Volume 12 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1297289 This article is part of the Research TopicWatershed Environmental Changes and Adaptive Management for SustainabilityView all 9 articles Best management practices (BMPs) are widely applied to address water quality degradation issues attributed to non-point source pollutants The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of two types of BMPs vegetation filter strips (VFS) and wetlands in reducing total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in a watershed and to investigate whether the efficiency of the two BMPs is maintained under future climate scenarios by employing the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) A set of parameters was calibrated using the SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP) to ensure acceptable simulation results Three BMP scenarios were developed by applying VFS and wetlands individually and in combination Projected climate data from 18 global circulation models under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5) were used to depict climate change conditions VFS demonstrated 18.2% and 22.9% greater reduction efficiency for TN and TP When the two BMPs were simultaneously applied the reduction efficiency was even greater than that of single-BMP implementation (by 7.4% for TN and 6.8% for TP compared to VFS alone and by 25.5% for TN and 29.7% for TP compared to wetlands alone) the model simulated results for the period of 2021–2,100 The differences in efficiency between the combined BMP scenario and the individual BMPs increased with greater intensity of climate change this study supports the effectiveness of nutrient pollution control by applying multiple BMPs rather than by applying individual BMPs this research underscores the adaptability and reliability of natural-based solutions in mitigating non-point source pollution in a changing climate which is essential for effective ecological restoration in complex urban-agricultural landscapes The study provides valuable insights for watershed managers and policymakers seeking effective strategies to combat nutrient pollution in the face of a changing climate within the unique landscape of South Korea These challenges are particularly pronounced in the context of South Korea where the interplay of topographical and climatic characteristics adds an additional layer of complexity to the management of water quality These distinctive characteristics underscore the need for tailored strategies for ecological restoration in such areas emphasizing the urgency for effective non-point source pollution control especially within the context of South Korea’s unique landscape This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by examining the potential synergistic or conflicting effects that may arise when deploying various BMPs collectively within South Korea’s distinct topographical and climatic conditions the assessment involves the reduction efficiencies of NPS pollutant loads including total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) This research underscores the necessity of formulating region-specific strategies for ecological restoration considering the intricate interplay between urban and agricultural landscapes and the pronounced seasonality of precipitation Furthermore, recognizing climate change as a catalyst for increased water quality degradation caused by NPS pollutants (Liu et al., 2020; Badrzadeh et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022; Wan et al., 2022) the second part of the study delves into how BMP scenarios’ effectiveness may evolve in response to shifting climate conditions Climate data projections from 18 global circulation models (GCMs) under varying Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are employed to gain insights into the adaptability of BMP strategies in anticipation of climate pattern shifts The selection of the newly introduced SSPs reflects our commitment to addressing the evolving challenges posed by climate change in the South Korean context rooted in the intricate topographical and climatic attributes of South Korea emphasizes the need for tailored BMP strategies By scrutinizing the effectiveness of BMP combinations and assessing their resilience amid evolving climate conditions the study contributes to the body of knowledge required for effective ecological restoration in complex urban-agricultural landscapes the So-okcheon watershed serves as the ideal study site for the implementation of BMPs designed to mitigate nutrient loads An evaluation of land use within the So-okcheon watershed was conducted using the 2019 national land-cover map provided by the Ministry of the Environment. Urban areas within the region encompass approximately 7.52% or 13.96 km2 of the total 85.61 km2 area, while agricultural land occupies 14.06% or 26.10 km2 (Table 1) Recognizing that urban and agricultural areas stand as the primary sources of NPS pollution effective management within these domains is imperative In the meticulous preparation for constructing the SWAT model, a careful selection and preparation of various datasets were undertaken, as summarized in Table 2 The success of any modeling effort hinges on the quality and relevance of the input data and thus the data selection and collection processes were executed with utmost care The digital elevation model (DEM) grid map a foundational element for watershed configuration in hydrological modeling was