through the city’s streets It’s part of our tradition to acknowledge and express thanks to the souls that have contributed to our livelihood there are around 1.2 million eels used in our restaurants locals and visitors will gather in front of a monument dedicated to the eel where a priest will perform a formal memorial service I like the sakura season in spring when the canals’ banks are lined with beautiful pink blooms; autumn gives us the changing of the foliage colour and winter has its own beauty we install traditional kotatsu heaters in the donkobune so the waterways can be enjoyed year-round Located in the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture, Yanagawa is best visited by car, however it can also be accessed via public transport. From Fukuoka City it’s about 45 minutes on the train from Nishitetsu Fukuoka Station to Nishitetsu-Yanagawa Station and by car it’s 30 minutes – just take the Kyushu Expressway to the Miyama Yanagawa Interchange Browse the JNTO site in one of multiple languages ASK Automotive Ltd has announced a partnership with Japan’s Kyushu Yanagawa Seiki (KYSK) through a Technical Assistance and License Agreement to produce high-pressure die-cast alloy wheels for two-wheelers This agreement enables ASK Automotive to utilize KYSK’s advanced technical expertise to manufacture alloy wheels for a designated Japanese customer ASK Automotive will pay a one-time initial royalty and an ongoing royalty to KYSK The collaboration aims to help ASK Automotive meet industry standards while producing top-tier products for its customers The agreement is set to remain valid indefinitely unless terminated under specific conditions Chairman and Managing Director of ASK Automotive expressed that this partnership will provide the company with crucial technical assistance ensuring that ASK can meet the required standards and deliver premium products for its customer ASK Automotive clarified that the two companies are independent entities and that India is designated as the “Domestic Territory” for this agreement The announcement was made in compliance with SEBI’s Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements ASK Automotive is known for manufacturing automotive components and has recently ventured into cast wheel production The company specializes in two-wheeler components including Advanced Braking (AB) Systems and Solutions KYSK is a Japanese firm that excels in providing technical know-how for the production of high-pressure die-cast alloy wheels for two-wheelers ensuring products meet international quality standards for the automotive industry It is a prominent Indian manufacturer specializing in automotive components with a strong presence in the two-wheeler and commercial vehicle sectors The company is known for its advanced technologies and expertise in producing high-quality components such as braking systems and other essential parts for the automotive industry With a commitment to innovation, ASK Automotive has expanded its product portfolio to include advanced braking solutions and has recently ventured into the production of cast wheels The company is focused on meeting stringent industry standards and delivering reliable The company operates with a vision of driving growth through continuous research and development ensuring its position as a leader in the automotive component manufacturing sector The story of ‘MAKE IN INDIA’ has reached far and wide. But who are makers of ‘MAKE IN INDIA’? What is their story? ‘Machine Maker’ is a dedicated magazine that seeks to bring the incredible stories... Read more info@themachinemaker.com +91-703-093-2700 Contact Us India's Top Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker By subscribing, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy Titled “Docking,” the collection serves as a platform for unexpected allure by fashionably intertwining shapes that wouldn’t normally belong together The brand’s signature tailored jacket is again the collection’s hero the silhouette features the collars of a single-button jacket attached to a double-buttoned iteration at the shoulder offering the illusion that there are two jackets layered on one another Today's print edition Home Delivery A helicopter crashed in Fukuoka Prefecture on Sunday local fire authorities received an emergency call from a male passerby reporting that a helicopter crashed in the city of Yanagawa and that smoke was rising from the accident site.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); }); The two people who were aboard the aircraft were confirmed dead at the site according to sources including the Fukuoka police The police are working to identify the victims According to sources including the aviation department of the Saga Prefectural Government the crashed helicopter was a four-seater Robinson R44 type and was operated by SGC Saga Aviation The company said the helicopter with the pilot on board took off from Saga Airport shortly after 8 a.m It then offered a pleasure flight after picking up a passenger at a race track in the city of Hita in nearby Oita Prefecture The chopper left for Saga Airport shortly before 4 p.m. It lost contact after communicating with SGC Saga Aviation around 4:10 p.m The transport ministry's Japan Transport Safety Board named two officers to take charge of the investigation into the cause of the crash is about 5.5 kilometers southwest of Yanagawa Station of Nishi-Nippon Railroad In a time of both misinformation and too much information quality journalism is more crucial than ever.By subscribing Your subscription plan doesn't allow commenting. To learn more see our FAQ Sponsored contents planned and edited by JT Media Enterprise Division (KYSK) will offer technical expertise and knowledge sharing The products to be manufactured under the agreement will be supplied to the identified Japanese customer Shares of the company have gained over 18% in the past 12 months "Our legacy and expertise in aluminium lightweight precision solutions will support the development of high-pressure die casted alloy wheels for two-wheelers Our partnership with KYSK will facilitate us with critical technical assistance and know-how helping us meet the required standards and manufacture the best-in-class products for our identified customer," ASK Automotive Chairman and MD Kuldip Singh Rathee said Shares of ASK Automotive were listed at an 8% premium on November 15 The stock debuted at ₹303.3 on the NSE and at ₹304.9 on the BSE against the issue price of ₹282 which opened on November 7 and closed on November 9 The company raised ₹834 crore from the public issue The offer was entirely an offer-for-sale of 2.95 crore shares and IIFL Securities Ltd were the book-running lead managers to issue Gurugram-based ASK Automotive is one of the largest manufacturers of brake shoes and advanced braking systems for two-wheelers in India with a market share of approximately 50% in fiscal 2022 The firm supplies safety systems and critical engineering solutions with in-house designing catering to electric vehicles (EVs) as well as internal combustion engine original equipment manufacturers The company has clients including TVS Motor Company Ltd Upstox Securities Private Limited is a wholly owned subsidiary of RKSV Securities India Private Limited and RKSV Commodities India Private Limited is an associate of RKSV Securities India Private Limited Insurance: RKSV SECURITIES INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED ("Upstox") with registered office at 807 New Delhi House Barakhamba Road Connaught Place Delhi (CIN: U74900DL2009PTC189166) is a Corporate Agent registered with Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) (Category: Composite IRDAI Regn No.-: CA0918 valid till 05-03-2027) Insurance is underwritten by the respective insurance companies and not by Upstox Purchase by Upstox’s customer of any insurance products is purely voluntary and is not linked to availment of any other facility from Upstox For more details on risk factors and terms and conditions of insurance products please read the sales brochure of insurance products carefully before concluding a sale Tax benefits are subject to amendments in tax laws from time to time Email ID: insurancesupport@rksv.in Bima Bharosa Portal: https://bimabharosa.irdai.gov.in/ IRDAI: https://irdai.gov.in/ Insurance Ombudsman: https://www.cioins.co.in/ BEWARE OF SPURIOUS PHONE CALLS AND FICTITIOUS/FRAUDULENT OFFERS IRDAI is not involved in activities like selling insurance policies Public receiving such phone calls are requested to lodge a police complaint Kindly, read the Advisory Guidelines For Investors as prescribed by the Exchange with reference to their circular dated 27th August, 2021 regarding investor awareness and safeguarding client’s assets : Advisory Guidelines For Investors Kindly, read the advisory as prescribed by the Exchange with reference to their circular dated January 14, 2022 regarding Updation of mandatory KYC fields by March 31, 2022: KYC Updation Attention Investors: Clearing Corporation has provided a web based facility that allows clients to view their disaggregated collateral placed Made with ❤️ in India | Copyright © 2025, Upstox PRACHIN BURI - Five workers were killed when a mezzanine floor they were relocating collapsed inside an auto parts factory in Sri Maha Phot district on Monday morning The accident occurred at the Thai Yanagawa Co factory in Rojana Industrial Park in tambon Tha Tum about 9.35am on Monday Disaster mitigation officials said the big concrete mezzanine floor The steel structure supporting the mezzanine tilted and then the whole floor fell on the workers below Rescue workers were breaking through the fallen floor and rubble to retrieve the bodies of the five men By subscribing, you accept the terms and conditions in our privacy policy. Yanagawa saw a TV program on Japanese stand-up comedians in the U.S In 2017 he left for the U.S and joined an open mic night at a New York club which led straight to a gig with Chicago's famous comedy club The Second City He appeared on two comedy programs on national network NBC in 2019 continues to have regular gigs in Chicago and headlines comedy festivals around the U.S His dream is to become the first Japanese cast member of Saturday Night Live by Trade Brains | Mar 4, 2025 | 11:07 am | News, Trending News specializing in manufacturing of Advance Braking Systems for two-wheelers hit a 5 percent upper circuit upon entering into a strategic partnership with Kyushu Yanagawa Seiki Co. With a market capitalization of Rs. 7,028.13 crores on Tuesday, the shares of ASK Automotive Limited hit a 5 percent upper circuit making a high of Rs 356.50 per share compared to its previous closing price of Rs India’s largest manufacturer of brake shoes and advanced braking systems for two-wheelers has signed an agreement with Kyushu Yanagawa Seiki Co. This agreement allows ASK Automotive to produce high-pressure die-cast alloy wheels for two-wheelers with KYSK’s technical support and expertise The wheels will be supplied to a specific Japanese customer and it aims to design and produce high-quality alloy wheels that ensure safety and offer superior performance for two-wheelers “With over three decades of experience in the Indian automotive industry we have a deep understanding of the market and the needs of OEMs alloy wheels have become a critical component across all segments ranging from premium-level to entry-segment. Our legacy and expertise in Aluminium Light Weighting Precision Solutions will support the development of high pressure die casted alloy wheels for two-wheeler helping us meet the required standards and manufacture the best in class products for our Identified Customer.” ASK Automotive Limited is the largest manufacturer of brake shoes and advanced braking systems for two-wheelers in India with ~50 percent market share in OEMs The Company offers powertrain-agnostic products in both automotive and non-automotive segments with a focus on EV and Exports The Company has diversified its operations and offers products under Advanced Braking Systems Aluminium Light weighting precision solutions and Safety Control Cables business segments. The company’s total revenue rose by 20.46 percent from Rs The views and investment tips expressed by investment experts/broking houses/rating agencies on tradebrains.in are their own and not that of the website or its management Investing in equities poses a risk of financial losses Investors must therefore exercise due caution while investing or trading in stocks Dailyraven Technologies or the author are not liable for any losses caused as a result of the decision based on this article Please consult your investment advisor before investing Click Here to Open FREE Crypto Trading account with No 1 C rypto Exchange in India! SEBI REGISTERED RESEARCH ANALYST REGISTRATION NUMBER: INH000015729 For Advertisement, Press Releases, Partnerships or to get backlinks on this website, please e-mail us at [email protected] For Trade Brains Fintech Excellence 2025 Awards and Nominations contact – Visit – tradebrainsawards.com/ Volume 8 - 2014 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00254 grooming is considered as a behavioral defense against pathogen and parasite infections since it contributes to remove microbes from their cuticle stimuli which trigger this behavior are not well characterized yet We examined if activating contact chemoreceptive sensilla could trigger grooming activities in Drosophila melanogaster We monitored the grooming responses of decapitated flies to compounds known to activate the immune system dead Escherichia coli (Ec) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Ec were quite effective in triggering grooming movements when touching the distal border of the wings and the legs Contact chemoreceptors are necessary and sufficient to elicit such responses as grooming could not be elicited by LPS in poxn mutants deprived of external taste sensilla and as grooming was elicited by light when a channel rhodopsin receptor was expressed in bitter-sensitive cells expressing Gr33a Contact chemoreceptors distributed along the distal border of the wings respond to these tastants by an increased spiking activity These results demonstrate for the first time that bacterial compounds trigger grooming activities in D and indicate that contact chemoreceptors located on the wings participate in the detection of such chemicals related to maintaining the integrity of the body and avoiding noxious stimuli situations with a higher risk of contamination from microbes This opens the possibility that contact chemicals related to microbes could also trigger grooming in insects we tested if the