Metrics details This study employs a novel methodological approach to evaluate the effectiveness of South Korea’s digital diplomacy within U.S Given the United States’ experience with modern digital public diplomacy its foreign policy has a significant impact on both Korea and Japan We examine how key issues in the Korea-Japan territorial dispute are perceived and preserved on U.S The study used web archives for data collection as well as a composite analysis combining web impact studies and semantic network analysis The analysis revealed that Japan’s digital public diplomacy is more prominent primarily through online media operated by the U.S This suggests that Korea needs strategies similar to Japan’s such as the “Takeshima Day” event in Shimane Prefecture and politicians’ remarks on Dokdo/Takeshima and the conflict between the two countries persists the success of their arguments will depend on the extent of international support they receive Relatively few public diplomacy studies have examined digitized web materials about diplomatic issues and even fewer have applied big data analytics despite being a topic worthy of investigation By examining the representation of this issue on U.S the study aims to elucidate the challenges and opportunities facing South Korea in its digital public diplomacy initiatives The primary research questions guiding this study are as follows: What is a methodological innovation that uses web archiving to objectively measure the impact of digital diplomacy What are the networked structures of U.S.-mediated archived web materials on Dokdo and how do these reflect South Korea’s digital diplomacy strategies What improvements do the analysis results of archived web materials suggest in Korea’s digital diplomatic strategy although the term “digitalized public diplomacy” is often used as a synonym for digital diplomacy This is because digital technology is affecting changes in diplomatic norms and the structure of diplomats and diplomatic organizations Their goals are to customize and enhance foreign policy and national brand messages by considering the unique characteristics of local audiences This approach can be used as a benchmark for the comparative evaluation of digital diplomacy between Korea and Japan Both countries take a similar approach to public diplomacy such as promoting a positive image of the country through a government-run digital platform comparative studies between Korea and Japan can demonstrate the efficacy of digital public diplomacy which has gone through in a unique historical context is working in many aspects of foreign policy the Korean government produced and distributed its own guidebook with examples of how domestic and foreign ministries use SNS to practice digital diplomacy The former study assessed that Korea has excellent digital infrastructure and hardware but has not presented a strategic plan for digital diplomacy and has not fully realized its potential The latter also recognized Korea’s excellent digital environment but there were differences in the interaction with digital diplomacy on specific issues This is also consistent with the analysis of Kim (2022) He analyzed more than 3,000 public diplomacy projects conducted by Korea’s central administrative agencies and local governments from 2018 to 2022 and found that one-way information distribution-oriented projects about Korea promoting overseas Korean and Korean studies exhibition projects to improve the country’s image These projects primarily focus on foreigners and multicultural families residing in Korea with a rare presence of digital technology-based public diplomacy activities The same is true for global social media communication These findings suggest that Korea’s digital diplomacy is specialized in Web 2.0 and a representative example of the public practicing public diplomacy as a social actor in Korea is “VANK.” In addition, Pohang MBC (2023) aired a two-part documentary titled “Dokdo which examines the global perception of the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute based on data which is currently posted on the station’s YouTube channel also discusses the Korea Communications Commission’s program translation support project which can be viewed as a component of public diplomacy once the subtitled program is broadcast overseas Web archiving has been used as a tool in historical research since its introduction. It has expanded to include a variety of uses depending on the field of study and subject matter. For example, the U.S. Library of Congress offers digital archival materials on its Web Archive by topic of interest.Footnote 2 Some of these are subject-specific, such as the Digital Archive of Chinese History.Footnote 3 Brief description of data collection and analysis: we collected individual URLs related to “Dokdo” from the Wayback Machine through web crawling then conducted Web Impact Research and semantic network analysis on them Since the focus of this study was on the U.S all web pages containing the term “Dokdo” were collected on the .gov domain This kind of e-search strategy proved to be a straightforward way to cover as many archived materials related to Dokdo as possible using the Wayback Machine We used Internet Download Manager (IDM) software to collect the HTML files of the webpages that appeared in the search results The Wayback Machine can fetch the original version of a webpage and regularly check for updates If a webpage was crawled multiple times and there was no difference in content the duplicate webpage was not included in the analysis These verification procedures were performed in addition to machine check-ups As the URL information for the webpages collected by the IDM program was not displayed directly we used a program coded in Python to extract the URLs The extracted URLs were analyzed on a per-domain basis Domains are composed of subdomains from the top-level domain and the second top-level domain can be used to identify the source of information We used TextomFootnote 5 as a tool to analyze semantic networks We used a text mining technique for the analysis Text mining is a set of techniques used to extract hidden information and derive patterns from the frequency and distribution of words that are not explicit in written content We have used Textom for semantic network analysis and the visualization of analysis results The keyword “Dokdo” was searched on the Wayback Machine website on January 27 We later collected 1,206 web pages for “Dokdo” using IDM the contents were checked individually to exclude webpages that were duplicates or were unrelated to the keywords We also tried to collect “Takeshima” as a keyword but excluded it due to significant content overlap with “Dokdo” during the collection process The greater the number of web page domains collected with the “Dokdo” keyword We classified the web page domains collected by the “Dokdo” keyword according to their type The results show the influence of the .jmh domain Embassy is conducting public diplomacy through its own online space The most prominent example is an editorial titled “South Korea should not bring territorial issues to the Olympics,” published on February 7 The editorial protested the raising of the Korean Peninsula flag with Dokdo during a women’s ice hockey tournament between North and South Korea ahead of the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics It cited an example of a men’s soccer match held at the 2012 London Olympics: This visualization displays the information source (country) of the web page domain type which is classified using the 2-mode matrix the number of URLs for each sort of information source increases The results of this analysis show that the network structure of the Dokdo archival web materials mediated by the United States in RQ2 is mainly based on news is actively producing web materials in the government’s online space This suggests that Korea should not only target domestic and foreign audiences through social media but also engage in government-level media public diplomacy with foreign governments Table 5 shows the top 30 words and TF-IDF numbers resulting from a text mining of the entire text on the collected webpage We changed plural to singular in the text mining process ensuring it did not undermine the original meaning of the text and excluded meaningless words from the analysis we changed “United States” to “U.S.,” and “Islands” to “Island.” As Table 5 shows even though “Dokdo” was searched as a keyword The TF-IDF levels for Takeshima were also high This means that “Takeshima” was used more often than “Dokdo” within the archived web pages Table 6 summarizes the network overview between the top 30 words Figures such as Density and Diameter show that the words as a whole are strongly connected Figure 5 presents a visualization of the network of the top 30 words. The blue node marked “Dokdo” is from “Korea” and “Korean,” and the red node marked “Takeshima” is from “Japan” and “Japanese.” Greater line thickness indicates a more robust relationship between the words. The following visualization depicts the network between the top 30 words with the highest frequency in the collected web page text Greater line thickness indicates a more robust relationship between the words in our earlier literature review we found two problems: state-centered public diplomacy These are the issues that have arisen since the first plan was implemented “KOREAZ,” a public diplomacy SNS channel in Korea operates only four accounts on the MFA website: YouTube These issues align with the analysis’s findings the Dokdo-related domain that collected the most hits in the web space of U.S government agencies was the .jmh domain operated by the media analysis and translation team of the U.S This site primarily provides major political and international news reported in English by Japanese media As this domain accounted for 86.5% of all collected web pages which presented the reactions of the Korean the publication included editorials on Dokdo-related issues and contributions from experts Embassy in Japan is promoting a kind of digital public diplomacy through online media The fact that “Takeshima” appeared more often than “Dokdo” on web pages collected using “Dokdo” as a keyword and from similar information sources in South Korea and Japan may be a sign that digital public diplomacy at the Japanese government level is paying off This analysis again confirms the second problem The analytical findings of this study point to a critical insight: South Korea’s current digital public diplomacy efforts are not sufficiently reflected in the U.S This gap suggests that South Korea’s digital diplomacy efforts may be either under-resourced or misaligned with the channels and platforms that have the greatest impact on international discourse The lack of South Korean-authored materials in these archives suggests a potential disconnect between the South Korean government’s diplomatic initiatives and their implementation in the digital realm the URLs to be analyzed cannot be considered large-scale data given that most of the data collected was media more meaningful results can be obtained by trying to analyze it in relation to one or more social media platforms in the future or by collecting and comparing data related to other diplomatic issues in the same way The study analyzed diplomatic issues on archival websites maintained by U.S government agencies in order to establish a framework for evaluating South Korea’s digital diplomacy This is also an exploratory study for theory formation and practice evaluation of public diplomacy These findings are significant for disclosing strategic deficiencies in South Korea’s digital public diplomacy By identifying the limited presence and impact of South Korean content in influential U.S this study underscores the need for a more robust and targeted approach to digital diplomacy Addressing these gaps is essential for South Korea to improve its international standing and effectively advocate for its position on contentious issues such as the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute South Korea can ensure that its perspectives are more prominently represented in influential international digital platforms thereby advancing its diplomatic goals and strengthening its global influence Data generated or analysed during this study are available from the Dataverse repository: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OCJKYI. 