created with a high-resolution of 30 × 30 m Utilizing a 1/5,000 digital map from the National Geographic Information Institute (NGII) in 2019 enabling the model to accurately capture the intricate topographical features of the study area Land use information from the Ministry of Environment (MOE) representing the national land-cover map of 2019 as land use status plays a pivotal role in determining the distribution of various land activities impacting hydrological and water quality processes Understanding land use intricacies is indispensable for predicting non-point source pollutant loads facilitating the model’s simulation of dynamic interactions between land surfaces and water bodies derived from 1/25,000 soil maps provided by the Rural Development Administration These detailed soil maps serve as a cornerstone in the SWAT model enabling the simulation of hydrological and nutrient cycling processes and nutrient content shape the model’s response to land management practices and climatic conditions enhancing its accuracy in capturing the complexities of water movement and pollutant dynamics within the study area encompassing variables such as precipitation were sourced from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) While meteorological data for an extended period was available the subsequent utilization of daily streamflow and TN and TP measurement data for calibration and validation purposes was limited to the period from 2012 to 2016 To incorporate a warm-up period for model initialization and considering the availability of reliable daily streamflow and water quality data only from 2012 to 2016 additional meteorological data covering the years 2008–2011 were acquired Subsequent simulations were then conducted based on a decade-long period from 2011 to 2020 providing insights into hydrological and water quality dynamics over the 10-year climatic cycle Recognizing the imperative to account for potential climate change impacts, this study incorporates scenarios based on Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) introduced in the sixth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report. These pathways, encompassing factors such as demographics, economic development, environmental considerations, and policies, provide a holistic framework for understanding climate trajectories (O’Neill et al., 2014) and SSP5-8.5) were selected to explore a range of climate change scenarios SSP1-2.6 represents an optimistic scenario characterized by extensive use of renewable energy sources while SSP5-8.5 portrays a pessimistic scenario with continued high reliance on fossil fuels Climate data from 18 Global Circulation Models (GCMs) Recognizing the inherent uncertainties associated with individual model variations we averaged the results from the 18 models for each SSP scenario enhancing the robustness of our climate change impact assessments This comprehensive selection of input data and adaptability to potential future scenarios forms the backbone of our SWAT modeling efforts The integration of various datasets and thoughtful consideration of climate change scenarios underscore the commitment to a nuanced exploration of non-point source pollutant dynamics in the unique context of South Korea this study adopted the SUFI-2 algorithm for the calibration and validation of streamflow and water quality The calibration and validation of the SWAT model were executed at daily and monthly time intervals covering a 5-year span from 2012 to 2016 under the baseline conditions the calibration phase encompassed a 3-year window from 2012 to 2014 followed by a 2-year validation period from 2015 to 2016 Understanding the significance of data availability in model calibration and validation this study acknowledges the difficulties presented by the relatively short 5-year simulation period These constraints are a direct result of the limited availability of observed data in the region a common scenario in places where water resource management practices are still in the developmental stages the study adjusted the calibration and validation period to maximize the utilization of available data addressing the practical constraints associated with data availability in these regions The calibration and validation processes utilized data collected from two monitoring stations one for streamflow and another for water quality both located near the outflow of the So-okcheon watershed water quality measurements were conducted every 8 days Due to the differing measurement intervals between these datasets calibration and validation for streamflow were performed using daily data whereas water quality calibration and validation relied on monthly averages Calibration and validation were first completed based on the parameters for the flow rate and then sequentially based on the parameters for the water quality components Both R2 and NSE values closer to 1 indicate a higher degree of accuracy in replicating observed values. The identification of an acceptable parameter set relied on meeting predefined model performance criteria, specifically targeting satisfactory, good, and very good performance levels, as recommended in a prior study (Moriasi et al., 2015). Refer to Table 3 for details Model performance evaluation criteria for R2 and NSE the effectiveness of BMPs in reducing TN and TP loads within the study area is evaluated These BMPs play a crucial role in the management of water quality particularly in regions encompassing