contact chemoreceptors located on the margin of the distal part of the wing were sensitive to the tastants tested in this study Our observations support the hypothesis that contact chemicals play a decisive role in triggering grooming activities in D melanogaster flies were maintained on a standard cornmeal agar food at 20°C and 80% humidity Most experiments were done with Canton Special (CS) flies Flies devoid of external taste sensilla were Poxn70/Cyo; MKRS Adults were stimulated with blue light during 3 min using an LED Laser at 480 nm (COO-pE-100F-WH1-20 coli was washed by distilled water and heated at 95°C for 5 min we collected a 1.4 × 109/ml bacterial suspension (as measured with an absorption spectrometer) This suspension was subsequently diluted 100 Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 and KCl were provided by Sigma-Aldrich and dissolved in distilled water All behavioral observations were made on decapitated flies: such flies were reported to remain standing and responsive to stimuli during up to 20 h (Vandervorst and Ghysen, 1980); in our experimental conditions flies looked responsive and alive during at least 2–3 h Flies were lightly anesthetized by placing them on ice for 3–5 min They were then placed under a stereoscopic microscope and 10 flies were beheaded by a single cut at the neck made with micro-scissors They were placed into an upright position and allowed to recover during about 10 min The bioassays were performed at room temperature by placing the flies on a filter paper We used a sharpened toothpick previously soaked into the test solution to gently touch one of their appendage (wing The subsequent grooming activities were monitored and scored up to 3 min after the stimulation Controls were performed by stimulating flies with distilled water Age dependent responses were examined with LPS on 1 Each chemical was tested on 20 female and 20 male flies For optogenetic experiments, flies were exposed to a continuous pulse of blue light for 3 min, over the whole body. Headless flies were placed on a filter paper as usual, but the experiment was conducted in a dark condition. The intensity of the grooming response was scaled from 0 to 5 (see table in Figure 3B) In order to further evaluate the impact of LPS on another type of behavior, we recorded the number of flies visiting agar with or without a chemical treatment. This test monitors if flies avoid walking on a substrate or on the contrary spend more time on it (Marella et al., 2006) by counting at regular intervals how many flies are present on each substrate Four day old flies were starved for 22 h in the presence of a wet filter paper and then transferred to cylindrical bottles (7 cm height The bottom was separated into two parts by mean of a strip of aluminum foil and each part was filled with 1 ml of 1% agarose and 100 mM sucrose One side was treated with 20 μl of 10 mg/ml LPS we proposed flies a situation where they were given the choice between agar and agar to check if their distribution was symmetrical and between agar and agar with 100 mM sucrose to check the discriminative power of this test Approximately 40 flies were placed in a bottle and allowed to explore the agarose for 30 min Digital pictures of each bottle were taken every 30 s and the number of flies standing on each substrate was manually counted A taste preference index was calculated as PI = (number flies on the test side - number flies on the water side)/(total number of flies) Data shown were obtained from 10 replicates Flies (4-day old) were secured to a support with tape and electrically grounded via a silver electrode contacting a drop of electrocardiogram gel (Redux® Gel, Parker Laboratories Inc., USA) placed over the abdomen. Recordings were performed on the wing part near LV2 (Figure 4A, square a). Taste bristles of the wing margin (Figure 4 ▲ in B and arrows in C) were stimulated by covering their tip with a glass electrode containing an electrolyte (1 mM KCl) and the stimulus during 2 s consecutive stimulations were applied at least 2 min apart and NaCl at the same concentrations as in the grooming tests (see above) we used increasing concentrations of KCl (1 Recordings were performed on 10 females and 10 males for each stimulus category The active electrode was connected to a preamplifier (TastePROBE DTP-02, Syntech) (Marion-Poll and van der Pers, 1996), and the electric signals were further amplified and filtered (CyberAmp 320, Axon Instrument, Inc., gain = 200, 8th-order Bessel pass-band filter = 1–2800 Hz). These signals were digitized (DT9803, Data Translation; sampling rate = 10 kHz, 16 bits), stored on computer, and analyzed using dbWave (Marion-Poll, 1996) Spikes were detected and analyzed using software interactive procedures of custom software dbWave We evaluated the action-potential frequency by counting the total number of spikes during each recording To examine the concentration dependent increase of the grooming behavior in headless flies with respect to sex a multiple logistic regression (JMP 10.0 software Optogenetic induction of grooming via blue light stimulation was analyzed using a Wilcoxon test The number of spikes from electrophysiological recordings were analyzed by Wilcoxon test including sex as factor and then the following factors: dorsal/ventral location (D/V: Table S3) (A) The grooming responses of decapitated flies were scored according to their intensity and duration A stimulus is performed by touching the wing or leg with the tip of a tooth pick (red arrow) The animal responds to a proper stimulus by moving its metathoracic legs browsing the wings or touching each other (double side arrow head) coli and LPS applied to the legs and the wings of 4 d old flies (C) Grooming responses induced by general chemicals like sucrose (D) Grooming responses to LPS appear early on the wings but develop progressively on the legs The lowest concentration without number “·” indicated the response to water Dead E. coli in suspension (Ec) and LPS induced grooming responses in 4-day old adults (Figure 1B) Responses to Ec were observed following contact to the wings (p < 0.001 Responses to LPS were obtained from the wings (p < 0.001) but not from the legs (front legs p = 0.158; hind legs p = 0.029) We then asked if grooming could be triggered by stimulating the wings and the front legs with three type of tastants known to modulate feeding activities in flies, a sweet (sucrose), a bitter (quinine), and a salty one (NaCl). As in the previous experiments, water did not induce grooming responses. Also, sucrose (p = 0.692) did not trigger any grooming response at any concentration tested (Figure 1C) NaCl and quinine triggered a dose-dependent response when applied to the wings (p < 0.001) Quinine elicited a more intense grooming response than NaCl and also triggered a dose-dependent response of the frontlegs (p = 0.002) but not of the hindlegs (p = 0.696) but it induced a dose-dependent response from the hindleg (p = 0.008) The other tastants did not trigger responses when brought in contact with the legs (p > 0.1) There were no obvious differences between genders (Table S1) Since all observations were made on 4-day old flies, we asked if grooming responses to LPS could change with age. As shown by Figure 1D grooming responses to LPS applied to the different appendages increased from day 1 to day 10 developing first upon stimulation of the wings (day 4) and then being fully expressed at day 10 upon stimulation of the legs These flies did not respond to LPS following stimulation of the wings (P = 0.235) or of the legs (forelegs: p = 0.371 and hindlegs: p = 0.401, n = 40, Figure 2A) These results thus show that mechanosensory input alone cannot induce grooming so that responses to Ec and tastants such as quinine or NaCl had a chemoreceptive basis mediated by external contact chemoreceptive sensilla (A) Grooming responses of mutant flies deprived of their taste receptors (B) Grooming responses in bitter taste-evoked flies Cartoon depicting a beheaded fly illuminated with blue light the fly will move its metathoracic legs as if it was a chemical stimulation (double side arrow head) This suggests that LPS is detected by taste neurons located on the legs (and possibly on the proboscis) which mediate coordinated responses leading to the avoidance of areas where LPS is found (B) The preferences for either side were examined by computing a preference index (P.I.) (**p < 0.01 Black bars: males; white bars: females (mean ± s.e.m. This area was selected based on pilot tests which showed that flies were more responsive when they were contacted there as compared to other regions of the wing Figure 4. Contact chemoreceptors on the wing. (A) Drosophila wing. ACV, anterior cross vein; PCV, posterior cross vein. The section from which recordings were performed is outlined by a rectangle (a), which displayed at a higher magnification in Figure 2B singly innervated slender bristle; ▲ multiple innervated curved bristles (from which recordings were obtained) (C) Sensilla on the vein area between LV2 and LV3 in rectangle a Arrows indicate sensilla recorded in this study (▲ in B) Electrophysiological recordings from contact chemoreceptors on the wings Recording samples obtained from wing taste sensilla to 1 mM KCl (used as an electrolyte in all recordings) Bars on the bottom of the graph represent a scale (vertical: 5 mV Recordings were all taken from female flies We sampled sensilla labeled D1–D5 and V1–V5 (Figure 4). Between 30 and 50% of the sensilla were not responsive or no electrical contact could be established when contacting their tip. These sensilla are relatively slender and tend to vibrate upon contact with the stimulus electrode, much more than taste sensilla on the proboscis or on the legs. Upon contact, these sensilla occasionally responded with a phasic burst of spikes (Figure 5) We thus counted the total number of spikes occurring within the first 2 s of the stimulation (Figure 6) When analyzing these responses over the whole set of data we found that the number of spikes changed according to the chemical stimulus (p < 0.001 and according to the sensillum position in the row (p < 0.001 we did not find any difference between dorsal and ventral sensilla (p = 0.329 These observations confirm that wing contact chemoreceptive sensilla are functional that they respond to classical taste stimuli These sensilla show dose-dependent responses to LPS and E They also respond in a dose-dependent way to NaCl Responses of wing taste sensilla to different chemicals Spiking activity recorded from wing taste sensilla in males and females in response to KCl Each point represents the average ± s.e.m from n = 51 to 89 recordings obtained from a total of 10 insects The concentration of each stimulus is reported on the abscissa as the log10 of the molar concentration for KCl We further analyzed the temporal course of the responses by computing the number of spikes occurring during consecutive 100 ms bins (Figures S1 we observed a burst of spikes starting from about 20 spikes/s and decaying rapidly within 1 s This initial response was probably elicited by the mechanoreceptor associated with these taste sensilla (in males and females bin: p < 0.001 for all chemicals except KCl p = 0.002 in males and p < 0.001 in females and NaCl p = 0.254 in males and p = 0.420 in females the initial burst peaked at 30–35 spikes/s which may indicate that 1 mM sucrose already elicits a response As the concentration of each stimulus increased it was mostly the tonic part of the response which was affected coli and LPS both the phasic and tonic parts of the responses increased with the dose tested the spiking activities were markedly depressed in both sexes when the concentration of sucrose was raised from 1 mM to 1 M We demonstrate for the first time that grooming activities in D melanogaster adults are triggered by bacterial suspensions of E and by aversive chemicals like quinine and NaCl at a high concentration Mechanosensation is not required to elicit this response as sucrose and water did not induce grooming and Poxn70 mutants deprived of their external taste receptors were insensitive to LPS grooming activities could be elicited without physical contact with a substrate by optogenetic activation of cells expressing the bitter receptor Gr33a Since our behavioral observations indicated that grooming reactions were elicited by stimulating the costal outer vein of the wings we examined the contact chemoreceptors located there using tip-recording These sensilla were found to house contact chemoreceptive neurons increasing their firing activity in response bacterial extracts and to high salt concentrations thus supporting the hypothesis that these wing contact chemoreceptors contribute to triggering grooming responses in decapitated flies we recorded grooming by scoring the intensity of the behavior in relation to the number of strokes made by the legs and by the duration of this reaction A more detailed analysis of this behavior was not relevant here as we focused on finding chemical stimuli which could trigger this behavior In order to simplify the experimental procedures we also observed the reactions of decapitated insects the responses induced bypass the downstream control normally exerted by higher order nervous centers in intact animals Our observations are thus by no mean representative of the normal grooming behavior but they give us a good indication of the strength of the sensory stimuli sent to the local ganglia detecting LPS and bacterial-related compounds may contribute to help insects avoiding pathogens by triggering hygienic behaviors like grooming which trigger immune reactions in vertebrates more efficiently than LPS coli and LPS could work differently in hygiene behavior by the interaction with other behaviors like feeding precisely where a vortex occurs during wings flapping This lead him to propose that flying insects could use their wing taste sensilla to monitor molecules trapped within this vortex and thus detect chemicals from a flower for example we have no explanation for this and further experiments are warranted to determine if contact chemoreceptors of the wings are less functional than taste sensilla located on other appendages Raad (2013) introduced a functional technique to evaluate the sensitivity of wing chemosensitive sensilla which may alleviate the problems faced by extracellular electrophysiology. In Drosophila, using a Gal4 driver strongly expressed in neurons (tubulin) to drive the expression of a calcium-sensitive probe, G-cAMP (Nakai et al., 2001) he showed well-defined temporal changes of calcium concentrations following stimulation with sugars and bitter compounds