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Finally, we would like to thank Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing The authors would like to thank Jae-hun Kim a researcher at the Cyber Emotions Research Center of YeungNam University Department of East Asian Cultural Studies (BK21 Plus Program for Glocal East Asia Cultural Contents Project) Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs of Digital Convergence Business and was also responsible for data collection and analysis HWP was responsible for the composition of methodologies and the review and editing of manuscripts These authors contributed equally to this work The authors declare no competing interests This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03600-6 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Yoo Seung Min, a former member of the People's Power who is expected to run for the 21st presidential election, said, "Once again, I urge the party's election committee and leadership to hold a 'complete national primary'." Former lawmaker Yoo said on social networking services (SNS) in the afternoon of the 8th, "It is said that the rules of the primary election cannot be changed due to the lack of time. I wonder if there is a victory in the presidential election," he said. "The party changed its primary rules to 100% of its members" in just four days, from the Dec. 19, 2022, decision of the emergency committee to the online national committee decision on the 23rd. There is only one reason, but we did it to prevent the Yoo Seung Min, which is overwhelmingly ahead of the public sentiment, from becoming the party leader," he recalled. He continued, "It was flat then, and now it's an exhibition. It was a party leadership race and now a presidential candidate race, he said. "If we really have to beat Lee Jae-myung, we should put forward the candidate that the public want." "Only candidates who beat Lee Jae-myung (Democratic Party leader) in the middle can bring about a presidential election victory," he stressed. Former lawmaker Yoo is considered to be a strength of moderate expandability, but his support is considered relatively weak among hard-line conservatives. His remarks on this day are also interpreted as having this in mind. Former lawmaker Yoo said, "Only the race that follows the popular sentiment creates a touching drama and brings victory. The power of the people should follow the voices of the people, he said, adding, "Why do we turn a blind eye to the winning path and go to the losing path?" ※ This service is provided by machine translation tool, NAVER papago. Inspired by moments where different scenes unfold together, we conceived a project structured like an omnibus, gathering independent short stories around a common theme. Thus, we planned the project around four keywords: Landmark (train passing along the Geumho River), Embankment (people strolling along the embankment path), River (sounds of the Geumho River), and Sunset (twilight created by the setting sun). © Woojin ParkConclusion: Space of a Day Like a Movie The Gyeongsan INFILM project was planned to offer a day-like movie through an omnibus-style arrangement based on the above four keywords We hope visitors to this site will spend a day like a movie through various spatial experiences You'll now receive updates based on what you follow Personalize your stream and start following your favorite authors If you have done all of this and still can't find the email a Korean history lecturer who opposes the impeachment of President Yoon Suk Yeol reportedly surged by 570,000 subscribers in two weeks Jeon had 1.14 million subscribers to the YouTube channel "Jeonhan-gil Over Flowers." Compared to 570,000 subscribers on the 19th of last month Jeon publicly supported President Yoon by posting a video titled "Korea Confusion he attended an anti-impeachment rally and raised the theory of fraudulent election and defended President Yoon's emergency martial law In the video 'I appeal while crying' posted on the 30th of last month "I am appealing like this to save the country by giving up 6 billion won in annual salary." The video has more than 4.04 million views Jeon is said to be from Gyeongsangbuk-do (Gyeongsan a former deputy prime minister and minister of strategy and finance served four terms from the 17th to the 20th.(In the 17th and 19th general elections the police launched measures to protect Jeon Han-gil The Dongjak Police Station in Seoul recently provided a smart watch as Jeon requested personal protection Jeon reportedly visited the police station on the 29th of last month ※ This service is provided by machine translation tool National Research Council of Science & Technology Credit: Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute(ETRI) A research team of the ETRI has revealed a technology which can remotely control one factory simultaneously from home and abroad using 5G technology developed through international joint research and an intercontinental wired network The Electronics and telecommunications research institute (ETRI) announced that it has succeeded in demonstrating the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT1)) service which controls and monitors smart factory facilities and robots in real-time at home and abroad at the same time. The core of successfully demonstrating the technology is ultra-low latency communication technology. The communication delay between a distance of over 10,000 km is less than 0.3 seconds. It has been demonstrated that factory facilities in Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do can be controlled in real-time seamlessly from the University of Oulu in Finland. A smart factory refers to an intelligent factory which increases productivity and reduces defect rates to enhance industrial competitiveness by applying information and communication technology (ICT) to the entire manufacturing process. The core is controlling various processes remotely while automating tasks using robots. To prevent damage due to communication errors, communication delay and data loss should be minimized, although data transmission rate is also important. The longer the communication distance and the more complex the communication network, the higher the delay and data loss. In this case, the communication technology of low latency and high reliability is required. Based on this technology, ETRI has connected the smart factory of the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, located in Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, to Oulu University using the 5G test network of Oulu University in Finland and the domestic test network (KOREN2)) This demonstration introduced a new remote manufacturing diversification service which controls one factory at home and abroad independently. It is the world’s first attempt to enhance the service scope and availability of smart factories. The ETRI control center introduced ▲the operation of the remote Manufacturing Execution System (MES3)) and its order, ▲real-time facility control and status-monitoring service through the remote SCADA4) control panel, etc. In the Oulu control center, the followings are demonstrated: ▲remote controlling and status monitoring of mobile manufacturing robots ▲controlling remote manufacturing process using the virtual reality (VR) equipment ▲monitoring the remote manufacturing process through collecting wireless sensor data based on the narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). Especially, it has significant meaning as it succeeded in demonstrating real-time remote control and monitoring service of the two-way delay of less than 0.01 seconds in Korea and less than 0.3 seconds abroad. With this demonstration, the sharing and cooperation between countries in the manufacturing and production fields are expected to be boosted while increasing the possibility of remote smart manufacturing services based on stable communication quality. It is because controlling the opposite side of the earth is getting easier without visiting the physical site. As it is possible to effectively utilize idle equipment in each industry through remote control, it is expected to gain momentum in global resource management and SME's industrial competitiveness. Il-gyu Kim, head of the Mobile Communications Research Division of ETRI, said, “As it became possible to remotely control smart factories even from abroad as well as in Korea, we now can meet the demand for non-face-to-face activities in the industry caused by the COVID-19 pandemics. Therefore, it is expected to revitalize the stagnant industry.” In the future, the research team plans to perform follow-up research to ensure connectivity and mobility and to implement hyperspatial services. Also, it plans to work on designing future factories equipped with 6G through continuous cooperation with the 6G flagship program conducted by the University of Oulu. 2) KOREN : Korea Advanced Research Network 3) MES : Manufacturing Execution System 4) SCADA :Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition This technology was developed through collaboration with the University of Oulu in Finland as part of the “International Joint Research and Cooperation for 5G+ High Reliability and Low Latency Core Technology" of the KOREA Ministry of Science and ICT. Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. Copyright © 2025 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Volume 9 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.950505 1H NMR-Based Chemometrics to Gain Insights Into the Bran of Radiation-Induced Colored Wheat Mutant A Corrigendum on 1H NMR-Based Chemometrics to Gain Insights Into the Bran of Radiation-Induced Colored Wheat Mutant by Kil, Y.-S., Han, A.-R., Hong, M.-J., Kim, J.-B., Park, P.-H., Choi, H., and Nam, J.-W. (2022). Front. Nutr. 8:806744. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.806744 In the original article, there was a mistake in Figure 2 as published. The peak annotations in Figure 2C should be “H2-1 of CS” and “N(CH3)3 of CS” instead of “H-2 of CS” and “NCH3 of CS”, respectively. The corrected Figure 2 appears below Comparison of (A) 1H-13C HSQC and HMBC correlations and (B) 13C NMR signals of C-2 and NCH3 of betaine (Bt) (C) Spiking 1H NMR experiments with commercial standards of CS The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher Choi H and Nam J-W (2022) Corrigendum: 1H NMR-Based Chemometrics to Gain Insights Into the Bran of Radiation-Induced Colored Wheat Mutant Received: 23 May 2022; Accepted: 27 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022 Edited and reviewed by: Edy Sousa de Brito Copyright © 2022 Kil, Han, Hong, Kim, Park, Choi and Nam. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Joo-Won Nam, anduYW1AeXUuYWMua3I= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish. The train control system developed with domestic technology has begun its first operation. Hyundai Rotem announced on the 16th that the Korean Train Control System (KTCS-2), developed with domestic technology, was first applied to Daekyung Line trains. The Daegyeong Line is a 61.85km line connecting Gumi Station in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Gyeongsan Station in Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and is the first metropolitan railway line in the non-metropolitan area that the Korea Railroad Corporation (Korail) began operating on the 14th. Previously, there was no railway signal technology developed in Korea, so it has relied on foreign signal systems. As KTCS-2 is a domestic technology, it will contribute to the standardization of the domestic railway network and safe and efficient operation of railway vehicles. In particular, KTCS-2 is compatible with the European Train Control System (ETCS). In the future, if KTCS-2 is applied to the domestic railway network, including high-speed tracks, and operates stably, it is expected that 'K-rail signal' will be able to advance overseas. An official from Hyundai Rotem said, "We will make efforts to operate the domestic signal system so that the standardization of the signal system can make it more comfortable to use the railway," and added, "We will continue to focus all our capabilities on improving domestic high-speed rail infrastructure." Volume 3 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsens.2022.1016791 This article is part of the Research TopicEditors’ Showcase: Lab-on-a-chip DevicesView all 8 articles We present a double emulsion drop-based microfluidic approach to produce uniform polyacrylic acid functionalized polyethylene glycol (PAA-PEG) microgels By utilizing double emulsion drops as templates we produce monodisperse microgels by rapid photopolymerization of the inner prepolymer drop consisting of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) followed by dewetting the oil layer when they disperse into an aqueous media The size control of the PAA-PEG microgels with a broad range is achieved by tuning the flow rate of each phase; the uniformity of the microgels is maintained even when the flow rate changes The results show rapid