both urban and agricultural land uses Wetlands and VFS were selected as representative BMPs due to their suitability for various land use contexts and their ecological value as natural-based solutions Wetlands were chosen as a BMP option for their capacity to act as retention facilities effectively trapping and treating pollutants VFS was selected for their ability to absorb nutrients and filter contaminants from runoff due to their vegetative nature The decision to apply VFS and wetlands in this study aligns with the recommendations outlined in the Korean Ministry of Environment’s ‘Guidelines for the Installation and Management of Non-Point Source Pollution Control Facilities (2008)’ This manual emphasizes considerations such as land use characteristics and stability when selecting NPS pollution control facilities wetlands and VFS were identified as the most suitable options for the specific characteristics of the studied watershed This strategic selection enhances the relevance and applicability of the chosen BMPs in addressing the unique challenges posed by the study area To assess the efficiency of these BMPs, three distinct scenarios (Table 4) were formulated applying VFS and wetlands individually and in combination a 10-m-wide VFS was applied along both riversides Scenario 2 (SC.2) involved the implementation of wetlands covering a total area equivalent to that of the VFS in SC.1 with their combined area matching that of the previous scenarios The assessment began by simulating TN and TP loads transported from the watershed outlet. A warm-up period from 2008 to 2010 was utilized to establish baseline conditions, followed by a 10-year assessment phase from 2011 to 2020. These simulations were conducted using calibrated parameters applied to SWAT. Reduction efficiencies for the three BMP scenarios (SC.1–3) were then calculated using Eq. (3): To explore the dynamic nature of reduction efficiencies under changing climate conditions TN and TP loads for the three scenarios were projected over an 80-year period from 2021 to 2100 the reduction efficiency of each BMP scenario was assessed in 20-year intervals: 2021–2040 a comparison was made between the future reduction efficiencies of the BMP scenarios and those observed under current climate conditions The presentation of the model calibration and validation results begins with an emphasis on the comprehensive calibration and validation processes for streamflow and water quality parameters, TN and TP, using the SWAT model. The primary parameter values derived from this meticulous process are succinctly listed in Table 5 establishing a foundation for subsequent simulations and analyses These results reflect a commendable agreement between the simulated values and observed data instilling high confidence in the utilization of the optimized parameter set for subsequent simulations Calibration and validation results represented in model performance measures of R2 and NSE Additionally, the occurrence of peak TN and TP loads following heavy rainfall events underscores the significance of surface runoff in nutrient transport. Heavy rainfall events generate substantial runoff, resulting in elevated TN and TP loads in water bodies (Lee et al., 2020) This observation accentuates the importance of targeted management practices to mitigate nutrient pollution especially in areas prone to intense precipitation During the 10-year simulation period (2011–2020), the annual average TN and TP loads from the final outlet of the watershed and reduction efficiencies of the three BMP scenarios in comparison with the baseline are presented in Figure 3 These results clearly indicate the substantial effectiveness of VFS and wetlands in reducing nutrient loads within the study area Effectiveness of BMPs represented by the (A) annual average loads and (B) reduction efficiency the average annual TN and TP loads were approximately 29.8 t and 7.6 t led to a notable reduction in nutrient loads The average TN and TP loads decreased significantly to 19.9 t and 4.6 t The reduction efficiency of VFS for TN ranged from 20.6% to 38.6% while that for TP ranged from 27.4% to 45.0% These results emphasize the considerable impact of VFS in mitigating both TN and TP loads the average loads were reduced to 27.3 t for TN and 6.8 t for TP The reduction efficiency of wetlands exhibited variability ranging from 2.9% to 44.3% for TN and 4.5%–54.7% for TP It is important to note that all wetlands still contributed to reducing nutrient loads The interaction between these two BMPs was notably different in terms of their effect on TN and TP loads The scenario in which both VFS and wetlands were applied together with average TN and TP loads reduced to 19.2 t and 4.5 t The TN reduction rate ranged from 23.3% to 50.9% while the TP reduction rate ranged from 26.5% to 71.4% combining these two management practices resulted in the highest efficiency in reducing TN and TP loads The results illustrate the substantial effectiveness of VFS and wetlands in reducing nutrient loads within the study area characterized by their ability to promote infiltration and nutrient absorption leading to notable reductions in both TN and TP loads shine in their capacity to store runoff and facilitate sedimentation and nutrient adsorption particularly during periods of substantial precipitation when these two BMPs are implemented together resulting in the highest overall reduction efficiency for TN and TP loads This synergy underscores