in contact chemoreceptive sensilla located in the proximal part of the costal vein of the wing He further reported that contact chemoreceptive sensilla of this area are expressing a range of sugar- and bitter-sensitive gustatory receptors of the Gr family thus confirming that contact chemoreceptive sensilla of the wings of Drosophila are fully functional and respond at least to some sapid molecules detected by contact chemoreceptors located on the legs and on the proboscis Further observations are warranted to confirm this observation and to clarify which mechanism is at work Japan) for guidance and comments about statistical analysis Frédéric Marion-Poll and Alexandra M Guigue were supported in part by an ANR grant ADAPTANTHROP and DESIRABLE Aya Yanagawa was supported by the John Mung program in Kyoto University and a grant for basic science research projects supported by Sumitomo foundation The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00254/abstract labellar and tarsal hair resistance in Phormia regina (Meig.) CrossRef Full Text Electrophysiological responses of wing chemosensilla in Phormia regina (Meig.) to NaCl and sucrose Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Some functional aspects of the wing chemosensilla in Phormia regina (Meig.) (Diptera Calliphoridae) Quantitative trait loci for the monoamine-related traits heart rate and headless behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Social management of LPS-induced inflammation in Formica polyctena ants Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Central generation of grooming motor patterns and interlimb coordination in locusts Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Local control of leg movements and motor patterns during grooming in locusts Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Böröczky Insects groom their antennae to enhance olfactory acuity Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The effects of imidacloprid on the termites Reticulitermes flavipes and its interaction with the mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Development and maintenance of a simple reflex circuit in small-patch mosaics of 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(Diptera: Glossinidae) A structural and electrophysiological study in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Sensitivity of the contact chemoreceptors of the blowfly to vapors Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Long-range activation of systemic immunity through peptidoglycan diffusion in Drosophila Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Dual detection of fungal infections in Drosophila via recognition of glucans and sensing of virulence factors Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Intracellular recordings of neck muscle motoneurones during eye cleaning behaviour of the cricket Differentiated response to sugars among labellar chemosensilla in Drosophila Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Cutting edge: repurification of lipopolysaccharide eliminates signaling through both human and murine toll-like receptor 2 Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Channelrhodopsin2 mediated stimulation of synaptic potentials at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Trade-offs in group living: transmission and disease resistance in leaf-cutting ants Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Molecular and cellular designs of insect taste receptor system Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text An odorant-binding protein required for suppression of sweet taste by bitter chemicals Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Structural and functional analysis of single neurons to correlate synaptic connectivity with grooming behavior Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615 Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text is the key mediator of cytokine gene expression induced in rainbow trout macrophages by crude LPS Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Imaging taste responses in the fly brain reveals a functional map of taste category and behavior Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Display and analysis of electrophysiological data under MS-Windows Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Un-filtered recordings from insect taste sensilla CrossRef Full Text Peripheral coding of bitter taste in Drosophila Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text A Drosophila gustatory receptor essential for aversive taste and inhibiting male-to-male courtship Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The evolution of parasite-defence grooming in ungulates CrossRef Full Text a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text A high signal-to-noise Ca2+ probe composed of a single green fluorescent protein Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Avoidance reflexes mediated by contact chemoreceptors on the legs of locusts CrossRef Full Text Processing of mechanosensory information from gustatory receptors on a hind leg of the locust Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Processing of tactile information in neuronal networks controlling leg movements of the locust Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Biological hazards in processed fruits and vegetables - Risk factors and impact of processing techniques CrossRef Full Text The gene poxn controls different steps of the formation of chemosensory organs in Drosophila Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Wing hair sensilla underlying aimed hindleg scratching of the locust Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Neural projection patterns from homeotic tissue of drosophila studied in bithorax mutants and mosaics Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Isolation of mutations affecting neural circuitry required for grooming behavior in Drosophila melanogaster Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text Rôle et fonctionnalité des récepteurs gustatifs dans les ailes de drosophiles Docteur en Sciences Thèse de 3ème cycle Salton, M. R. J., and Kim, K. S. (1996). “Structure,” in Medical Microbiology, 4th Edn., Chapter 2, ed S. Baron (Galveston, TX: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston), 1262. Available online at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7627/ Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi to the termite CrossRef Full Text A conserved dedicated olfactory circuit for detecting harmful microbes in Drosophila Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The organization of the chemosensory system in Drosophila melanogaster - a review Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The development of immunity in a social insect: evidence for the group facilitation of disease resistance Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Genetic control of sensory connections in Drosophila Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Survival of Escherichia coli in the environment: fundamental and public health aspects Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Electrical activity in the chemoreceptors of the blowfly: I Responses to chemical and mechanical stimulation Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Wölfle Experimental evolution of resistance against a competing fungus in Drosophila melanogaster Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Musty odor of entomopathogens enhances disease-prevention behaviors in the termite Coptotermes formosanus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Odor aversion and pathogen-removal efficiency in grooming behavior of the termite Coptotermes Formosanus Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki to Metarhizium anisopliae due to grooming CrossRef Full Text Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text The role of antennae in removing entomopathogenic fungi from cuticle of the termite Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Influence of fungal odor on grooming behavior of the termite Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Drosophila egg-laying site selection as a system to study simple decision-making processes Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Conserved and sexually dimorphic behavioral responses to biogenic amines in decapitated Drosophila Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text Grooming behavior as a mechanism of insect disease defense CrossRef Full Text Guigue AMA and Marion-Poll F (2014) Hygienic grooming is induced by contact chemicals in Drosophila melanogaster Received: 09 December 2013; Accepted: 03 July 2014; Published online: 23 July 2014 Copyright © 2014 Yanagawa, Guigue and Marion-Poll. 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Volume 9 - 2015 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2015.00133 Cortical projection neurons are classified by hodology in corticocortical Although cortical projection neurons had been regarded as only glutamatergic neurons recently corticocortical GABAergic projection neurons has been also reported in several species we demonstrate corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons in the mouse frontal cortex We employed viral-vector-mediated anterograde tracing and immunohistochemistry to characterize neocortical GABAergic projection neurons Injections of the Cre-dependent adeno-associated virus into glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67)-Cre knock-in mice revealed neocortical GABAergic projections widely to the forebrain Minor GABAergic projections were also found in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus Retrograde tracing studies also demonstrated corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons in the mouse frontal cortex Further immunohistochemical screening with neurochemical markers revealed the majority of corticostriatal GABAergic projection neurons were positive for somatostatin (SS)-immunoreactivity corticothalamic GABAergic projection neurons were not identified by representative neurochemical markers for GABAergic neurons These findings suggest that corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons are heterogeneous in terms of their neurochemical properties and target nuclei and provide axonal innervations mainly to the nuclei in the basal ganglia they have identified corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons as PV- or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing subpopulations of GABAergic neurons Those reports indicate corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons may be a distinct subpopulation from corticocortical GABAergic projection neurons because of their different neurochemical properties in order to examine the anatomical and neurochemical details of GABAergic projection neurons we employed viral-vector-mediated anterograde tracing with glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67)-Cre knock-in mice classical retrograde tracing in GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice Improved detection of GABAergic neurons could provide more in depth characterization of GABAergic projections neurons in the mouse frontal cortex We carried out the production of affinity purified anti-mCherry antibody, as we have previously described in Tomioka and Rockland (2006) the cDNA fragment encoding the full-length of mCherry was subcloned into the pGEX-4T2 vector (GE Healthcare; Piscataway USA) for expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein GST-mCherry fusion protein was induced in Escherichia coli by adding isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galacto-pyranoside to the medium GST-free mCherry were prepared by in-column thrombin digestion of GST fusion proteins bound to glutathione–Sepharose 4B media according to the protocol recommended by the manufacturer of the GST system (GE Healthcare) Purified mCherry was emulsified with complete Freund’s adjuvant (Difco; Detroit USA) and injected intracutaneously into two female rabbits (1 mg/animal) the same amount of mCherry emulsified with complete Freund’s adjuvant was reinjected into the rabbits Additional immunizations were performed every 2 weeks thereafter Antibodies were affinity purified with mCherry-conjugated Affigel 10 gel (2 mg mCherry/1 ml gel; BioRad The rabbit serum (1 ml) was applied to 1 ml of the antigen column and the specific antibodies were eluted with 0.1 M glycine-HCl (pH 2.5) and mixed with 1 M potassium phosphate buffer (10:1) to achieve neutral pH Antibody was stored at 4°C with 0.02% NaN3 Two recombinant adeno-associated viruses serotype 5 (AAVs) were used in this study. One of AAVs, AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry, drives Cre-dependent channel rhodopsin-fluorescent protein fusion (Sohal et al., 2009) and another AAV-CAG-GFP drives GFP in various cells such as pyramidal The GAD67-Cre knock-in mice (8–12 weeks) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate (30 mg/100 g body weight) and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus 50 nl of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry (1.6 × 10e12) in 110 mM NaCl and 1.56% sorbitol was injected into the frontal cortex of GAD67-Cre knock-in mice (2.3 mm anterior to the bregma and 1.5 mm deep from the brain surface) by pressure through a glass micropipette to visualize both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons 30 nl of a mixture of AAV-CAG-GFP (1.8 × 10e11/ml) and AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry (1.4 × 10e12/ml) in 110 mM NaCl and 1.56% sorbitol was injected into the frontal cortex of a GAD67-Cre knock-in mice The virus-injected mice survived for 3–4 weeks after the injection The GAD67-GFP knock-in mice (8–12 weeks) were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus Less than 100 nl of 1% Fast Blue solution (FB; Sigma USA) dissolved in distilled water was injected into the ventral part of CPu (0.0 mm anterior to the bregma mediodorsal thalamus (1.8 mm posterior to the bregma or dorsal raphe nucleus (4.7 mm posterior to the bregma and 2.0 mm deep from the brain surface) by pressure through a glass micropipette The FB-injected mice survived for 5–7 days after the injection The mice were deeply anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate (100 mg/100 g body weight) and perfused transcardially with 5 ml of PBS [0.9% (w/v) saline buffered with 5 mM sodium phosphate followed by 40 ml of PBS containing 4% (w/v) formaldehyde the brains were removed and immersed in 30% sucrose in PBS overnight for cryoprotection The brains were cut into 40 μm-thick frontal sections on a freezing microtome In order to enhance the immunoreactivity of