R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) coupling with the microgels’ carboxylate with minimal non-specific adsorption demonstrating highly efficient and reliable biomolecular conjugation within PAA-PEG microgels there still exists an unmet need for consistent production of functional microgels with uniformity in chemical compositions there are many reports of uniform microgels holding various functions (e.g. there is a lack of technique to impart functionality in a simple while the batch based micromolding technique provides reliable routes to uniform and chemically functional microgels Incorporating chemical functionalities into microgels in a rapid and efficient microfluidic fabrication method would thus represent a significant step forward by utilizing simple post-functionalization with biomolecules Although these techniques provide simple and robust production of functional microgels acrylic acid) used for microgel functionalization is highly miscible with oil and water exacerbating uniformity in chemical functionality we demonstrate the production of polyacrylic acid functionalized polyethylene glycol (PAA-PEG) microgel via double emulsion-based microfluidic approach We use double emulsion drop with a thin sacrificial oil layer as templates producing monodisperse microgels by photopolymerizing the inner core and then spontaneous dewetting of the oil layer as they are dispersed in water The resulting PAA-PEG microgels are highly uniform in size and their dimension is readily controlled by the varying flow rate of each phase while we incorporate viscous PAA to impart carboxyl group within the PEG network we use a fluorescent R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) model protein to demonstrate highly efficient and reliable biomolecular conjugation within PAA-PEG microgels 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) carbodiimide HCl (EDC) and n-Hexadecane (99%) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham poly (acrylic acid) (average ∼4,000,000) poly (vinyl alcohol) (87%–89% hydrolyzed) and phosphate buffered saline (10 mM phosphate 0.138 M sodium chloride; pH 7.4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St 2-[Methoxy (polyethyleneoxy)propyl] trimethoxy silane was purchased from Gelest (Morrisville The glass capillaries were purchased from AIT Glass (Rockaway To prepare injection capillaries with an orifice diameter of 150 μm we tapered circular glass capillaries (1B100-6 United States) using a micropipette puller (P-97 The injection capillaries were dipped into n-octadecyltrimethoxyl silane for 5 min to make the capillary wall hydrophobic; these are subsequently rinsed with isopropyl alcohol to remove residual silane The injection capillary was then put into the square capillary whose inner width (1.05 mm) is matched with that of the outer diameter of the injection capillary the small-tapered capillary with 50 inner diameter was prepared by hand using an alcohol ramp; this capillary was put into the injection capillary to supply aqueous solution of prepolymer the collection capillary was put into the square capillary from the opposite end; this capillary is rendered with 2- [methoxy (polyethyleneoxy)propyl] trimethoxy silane to have the capillary wall hydrophilic For generating double emulsion drop with a thin oil layer each phase is continuously supplied and precisely controlled by syringe pumps (KD Scientific Inc. The resulting double emulsion drops and microgels were observed using an inverted microscope (DMi8 Germany) equipped with a high-speed camera (Photron USA Inc. To confer the carboxylate groups of the microgels into reactive NHS ester groups we added 400 mM EDC and 400 mM NHS into microgel suspension in 20 mM MES buffer (pH 6) containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 at room temperature we rinsed the microgel suspension with 20 mM MES buffer (pH 6) containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 several times and 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) we added 2 μM R-PE and incubated for up to 24 h into PAA-PEG microgel suspension activated with EDC/NHS on a rotator at room temperature we rinsed the microgel suspension several times with 10 mM phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) with 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 Total fluorescence intensity from the conjugated R-PE is normalized by dividing the intensity at every time-point (I) by the fluorescence intensity of the first time point (I0) We first show capillary microfluidic-based fabrication of polyacrylic acid functionalized PEG (PAA-PEG) microgels using double emulsion drop as templates (Figure 1A) The glass capillary device consists of three circular capillaries with different orifice sizes inserted into a square capillary The injection and collection capillaries are rendered to provide hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces Both capillaries are coaxially in the middle of the collection capillary a small-tapered circular capillary is inserted into the injection capillary to allow injection of the prepolymer phase the collection capillary is connected to polyethylene (PE) microtubing where ultraviolet (UV) illumination occurs Capillary-based microfluidic production of PAA-functionalized PEG (PAA-PEG) microgels using double emulsion drops with a thin oil layer (A) Schematic diagram of the glass capillary microfluidic device used to generate double emulsion drops containing polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) These double emulsion drops are polymerized by UV illumination and collected in an aqueous solution to induce the thin oil layer’s dewetting from the polymerized microgels (B) Bright-field micrograph showing continuous stream of double emulsion drops (C) Bright-field micrograph showing uniform microgels dispersed in water (D) Size distribution of the resulting microgels C.V Scale bars represent 200 μm indicating that this approach enables simple and high-throughput production of highly uniform PAA-PEG microgels Production of monodisperse PAA-PEG microgels with tunable size (A) Bright-field micrographs showing the tunable size of microgels at varying flow rates of outer phase flow rate of the outer phase indicating control over microgel size We investigate the flow patterns as a function of the flow rates of each fluid used for the double emulsion drops. The phase diagram in Figure 3A shows representative patterns of the multiphasic flow in the capillary-based microfluidic device: (a) separated flow The y-axis represents the flow rate of the prepolymer solution consisting of 10% PEGDA and 0.2% PAA for the inner core (Qinner) while the x-axis represents the flow rates of the hexadecane oil for middle phase (Qmiddle) which are supplied through the injection capillary The aqueous outer phase (Qouter) is maintained at a fixed flow rate (5,000 μl/h) Flow patterns formed in the microfluidic device (A) Phase diagram showing flow behavior as a function of flow rate of the prepolymer solution for inner core (Qinner y axis) and flow rates of the hexadecane for the sacrificial oil layer as a middle phase (Qmiddle (B) Bright-field micrographs showing (a) separated flow (A) Schematic of EDC/NHS reaction for R-PE conjugation with PAA-PEG microgels (B) Fluorescence micrographs of R-PE conjugation with PAA-PEG microgels and negative controls (C) Plot of normalized total fluorescence intensity for R-PE conjugation with PAA-PEG microgels and negative controls (D) Fluorescence micrographs showing R-PE conjugation capability at varying PAA contents (E) Plot of normalized total fluorescence intensity for dependence on PAA contents We presented a capillary-based microfluidic approach to produce PAA-PEG microgels for efficient biomolecular conjugation this approach used double emulsion drops with a thin oil layer as templates allowing production of monodisperse carboxylate functionalized microgels with minimal use of oil in a cost-efficient manner microgel’s dimension can be tuned by simply varying flow rate of each phase We established a phase diagram representing the operating flow conditions for uniform double emulsion drop formation demonstrating a simple yet powerful approach to control complex fluids for creating functional microgels we demonstrated that the resulting PAA-PEG microgels are used for efficient biomolecular conjugation which is evidenced by uniform fluorescence intensity of R-PE protein unlike AA-PEG microgel these results show the significant potential of the proposed microfluidic approach for production of functional microgels for broad applications in biosensor The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author and S-JL contributed to the conception and design of the study YC and C-HC wrote the first draft of the manuscript YC and C-HC wrote sections of the manuscript All authors contributed to manuscript revision We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use *Correspondence: Chang-Hyung Choi, Y2Nob2lAZGh1LmFjLmty The domestic distribution center market is stretching out. Major base distribution centers are traded this year and attract investors' attention. New sales that have secured high-quality tenants also appear one by one in the market. According to the investment bank (IB) industry on the 18th, the developer Value Corporation began selling the Coupang distribution center in Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do. CBRE Korea is the selling advisor. The Gyeongsan Coupang Logistics Center in Gyeongsangbuk-do is located in 903, Muncheon-ri, Jinryang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do. It is located 10 minutes away from Gyeongsan IC on Gyeongbu Expressway, so it can be purchased and delivered throughout the Yeongnam area. Jinryang Hi-Pass IC is also scheduled to open next year, which is expected to improve accessibility in the future. The main tenant is Coupang. Coupang has signed a five-year liability lease contract. Local bases are being secured for rocket delivery across the country, and it is interpreted that Gyeongsan Coupang Logistics Center has been used as an infrastructure center in the Yeongnam region. In addition, it is in line with Coupang's growing size to check the advancement of domestic and foreign e-commerce companies such as Ali and Temu. Coupang achieved its first annual surplus since its foundation in 2010 with an operating profit of 617.4 billion won last year. Gyeongsan Logistics Center has 2 basement floors and 12 ground floors, with a total floor area of 98,673.64㎡ (29,848.78 pyeong). It is a mixed distribution center asset with two floors of low-temperature warehouses, five floors of room temperature warehouses, and seven floors of support facilities. The floor area ratio and the building-to-building ratio are 297.15% and 69.88%, respectively. The market sees the estimated sale price of Gyeongsan Logistics Center at more than 210 billion won. The Gyeongsan Logistics Center is expected to be completed in August, and it is evaluated that it has the optimal conditions for logistics operation in the new industrial complex, Gyeongsan 4 General Industrial Complex. It is also noteworthy that it has a high floor height of 11m and a rectangular structure. Other distribution centers are also trading in the real estate investment market. According to commercial real estate service provider Genstamate, transactions at distribution centers nationwide in the first quarter were 896.9 billion won. Among them, the number of transactions in the distribution center in the metropolitan area is 11. Low-temperature distribution centers, which have not traded since the first quarter of 2023, also traded one case in the southeast and two cases in the west. In March, Aegis Asset Management acquired the "Pivot Plus Logistics Center" located in Majang-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, from Pivot Plus for 212 billion won. It is a room temperature distribution center with a transaction area of about 107,008㎡ (32,370 pyeong). Rasal Asset Management, a foreign asset management company, sold the "Rosiport Osan Logistics Center" located in Osan, Gyeonggi-do to Pacific Investment Management. The transaction price is 125 billion won. It is interpreted that the transaction is taking place as the distribution center market, which had suffered ups and downs due to oversupply problems until last year, is moving. In the first quarter, the new supply area of distribution centers nationwide was about 128㎡ (390,000 pyeong), which was only 55% of the new supply in the previous quarter. Transaction volume also decreased by 20.4% during the same period. The industry believes that distribution center sales will continue to appear in the market. However, since the distribution center market situation has not yet fully recovered, the prevailing view is that