the potential benefits of employing multiple BMPs in watershed management strategies particularly in regions characterized by diverse precipitation patterns and runoff dynamics Understanding the specific characteristics of a target area such as its climate and hydrological conditions should be tailored to the area’s characteristics In regions with frequent heavy rainfall events the concurrent implementation of VFS and wetlands (SC.3) can be particularly advantageous in achieving the most effective reduction in nutrient To investigate the future performance of the three BMP scenarios under changing climatic conditions annual average TN loads were simulated over an 80-year period The simulation results were analyzed for four distinct 20-year intervals: 2021–2040 The results reveal dynamic variations in TN reduction efficiency within each BMP scenario over time and across different SSP scenarios (Figure 4) involving the combination of VFS and wetlands consistently demonstrated the highest reduction efficiency across all SSP scenarios regardless of the degree of climate change represented by the SSP scenarios the pollutant reduction efficiency of SC.1 and SC.3 displayed an upward trend towards the distant future while SC.2 witnessed a marginal decline over time Reduction efficiency of BMPs under different climate change scenarios represented by SSP1-2.5 The amplified increase in the efficiency of SC.1 and SC.3 particularly under the more severe climate change scenarios underscores the influence of different SSP assumptions characterized by proactive greenhouse gas reduction measures anticipates relatively stable climate change patterns SSP5-8.5 represents the worst-case scenario characterized by extensive fossil-fuel-based development resulting in high erratic climate fluctuations The widening disparity in reduction efficiency between near and distant futures can be attributed to these diverse SSP assumptions a comparison was conducted between the reduction efficiencies achieved under changing climate conditions and those observed under the current climate conditions in the watershed the 10-year average TN reduction efficiency stands at 31.8% for SC.1 the relative performance of the BMP scenarios remained consistent in the SSP5-8.5 scenario for the period 2081–2,100 TN reduction efficiency was measured at 27.97% for SC.1 characterized by the combination of VFS and wetlands consistently outperformed other scenarios in terms of reducing nutrient pollutant loads these findings highlight the importance of tailoring BMP selection not only to current hydrological and climatic conditions but also to expected future climate scenarios offering consistent performance across diverse climate change scenarios This underscores the adaptability and reliability of natural-based solutions in mitigating non-point source pollution in a changing climate these results underscore the need for informed decision-making when implementing BMPs considering regional climate characteristics and accounting for potential climate change impacts This study provides valuable insights for watershed managers and policymakers seeking effective strategies to combat nutrient pollution in the face of a changing climate in addition to achieving numerical reductions in pollutant loads BMP selection should be guided by the resilience and versatility of these solutions in varying climatic conditions By understanding the interaction between BMPs and climate change stakeholders can make informed choices that promote sustainable watershed management ultimately benefiting both aquatic ecosystems and human communities reliant on clean water resources This section delves into the nuanced analysis, extending beyond aggregated results, to focus on the specific outlets of distinct subbasins where various BMPs were hypothetically implemented (Figure 5) The unique approach connects BMP efficiencies with subbasin characteristics in the dynamic context of South Korea’s landscape offering innovative insights into localized impacts and shedding light on the effectiveness of BMPs in mitigating NPS pollutants The study’s innovation lies in the comprehensive examination of localized impacts and the synergistic effects of BMPs This approach goes beyond existing simulation studies on BMP efficiencies particularly in the South Korean landscape where few studies have explored the intricate dynamics of pollutant behavior within the broader hydrological context The scarcity of research that connects BMP efficiencies to subbasin characteristics in South Korea underscores the distinctive contribution of this study Table 7 serves as a comprehensive overview delineating key features of each subbasin such as land use percentages and slope gradients These features form the basis for a detailed analysis of how distinct landscape attributes influence BMP performance in reducing nutrient loads The annual TN and TP reduction efficiencies of BMP scenarios in each subbasin offer localized insights into the outcomes of watershed management strategies Subbasin characteristics and BMP efficiency a consistent observation emerged: employing a combined application of VFS and wetlands resulted in higher annual reduction efficiency across all subbasins compared to individual facility applications The nuances and variations observed among subbasins and BMP scenarios led to insightful findings emphasizing the significance of local nuances in shaping the outcomes of watershed management strategies and 