anterograde labeling, we employed the method of combining the avidin biotinylated peroxidase complex (ABC) method with the biotinylated tyramine-glucose oxidase amplification in this study (Kuramoto et al., 2009) the free-floating sections were incubated in PBS containing 0.3% H2O2 for 10 min at room temperature the sections were blocked in PBS with 0.3% Triton X-100 (PBS-T) and 1% normal donkey serum for 1 h at room temperature This was followed by overnight incubation with the rabbit anti-mCherry antibody or the rabbit anti-EGFP antibody in PBS-T containing 1% normal donkey serum and 0.02% sodium azide (PBS-TSS) at room temperature the sections were incubated with the biotinylated secondary antibody against rabbit (1:1000; Millipore USA) in PBS-TSS for 2 h at room temperature the sections were incubated with an ABC (1:200; Vectastain ABC Elite kit After washing in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB; pH 7.4) the sections were incubated for 30 min in the biotinylated tyramine-glucose oxidase reaction mixture containing 1.25 μM biotinylated tyramine 2 mg/ml of glucose oxidase (Nacalai Tesque the sections were again incubated for 1 h with an ABC in PBS the bound peroxidase was developed black by staining with nickel-enhanced coloring solution (0.2 mg/ml diaminobenzidine 0.03% nickel chloride in tris-buffered saline) we first took photomicrographs of all the FB- and GFP-double-labeled cells in the sections with a ×20 objective under an epifluorescence microscope BZ-9000 (Keyence we processed the sections for immunofluorescent staining with the following antibodies: anti-calretinin (CR) rabbit serum (Swant anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) rabbit IgG (Sigma; 1/2000) anti-neuropeptide Y (NPY) rabbit serum (Sigma; 1/2000) anti-PV mouse IgG (Swant; 1/2000 from ascites) anti-SS rabbit affinity purified polyclonal antibody (Millipore; 1/300) and anti-VIP rabbit polyclonal antibody (Immunostar The sections were incubated with one of the primary antibodies overnight at room temperature in PBS-TSS the sections were further incubated with Alexa594-conjugated secondary antibody against rabbit or mouse IgG (Molecular Probes The sections were mounted onto non-coated glass slides in PBS When the FB- and GFP-double-labeled cells were negative for one of neurochemical markers the sections were re-incubated with other neurochemical marker and then developed with an Alexa647-conjugated secondary antibody (Molecular Probes) the sections were incubated with Hoechst33342 (Wako Japan) to identify laminar structures of neocortex (Cx) For double or triple immunofluorescent staining, some sections from the AAV injected materials were incubated with several primary antibodies in PBS-TSS (Table 1) followed by a mixture of corresponding secondary antibodies of different fluorescences without cross-reactivity for the other primary antibodies in individual combinations Immunofluorescence was observed under either an epifluorescence microscope BZ-9000 or an confocal laser scanning microscope FV1200 (Olympus Japan) with appropriate filter sets for FB (peak excitation we obtained the integrated images of wide area of the sections with a ×10 objective using BZ-9000 according to the manufacturer’s instruction We took higher magnification images of individual axons with a ×60 oil immersion objective using FV1200 we scanned sections to find FB- and GFP-double-labeled neurons with a ×20 objective using BZ-9000 We took higher magnification images of individual neurons with a ×40 objective using FV1200 The FB fluorescence was often weakened after the immunohistochemical procedures although some FB-labeled granules can be detected in the perikarya When the FB-fluorescence was completely quenched we identified FB- and GFP-double-labeled neurons by carefully comparing each GFP-labeled cell and its surrounding structures with those structures in the photomicrographs taken before immunostaining whereas GFP-immunoreactivity were found mainly in GABA-negative neurons and occasionally in glia cells we concluded that the injection of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry into the Cx of GAD67-Cre knock-in mice can induce the expression of hChR2-mCherry in GABAergic neurons Immunohistochemistry after the injection of viral mixture (A) Low magnification lightfield photomicrographs showing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-immunoreactive cells after the infection of adeno-associated viruse (AAV)-CAG-GFP (B) Higher magnification from the rectangle in (A) Apical dendrites (arrowheads) and the pyramidal cell (arrow) were strongly visualized by GFP-immunohistochemistry (C) Low magnification lightfield photomicrographs of the adjacent section showing mCherry-immunoreactive cells by the infection of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry Arrowheads in (A,C) indicate the same vessels (D) Higher magnification from the rectangle in (C) Nonpyramidal neurons were visualized by mCherry-immunohistochemistry Note that any features of pyramidal neurons were not identified among the mCherry-immunoreactive structures (E) Higher magnification from the arrow in (D) Monomeric cherry-immunoreactive neurons have smooth dendrites Scale bars = 400 μm in (A) (for C); 50 μm in (B,D); 20 μm in (E) Selective labelings of neocortical GABAergic neurons Fluorescent photomicrographs showing GABA-immunoreactivity in mCherry-immunoreactive neurons (A) GFP-immunoreactive neurons and glia-like cells (the arrow) around the injection site (B–D) Almost all mCherry-immunoreactive neurons are co-localized with GABA-immunoreactivity The details of axonal distribution are briefly summarized below Distribution of axonal fibers form neocortical GABAergic projection neurons in case mRT217 Low (A) and high (B–H) magnification lightfield photomicrographs showing mCherry-immunoreactive fibers in selected sections after the injection of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry mainly in the orbital cortex (A1) The mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were found in the dorsal peduncular and infralimbic cortex (A2,B) in the lateral accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle (A3,C) in the ventral caudate putamen (A4–A7,D–G) and in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (A8,H) Note that mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were also found in the contralateral mediodorsal thalamic nucleus The dashed line indicates the midline of the brain Scale bars = 1 mm in (A); 200 μm in (B–H) Distribution of axonal fibers form neocortical GABAergic projection neurons in case mRT218 Low (A) and high (B–F) magnification lightfield photomicrographs showing mCherry-immunoreactive fibers in selected sections after the injection of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry mainly in the orbital cortex (A1) The mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were found in the lateral accumbens shell (A2,B) in the ventral CPu (A2–A5,B–E) Note that most of mCherry-immunoreactive fibers appear to travel below the LGP although some beaded axonal fibers were also found in the ventral part of LGP Scale bars = 1 mm in (A); 200 μm in (B–F) Distribution of axonal fibers form neocortical GABAergic projection neurons in case mRT210 Low (A) and high (B,C) magnification lightfield photomicrographs showing mCherry-immunoreactive fibers in selected sections after the injection of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry mainly in the orbital cortex (A1) The mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were found in the LGP (A2,B) and in the dorsal raphe nucleus (A3,C) Scale bars = 1 mm in (A); 200 μm in (B); 30 μm in (C) Relative density of GABAergic fibers in various brain structures from representative injections Terminal specializations of corticofugal GABAergic projection Low (A,F) and high (B–E,G,H) magnification confocal laser scanning images showing mCherry-immunoreactive fibers (red) after the injection of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry mainly in the orbital cortex (A–E): parvalbumin (PV)-immunoreactivity (green) clearly shows the boundaries for the CPu Monomeric Cherry-immunoreactive fibers were found in the CPu (B) The terminal specialization are mainly beaded (C–E) and very ocassionally stalked (D,E) Note that mCherry-immunoreactive fibers established multiple synaptic appositions with the somata and dendrite of the PV-immunoreactive neuron in the LGP (D) (F–G): Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactivity (green) clearly shows the distribution of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta The terminal specialization are mainly beaded in the substantia nigra pars compacta (G) Scale bars = 1 mm in (A,F); 200 μm in (B,G); 20 μm in (C–E,H) In the cerebral cortex, mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were frequently found in the ipsilateral hemisphere: the insular, dorsal peduncular, motor, and somatosensory cortices (Table 2) the mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the parahippocampal regions: presubiculum perirhinal and lateral entorhinal cortices the mCherry-immunoreactive fibers also occurred in the contralateral hemisphere: the agranular insular These axonal fibers were distributed mainly in layers 1 In the thalamus, mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were found occasionally in mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the four cases, and very rarely in the contralateral mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the case mRT217 (Figure 3H). In two cases (mRT217, 218), the mCherry-immunoreactive fibers formed en passant synapses in the reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt; Figure 4E) Further observations with an electron microscope will be required to discover postsynaptic elements for those en passant synapses We have demonstrated the distribution of axonal fibers from neocortical GABAergic projection neurons. Since neocortical GABAergic neurons are classified into subpopulations by electrophysiological, morphological, and neurochemical properties (Gonchar and Burkhalter, 1997; Markram et al., 2004; Ascoli et al., 2008; Kubota et al., 2011; Sohn et al., 2014; Zeisel et al., 2015) we next examine which GABAergic subpopulations project to each brain region To identify corticofugal GABAergic neurons we injected the retrograde tracer FB into several brain regions: the ventral part of CPu Distribution of fast blue (FB)-labeled and FB- and GFP-double-labeled neurons in the cerebral cortex after FB injection into the ventral part of CPu Five coronal section outlines illustrating the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the Cx after FB injection into the ventral part of CPu and VP One coronal section outline (in the rightmost) showing only the injection site FB-labeled neurons (blue dots) were found mainly in the insular cortex and secondary in the medial prefrontal cortex FB- and GFP-double-labeled neurons (red dots) were found mainly in the anterior part of frontal cortex Note that the occurrence of FB-and GFP-double-labeled neurons is not correlated with the density of FB-labeled neurons Fluorescent photomicrographs showing neurochemical characterization of FB- and GFP-double labeled neurons in the Cx Most of FB- and GFP-double labeled neuron were co-labeled with somatostatin (SS) (A1–A3) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) (B1–B3) and some of them were with PV (C1–C3) but not with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (D1–D3) The arrowheads in each row indicate the same triple- or double labeled neurons in (A–D) Scale bar = 100 μm in (A) (for B–D) Although we further examined the neurochemical properties of FB- and GFP-double labeled neurons we failed to identify any neurochemical properties of FB- and GFP-double labeled neurons (0/24 for CR; 0/21 for PV; 0/23 for SS; 0/17 for VIP) Distribution of FB-labeled and FB- and GFP-double-labeled cells in the cerebral cortex after FB injection into the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus Four coronal section outlines illustrating the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons in the Cx after FB injection into the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus FB-labeled neurons (blue dots) were found mainly in layer 6 of Cx FB- and GFP-double-labeled neurons (red dots) were also found in layer 6 We injected 100 nl of FB into the dorsal raphe nucleus of GAD67-GFP knock-in mice (n = 7). We confirmed the injection sites were mainly in the dorsal raphe nucleus and superior colliculus. Injection of FB resulted in numerous FB-labeled neurons in upper layer 5 and lower layer 3 of the frontal cortex, and occasionally in layer 2 and 6, consistent with the previous report in Gabbott et al. (2005) Although we made FB-injection into the dorsal raphe nucleus of 7 GAD67-GFP knock-in mice and scanned five frontal sections from each brain sample we found only 7 FB- and GFP-double labeled neurons Since the number of sections with FB- and GFP-double labeled neurons was limited we further tested one neurochemical property using the antibody for SS Only one FB- and GFP-double labeled neuron exhibited SS-immunoreactivity (data not shown) We have confirmed that subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in the frontal cortex project to ventral part of CPu Since glutamatergic neurons in the frontal cortex also project to the subcortical regions it is absolutely essential to understand whether both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons innervate the same brain regions We next examined the axonal trajectories from both neocortical GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons In order to visualize axonal fibers of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons we injected a mixture of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry and AAV-CAG-GFP into the frontal cortex of GAD67-Cre knock-in mice GABAergic axonal fibers from the frontal cortex may innervate into different brain areas from glutamatergic axonal fibers Fluorescent photomicrographs showing the distributions of GFP- or mCherry-immunoreactive fibers in the ventromedial part of CPu Low (A) and high (B–D) magnification confocal laser scanning images showing mCherry- or GFP-immunoreactive fibers after the injection of AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry and AAV-CAG-GFP into the frontal cortex No mCherry-immunoreactive fiber was found in the main trajectory of GFP-immunoreactive fibers (B) some mCherry-immunoreactive fibers were found in the marginal zone of main trajectory of GFP-immunoreactive fibers (C,D) bottom rectangles in (A) correspond with (C) Scale bars = 250 μm