it remains to be seen whether the transaction of the distribution center located in the provinces, not the metropolitan area, will be successful. An IB industry official said, "At least by the end of this year, assets in distribution centers, including excellent distribution centers in the Seoul metropolitan area, will find new owners," adding, "As market funds are dry, prospective buyers are likely to carefully consider acquiring sales." Wide-area transportation networks, including railways and roads, are the biggest variables that shake real estate prices in the surrounding areas. This is because when a big transportation development plan is announced, the value of the location among the location that forms real estate prices and the value of the building will increase significantly. First of all, the most eye-catching route is GTX-A. The section between Paju Unjeong Central Station and Seoul Station will open on December 28. The Suseo-Dongtan section, which had the fastest pace of the project, has already opened in March this year. There are a total of five stop stations to be opened this time, including Unjeong Jungang in Paju, KINTEX in Goyang, Daegok in Goyang, Yeonsinnae in Seoul, and Seoul Station. Now, it takes about 30 minutes to get to Seoul Station from Yeonsinnae, but if the GTX train is breached, it will take only one stop to arrive. In other words, accessibility to central Seoul has improved significantly. Although there are less than 20 days left until the end of the year, there are significant railway lines to open within this year in addition to GTX-A. First of all, the ultraviolet service, which was discontinued in April 2004, will resume on December 31. From Daegok Station in Goyang City, Gyeonggi Province to Uijeongbu Station, it connects the northern part of the metropolitan area from east to west. Daegok, Wonneung, Ilyeong (Goyang), Jangheung and Songchu (Yangju), and Uijeongbu Station (Uijeongbu) all stop at six stations. This train is a project promoted to resolve the congestion of commuting hours in the northern part of the metropolitan area. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport plans to operate the Mugunghwa train 20 times a day. This is expected to reduce the travel time from Goyang to Uijeongbu by 90 minutes to 50 minutes. As the ultraviolet rays are easily connected between cities in the northern metropolitan area, some effects are expected around the station area. However, the connection to the route into downtown Seoul is weak, so the ripple effect is expected to be limited. In fact, it will be connected to the metropolitan express railway (GTX-A route) at Daegok Station and the metropolitan subway line 1 at Uijeongbu Station, but transfer discounts will not apply. The rest are all routes that will be opened to the provinces. The Daegu Metropolitan Railway (Daegyeong Line) will open on Dec. 14. It connects Gumi Station in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do to Gyeongsan Station in Gyeongsan-si. A total of eight stations will be opened, and it is expected that nearby cities such as Gumi and Gyeongsan, centered on Daegu, will be integrated into one living area. The Andong-Yeongcheon section of Gyeongsangbuk-do, the last section of the Jungang Line double-track railway, will also open at the end of the year. If the Andong-Yeongcheon section is opened, all the section improvement projects between Cheongnyangni and Gyeongju will be completed. The project is to extend 6.8km of Incheon Subway Line 1, which is currently finished at Gyeyang Station, to Bulo-dong, Seo-gu. It was promoted as a measure to improve metropolitan transportation according to the development of housing sites in Geomdan New Town. In Geomdan New Town, three new stations (Ara Station, Incheon Wondang Station, and Geomdan Lake Park Station) will be built. The goal is to open in the first half of next year. If this line is opened, it will be much easier for residents of Geomdan New Town to come out to Gyeyang Station and use airport railroads to enter Seoul. In the case of Geomdan New Town, favorable traffic conditions continue to flock. Earlier this year, the Metropolitan Transportation Committee of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport officially announced the extension of Geomdan New Town as it proposed an arbitration plan for the extension of Seoul Subway Line 5. Of course, the long-term outlook for Geomdan New Town is positive, but the problem of oversupply is a problem to be addressed. Experts warn that there is a risk that the market will fluctuate during the downturn. From next year to 2026, 15,000 households are expected to move into Geomdan New Town. Gyeyang New Town in Incheon and Daejang New Town in Bucheon are also nearby. All routes to be opened in 2025 are located in the provinces except for the extension of Incheon Subway Line 1. A section connecting Mokpo and Boseong will be opened among the Buksam Station on the Daegyeong Line and the Gyeongjeon Line (Mokpo to Busan). Many of the subway and rail lines, which were originally scheduled to be opened next year, have been delayed since 2026 due to construction delays. If you are considering buying your own house or investing in real estate, you should take into account the fact that the construction period of railroads and subways is getting longer. The northeastern line of light rail connecting Sanggye and Wangsimni is also aimed at opening in 2026. Unlike the existing Gyeongcheon Railway, which has one or two transfer stations, it has seven transfer stations and eight transfer routes, which are essential for residents in Nowon and Seongbuk. The GTX-A route between Seoul Station and Suseo Station (Samsung Station non-stop) is also aimed at opening in 2026. Samsung Station is scheduled to stop in 2028. The GTX-A route was originally Suseo, Dongtan, and Paju Unjeong.The sections of Seoul Station, Seoul Station, and Suseo Station were planned to be completed sequentially. Once this section is completed, the GTX-A route will connect the northwest and southeast of the Seoul metropolitan area. Volume 8 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00139 Ginsenosides are a group of glycosylated triterpenes isolated from Panax species Ginsenosides are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as food additives owing to a lack of efficient approaches for ginsenoside production from plants and chemical synthesis ginsenosides may not yet have reached their full potential as medicinal resources an alternative approach for ginsenoside production has been developed using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeasts such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris have been described as recent advanced engineering techniques for improving ginsenoside production the usefulness of a systems approach and fermentation strategy has been presented the present challenges and future research direction for industrial cell factories have been discussed the development of the yeast-producing ginsenosides is expected to continuously enlarge for creating an alternative approach instead of extraction from plant source we summarize the current progress in eukaryote microbes The chemical structures and classification of ginsenosides The proposed biosynthetic pathway for ginsenoside production in engineered yeasts (A) Key enzymes and intermediates involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; IDI 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase; OSCs 4-Diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methylerythritol; DM (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate; HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A; MEP (B) Phylogenetic analysis of the present UGTs in the biosynthetic pathway The non-rooted phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method using MEGA X software and Pichia pastoris) have been used as ubiquitous hosts for ginsenoside production cerevisiae is a model microbe for the production of various metabolites pastoris are unconventional alternatives to S we describe the various metabolic engineering strategies that have been developed for improving ginsenoside biosynthesis in yeasts These examples indicate that the construction of a heterologous pathway as well as the de novo biosynthetic pathway have a significant role in ginsenoside production in yeasts the product yield still requires improvement through synthetic biology and metabolic engineering Summary of ginsenoside production in engineered yeasts The introduction of the heterologous pathway in yeast is the most important part of metabolic engineering for ginsenoside biosynthesis. This approach might cause an unbalanced cellular metabolic flux. The competitive consumption of the precursor metabolite, cofactor, and substrate supplied between the endogenous and heterologous pathways not only results in a reduction of target compound productivity but also affects cell growth (Gupta et al., 2017) balancing and increasing these factors would facilitate the enhancement of ginsenoside production in recombinant yeasts The various approaches of engineering acetyl-CoA metabolism provided an efficient strategy for the enhancement of ginsenoside biosynthesis Biosynthetic pathway for acetyl-CoA in yeast 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (encoded by gnd1); ACL ATP citrate lyase from Aspergillus nidulans; ACS acetylating acetaldehyde dehydrogenase from E glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (encoded by zwf1); GDH phosphoketolase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides; PTA phosphotransacetylase from Clostridium kluyveri; PGM glucose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (encoding by ugp1); XDH These results indicate that the improvement of ginsenoside production is highly correlated with the available NADPH and NADPH/NADP+ ratio The amplification of these enzymes in recombinant yeasts could further improve the proficiency and novel ginsenoside biosynthesis in whole cells amino acids H144 and H82 in the UGTPg100 enzyme catalyzed the glucose attachment into a specific position at the hydroxyl group of C-6 of PPT to produce Rh1 which possesses the N-terminal domain of UGTPg1 and the C-terminal domain could catalyze the C20-OH and C6-OH of PPT at the same time to produce F1 and Rh1 a small amount of Rg1 was detected by incubating the Chi_6 with PPT ginsenosides F1 and Rh1 were obtained through in vivo syntheses by introducing UGTPg1 and UGTPg100 into PPT-producing chassis strains An overview of the strategies of metabolic engineering for ginsenoside production in yeasts (B) Balancing and increasing metabolic flux 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (IspD) could be the key enzymes in the MEP pathway for ginsenoside biosynthesis These results reveal the prospects for ginsenoside production using synthetic biology based on the MEP pathway The optimal pH and temperature have been reported to be 5.5 and 30°C for ginsenoside production in the engineered S. cerevisiae (Dai et al., 2014; Zhao F. L. et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019). Two yeast strains, Y. lipolytica and P. pastoris had an optimal pH of around 6.0 (Zhao et al., 2016b; Wu et al., 2019) Glucose has previously been used as the main carbon source for ginsenoside production in yeast ginsenoside biosynthesis in yeast has been generated from alternative carbon sources While UGTPg45 expression level increased by increasing its copy numbers and engineering its promoter activity of UGTPg45 in engineered yeast improved by direct evolution and screening for novel UGTs with higher C3-OH glycosylation efficiencies from other plant species to construct a novel platform for ginsenoside production The efficient high throughput method and a biosensor sensing ginsenosides are also required to develop for novel enzyme exploitation The strategy allows engineered yeasts to generate unnatural ginsenosides the improvement of the efficient enzymes via directed evolution and rational design enzyme also represent great promises metabolic engineering requires strong links with genomic- and bioinformatic-guided synthetic system approaches for the deep learning of ginsenoside biosynthesis in different yeasts This will facilitate the optimal modular with multiple gene expression resulting in ginsenoside productivity in host strains the development of the RNA interference (RNAi) or CRISPR-Cas9 systems for engineering yeasts opens promising host strains with high titers of ginsenosides CRISPR-Cas9 tool can perform quickly and facilitates knock-down which is important for developing of the efficient cell factories it should be noted that the transporters have a significant effect on transferring ginsenosides from cytosol to the extracellular location crystal structures and