13 provided compelling insights into the interplay of land characteristics and BMP effectiveness Despite a notable urban presence in these subbasins (ranging from 24.77% to 39.25%) lower slopes proved pivotal in enhancing the performance of wetlands in reducing both TN and TP loads Significant wetlands reduction efficiencies were observed (TN: 16.7% surpassing watershed averages and emphasizing the synergistic impact of wetland implementation in areas of lower slopes distinguished by high proportions of agricultural areas (23.31%) challenges in achieving TN reduction through VFS were evident The observed low efficiency (26% compared to the average of 55.64% in all subbasins) underscores the specific challenges in using VFS for nitrogenous pollutant removal in regions dominated by rice paddies primarily sediment filtration and vegetation uptake may face limitations in addressing the unique characteristics of nitrogen runoff from rice fields the BMP scenario combining VFS and wetlands emerged as the most effective in reducing nutrient loads What is particularly notable is the minimal difference in reduction efficiencies between employing VFS alone and the combined VFS and wetlands scenario for both TN and TP in these subbasins while the combined scenario yielded the best results in terms of pollutant reduction economic considerations may become a significant factor when deciding on facility combinations over specific areas efficiencies for TN were 59.69% with VFS alone and 60.13% with the combination of VFS and wetlands efficiencies were 78.24% with VFS alone and 78.40% with the combined VFS and wetlands scenario These minimal differences prompt a thoughtful consideration of cost-effectiveness when implementing BMP combinations especially in subbasins where disparities between scenarios are the smallest These findings underscore the need for site-specific and targeted approaches to ensure effective NPS pollution mitigation While the study provides valuable insights it is essential to acknowledge limitations a detailed cost-effectiveness analysis was not conducted opening avenues for future research to delve deeper into the economic implications of implementing BMP combinations in specific subbasins This study aimed to assess the efficiency of BMPs in controlling NPS pollution under current and future climate conditions in the context of South Korea involving the application of VFS and wetlands individually and in combination The results revealed that the combined application of VFS and wetlands outperformed individual BMPs showcasing a synergistic effect that addressed each BMP’s limitations This dynamic interplay proved effective in navigating the complexities of urban and agricultural landscapes and the pronounced seasonality of precipitation in South Korea this study verified changes in NPS pollution reduction attributable to climate change The intensification of climate change and the progression into the future accentuated differences in reduction efficiency among BMP scenarios the study observed a continuation of the trends identified under current climate conditions offering insights into the challenges posed by evolving climate patterns The findings of this study carry significant implications for tailored BMP strategies in the South Korean context The combined application of VFS and wetlands demonstrated superior efficiency under both current and future climate conditions providing robust evidence to support water quality management goals in the watershed the study underscores the adaptability and reliability of natural-based solutions in mitigating NPS pollution particularly in complex urban-agricultural landscapes prevalent in South Korea the study recommends that BMP selection align not only with existing hydrological and climatic conditions but also with anticipated future climate scenarios This commitment to addressing the evolving challenges posed by climate change emphasizes the importance of informed decision-making when implementing BMPs These insights cater to watershed managers and policymakers seeking effective strategies to combat nutrient pollution within South Korea’s unique landscape Recognizing and addressing the study’s limitations is pivotal While the analyzed BMP scenarios yield valuable insights there is room for future research to broaden its perspective by including diverse BMP types and delving deeper into specific watershed characteristics a more nuanced exploration of attributes like the specific locations or layout of NPS elements could provide a more comprehensive understanding the economic dimensions of implementing and managing BMPs should be integral considerations when determining optimal strategies for NPS pollution reduction Acknowledging these limitations not only facilitates a clearer understanding of the research scope but also lays the groundwork for future investigations to optimize BMP selection and management practices This is particularly pertinent for policymakers and practitioners underscoring the need for an in-depth cost-effectiveness analysis Such an analysis is not just a theoretical exercise but a practical necessity for well-informed decision-making aligning economic considerations with sustainable and effective BMP strategies for NPS pollution mitigation this study bridges a critical gap in understanding BMP efficiency within the complex dynamics of South Korea’s urban-agricultural landscapes offering a foundation for region-specific ecological restoration