in (A); 50 μm in (B) (for C,D) We report that a subset of GABAergic neurons in the mouse frontal cortex project widely to cortical areas and subcortical nuclei throughout the forebrain and midbrain. They project primarily to the basal ganglia including the CPu, VP, LGP, nucleus accumbens, and Tu (Table 2) they also project to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus retrograde tracing experiments also confirm neocortical GABAergic projections to basal ganglia The majority of corticostriatal GABAergic projection neurons are SS-positive neurons and some are PV-positive neurons while the others are unidentified by representative neurochemical markers corticothalamic GABAergic projection neurons are also unidentified by representative neurochemical markers Together those results indicate that corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons from the frontal cortex would consist of several distinct subpopulations of GABAergic neurons our experimental procedures makes it possible to detect the reporter gene of the AAVs even in the axonal projection fibers of remote brain areas quantitative analysis with single cell labeling techniques will reveal more detailed evidence about the neural network of corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons Several studies have demonstrated glutamatergic projection fibers from the rodent frontal cortex to the nuclei throughout the forebrain and brainstem. In this study, the distribution of projection fibers, which are non-selective GFP-labeled (Figure 10), are mainly consistent with previous reports in Morino et al. (1994), Zaborszky et al. (1997), Hoover and Vertes (2011) and Kim and Lee (2012) abundant GFP-labeled fibers from the frontal cortices were found in the CPu the vast majority of GFP-labeled fibers in the subcortical areas would originate from neocortical glutamatergic neurons This is presumably because our method to visualize the reporter gene may be more sensitive we first detected the general population of retrogradely labeled GABAergic neurons and then examined their neurochemical properties this approach allows us to conclude which subpopulation constitutes GABAergic projection neurons the majority of GABAergic projection neurons in the mouse frontal cortex project to the subcortical areas such as ventral part of CPu and LGP We also note that a further systematic study needs to reveal this discrepancy about neurochemical properties of corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons further experiments will be required to reveal some degree of heterogeneity of GABAergic projection neurons corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons may be distinct from corticocortical projection neurons and more heterogeneous from the neurochemical point of view This result can not lead to the simple conclusion that corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons is a larger subpopulation because we do not know how dense axonal arborizations originate from each GABAergic projection neurons we conclude that corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons in the frontal cortex form much more synapses than corticocortical ones we demonstrated corticofugal GABAergic projections but we did not describe the neuronal networks where corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons are embedded Further experiments to discover their neuronal networks will reveal the different roles between corticofugal GABAergic and glutamatergic projection neurons Takeshi Kaneko for the kind gift of the guinea pig anti-GFP and anti-mRFP antibody Karl Deisseroth for AAV-Ef1a-DIO-hChR2-mCherry We acknowledge valuable preview of the manuscript and kind advices by Dr The study was supported by Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Adaptive circuit shift” and Scientific Research (B) from MEXT A neural circuit for spatial summation in visual cortex Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex Prefrontal cortex in the rat: projections to subcortical autonomic Unique functional properties of somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons in mouse barrel cortex “Basal ganglia,” in The Rat Nervous System Google Scholar Three distinct families of GABAergic neurons in rat visual cortex Subtypes of GABAergic neurons project axons in the neocortex Long-range GABAergic projection neurons in the cat neocortex Distribution of calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin neurons and fibers in the rat basal ganglia Projections of the medial orbital and ventral orbital cortex in the rat Neuronal diversity in GABAergic long-range projections from the hippocampus Parvalbumin is expressed in 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parvalbumin and somatostatin in the GAD67-GFP knock-in mouse Improved Golgi-like visualization in retrogradely projecting neurons after EGFP-adenovirus infection in adult rat and monkey Demonstration of long-range GABAergic connections distributed throughout the mouse neocortex Long-distance corticocortical GABAergic neurons in the adult monkey white and gray matter Quantitative chemical composition of cortical GABAergic neurons revealed in transgenic venus-expressing rats Systematic comparison of adeno-associated virus and biotinylated dextran amine reveals equivalent sensitivity between tracers and novel projection targets in the mouse brain Tangential migration and proliferation of intermediate progenitors of GABAergic neurons in the mouse telencephalon Neocortical somatostatin-expressing GABAergic interneurons disinhibit the thalamorecipient layer 4 Cell types in the mouse cortex and hippocampus revealed by single-cell RNA-seq Sakimura K and Yanagawa Y (2015) Corticofugal GABAergic projection neurons in the mouse frontal cortex Received: 28 August 2015; Accepted: 05 October 2015; Published: 28 October 2015 Copyright © 2015 Tomioka, Sakimura and Yanagawa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted *Correspondence: Ryohei Tomioka, dG9taW9rYUBncG8ua3VtYW1vdG8tdS5hYy5qcA== Thanks for visiting The use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here Commemorating the anniversary of poet Hakushu Kitahara’s death on November 2 the Hakushu Festival takes place for three days (from the eve of his death About 1,500 guests (some invited from various organizations, as well as other general participants who are selected in advance) ride on 130 gondola-like “Donko” boats that are decorated with small red lanterns and lamps with paper shades in a nighttime parade on the Yanagawa River The route is along a roughly 4 kilometer (2.5 mile) long canal where temporary stages are set up for musical performances of drums and Japanese harps as well as choirs The parade takes about 2.5 hours from its start at the Yanagawa Bridge to its finish in Okinohata This is a unique festival of the riverside district of Yanagawa and tourists will be sure to enjoy a fantastic night of great drinks and entertainment on the river Please view the main text area of the page by skipping the main menu. The page may not be displayed properly if the JavaScript is deactivated on your browser Japanese version kenji yanagawa’s ‘case study house’ frames city and luxury cars photo © kazushi hirano, atelier k all images courtesy of kenji yanagawa architects and associates carved into the japanese hillside with a 5 meter vertical drop, ‘case study house’ by kenji yanagawa has a low visual and environmental impact an un-used septic tank becomes the building’s foundation a narrow footprint further limits the area of intervention on the site this dimension restricts possibility of having a typical garage wide enough for the owner’s porsche the solution is to park the cars vertically in an elevator visible from the interior of the home the shaft pushes occupiable rooms away from the hillside creating a vertical entry and a small courtyard surrounded by decks and terraces the house opens to the outdoors this connection is maintained as one descends into the house through vibrant living spaces large windows to the south fill the space with light and air and open expansive views of kurakuen niban-cho this vertical abode blends the physical restrictions of the site luxury cars have a prominent place in this japanese hill-side home the street-level entrance and driveway conceal the dwelling below the house is constructed with low visual and environmental impact east facade illustrates how ‘case study house’ maintains the shape of the existing site the kitchen is set back from the south facade creating a terrace large enough for a dining balcony a window on the ground floor exposes the rocks displaced by the foundation windows to the north frames the owner’s luxury sports car the roof terrace at the north street level maintains views of kurakuen niban-cho a cantilevered roof designates and protects the entrance to the house project name: case study houselocation: kurakuen niban-cho hyogo japanarchitect: kenji yanagawastructure: woodfloors above ground: 2construction area: 95.58㎡total floor area: 146.70㎡max AXOR presents three bathroom concepts that are not merely places of function but destinations in themselves — sanctuaries of style Hawaiʻi Island police are searching for a 29-year-old man wanted for questioning in connection with a shooting in the Honoliʻi area on January 31 He is also wanted for escaping from the Hale Nani correctional facility on November 19 Police caution anyone with information on his whereabouts not to approach him. Instead, call the Police Department’s non-emergency line at 935-3311 or contact Detective Clarence Davies at 961-2383 or clarence.davies@hawaiicounty.gov or Detective Todd Pataray at 961-2382 or todd.pataray@hawaiicounty.gov Tipsters who prefer to remain anonymous may call the island wide Crime Stoppers number at 961-8300 and may be eligible for a reward of up to $1,000. Crime Stoppers is a volunteer program run by ordinary citizens who want to keep their community safe. Crime Stoppers does not record calls or subscribed to any Caller ID service. All Crime Stoppers information is kept confidential. The victim, a 31-year-old Kona man, is recovering from his injuries at a hospital on Oahu. Detectives from the Area I Criminal Investigations Section are continuing the investigation, which is classified as a second-degree attempted murder. Tipsters who prefer to remain anonymous may call the island-wide Crime Stoppers number at 961-8300 and may be eligible for a reward of up to $1,000.00. Crime Stoppers is a volunteer program run by ordinary citizens who want to keep their community safe. Crime Stoppers does not record calls or subscribe to any Caller ID service. All Crime Stoppers information is kept confidential. The Crime Stoppers TV Program is available on-demand from Nā Leo TV. This site is only for accessing historical media releases prior to November 12 Visit our new site for up to date information By Liz Shackleton2021-10-12T11:15:00+01:00 This year’s Pingyao International Film Festival (October 12-19) will open with Korean-Chinese director Zhang Lu’s Yanagawa and close with Xu Lei’s The Great Director Yanagawa revolves around two brothers who travel to Japan in search of the woman they both loved in their youth which is receiving its world premiere at Busan in the Icons section is produced by Midnight Blur Films and sold internationally by Hishow Entertainment The Great Director is described as “a sci-fi short about cinema with directors Jia Zhangke and Ning Hao” stepped down at the end of last year’s edition but rejoined as president earlier this year Film editor and critic Lin Xudong took the role of artistic director while former artistic director Marco Mueller who is now running a cinema research department at Shanghai University is overseeing the festival’s international selection. Pingyao also unveiled this year’s competition sections – Crouching Tigers Crouching Tigers includes Simon Mesa Soto’s Amparo which won best actor in the Horizons section of Venice while Asian premieres include Cannes titles Streetwise and Ripples Of Life (see full list below) The Galas section of ten films includes titles such as Bassel Ghandour’s The Alleys which won best actor in the main competition at Venice Director and screenwriter Ding Yinnan and Hong Kong filmmaker Tsui Hark will both be the subject of tributes The festival’s industry programmes include Work-in-Progress Lab Screenings (WIP) Pingyao Project Promotion (PPP) and Pingyao Series Promotion (PSP) France) – dir: Alessio Rigo de Righi & Matteo Zoppis Company’s latest foray into genre will open theatrically on October 10 Bookmark this page to keep track of all the latest festival dates CAD $90,000 in cash and prizes presented at Friday’s ceremony in Toronto Oscar winner proposing federal tax incentives ‘Ish’ and ‘Learning To Breathe Under Water’ will also feature Screen International is the essential resource for the international film industry access to the Screen International archive and supplements including Stars of Tomorrow and World of Locations Site powered by Webvision Cloud I suppose not much needs to be said when you’re one of Japan’s most notorious Yakuza bosses I’m fairly certain you’re not meant to say much to anyone when you’re a high-profile crimelord But in the case of Jiro Yanagawa’s Patek Philippe Nautilus 3800/108 As one of the most expensive Nautilus pieces ever created — and one of the rarest given the unique cushion shape — this icy bit of wrist candy was gifted to Mr Yanagawa and a general attitude of “don’t-f**k-with-me,” the timepiece is adorned with an entire array of precious gems But let’s be honest: “adorned” is a bit of an understatement “Overwhelmed” would be a far more appropriate term for it.