understanding the mechanisms of transporters are required to reduce the cytotoxicity of ginsenosides to yeast strains the development of yeast capable of fermenting mixed sugars simultaneously from renewable biomass is necessary for the industrial-scale production of ginsenosides yeasts are 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All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply. Cooling towers are specialized heat exchanger devices in which air and water interact closely to cool the water's temperature. However, the cooling water contains organic nutrients that can cause microbial corrosion (MC) on the metal surfaces of the tower. This research explores the combined wastewater treatment approach using electrochemical-oxidation (EO), photo-oxidation (PO), and photoelectrochemical oxidation (PEO) to contain pollutants and prevent MC. The study employed electro-oxidation, a process involving direct current (DC) power supply, to degrade wastewater. MC studies were conducted using weight loss assessments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). After wastewater is subjected to electro-oxidation for 4 h, a notable decrease in pollutants was observed, with degradation efficiencies of 71, 75, and 96%, respectively. In the wastewater treated by PEO, microbial growth is restricted as the chemical oxygen demand decreases. A metagenomics study revealed that bacteria present in the cooling tower water consists of 12% of Nitrospira genus and 22% of Fusobacterium genus. Conclusively, PEO serves as an effective method for treating wastewater, inhibiting microbial growth, degrading pollutants, and protecting metal from biocorrosion. Microbiological Chemistry and Geomicrobiology Volume 15 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1297721 This article is part of the Research TopicEnvironmental Remediation Strategies of New and Emerging Chemical ContaminantsView all 13 articles Background: Cooling towers are specialized heat exchanger devices in which air and water interact closely to cool the water's temperature the cooling water contains organic nutrients that can cause microbial corrosion (MC) on the metal surfaces of the tower This research explores the combined wastewater treatment approach using electrochemical-oxidation (EO) and photoelectrochemical oxidation (PEO) to contain pollutants and prevent MC Methods: The study employed electro-oxidation a process involving direct current (DC) power supply MC studies were conducted using weight loss assessments Results: After wastewater is subjected to electro-oxidation for 4 h a notable decrease in pollutants was observed microbial growth is restricted as the chemical oxygen demand decreases Discussion: A metagenomics study revealed that bacteria present in the cooling tower water consists of 12% of Nitrospira genus and 22% of Fusobacterium genus PEO serves as an effective method for treating wastewater the implementation of the photoelectrochemical oxidation (PEO) approach was effective in the treatment of cooling tower wastewater leading to a reduction in contaminant levels The study assessed the current density employed to reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels and investigated the activities of microbial populations that contribute to the formation of biofilms a key factor in corrosion within cooling tower water (CTW) the oxidation process emerges as a markedly more favorable and promising treatment option for the reduction or elimination of pollutants from wastewater The cooling tower wastewater (CTW) was collected from the tannery industry (Ranipet Tannery Effluent Treatment Limited) (latitude 12.9149857° and longitude 79.3459513°) located in Ranipet The samples from the outlet of the cooling tower system were collected into a sterile container and stored at 4°C for future use The collected samples were analyzed for specific parameters, such as temperature, pH, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl−), hardness, conductivity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) using the dichromate method in the Merck Spectroquant TR 320 (Swaroop et al., 2016) The assessment followed the standard protocol outlined in the American Public Health Association (APHA) 200511 using which the physicochemical parameters of the cooling tower wastewater were evaluated both before and after treatment GenomicDNA extraction was carried out from the collected CTW using commercially available kits such as the Xploregen kit. Before PCR amplification, the extracted DNA from the samples was subjected to NanoDrop and GEL Check. The NanoDrop readings of 260/280 at an approximate value of 1.8–2 are used to evaluate the quality of the DNA (Prakash et al., 2021) The amplicons from each sample were purified with Ampure beads to eliminate unneeded primers, and an additional eight cycles of PCR were performed using Illumina barcoded adapters to produce the sequencing libraries. Ampure beads were used to purify the libraries, and the Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity assay kit was used to quantify them. Illumina Miseq with a 2x300PE v3–v4 sequencing kit was used for sequencing (Parthipan et al., 2023) the three CTW systems were subjected to three treatments to test the comparative efficiency of the treatment process: (i) electro-oxidation (EO) The processed water was further exposed to sunlight to eliminate any residual contaminants present in the CTW In this setup process, a circulating chamber is filled with the cooling tower water to a capacity of 2,500 mL. The electrolytic solution received an applied current of 1 A. On the anodic side, oxidation reaction takes place by breaking down the internal chemicals with the required current (Martínez-Huitle and Panizza, 2018) In this process, the sample is recirculated throughout the circulating chamber without using any applied current. The UV lamp is used in this setup to remove the organic contaminants and microbes present in the cooling tower system. The total viable bacterial counts and COD were estimated at the end of the experiment (Marszałek and Puszczało, 2020; Yi et al., 2022) In this system, the electro-oxidation process and UV lamps were used in parallel. The UV and external current are applied in a sample time to achieve the removal of disinfectant in the cooling tower water (Sierra-Sánchez et al., 2022) The UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV-1800 SHIMADZU, Japan) was used to determine contaminants in the water sample both before and after treatment. APHA color measurements were quantified using the Hazen color index, and COD analysis was done at time intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h (Prakash et al., 2021) Following the methodology outlined by Kokilaramani et al. (2021) the weighted samples in the form of coupons (2.5 × 2.5 cm2) of the MS 1010 were introduced into the electro-oxidation (EO) The total number of corrosion formation systems was 4 (n = 4) were positioned in 500 mL conical flasks containing 400 mL of either pretreated or treated CTWs These systems included S1—control (cooling tower water) S2—electro-oxidation-treated cooling tower water S3—photo-oxidation-treated cooling tower water and S4—photoelectro-oxidation treated cooling tower water each in triplicate with an immobile condition and non-metallic scrapers were employed to remove the corrosion products samples were taken from system and washed with pickling solutions They were then dried at 40°C until they reached the desired weight consistency and then weighed again; the weight disparities were observed The corrosion rate of MS was then analyzed and reported in mils per year (mpy) The weight loss calculation was performed to determine the corrosion rate (CR) using standard formulas and statistical significance After the weight loss experiment, FT-IR was used to analyze the metal-scrap powdered samples. The FT-IR spectra with a wave number range of 400–4,000 cm−1, a resolution of 8 cm−1, and a scan rate of 64 scans/spectrum (PerkinElmer Spectrum IR Version 10.6.0, USA) were employed. Potassium bromide (KBr) was used to make pellets by applying hydrolytic pressure on metal samples (Gebreslassie et al., 2019) FT-IR was used to analyze the compounds present in the sample the mild steel samples were finally washed thoroughly and then subjected to 15 min of ultrasonic cleaning The XRD on metal powder, which had been previously prepared in a mortar, was analyzed by Bruker D8 Advance Equipment (Germany) with a LynxEye& Scintillation Counter detector with a 5°-140° angular range and at a rating between 40 and 30 kV. XRD analysis was applied directly to the mild steel samples in order to determine the types of oxide layers and corrosion products present on their surfaces (Narenkumar et al., 2019) The results were obtained 10 min after the startup process to reach a constant potential and were connected with multiple electrodes at a scan rate of 1,800 mV/h from an open circuit potential of +200 mV SCE to −200 mV SCE The cooling tower water sample was analyzed after 21 days of immersion which achieved 85.7 and 55.9% of COD reduction Our results also broadly agree with these values The average values of sulfide and sulfate are 112 ± 3.9 and 123 ± 2.1 mg/L while the values of hardness and alkalinity are 170 ± 1 and 212 ± 1.5 mg/L The COD test is crucial for detecting hazardous circumstances and the performance of treatment facilities due to the rapid results it provides PEO emerges as the most efficient approach as evidenced by the results of the electrochemical treatments the efficiency of the methods is of the order PEO > EO > PO Estimation of chemical parameters of cooling tower water Genus revealed by metagenomics studies in the collective sample of cooling tower wastewater Metabolic activities in the collective sample of cooling tower wastewater The whole spectrum range is between 200 and 800 nm and for their dissolution in complex biological and environmental matrices the working wavelengths are 325 and 395 nm The slope break of the UV spectrum of fraction 4 confirming the presence of large particles (Physical and Aggregate Properties Marie-Florence Thomas) (Kinetics of decolourization of the azo structure in wastewater by UV/H2O2 process) UV spectrum of treated and untreated cooling tower wastewater in different hours it was found that the corrosion rate result Weight loss of biocorrosion system in cooling tower water The weight loss in the control system was also caused by the presence of inorganic chemicals and other metabolic processes FTIR analysis of treated and untreated cooling tower wastewater FTIR analysis of biocorrosion system in cooling tower water SEM analysis of treated and untreated cooling tower wastewater These findings suggest that the metal surfaces in the pretreatment samples had developed various types of FeOOH complexes and the treatment process influenced the characteristics of the corrosion product phases XRD analysis of treated and untreated cooling tower wastewater the increase of the electric charge input should be realized by the reduction of the flow rate Electrochemical impendence parameters of biocorrosion system in coolingtowerwater Electrochemical impendence parameters of treated and untreated cooling tower wastewater Equivalent circuits for biocorrosion system in cooling tower water Equivalent circuits of cooling tower wastewater Potentiodynamic polarization parameters of biocorrosion system in cooling tower water The present study highlights the significant impact of photoelectro-oxidation (PEO) in controlling microbial corrosion on mild steel in cooling tower water The impact of bacterial culture on the corrosion of mild steel has been studied by weight loss and electrochemical parameters This bacterium effect was suppressed by PEO-treated cooling water compared to control FT-IR and COD tests confirmed that PEO is an efficient method to control corrosion a disinfection method employed in wastewater effluent treatment was highlighted for its ability to destroy disease-causing organisms by disrupting their genetic material The measurement of total suspended solids (TSS) including coarse fractions such as supracolloids and settleable matter is crucial for the characterization of water and wastewater quality The polarization study supported the observation that the corrosion current was lower in the PEO-treated system compared to control The electrochemical generation of sodium hypochlorite played a vital role in destroying microbial communities subsequently reducing the corrosion rate of mild steel in the cooling tower water system The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary material The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research The authors express their sincere appreciation to the RSP (RSP2024R398) King Saud