strategies The identified trends and synergies among BMPs not only contribute to the scientific discourse but also provide actionable insights for sustainable water resource management in the face of a changing climate The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research This work was supported by the Korea Environment Industry and Technology Institute (KEITI) through the Decision Support System Development Project for Environmental Impact Assessment funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (Grant No This work was supported by the 2023 Research Fund of the University of Seoul for Sangchul Lee The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher A continental-scale hydrology and water quality model for Europe: calibration and uncertainty of a high-resolution large-scale SWAT model CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT CrossRef Full Text | Google 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The use distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Sangchul Lee, c2xlZTIwMjBAdW9zLmFjLmty; Seongwoo Jeon, ZWVwcHNfa29yZWFAa29yZWEuYWMua3I= Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish ※ This service is provided by machine translation tool "Is there a place where I can buy gold in local currency?" This is a recent post on an online community This is why there are concerns that local currency could be abused as a means of "gold technology." According to related industries on the 5th and Rainbow Yeongdong Pay in Yeongdong-gun will accumulate 20% of their use as cashback since September With the support of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security it has doubled the cashback from the previous 10% as it has become a special disaster area due to the damage from torrential rains The monthly rechargeable amount is also quite high at 700,000 won in Okcheon-gun and 1 million won in Yeongdong-gun The purpose of local currency is to flow into the alley commercial area and inspire the local economy even if you buy gold bars at gold and silver shops with local currency This is because there is no way to sanction this right away Okcheon and Yeongdong-gun issue local currency (card) regardless of where they live This means that you can buy gold 20% cheaper by issuing several cards in the name of your family or acquaintance if you decide there are many inquiries about whether gold can be bought in local currency," a silver and silver shop owner in Okcheon-gun told Yonhap News "Most of them are inquiries about looking for gold bars that have not been processed for investment purposes." This is because prices have jumped sharply due to increased uncertainties in the financial market and increased demand for gold due to the Federal Reserve's visualization of interest rate cuts the price of 1 kilogram of gold stocks in the gold market surged 47% from the beginning of the year (86,940 won) to 127,590 won per gram Okcheon-gun banned the purchase of gold bars through perfume OK cards on the 4th as local currency showed concerns that it would be used for gold technology It also announced plans to send an official letter to gold and silver shops and strengthen crackdowns "The act of using high cashback to buy gold bars and resell them to make profits is no different from illegal exchange," adding "We will crack down on gold and silver shops suspected of fraudulent transactions." the legal basis for sanctioning it under the current law is ambiguous There is also a possibility of being caught up in lawsuits that are being driven illegally which has blocked the purchase of gold bars has begun preparing grounds to support this the Gapyeong Cherry Blossom Festival is set to start from April 8 to 16 at Eden Cherry Blossom Road in Gapyeong The 1.2-kilometer cherry blossom tunnel features stage performances of classical and popular songs a flea market of handmade things and local specialties throughout the festival The festival makes a return after a four-year break as most of the remaining COVID-19 policies were lifted as of Monday The event is open to people of all ages without any admission fees The Jeju Canola Flower Festival is scheduled to run through April 15 at Hueree Natural Park on Jeju Island The canola flowers represent spring on the southern island as they start to bloom at the end of winter The festival offers multiple photo zones for families and friends to take memorable pictures The Okcheon Seedling Festival makes a return after a four-year break due to the COVID-19 pandemic The event will take place in the areas around the Okcheon Seedling Park in Okcheon Celebrating the return of in-person festivities visitors can try their hands at various activities like seedling sharing and “plogging,” a combination of jogging and picking up litter The three-day nature-friendly event will take place from March 31 to April 2 The Pinnacle Land Spring Flower Festival is scheduled to take place at Pinnacle Land The botanical garden will present some 50,000 tulips and narcissus plants allowing visitors to enjoy a fragrant spring atmosphere The second edition of Pinnacle Land Spring Flower Festival also puts on a firework display at 8 p.m The Blossom Picnic is scheduled to kick off March 18 and run through April 9 at E-world in Daegu The venue offers visitors a chance to see the earliest blooming cherry blossoms as well as nighttime views of the pink flowers a camping zone and a picnic zone -- allowing visitors to enjoy spring in a variety of settings