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-ArticlesPOS3'); }); and what have you; you’ll also find three baguette-cut rubies on the 12 o’clock Jiro Yanagawa’s Patek Philippe Nautilus 3800/108 is self-winding and water-resistant with a straight-line lever escapement RELATED: The ‘Imperial’ Patek Philippe Owned By China’s Last Emperor Just Hammered For $9.4 Milliongoogletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-ArticlesPOS4'); }); there’s a monometallic balance adjusted to both heat and cold Housing a shock absorber and self-compensating flat balance spring the triangular dauphine hands are made of — you guessed it — yellow gold This level of opulence and luxury is a testament to how far Jiro Yanagawa had come From an impoverished Korean immigrant child pushing the absolute limits to solidify his status as a “somebody” — albeit through less than legitimate means — to a feared criminal mastermind who commanded the respect of countless if it weren’t for the illegalities of it all this would be a classic rags-to-riches story googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-ArticlesPOS5'); }); Yanagawa’s syndicate was several thousand men strong But gangland wars and law enforcement saw to its eventual disbandment a somewhat uplifting epilogue to this tale Turning over a new leaf during the twilight years of his life Jiro Yanagawa would become a goodwill ambassador for Japan and Korea later even assuming the position of founding commissioner for Japan’s International Boxing Federation branch Back in 2015, this Patek Philippe Nautilus 3800/108 was estimated to be worth anything between $115,000 and $192,000. No doubt it’s now valued at multiples of what has since become a borderline laughable price range. UPDATE [24/10/2023]: Jiro Yanagawa’s Patek Philippe Nautilus 3800/108 was recently spotted at a watch auction (though it wasn’t for sale). Get up close and personal with it below. View this post on Instagram A post shared by Andrea Parmegiani (@_1_5_1_8_) Signup to the Boss Hunting Friday Newsletter Metrics details Subseafloor microbes beneath active hydrothermal vents are thought to live near the upper temperature limit for life on Earth We drilled and cored the Iheya North hydrothermal field in the Mid-Okinawa Trough and examined the phylogenetic compositions and the products of metabolic functions of sub-vent microbial communities metabolic activities and molecular signatures only in the shallow sediments down to 15.8 m below the seafloor at a moderately distant drilling site from the active hydrothermal vents (450 m) the profiles of methane and sulfate concentrations and the δ13C and δD isotopic compositions of methane suggested the laterally flowing hydrothermal fluids and the in situ microbial anaerobic methane oxidation In situ measurements during the drilling constrain the current bottom temperature of the microbially habitable zone to ~45 °C higher temperatures of 106–198 °C were possible at the depth as estimated from geochemical thermometry on hydrothermally altered clay minerals The 16S rRNA gene phylotypes found in the deepest habitable zone are related to those of thermophiles although sequences typical of known hyperthermophilic microbes were absent from the entire core Overall our results shed new light on the distribution and composition of the boundary microbial community close to the high-temperature limit for habitability in the subseafloor environment of a hydrothermal field these microbial explorations associated with scientific ocean drilling projects have not successfully provided data on the compositions and functions of potential subseafloor microbial communities it is unclear how local hydrothermal flow may influence the uneven distribution of sub-vent microbial community Complex subsurface hydrothermal flow may limit or stimulate the sub-vent microbial activities the recovered core samples were potentially exposed to the in situ temperature range of 4 to >300 °C and provide important insights into the boundary microbial community and the limits of the biosphere DNA was extracted from core subsamples using the PowerMAX Soil DNA isolation kit (MoBio Laboratories the samples were incubated at 65 °C for 5 min mechanical shaking was performed for 10 min with a ShakeMaster (BioMedical Science Other subsequent steps were performed according to the manufacturer's protocol Sequences have been deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers: AB824899-AB825952 for 16S rRNA gene sequences and LC061224-LC061266 for mcrA gene sequences The potential activity was calculated based on the proportion of radioactive 14C product to total radioactive substrate cultivation tests and prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene quantifications described below provided positive signatures for the existence of microbial populations only in the near-surface sediments at Site C0013 most of the results and discussion in the following sections are described with a focus on Site C0014 represent the lowest and highest values of the co-variation exhibited in microbial methane oxidation dsrA and aprA genes were widely distributed in most of the shallow sediments that yielded many positive signals for the existence of microbial communities and the abundances decreased with increasing depth in the sediment This pattern also indicated that the complex biogeochemical processes associated with the microbial methane- and sulfate-related metabolisms co-occur in the sub-vent biosphere at Site C0014 The abundances of these functional genes were one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of the prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes in the same samples Because these investigations have focused on the shallow sediments just beneath the seafloor where the diffusive mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater likely characterizes the geochemical environments there remains a lack of knowledge on the subseafloor AOM communities associated with hydrogeologically controlled advection and the partitioning and mixing processes of hydrothermal fluids and infiltrated seawater near deep-sea vents The physical and chemical variations in the subseafloor environment resulting from advective hydrothermal fluid and seawater flows related to the lithostratigraphic and hydrogeologic conditions would create diverse biogeochemical processes the potential growth temperature range was estimated to be the highest (50 –76 °C) for members of HWCGIV among the putative thermophilic populations the subseafloor sediments at Site C0013 that contain excess pore-water sulfate concentrations (relative to seawater) are likely exposed to high temperatures that exceed the microbially habitable range at the present The microbial habitability in the sub-vent biosphere is probably highly constrained by the latest temperature history and/or the present temperature conditions induced by spatiotemporally variable high-temperature hydrothermal fluid input Fluctuations in temperature in the boundary habitat probably occasionally sterilize the microbial community via exposure to high-temperature hydrothermal fluids and this is followed by a gradual return to microbially habitable temperatures the existence of impermeable layers may contribute to the slow recolonization of the active microbial community after sterilization because the impermeable layer limits migration of viable populations from refugia the impermeable layers may also serve as the possible microbial refugia from the lethal temperature fluctuations associated with the occasional exposure to high-temperature hydrothermal fluids The slow but successful recolonization of the active microbial community after a temporary sterilization may be initiated from viable microbial cells disseminated throughout the safe interior of impermeable layers Although the permeable and impermeable inter-layer sequences of cores are often difficult to recover in IODP-like drilling operations these hypotheses of the limit and recolonization of the sub-vent biosphere should be clarified in future research Carbon and hydrogen fractionation resulting from anaerobic methane oxidation Microbial sulfate reduction within the Iheya North subseafloor hydrothermal system constrained by quadruple sulfur isotopes Anaerobic oxidation of methane at different temperature regimes in Guaymas Basin hydrothermal sediments Real-time PCR quantification and diversity analysis of the functional genes aprA and dsrA of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes in marine sediments of the Peru continental margin and the Black Sea Microbial community analysis of deeply buried marine sediments of the New Jersey shallow shelf (IODP Expedition 313) ɛ-proteobacterial diversity from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic ridge Fluids from aging ocean crust that support microbial life Bacterial profiles in hydrothermally active deep sediment layers from Middle Valley (NE Pacific) sites 857 and 858 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Diversity and distribution of methanotrophic archaea at cold seeps multi-layered methanotrophic microbial mat system growing on the sediment of the Black Sea Life under extreme energy limitation: a synthesis of laboratory- and field-based investigations Evidence for microbial carbon and sulfur cycling in deeply buried ridge flank basalt Meta-analysis of quantification methods shows that archaea and bacteria have similar abundances in the subseafloor ARB: a software environment for sequence data Detection of putatively thermophilic anaerobic methanotrophs in diffuse hydrothermal vent fluids Determining the stable isotope ratio of total dissolved inorganic carbon in lake water by GC/C/IIRMS Clay minerals in an active hydrothermal field at Iheya-North-Knoll (2013).,Mineralogical and geochemical studies of hydrothermal clay minerals below the seafloor at active hydrothermal fields in the island arc and back-arc setting Hot-alkaline DNA extraction method for deep-subseafloor archaeal communities Variability in microbial community and venting chemistry in a sediment-hosted backarc hydrothermal system: impacts of subseafloor phase-separation Theoretical constraints of physical and chemical properties of hydrothermal fluids on variations in chemolithotrophic microbial communities in seafloor hydrothermal systems Fast measurement of dissolved inorganic carbon concentration for small-volume interstitial water by acid extraction and nondispersive infrared gas analysis Quantification of mcrA by fluorescent PCR in methanogenic and methanotrophic microbial communities Archaeal diversity and distribution along thermal and geochemical gradients in hydrothermal sediments at the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field in the southern Okinawa Trough Microbial diversity in deep-sea methane seep sediments presented by SSU rRNA gene tag sequencing Colonization of subsurface microbial observatories deployed in young ocean crust Novel bacterial and archaeal lineages from an in situ 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methane-seep sediments of the eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu Spatial distribution of viruses associated with planktonic and attached microbial communities in hydrothermal environments Download references We are deeply grateful to the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program expedition staff and technicians on Chikyu from Mantle Quest Japan installation and measurements during IODP Expedition 331 We also thank the proponents of and all involved in the preparation of IODP Proposal 601 We are grateful to Uta Konno for technical support in the stable isotope analysis Jay Quade provided constructive comments and helpful suggestions This work was supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research: Project TAIGA (New Scientific Research on Innovative Areas a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (15H05335) to KY and by the German Research Foundation (DFG) priority program 527 IODP/ODP Grant SCHI 535/12 to AS Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR) Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Research and Development Center for Marine Biosciences The authors declare no conflict of interest Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on The ISME Journal website Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2016.119 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Communications Earth & Environment (2024) Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2022) Your browser does not support JavaScript, or it is disabled．Please check the site policy for more information Fukuoka Prefecture--Taking a boat ride in the depths of winter may be the furthest thing from most people’s minds operators are offering tourists “kotatsu-bune” boats equipped with “kotatsu” leg-warming floor heaters to ward off the chill in this city famed for its network of canals The annual attraction is being offered until the end of February Boat operators are finally seeing a rebound in visitor numbers after nearly three years of a sharp drop due to the novel coronavirus pandemic Officials of the city-run Yanagawa Tourism Bureau are keeping their fingers crossed there will be no resurgence in COVID-19 infections Tickets are priced at between 1,000 yen ($7.30) and 1,700 yen The bureau offers a pass that allows entry to five sightseeing facilities at a reduced price The facilities include the residence where famous poet Kitahara Hakushu (1885-1942) was born The pass costs 1,800 yen for junior high school students or those who are older and 1,000 yen for children of elementary school age with a 500-yen discount offered for city residents For reservations and inquiries, visit the bureau’s official website at (https://www.yanagawa-net.com/en/) ‘Kawadoko’ riverside dining offered again in Osaka Prefecture Harbinger of spring: sakura start to bloom in Tokyo Toasty winter boat rides a welcome break from COVID-19 woes Boat and bonfire festival honoring poet Hakushu back in Fukuoka Picnics on boats take off in Osaka due to desire for social distancing Information on the latest cherry blossom conditions Please right click to use your browser’s translation function.) A series based on diplomatic documents declassified by Japan’s Foreign Ministry Here is a collection of first-hand accounts by “hibakusha” atomic bomb survivors chefs and others involved in the field of food introduce their special recipes intertwined with their paths in life A series about Japanese-Americans and their memories of World War II In-house News and Messages No reproduction or republication without written permission Hawaiʻi Island police are searching for a 20-year-old Puna man who was reported as an escapee from Hale Nani correctional facility Scottie Yanagawa was last seen at the correctional facility Thursday (November 19) around 10 a.m He has tattoos of skulls on his left hand and upper arm and tribal tattoos running down his right arm Police ask anyone with information on his whereabouts to call the Police Department’s non-emergency line at 935-3311 Tipsters who prefer to remain anonymous may call the island wide Crime Stoppers number at 961-8300. Crime Stoppers information is kept confidential. Students of Denshukan High School in Yanagawa have investigated the history of a cenotaph for past students of their school who were mobilized during World War II They compiled stories and records to remember 17 students from their school who had lost their lives in air raids.