University The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1297721/full#supplementary-material An overview of agro-food industry wastewater treatment: a bibliometric analysis and literature review Sodium Alginate-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment Google Scholar Recent developments in hazardous pollutants removal from wastewater and water reuse within a circular economy Characterization of plants and seaweeds based corrosion inhibitors against microbially influenced corrosion in a cooling tower water environment MD-simulation and multi-input single-output (MISO) modeling using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Tabarak Malik, dGFiYXJhay5tYWxpa0BqdS5lZHUuZXQ=; Aruliah Rajasekar, cmFqYXNla2FyZ29vZEBnbWFpbC5jb20=; cmFqYXNla2FyZ29vZEB0dnUuZWR1Lmlu; Rajaram Rajamohan, cmFqbW9oYW5hdUB5dS5hYy5rcg== This story has been updated at 13.00 on 31 March 2023 with additional information about the company’s 10kg cultivated meat prototype South Korea’s North Gyeongsang Province has announced the opening of the North Gyeongsang Cellular Agriculture Industry Support Center This 2,309㎡ facility was built over six years with a total investment of KRW 9 billion (approx and it aims to develop biomaterials and support companies in the cultivated meat sector South Korean startup TiessenBio Farm, which raised more than $1.6 million in a Pre-Series A funding round last September unveiled a 10-kilogram piece of cultivated meat on the occasion The four-story building houses laboratories The second floor will host five companies and Yeungnam University Cell Culture Research Center while the third floor will feature research and analysis rooms with 55 types of corporate equipment to be installed by 2024 with a budget of KRW 3 billion “The Cellular Agriculture Industry Support Center opened in Uiseong is expected to play a pivotal role in advancing a high-tech industry,” Cheol-Woo Lee “We will continue our support and investment in promising new industries.” The opening ceremony was attended by about 200 people which unveiled a 10kg cultured meat prototype to the public for the first time The company claims it is the world’s largest piece of cultivated meat to date Green Queen contacted the company for further information to clarify the percentage of cultivated cells and tissue scaffolds used and what other ingredients the piece contains We also asked the company to specify what type of animal meat this is Update: Tiessen’s Chief Strategy Officer La Yeonjoo told Green Queen the following via email: “This prototype is a hybrid cultivated meat We have developed original technologies that can make cultured meat of this size while keeping nearly all the cells alive.” The prototype’s ingredients are as follows: animal cells La says the company has not yet publicly disclosed the % of cells of this prototype publicly because “it doesn’t appropriately represent the company’s capabilities” adding that the event organizers at Cellular Agriculture Support Center asked them to make a prototype on very short notice TiessenBio made it in their small lab in just a few weeks and La said they didn’t have enough time to grow the cells “as much as we wanted to and could have.” we will scale up our cell culture infrastructure and will showcase 100% cultivated meat (that would translate into approx 80% cells + 20% bioink and other biomaterials),” she added North Gyeongsang Province has also announced its Cellular Agriculture Industry Promotion Strategy Uiseong-gun is creating the Uiseong Bio Valley General Industrial Complex for the integration of the cellular agriculture industry The opening of the North Gyeongsang Cellular Agriculture Industry Support Center marks a milestone in South Korea’s efforts to develop the cellular agriculture industry the country hopes to become a leader in this emerging field The center launch comes after 28 key industry stakeholders in South Korea signed a memo of understanding in February to advance the country’s cultivated meat industry Other signatories include city governments (Pohang-si research and technology institutions (Korea Food Research Institute and corporations including cultivated meat startup TissenBioFarm and functional food ingredients developer Neo-Cremar. “We are working on groundbreaking technologies to overcome key challenges in the cultivated meat field,” TissenBioFarm CEO Wonil Han said in a statement at the time South Korea will be a global game changer in the field.” Australia’s Magic Valley Debuts Cultivated Pork Meat OpEd: What The Anti-Cultivated Meat Brigade Aren’t Telling You About Italian Pork & Beef Production Founded by serial entrepreneur Sonalie Figueiras in 2011 Green Queen is a multi-channel digital news platform and a trusted global impact media brand Our award-winning reporting reaches millions of readers globally Green Queen is the world’s leading food and climate media with a focus on future food innovation and food system decarbonization one of the most important consumer products and investment opportunities of our time Our coverage includes breaking news and product launches and exclusive interviews with entrepreneurs and key ecosystem players from every continent Green Queen is an editorially-driven media publication Over 98% of our content is editorial and independent Paid posts are clearly marked as such: look for 'This is a Green Queen Partner Post' at the bottom of the page In the recent past ZnO has emerged as a promising alternative to Si and GaN in devices like light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optically pumped lasers for the UV region1-3 ZnO has several special properties such as direct wide bandgap (~3.37eV)4 and transparency in the visible range of the electromagnetic radiation4-6 one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructures of ZnO have attracted considerable attention of researchers because of its unique properties (such as controllable shape and size)7-10 and nanocombs13 can be grown by different synthesis techniques7-13 NRs and NWs are the most popular and commonly used structures of ZnO The ZnO-NRs can be grown by a variety of techniques like sol-gel method14 Most of these growth techniques are complex and require high growth temperatures (600-1000°C)12 The hydrothermal method has attracted considerable interest because of its simplicity and low-temperature processing9 Different nanostructures of ZnO such as nanoflowers21 and nanopencils23 could be grown by hydrothermal techniques a lot of work has been done on ZnO-NR-based devices like optically pumped lasers24 ZnO-NR-based UV detectors and optical switches have been the focus of wide studies 27 many groups have reported the UV detection properties of ZnO thin films and ZnO nanostructures-based devices28-30 reported Au/ZnO NR array-based UV photodetectors (UV-PDs) with good sensitivity (contrast ratio ~ 4.7)30 They have grown ZnO-NR arrays on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) substrates by hydrothermal synthesis reported a ZnO nanostructure decorated microgap electrodes UV sensor They have compared the UV sensing properties of Au/Ti/ZnO thin film and Au/Ti/ZnO NR array deposited in selective areas of the microgap electrodes spacing31 They concluded that the fabricated devices could be used for low power miniaturized devices having rapid response and reproducibility31 have reported UV detector properties of ZnO-NRs grown on quartz substrates by the hydrothermal method They have fabricated ohmic contacts of Ti/Au on ZnO-NRs and their detector showed a sensitivity of 20 mW/m2 upon UV illumination32 reported Pt/ZnO-NR and Pt/modified ZnO-NR based Schottky UV detectors They have used different seed layers and metal oxide (MgZnO and Al-doped ZnO) modifying layer materials which was grown on MgZnO seed layer and without oxide material-coating demonstrated bigger responsivity and a larger detectivity than PDs with a ZnO seed layer33 have reported UV detectors based on the vertically aligned ZnO micro/nanowires on graphene which showed high responsivity of 1.62 A W?1 per volt34 have reported monolayer graphene (MLG) film/ZnO NR Schottky UV detectors with quick response of millisecond rise time/fall times35 have reported ZnO nanostructure/graphene (Gr) based UV detectors with high responsivity (RI ~ 3 × 105 A W?1)36 The results show that these devices could be useful for cost-effective and low-voltage UV detection applications Additional co-authors of this paper include Dr Gyeongsangbuk-do South Korea and Professor S The corresponding author is Professor Si-Hyun Park, Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do South Korea, sihyun_park@ynu.ac.kr 10.1142/S1793292017500631 are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system Metrics details We investigated the potential of machine learning techniques to predict the need for ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) in stroke patients We retrospectively recruited 474 consecutive stroke patients The need for AFO during ambulation (output variable) was classified according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) score for the ankle dorsiflexor of the affected limb Patients with an MRC score of < 3 for the ankle dorsiflexor of the affected side were considered to require AFO while those with scores ≥ 3 were considered not to require AFO The following demographic and clinical data collected when patients were transferred to the rehabilitation unit (16.20 ± 6.02 days) and 6 months after stroke onset were used as input data: age motor evoked potential data on the tibialis anterior muscle of the affected side MRC score for muscle strength for shoulder abduction and ankle dorsiflexion of the affected side For the random forest and logistic regression models Our findings demonstrate that machine learning algorithms are useful for predicting the need for AFO in stroke patients during the recovery phase we often experience the following scenario: for a patient with motor weakness in the ankle dorsiflexor (e.g Medical Research Council [MRC]: grade 1–2) 1 month after stroke the strength of the patient’s ankle dorsiflexor may improve to MRC grade 4 This patient may consider this situation as a waste of money for determining the continuous necessity of orthoses clinicians should predict the motor function of patients at ≥ 6 months after stroke onset no machine learning study has investigated the prediction of the need for AFO in stroke patients considering its expected impact on stroke management this study aimed to apply machine learning to predict the need for AFO in stroke patients The overall modeling process of this study The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) first-ever stroke; (2) age over 20 years; (3) hemiplegia or hemiparesis following stroke; (4) clinical data collected within 7–30 days (early stage or day of admission to the rehabilitation department) after onset; (5) absence of serious medical complications such as pneumonia or cardiac problems from onset to final evaluation; and (6) presence of a functional ambulation category (FAC) score of ≥ 1 at 6 months after stroke onset The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) ankle dorsiflexion strength of ≥ 3 at initial enrollment; (2) other preexisting brain or spinal cord lesions; and (3) presence of other peripheral neuropathies that could affect ankle dorsiflexion strength we determined the MRC score of ankle dorsiflexion for the affected side at 6 months after stroke onset The machine learning models were trained with all variables as inputs to classify patients that were likely to require AFO for the lower extremity of the affected side We categorized the output variables as the necessity and non-necessity of AFO during ambulation while patients with scores of ≥ 3 were considered not to require AFO we reduced the network size (only 4 layers) applied dropout regulation and early stopping and held back validation and test datasets to check potential overfitting we used neural networks with the capability of capturing the variability of the training dataset and 6.25% (n = 30) were included in the training CA) and scikit-learn toolkit version 0.18.1 (Google) were used to train the machine learning models Receiver operating characteristic curve for the models for data validation The deep neural network model is superior with an area under the curve of 0.887 followed by the random forest model with an area under the curve of 0.855 and the logistic regression model with an area under the curve of 0.845 we used the MRC score for ankle dorsiflexion at 6 months after stroke onset as an indicator of the need for AFO in stroke patients the ability of the machine learning models used in this study to predict the need for AFO is excellent with the deep neural network model performing better than the other models (random forest and logistic regression models) and should be verified with data from other sources variables used as inputs in machine learning algorithms are usually variables that can be acquired or evaluated in most cases the prediction may be slightly affected by variables and may be adjusted to account for availability when considering data from different centers This study demonstrated that machine learning algorithms can improve the prediction of the need for AFO in acute stroke patients Donkor, E. 