Red double-decker buses and a merry-go-rounds provide opportunities for Instagram photos as well The plan to unify the candidacies of conservative People Power Party presidential candidate Kim Moon-soo and former Prime Minister Han Duck-soo faces a rocky road Democratic Party alleges 'judiciary coup' threatens to impeach Supreme Court justices Korea’s Czech nuclear plant deal halted by court injunction Amazon Prime sign deal to increase K-content access Korea mark 60 years of ties with sculpture Netflix's 'The Devil’s Plan' returns with star-packed season 2 Seoul to host inaugural 'MyK Festa' in June 'Smile at me': Cancer-fighting senior influencer inspires with strength Yoo Seung-ho returns to stage as Brutus in reimagining of 'Julius Caesar' [Photo News] Korea gears up to celebrate Buddha's birthday Respect wanes: Teaching no longer highly coveted job in S Lee Jae-myung leads in hypothetical three-way race with Han Duck-soo Costco’s steep membership hike tests loyalty of Korean shoppers rows of illuminated grow spaces fill the tunnel-based vertical indoor farm NextOn in Okcheon The high-tech farm inside a former tunnel in South Korea is seen as a potential solution to the havoc wreaked on crops by the extreme weather linked to climate change and to shortages of land and workers as the country ages head of NextOn Choi Jae Bin explains about his farm’s crop cultivation system next to sesame leaves growing on vertically stacked styrofoams at the tunnel-based vertical indoor farm NextOn in Okcheon sesame leaves grow on a vertically stacked styrofoam layer at the tunnel-based vertical indoor farm NextOn in Okcheon a set of bright blue doors covers the entrance of the tunnel that holds the farm NextOn in Okcheon South Korea (AP) — Behind a blue wall that seals a former highway tunnel stretches a massive indoor farm bathed in rose-tinted light Fruits and vegetables grow hydroponically — with no soil — in vertically stacked layers inside illuminated by neon-pink LEDs instead of sunlight Operators of this high-tech facility in South Korea say it is the world’s first indoor vertical farm built in a tunnel It’s also the largest such farm in the country and one of the biggest in the world with a floor area of 2,300 square meters (25,000 square feet) nearly half the size of an American football field Indoor vertical farming is seen as a potential solution to the havoc wreaked on crops by the extreme weather linked to climate change and to shortages of land and workers in countries with aging populations about 190 kilometers (120 miles) south of Seoul was built in 1970 for one of South Korea’s first major highways Once a symbol of the country’s industrialization An indoor farming company rented the tunnel from the government last year and transformed it into a “smart farm.” Claude Debussy’s “Clair de Lune” resonates in the tunnel in hopes of stimulating the crops’ healthy growth “We are playing classical music because vegetables also love listening to music like we do,” said Choi Jae Bin Sixty types of fruits and vegetables grow in optimized conditions using NextOn’s own growth and harvest systems He said the tunnel provides temperatures of 10 to 22 degrees Celsius (50 to 72 Fahrenheit) enabling the company to optimize growing conditions used also in places like Dubai and Israel where growing conditions are challenging can be a key to developing sustainable agriculture “Society is aging and urbanization is intensifying as our agricultural workforce is shrinking,” said Son Jung Eek a professor of plant science at Seoul National University Smart farming can help address that challenge as well as make it easier to raise high-value crops that are sensitive to temperature and other conditions Only slightly more than 16 percent of South Korea’s land was devoted to farming in 2016 The rural population has fallen by almost half over the past four decades even as the overall population has grown nearly 40 percent The Agriculture Ministry announced earlier this year that it will invest in smart farm development nationwide expanding their total area to 7,000 hectares (17,000 acres) from the current 4,010 hectares (9,900 acres) Turning a profit can be challenging for indoor vertical farms given the high cost of construction and infrastructure NextOn cut construction costs in half by using the abandoned tunnel and developing its own LED lights and other technologies The proprietary technologies reduce water and energy use and the need for workers Sensors in each vertical layer measure variables such as temperature carbon dioxide and micro-dust levels to maintain an optimized environment for each crop The crops will cost less than conventionally grown organic vegetables The farm will begin supplying vegetables to a major food retailer and a leading bakery chain beginning in late August Next up: more tiers of crops in the remaining two-thirds of the tunnel to grow high-value fruits and medicinal herbs Suh said the medicinal plant market is currently dominated by a few countries and regions “Our goal is to achieve disruptive innovation of this market by realizing stable mass production of such premium crops,” he said who won three gold medals in archery at the 2024 Paris Olympics gave a huge "treat" to his hometown residents and his alma mater juniors including Lee Won-myeon residents who supported him during the Olympics to a restaurant in Okcheon-eup on the 17th Two buses were also provided so that they could come to the restaurant