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); }); Having learned that memories from the ravages of war existed so close to them the students also began working to reinstate a memorial service for the war dead kenji yanagawa blends loft and townhouse in higashiosaka japanese firm, kenji yanagawa architects has designed ‘II home in higashi’ around the owner’s porsche 911. living spaces are organized in succession around a central void that allows views of the car from all levels. at the back of the site the music room kitchen and bed room are stacked vertically accessible by stairs to the larger proportion of the house consisting of the livingroom air and light flood the entire space from the openings in the roof and glass walls toward the street cantilevered terraces push the corrugated aluminum envelope flush with neighboring buildings while acting as a buffer providing privacy between the habitable space and public front the house hovers above the street (right): the porsche defines the spatial arrangement of the rooms above the garage is tucked back on the site allowing the greatest area of protection for the luxury car and concentrates the living space away from the street a multi-layered space unfolds around the entrance the music room has prime views of the focal object of the house a glass floor provides visual connection to the porsche despite the illusion of a being enclosed by intermediate levels of the kitchen below and bedroom above half height walls in the bathroom allow ventilation and visual connection to the rest of the house a roof terrace sets the bathroom away from the street-facing facade section illutrates the porsche and atrium as central organizing features of the house and the facade and terraces as buffer from the street site plan illustrates the program of the house assembled at the back of the site while the facade remains flush with its neighbors building name: II home of higashilocation: higashi shimokosaka japanarchitect: kenji yangawa architectsstructure: steelfloors above ground: 3construction area: 52.99 mtotal floor area: 113.4 sq mmax Midwives in Alaska are speaking out against a plan from Gov. Mike Dunleavy to dissolve the board that governs their profession. The executive order dissolving the midwife board is one of 12 that the governor submitted in January to the Legislature. Mary Yanagawa, a direct-entry midwife and former president of the Midwives Association of Alaska said the board is critical to the profession and patient care “The states where families can have the best options for midwifery care are states that are licensed and that board oversees regulation and scope of practice,” Yanagawa said According to research from Yale midwives generally improve the care the mother and baby get during a pregnancy and at birth; there are fewer preterm births Board certification is required in order for midwife work to be covered by insurance midwives said they must be certified by a board of their peers. The responsibilities of the board would be transferred to state employees Yanagawa said it’s hard to imagine how that would work since the state is already struggling to support the board. Direct-entry midwives study midwifery without first becoming a nurse Their training is a combination of education and apprenticeship and they generally facilitate births outside hospitals And Yanagawa said they must have a plan in case someone needs to move to a higher level of care midwives went to Juneau to advocate for licensing She said dissolving the board is a step in the wrong direction they advocated to get insurance reimbursement,” Yanagawa said “And many states in the Lower 48 still don't have licensure A spokesperson for Dunleavy wrote in an email that the executive order “eliminates duplication of functions and provides a single point of responsibility for the licensing and regulation” of direct-entry midwives That’s similar to the rationale the governor provided for 11 other executive orders largely aimed at reconfiguring boards and commissions doulas and low-income mothers spoke to a senate committee about their concerns if the board is dismantled The senate took an early step toward rejecting some of Dunleavy’s proposed executive orders on Feb including the order dissolving the board for direct-entry midwifery RELATED: A dozen executive orders from Gov. Dunleavy draw scrutiny Experienced Kawasaki hitman will stand in for young Aussie AKIRA Yanagawa will replace Chris Vermeulen on the Paul Bird Kawasaki for the opening round of the World Superbike Championship at Phillip Island Vermeulen is recovering from a complicated knee operation and although he almost has full movement in his knee the team fears he'll aggravate the injury at the opening round and scupper his chances of being fully fit for the season Akira Yanagawa will replace Vermeulen for Phillip Island and the Penrith-based team will concentrate their full efforts for race weekend on regular KRT riders Tom Sykes and Joan Lascorz.Yorkshireman Sykes was an encouraging sixth fastest on the opening day's testing at the Victoria track with Spaniard Lascorz holding 11th position at the end despite being as high as fifth after session one.Chris Vermeulen: "We decided as a team that the best thing was not to race or test at Phillip Island It is unfortunate because it is my home round and I have gone through such a long recovery already It would have been nice to start off the season fit and strong but we did not want to risk any further damage to my knee I am not fit enough to compete at the top level yet so it is better to not ride at the moment My knee is improving and the recovery is going to plan so hopefully by Donington I will be ready to race again I have nearly five weeks from now to get ready for that round." Subscribe to our NewsletterGet the latest motorcycling news exclusives and promotions direct to your inbox For more information, read our Privacy Policy © Crash Media Group Ltd 2025.The total or partial reproduction of text photographs or illustrations is not permitted in any form kenji yanagawa brings japanese tradition to ‘george’s pie’ ‘goerge’s pie’ is an australian-influenced deli cafe in kobe, japan that maintains its native identity with a design by osaka-based architect kenji yanagawa the overlaid plans recall a typical 4 1/2 tatami mat layout extruded the first floor is cut into thirds comprising an outdoor area perpendicular segments protrude these programs as bathroom and stairs to the north its width defines a double-height space above the cafeteria enclosed to one side by a glass curtain wall and to the other by a railing at the edge of the seating area this void is only penetrated by a small bridge that leads to an outdoor balcony the transparent enclosure makes the spaces feel unified inside a singular piloti serves as a reminder of the organizing system amidst the open plan upstairs seating overlooks the landscape and courtyard; outdoor accommodation extends beyond the enclosed service area large openings in the opaque building shell provide light and views to the landscape while articulating spaces in the tatami mat proportions a penetration in the north-south direction defines the entrance a vertical cut in the roof outlines the perimeter of the central lawn this is repeated at the ground level by stairs leading to the seating balcony a tiled area on the ground floor delineates the area for outdoor eating of the same dimensions of the bar above and layering of intersecting spaces turns a solid mass into a spacious volume capable of accommodating a variety of programs denoting the proportion of a half tatami mat at the intersection of the outdoor seating area and kitchen below (left): a patio and a balcony provide seating at the southern third of the courtyard (right): a small courtyard bounded by stairs and a foot path evokes movement in contrast to the sedentary nature of the patio beyond the space is composed as an extrusion of the 4 1/2 tatami mat arrangement an inviting glow distinguishes the entrance to ‘george’s pie’ Sosuke Ikematsu was intrigued to be offered a role in a Chinese film set in Yanagawa his mother’s hometown famed for its network of canals who is known for weaving stories set in rural cities in South Korea and Japan with unique sensitivity “I was surprised to learn that the film would be shot in Yanagawa which I have visited many times,” Ikematsu said the Chinese characters for Yanagawa are pronounced as “Liuchuan,” which mimics the name of a Chinese woman who is a key character in the film The story centers around two middle-aged brothers living in Beijing who visit Yanagawa to see Liu Chuan Ikematsu plays the landlord of an inn where the brothers stay He persuades the woman to live in the city but the nature of their relationship remains a mystery The brothers fret about not being able to tell her how they really feel about her but the inn’s landlord stays in the background “It’s a story about people who drift through life filled with loneliness and past heartaches being reunited in Yanagawa in East Asia,” Ikematsu said “I listened to my feelings in playing the character.” “Yanagawa” is currently showing nationwide J-horror director breaks new ground with film shot in China Director Hosoda named to post at the Kanazawa College of Art Award-winning film director Yoichi Sai dies at 73 Actress in film ‘2 Women’ says she felt connected to writer she plays Koji Fukada wins revived Akira Kurosawa Award at TIFF Tanabe Benkei film fest to open on-site for first time in 3 years A Japanese private junior high school that opened in southern Thailand in 2016 is attracting attention for blending Japanese-style education with the local curriculum in an effort to nurture international human resources both in Japan and in Thailand located in the province of Nakhon Si Thammarat is a Thai Ministry of Education-accredited private school and is affiliated with Yanagawa High School in Yanagawa It has become the first Japanese school overseas that has an affiliated high school in Japan.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); }); a group of students from Yanagawa High School visited the junior high school to deepen exchanges and further promote the high school as a study abroad destination for the Thai school graduates Aiming to become the first-ever Japanese cast member of Saturday Night Live is a tough enough challenge for a young stand-up comedian trying to make it big in the United States It’s even tougher when a global pandemic comes along.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1499653692894-0'); }); mainly at comedy clubs in Chicago,” says Saku Yanagawa a 28-year-old stand-up comedian from Nara Prefecture who has been performing in English in the U.S Fukuoka Prefecture--The autumn evening parade in which “donkobune” boats sail through a bonfire-lined canal here is back after a one-year absence due to the COVID-19 pandemic The city’s annual tradition held as part of the Hakushu-sai festival returns on Nov with thorough infection prevention measures carried out by the local tourist association to ensure its safe resumption which commemorates Kitahara Hakushu (1885-1942) a Yanagawa-born poet and writer of children’s songs who died on Nov 70 to 80 boats sailed down the canal per day for the three-day event with 30 chartered boats allowed to participate per day Groups of up to 10 people can reserve a boat for 88,000 yen ($790) Passengers are picked up at the Okinohata district at 6:15 p.m and arrive at Takahatake Koen park by around 8 p.m They sail upstream instead of taking the usual downstream route passengers will be invited to the festival’s opening ceremony held on both dates at nearby Hakushu Shihien park choral singing and other performances will take place at the park to recognize Hakushu’s achievements For more information, visit the association’s official website at (https://www.yanagawa-net.com/) Tottori app offers virtual tour of Yonago Castle as it once looked Osaka hotel reverses fortunes with room for train buffs Tourists climb aboard to visit scenic unstaffed train stations friendly look the boast of new Kamome Shinkansen USJ teaming up with ‘Gegege no Kitaro’ manga on Halloween event a maverick who is eager to blaze a trail comes along in the entertainment world Tokyo- and Chicago-based stand-up comedian Saku Yanagawa considers himself just that -- a world-traveling comic who delivers his unique biting perspective shaped by life lived in Japan In a country where "the nail that sticks out gets hammered down" and political satire and commentary especially on Japanese TV and in the mainstream media "Did I tell you the one about Prime Minister Shinzo Abe?" he asked in English in a recent interview "He opened up a fried chicken restaurant in Tokyo the 25-year-old Yanagawa got his start in comedy in 2014 through a TV show about Japanese stand-up Rio Koike "Jimmy T," who made his own mark on the New York comedy scene messaged him and went to New York the next day," Yanagawa said of Koike who has now returned to Japan to write a book about how to master English Yanagawa aspired to be a pro baseball player but damaged his arm playing shortstop He jokes he did not make it big because his need for Tommy John surgery went undiagnosed where he earned a bachelor's degree in literature specializing in theater and music Yanagawa went to the Big Apple to meet Koike "I went to all the comedy clubs in Manhattan and talked to the owners and told them I want to get a spot I told them I'll wash dishes and clean the floors (if I have to)." Yanagawa has been on a mission to perform regularly the backdrop for the iconic 1980 film "The Blues Brothers," which became a formative creative influence on him as a teenager "When I was 18 years old I watched The Blues Brothers with John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd...That's the reason I went to Chicago actually The way sharp wit can be a useful tool in life was apparent to him from an early age drawing him to comedy where wisecracks are weaponized "Without using gadgets or props you can make people all over the world laugh I fell in love with the "Ace Ventura" movie with Jim Carrey." Yanagawa said in order to get his shot in Chicago he had to convince club owners to take a chance He has since had stage-time at famous locales like Laugh Factory "First I had to do open mics...