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Machine learning the ropes: principles, applications and directions in synthetic chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 6154–6168. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00786e (2020) Download references This research was funded by Gyeongsan Medichallenger program The present study was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government (grant no These authors contributed equally: Yoo Jin Choo and Jeoung Kun Kim Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of Biomedical Engineering and Welfare Technology analysis of data; J.K.K.: analysis of data Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87826-3 a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science GREENVILLE, S.C., Sept. 3, 2015 — Michelin today announced the 14 winners of the global 2016 Michelin Challenge Design “Mobility for All – Designing for the Next Frontier.” Works by individuals and teams of designers from Albania United Kingdom and the United States were selected by a distinguished jury of the world’s top automotive designers and industry experts The 14 winning designs from the 2016 entries were chosen from more than 875 registrants representing 68 countries Michelin Challenge Design has received a total of 8,268 entries from 121 countries “The winners of our 2016 Michelin Challenge Design showed tremendous creativity innovation and focus on providing mobility in a number of diverse applications,” said Thom Roach vice president of original equipment marketing for Michelin North America “We congratulate the winners on designing thought-provoking mobility solutions that can potentially provide a source of transportation to an underserved area of the world.” Selected by the jury as the 2016 Michelin Challenge Design winners: Additional winners of the 2016 Michelin Challenge Design are (in alphabetical order): (Images of the winning entries are available at www.michelinchallengedesign.com) A representative designer from each of the three winning teams will be invited to attend the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) as guests of Michelin and will be recognized during Michelin’s annual private DESIGNER’S RECEPTION Michelin will display the designs of all 14 winners at the 2016 NAIAS in Detroit in January  All members of each winning team are invited to join an exclusive online community restricted to Michelin Challenge Design winners and jurors “The jury was highly impressed by the ingenious often simplistic and creative mobility solutions that were submitted for this year’s Michelin Challenge Design competition,” said Stewart Reed Michelin Challenge Design jury chairman and chair of the Transportation Design Department “Designing mobility for all is such an important topic in the automotive industry Receiving entries from nearly 70 countries reinforces the importance and global nature of Michelin Challenge Design.” Michelin is building a world-leading manufacturer of life-changing composites and experiences Pioneering engineered materials for more than 130 years Michelin is uniquely positioned to make decisive contributions to human progress and to a more sustainable world Drawing on its deep know-how in polymer composites Michelin is constantly innovating to manufacture high-quality tires and components for critical applications in demanding fields as varied as mobility low-carbon energies and healthcare. The care placed in its products and deep customer knowledge inspire Michelin to offer the finest experiences This spans from providing data- and AI-based connected solutions for professional fleets to recommending outstanding restaurants and hotels curated by the MICHELIN Guide. Headquartered in Greenville has approximately 23,500 employees and operates 36 production facilities in the United States (michelinman.com) and Canada (michelin.ca) Metrics details This study aimed to optimize the applicability of an immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay to facilitate rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula (PIF) assay tests were performed with different cell numbers of C sakazakii (2 × 100 and 2 × 101 CFU/ml) inoculated in 10 g of PIF The assay was able to detect as few as 2 cells of C sakazakii/10 g of PIF sample after 6 h of pre-enrichment incubation with an assay time of 2 h 30 min The assay was assessed for cross-reactivity with other bacterial strains and exhibited strong specificity to C the assay method was applied to the detection of C sakazakii in PIF without pre-enrichment steps and the results were compared with INC-ELISA and RT-PCR sakazakii in spiked PIF without pre-enrichment when compared with the results obtained with RT-PCR our developed assay required lesser detection time The developed assay was also not susceptible to any effect of the food matrix or background contaminant microflora Because there are limited antibiotic therapies against this hazardous pathogen there is an urgent need for novel alternative biocontrol or detection methods for C and rapid detection methods for the routine detection of C as a part of our continuing efforts to confirm the practical application of the developed assay for rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens and sensitive immunoliposome and immunomagnetic nanoparticle-based immunoassay method and confirmed its practical applicability for the detection of C sakazakii in artificially contaminated PIF samples by comparing its efficacy with other conventional detection methods such as ELISA and RT-PCR The main aims of the current study were to determine the applicability of the developed assay in food samples demonstrate its reduced detection time (food sample enrichment period) and assess its possible use in detection without the requirement for an enrichment step 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (DPPG) 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster Sulforhodamine B (SRB) was purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene and bacto peptone were purchased from Difco Laboratories Inc Buffered peptone water (BPW) was purchased from Oxoid Ltd Violet red bile glucose (VRBG) agar was purchased from MB Cell (Los Angeles alkaline phosphatase yellow liquid substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) and rabbit gamma globulin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Carboxyl magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and reaction buffers for conjugation were purchased from Ocean Nanotech (Springdale The magnetic particle separator was purchased from Dynal Inc Phosphatase-labeled goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) was purchased from Kierkegaard & Perry Laboratories n-Succinimidyl-s-acetylthioacetate (SATA) was obtained from Pierce (Rockford Ninety six-well microtiter plates were purchased from SPL Life Sciences (Pocheon Primers (Crono-F and Crono-R) and probe (Crono-P) used for RT-PCR were purchased from Microgen (Daejon QiaAmp DNA extraction mini kit was purchased from Qiagen (Hilden Taq polymerase was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad IQ supermix was purchased from Bio-rad (Hercules The bacterial strain used in this study to produce antibody was C which was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC cereus) (Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms: KCCM 40935) Enteritidis) (ATCC 4931) were used to check cross-reactivity and microbial background effect of the developed method All strains used in this study were cultured in NB for 18–20 h at 37 °C on a shaking incubator (150 rpm) which was used in this study for validation of the detection method Animal use protocol was reviewed by the committee members of Yeungnam University and approved by Korea Food and Drug Administration Republic of Korea (Animal Ethics License No All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations and zeta potential of liposomes were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) with a Zetasizer Nano ZS particle analyzer (Malvern Instruments Ltd. The liposomal suspension was adequately diluted with 0.02 M Tris-buffered saline (TBS pH 7.0) prior to measurement to adjust the intensity The PDI was also determined as a measurement of the level of homogeneity of particle size Schematic representation of the immunoglobulin G and magnetic nanoparticles conjugation reaction Schematic representation of the overall procedure for the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii Procedure of the immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay (A) and schematic diagram for the production of fluorescent signals in the immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay for the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii (B) The signal intensities of both the test and blank samples were measured and calculated for positive/negative (P/N) values PIF samples without pre-enrichment and artificially contaminated with different concentrations of C sakazakii in the range of 100–106 CFU/ml were used to evaluate the detection capability of the developed assay Samples were then coated onto a 96-well microtiter plate washing three times with 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.0) and blocking with 200 μl of 5% skim milk for 2 h at 37 °C The plate was then washed with 0.01 M PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST) The plate was washed again with 0.01 M PBST after which phosphatase-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG was added 50 μl of pNPP liquid substrate was added to each well for a 30 min enzyme-substrate reaction 50 μl of 1 M NaOH was added to each well to stop the reaction after which the yellow color produced in positive reaction wells was measured at an absorbance wavelength of 405 nm using a microplate reader Each experiment was performed in triplicate sakazakii in artificially contaminated PIF samples Based on the sequence data generated and the results of the online BLAST analysis and Crono-P (5′-6FAM-AGAGTAGTAGTTGTAGAGGCCGTGCTTCCGAAAG-TAMRA-3′) were designed to amplify a 78 bp C A PCR mixture (25 μl) contained 12.5 μl IQ supermix (100 mM KCl 900 nM of each Crono-F and Crono-R primers PCR was performed in an a 48-well thermal cycler (Stepone real-time PCR system Singapore) using the following conditions: one cycle of denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min The fluorescence was recorded at the end of each annealing step To test whether the developed assay system was able to detect C sakazakii specifically in real food samples spiked PIF samples were made by inoculating other genera such as C and the cross-reactivity of the developed method was examined against C The analytical procedure was similar to that described above Each strain was individually cultured at 37 °C for 18–20 h in NB media with shaking (150 rpm) pure cultures of each strain were adjusted to 108 CFU/ml with 0.1% peptone water The assay procedure was similar to that described under the section titled “Detection of C sakazakii in artificially contaminated PIF samples using the immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay” in the Materials and Methods section market PIF without any inoculation was used Specific criteria are applied for the analysis of food and water samples; one key aspect is that the target microorganisms must be detected amidst background microflora To evaluate the effect of background microflora PIF samples were collectively spiked with other bacterial strains belonging to different genera at a concentration of 108 CFU/ml with different concentrations of C analyzed using the developed immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS 19 program (SPSS Inc. A multiple Duncan’s test was applied and P value < 0.05 was considered significant for each of the statistical parameters Our results showed that the prepared liposomes remained stable for long periods of time which indicates that our newly developed liposomal formulation meets the requirements for an effective detection system Valuable zeta potential information about a liposome preparation can help to predict the fate of the liposomes in vivo and modification of the liposome surface can also be monitored by measurement of the zeta potential These results confirmed the structural integrity of the SRB-encapsulated liposomes where carboxyl (COOH) functionalized magnetic nanoparticles are activated with EDAC and NHS An amine-reactive NHS ester on the magnetic nanoparticle reacts with primary amines on the antibody to yield IgG-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles Transmission electron microscope image (a) of a single cell of Cronobacter sakazakii; (b) of magnetic nanoparticles; and (c,d) of Cronobacter sakazakii cells bound to multiple magnetic nanoparticles small immunomagnetic nanoparticles exhibit good magnetic separation efficiency The assay method developed in this study was optimized based on these findings Detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula by the immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay according to increasing enrichment time All experiments were conducted three times and the data represent the mean ± standard deviation *Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with blank at 6 h pre-enrichment; **significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with blank at 6 h pre-enrichment; ***significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with 2 cells after 6 h pre-enrichment thus confirming the improved applicability of the developed assay for the simple and sensitive detection of C sakazakii in food samples in a shorter amount of time Comparison of the immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay with an indirect non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a powdered infant formula without pre-enrichment step and data represent the mean ± standard deviation The coefficient of variation for fluorescence intensity (n = 6) was below 15% the coefficient of variation was found to be under this limit Detection of Cronobacter sakazakii by real-time polymerase chain reaction in pure culture and powdered infant formula Cross-reactivity of the developed immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay with other genera of foodborne pathogens spiked into powdered infant formula (A) and effect of background microflora in powdered infant formula on the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii using the developed immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay (B) *Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with blank freundii isolated from PIF was misidentified as Cronobacter species in a molecular epidemiological survey freundii and Cronobacter species are very closely related based on their small Mahalanobis distance compared with other species freundii may also be an under-reported cause of bacterial infection It was observed that the background contaminant microflora had no effect on the applicability, detection sensitivity, or efficiency of the developed assay. As demonstrated in Fig. 8B sakazakii and higher cell numbers of other background contaminants had no effects on detection sensitivity confirming no interference from the background microflora or the matrix This result was likely due to the use of immunomagnetic nanoparticles to remove any possible interference in the PIF samples Although the current developed method has only been used for the detection of C our method is limited due to its lack of multiplexing capability which may require further work to overcome and to validate the practical and industrial usefulness of the method our next goal is to develop a new strategy for multiplexing detection of C sakazakii using our developed assay with 96-well microtiter plates positioned into magnetic plate separators This work may further improve the detection sensitivity in addition to providing a multiplex platform the developed method represents an effective strategy for the detection of C sakazakii due to the following two aspects the IgG coated on the magnetic nanoparticles only captures target bacteria supporting the efficiency and practical applicability of the developed assay in food samples Another notable aspect is the potential application of a similar or improved strategy using the developed concept for detecting other foodborne pathogenic bacteria by selecting and developing different antibodies we developed a rapid fluorescence detection system by incorporating target antibody into liposomes and magnetic nanoparticles The data obtained in this study demonstrate that a food trial-based optimized assay could be successfully utilized for sensitive and rapid detection of C sakazakii in spiked PIF samples with 6 h of pre-enrichment was 2 cells/10 g of PIF the developed assay was able to detect 3.8 × 103 CFU/ml of C sakazakii in PIF samples without any pre-enrichment Future directions of research include generalizing this method for the detection of all species of Cronobacter by constructing a multiplexing detection format Detection of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula using an immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay isolated from spiced meat and Cronobacter universalis sp a novel species designation for Cronobacter sp Center for Disease Control (CDC). Cronobacters. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/cronobacter/technical.html (2015) Neonatal death from pigmented coliform infection Enterobacter sakazakii infections among neonates Case reports and a review of the literature Rapid detection of multiple foodborne pathogens using a nanoparticle-functionalized multi-junction biosensor 16S rRNA gene based analysis of Enterobacter sakazakii strains from different sources and development of a PCR assay for identification Enzymatic electrochemical detection of epidemic-causing Vibrio cholerae with a disposable oligonucleotide-modified screen-printed bisensor coupled to a dry-reagent-based nucleic acid amplification assay Bacterial sensing: microscope to smart phone Rapid and accurate detection of Escherichia coli growth by fluorescent pH-sensitive organic nanoparticles for high-throughput screening applications Recent advances in chemical functionalization of nanoparticles with biomolecules for analytical applications Functionalized gold nanoparticles and their biomedical applications Development of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Cronobacter muytjensii (formerly called Enterobacter sakazakii) Development of an indirect non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Cronobacter muytjensii in infant formula powder Immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay for rapid detection of Cronobacter sakazakii Development of liposome immunoassay for Salmonella spp using immunomagnetic separation and immunoliposome Development of a liposome-based immunochromatographic strip assay for the detection of Salmonella Sensitive detection and quantification of gliadin contamination in gluten-free food with immunomagnetic beads based liposomal fluorescence immunoassay Physicochemical parameters associated with nanoparticle formation in the salting-out Physical property and stability of liposome prepared from egg yolk phospholipids at various storage conditions A strip liposome immunoassay for aflatoxin B1 Optimized dispersion of nanoparticles for biological in vitro and in vivo studies Characterization and stability studies of a novel liposomal cyclosporin A prepared using the supercritical fluid method: comparison with the modified conventional Bangham method Physico-chemical stability of colloidal lipid particles Size distribution and morphology of liposome aerosols generated by two methodologies Biosensors for the detection of waterborne pathogens PMMA biosensor for nucleic acids with integrated mixer and electrochemical detection Novel antibody/gold nanoparticle/magnetic nanoparticle nanocomposites for immunomagnetic separation and rapid colorimetric detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk Magnetic nanoparticles based magnetophoresis for efficient separation of E Rapid detection and quantification of tumor marker carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) using a superparamagnetic immunochromatographic strip Food related applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: enzyme immobilization Immunomagnetic nanobeads based on a streptavidin-biotin system for the highly efficient and specific separation of Listeria monocytogenes Energy landscape of streptavidin-biotin complexes measured by atomic force microscopy Capture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using immunomagnetic beads of different size and antibody conjugating chemistry Preparation and colloidal stability of monodisperse magnetic polymer particles Polymer metal composite microspheres: preparation and characterization of poly (St-co-AN) Ni microspheres Low- field magnetic separation of monodisperse Fe3O4 nanocrystals Immunochromatographic strip test for detection of genus Cronobacter A simple and rapid culture method for detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in environmental samples Sensitive and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus in milk via cell binding domain of lysin Rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in foods using an electrochemical immunosensor based on screen-printed interdigitated microelectrode and immunomagnetic separation In-situ immuno-gold nanoparticle network ELISA biosensors for pathogen detection Key elements of bioanalytical method validation for macromolecules Development of fluorescence-based liposome immunoassay for detection of Cronobacter muytjensii in pure culture Recombinant hepatitis A virus antigen: improved production and utility in diagnostic immunoassays Occurrence of potentially enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus in infant milk powder Molecular epidemiological survey of Citrobacter freundii misidentified as Cronobacter spp (Enterobacter sakazakii) and Enterobacter hormaechei isolated from powdered infant milk formula Download references This work was supported by the 2014 Yeungnam University research grant Shukla Shruti and Lee Gibaek contributed equally to this work National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service The authors declare no competing financial interests 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Michelin has announced the list of 14 winners of the global 2016 Michelin Challenge Design “Mobility for All – Designing for the Next Frontier.” United Kingdom and the United States were selected by a distinguished jury of the world’s top automotive designers and industry experts A representative designer from each of the three winning teams will be invited to attend the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) as guests of Michelin and will be recognized during Michelin’s annual private DESIGNER’S RECEPTION All members of each winning team are invited to join an exclusive online community restricted to Michelin Challenge Design winners and jurors Below is the Michelin Challenge Design for 2015 Drive Your Passion Video. Click here to check out all the entries of the Michelin Mobility For All design competition and we don't think their momentum is slowing down anytime soon Among the incredibly talented members of the group is Xen, who was a member of the group 1TEAM before his rise to fame as a critical part of OMEGA X. Can't get enough of Xen? Here's everything we discovered about him as our latest Man Crush Monday Zodiac sign: Pisces I sometimes recite or mimic the lines from animes I watch—but I only do it when I'm sure I'm not with the members." "I recently recognized that perfume leaves a very strong first impression on people I want people to think of me positively when I put on a good perfume." Also read about: Everything You Wanted to Know About OMEGA X Singer Sebin A post shared by OMEGA X (@omegax_official) rapper and producer G-Dragon is his favorite artist of all time 5. He's not really into desserts—but he does love cold brew A post shared by OMEGA X (@omegax_official) Howl's Moving Castle and The Classic never fail to make him cry "I always get moody when I watch Howl's Moving Castle because I think Studio Ghibli movies all have that special effect on the audience that movie is simply sad from beginning to end I just can't help my tears whenever I watch that movie." Also read about: Everything You Wanted to Know About OMEGA X Singer Hangyeom He'd love to go back to live in the '80s and '90s calling them "the decades between analog and digital worlds." The last celeb he got starstruck over was the South Korean rapper GODOK "I have known him and listened to his music for quite a while Seeing him working on his music in the studio was very eye-opening for me." 9. The No. 1 thing on his bucket list is making his own album "I think it's important to love yourself before anything else!" For even more from the band, click HERE to learn everything you wanted to know about Taedong.