(Club owners) would watch my sets and say Where are you from?' I told them I'm from Japan but I came to the States by myself and they started to respect me and would ask me to perform they would hold open mics at more than 10 comedy clubs Yanagawa took his talents to Africa for two weeks He was invited as one of the headliners in the Kigali International Comedy Festival and appeared on Kenya's "Churchill Show," which is broadcast nationally and hosted by comedian Daniel "Churchill" Ndambuki He appeared in Rwanda's first ever comedy festival after a Kenyan comedian whom he met in Japan hooked him up with the organizers "I really wanted the challenge to see if my comedy would work in Africa," he said adding that he was also searching for a place to perform outside of the United States and Japan filmed in Nairobi is considered one of the most high-profile TV programs in East Africa but even a show of that status was apparently not prepared for a Japanese guest "The (makeup) artist opened like eight different makeup foundations but all of them were really dark She tried the lightest one but it still looked like blackface (to me)...I said I can't do that In the routine which can be viewed on YouTube referring to local customs and culture while also using his self-deprecating shtick was called the grandfather of comedy in Africa don't use this joke because it's TV or don't use (the f-word) Foreign audiences are completely different from those in Japan but that's what keeps Yanagawa on his toes -- sometimes literally -- especially when a joke bombs "When I performed in Texas in 2015 I made a joke about George W Bush and a guy in front threw a Heineken bottle at me but I really wanted to try the joke," he said adding that "the bottle smashed (on a wall) just like the ones thrown at the Blues Brothers in the movie." He says the most challenging aspect of doing comedy in a language other than his mother tongue is being able to ad-lib especially when dealing with often rowdy hecklers If something unexpected happens you have to take control and say something witty," he said adding he might tell a heckler to "Speak into my Siri so I can understand you" or "Text me after the show and I'll text you back." who performed 89 shows in 28 cities across five countries in 2017 also does a two-hour stand-up show each month called "Saku's Comedy Night" in Nakano He models the show on sketches he has seen on "Saturday Night Live" -- a program on which he aspires one day to be a regular "When you watch Japanese comedy shows on TV you can't find any that include "seiji fushi," or political satire Some experts argue that political satire has been discouraged in Japan since the Edo period (1603-1867) with restrictions levied further after World War II largely due to pressure from government and the country's conservative elite saying he thinks Japanese TV is too restrictive for him "Even in daily conversation people don't talk about politics in Japan The comedy is different since Japanese come from a 'murashakai' (village society)" mentality Yanagawa wants to perfect jokes about other cultures giving him a path to his goal of being the first Japanese regular on SNL He draws perspective from how many Japanese baseball players have made it big in the majors but says as a comedian he must take a route outside Japan If a Japanese player wants to play in the MLB they have to be famous and successful in Japan first start playing in the minor leagues and get respect from other players (comedians)...then Double-A That's why I have to move to the States soon." To have the latest news and stories delivered to your inbox Simply enter your email address below and an email will be sent through which to complete your subscription Please check your inbox for a confirmation email Thank you for reaching out to us.We will get back to you as soon as possible Kawasaki rider Akira Yanagawa bounced back from a high-speed crash in today's final qualifying session for tomorrow's Pacific GP - and went straight out to cut almost half a second off his previous best time and the Kawasaki Ninja ZX-RR will take its first Grand Prix start tomorrow from the fifth row of the grid Kawasaki rider Akira Yanagawa bounced back from a high-speed crash in today's final qualifying session for tomorrow's Pacific GP - and went straight out to cut almost half a second off his previous best time The all-new MotoGP prototype made its public debut yesterday in the first of two days of practice for the race at the 4,801-metre Motegi circuit the fuel-injected 990cc prototype had undergone only five days of testing since it was completed in September "I had a high-speed crash in the fastest right hand corner of the track," explained Yanagawa with a wry smile as if something was wrong with the suspension and when the front tucked under in this corner the Japanese revealed that he hadn't escaped the adccident completely unharmed: "I have a pain in the neck now and I was able to continue with our second bike I still had some front end chatter with this one and I was able to put in a hot lap in the end!" revealed that even before tomorrow's race the team has gathered vital information that will see new parts ready for Malaysia "Our target was to qualify a little bit higher up than we actually did we understand the negative points on our set-up," said Yasui "We need some chassis modifications in order to get rid of the chatter problem and are confident that we can come up with a solution very quickly - we will try our best to have the necessary parts available at the next race in Malaysia!" The ZX-RR will take part in the final four rounds of this year's MotoGP World Championship as a wild card entry as part of the preparation for a full-scale GP return next season - 20 years after Kawasaki's last factory entry in the top level of motorcycle racing interviews and promotions from the paddock direct to your inbox For more information see our Privacy Policy He is at the forefront of the Suzuki exit story and Marc Marquez’s injury issues It sure had us at “Hello.” Standing on a nondescript platform at Nishitetsu Fukuoka (Tenjin) Station in Fukuoka’s bustling shopping district a pair of lights resembling round anime eyes grew brighter as the train approached we were greeted by a yellow-light signage in cursive on its front we caught glimpses of a cozy interior with fully laid tables We were about to be let in on one of Fukuoka’s best-kept secrets: The Rail Kitchen Chikugo Launched in March 2019 by Nishi-Nippon Railroad Co the traveling restaurant plies the Chikugo area less than an hour south of central Fukuoka Meticulously curated meals for up to 52 people across three cars are prepared from scratch in its fully equipped kitchen A built-in kiln churns out handmade pizzas topped with local seasonal vegetables (the burdock and canola flower-topped version changed our minds about meatless pizzas) “The traveling restaurant plies the Chikugo area less than an hour south of central Fukuoka” All ingredients and beverages onboard are locally sourced said Nishitetsu Assistant Manager Hideho Takada “We wanted to create something to connect people and let them appreciate the unique produce from local farms along the track,” he explained as the view outside shifted from generic houses to rolling farmlands “Pizza made with locally produced flour became our main dish because Fukuoka is the second-largest flour producer in Japan.” Rail Kitchen’s gourmet offerings are served on modern ceramic and wood-based works by Chikugo’s finest craftsmen Yame bamboo-woven material adorns the ceiling while rare red-tinted unglazed Jojima tiles and framed pieces of Kurume Kasuri – a dyed textile with a splashed pattern unique to Fukuoka – lend the walls an artistic flair The train also offers passengers a chance to stop off and discover the hidden stories of three of Kyushu’s most picturesque historical towns – Dazaifu Yanagawa and Omuta – depending on their choice of meal On our agenda was a visit to Dazaifu (40-minute brunch) and Yanagawa (two-hour lunch or dinner) we found ourselves merging with a stream of umbrellas bobbing along an approximately 250m-long street that’s filled with souvenir shops and eateries leading up to Dazaifu Tenmangu Legend has it the shrine was originally built in the 10th century to enshrine a politician poet and scholar who was deified as a Shinto god of learning the place was teeming with students seeking divine assistance for upcoming high-school and university entrance exams The grandeur of Dazaifu Tenmangu was not lost in the crowd as we walked across two beautiful red arch bridges over a landscaped pond toward the honden (main hall) Look out for the tobiume (flying plum tree) on the right which is said to have taken flight from Kyoto to be reunited with its beloved master Behind the honden is a lesser-known spot called Tenkai Inari Shrine It’s known as the most powerful spot on these grounds for granting wishes but we found simpler joy by trekking up a winding path paved with vermilion-colored torii gates toward the shrine About an hour’s train ride farther south from Dazaifu is Yanagawa will remain hidden from the kimono-renting crowd) which traces its history back to over 400 years ago thanks to the hundreds of kilometers of waterways – once water moats built as a defense system – that crisscross the town boatmen use long poles to deftly steer donko bunes (small river boats) along the waterways taking visitors on scenic kawakudari (downstream) cruises and punctuating the rides with melodious renditions of Yanagawa’s folk songs “I’ve been doing this for 17 years,” said our 33-year old boatman “I have yet to grow sick of it.” It’s not hard to believe With our legs snug under a kotatsu (table with built-in heater underneath) on the boat complete with traditional warehouses and willow trees that seemed idyllic even in their wintry bareness It’s easy to see how this town could have inspired Hakushu Kitahara (1885-1942) to write the tanka (a Japanese poem of 31 syllables) folk songs and children’s songs that cemented him as the founder of modern Japanese poetry he described his hometown as “the mother and creative source” of his poetry the Yanagawa Municipal Folk Museum stands on a corner of the former Kitahara estate It was opened in 1985 to honor the poet’s legacy and is definitely worth a visit an affectionate local term for the Edo-period residence of the Tachibana clan Ohana’s rich history of more than four centuries is evident everywhere It can be traced on the walls of its Meiji-era Western-style Seiyokan (former state guest house) which is laid with an impressive 100 tatami mats The colorful sagemon (good luck charms for girls) displays in its former administration room and the Ohana Shoto-en a stunning Japanese garden dotted with over 200 pine trees Ohana is now a nationally designated scenic spot It is a popular venue for weddings and operates as a restaurant and an inn A night’s stay in one of its well-appointed rooms epitomizes the experience of staying at a Japanese ryokan: sublime Sitting in a private tatami room as we wrapped up our day a seemingly endless stream of delicacies from the Ariake Sea (including the famous Yanagawa steamed and grilled eel dish) filled our table for an exquisite kaiseki dinner (traditional Japanese multicourse cuisine) – many of the ingredients being so unusual that our tastebuds were just becoming acquainted with them for the first time From unique cuisine to culturally enriching sightseeing our Rail Kitchen ride undoubtedly whetted our appetites for many more yet-to-be-discovered stories in our Kyushu journey To book your Rail Kitchen Chiguko ride, go to www.railkitchen.jp a smartphone app created by Toyota Motor Corp. You can use the app to search for routes (trains buses and taxis) and find information about shops and events Dazaifu Burger: One of the district’s most famous snacks Essentially a karaage (Japanese fried chicken) burger accompanied by tartare sauce infused with Fukuoka’s famed plum a local joint about five minutes from Dazaifu Tenmangu Unagi no Seiro Mushi: Steamed grilled eel sitting on a bed of rice drenched in a special sweet sauce and sprinkled with thinly sliced egg located in front of the Nishitetsu-Yanagawa Station It’s one of the few restaurants that still uses domestic eels For an off-the-beaten-path experience in Yanagawa a yoga retreat-cum-café that’s less than 15 minutes away by car from Nishitetsu-Yanagawa Station Doing sun salutations in the Balinese-style studio facing expansive paddy field views bathed in plenty of natural light was a rejuvenating experience The best part though was getting to meet the infectiously happy Matsufuji family who runs the place The discovery of new drugs for conditions ranging from depression to diabetes to cancer could be accelerated thanks to a promising strategy identified by RIKEN researchers for quantifying the activation of a key class of proteins1 Many leading drugs for a wide variety of conditions act on a single class of proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) The human genome encodes roughly 800 GPCRs which coordinate a wide array of essential cellular functions it is first necessary to establish whether a particular compound activates that receptor because each GPCR triggers a distinct chain of signaling events Yasushi Sako, who heads the Cellular Informatics Laboratory at RIKEN and his co-workers thus set out to identify other indicators that might reveal whether a given receptor is switched on or off employed a sensitive imaging technique that allowed him to track the behavior of individual fluorescently labeled GPCR molecules within the cell membrane he was struck by an apparent link between the activation state of individual receptor molecules and the rate at which they diffused within the fluid membrane environment “If we can find a general relationship between the diffusion and function of GPCRs we could estimate a drug’s effect just by monitoring the diffusion behavior of the receptor molecule,” Yanagawa notes The researchers focused on a GPCR known as metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3) which contributes to communication between neurons and has been linked to disorders such as schizophrenia Their imaging data revealed striking changes in this receptor’s diffusion behavior when it was switched on versus when it was turned off—activating signals produced by stimulatory ‘agonist’ molecules generally slowed the receptor down or even immobilized it whereas chemical treatments that inactivated mGluR3 generally produced faster diffusion within the membrane a similar pattern held for a wide variety of other GPCRs “Despite having considerably different amino acid sequences all the GPCRs we tested showed a significant decrease in their mobility on stimulation,” says Yanagawa This suggested a pattern of behavior that may be common across all such proteins in collaboration with Masahiro Ueda’s group at the RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research has recently developed a high-speed imaging platform2 which could help researchers to exploit this response to quickly identify promising drug candidates that turn clinically relevant GPCRs on or off Top