comfortably residents delivered a plaque of appreciation to Kim Woo-jin with 50,000 county residents," said Hwang Kyu-chul "We will all cheer for the milestone to continue in the LA Olympics four years later." "With the help of many people in my hometown I was able to achieve the same good results as now," adding "I thank the county residents for their support." Kim Woo-jin won the gold medal in the team event at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics and the mixed team event at the 2021 Tokyo Olympics and won the three gold medals in the individual and mixed team events at the Paris Olympics Okcheon-gun is considering designating the section between Iwon-myeon Intersection and Bamtijae Pass passing through Midong-ri as Kim Woo-jin-ro The 24th Hadong Tea Festival will be held online from May 15 to 23 The organizers of the festival discussed canceling the annual event due to concerns over the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic they decided to hold the festival to promote the 2022 Handong World Tea Expo this year‘s festival will mainly feature contactless online programs with limited offline activities held across Hadong To help tea plantations which experienced difficulties with the festival’s cancellation last year this year‘s festival will feature Hadong tea leaves in several e-commerce events in a bid to introduce the tea vendors to a new retail market The festival celebrates the legendary scholar Wang In from the Baekje Kingdom (18 B.C.-A.D it is said that Wang introduced the Chinese writing system to the Japanese quizzes and trot music shows will take place as part of the festival Head to the website at wanginfesta.com for more information is a county famous for farming fruit tree seedlings It supplies 70 percent of the seedlings retailed across Korea Individual farms in Okcheon are selling seedlings online during the festival period Customers can receive a 20 percent discount when they purchase seedlings with gift certificates check out the Okcheon County website at www.oc.go.kr/tree/index.do The annual spring festival went online last year due to the COVID-19 pandemic Though last year’s festival was concentrated near Jochiwon Station and along the stream Jocheon it has been expanded to Sejong as well this year to prevent overcrowding at the festival site the Jeju Canola Flower Festival will open on April 9 canola flowers are expected to be in bloom across the Pyoseon area of Seogwipo on Jeju Island covering a 95,000-square-meter space with a yellow hue which represent spring on the southern island Details for the festival have not yet been announced "What do you do when you play?"’ The ratings have skyrocketed as well MBC's "What Are You Doing When You Go to Okcheon," which aired on the 6th was decorated as an episode of "When You Go to Okcheon." While traveling to Okcheon I met Mi-Joo's maternal grandmother and biological sister as well as promoting the local charm I didn't know Mi-Joo's real sister captivated not only the members but also the viewers with her elegant appearance and charm that she doesn't know where to stand out What do you do when you play on this day?The viewership of households in the metropolitan area rose to 5.2% A key indicator of channel competitiveness and popularity ranking first in entertainment on Saturday The friendship between the sisters in the U.S (Based on Nielsen Korea's metropolitan area) Mi-Joo called herself the "Okcheon Goddess" and showed a unique love for her hometown she lost face as the "Okcheon Goddess" from the start of her tour The members asked "what's famous in Okcheon" and "what's the best restaurant?" but Mi-Joo didn't know well suddenly emerged as an "Okcheon male god." Upon arriving at the Okcheon Oil Market Yoo Jae-suk exploded in popularity with praise from residents You're handsome." Just looking at Yoo Jae-seok's face and there were a flood of requests for handshakes The members went around asking the residents mischievously the goddess of heaven?" but everyone laughed when they received the answer I also visited my grandmother's house near the market Dindin made a big bow as "Mi-Joo's sister's future husband(?)" The maternal grandmother ended the controversy over the "Okcheon Goddess" by calling Mi-Joo "Okcheon Yeo-si" by a small margin and asked the members about the Okcheon restaurant He painted the scene with laughter with the Chungcheong-do style of speech Members who visited Muljolmyeon restaurant and poet Jeong Ji-yong's birthplace in succession enjoyed Okcheon's specialty who was reborn as a handsome man limited to Okcheon was found to be looking in the mirror and laughing so my brother becomes 'Okcheon Cha Eun-woo'." Yoo Jae-seok met his son Ji-ho's first-year elementary school homeroom teacher by chance and an unexpected parental consultation took place "The child was much prettier than the father...He said "It's the same." "Jiho was very good at language," triggering Yoo Jae-seok's father's smile The meeting was held with Mi-Joo's real sister Lee Yun-ji The members were confused by the appearance of the original Okcheon goddess Dindin's ears turned red and looked restless "It's an interview free pass award" to Mi-Joo's elegant charm Mi-Joo's sister responded brightly to the members' questions and showed off her sister chemistry with Mi-Joo's unique tiki-taka The friendship between the American sisters Mi-Joo told an anecdote of her sister who hosted her own celebrity audition saying she would push her tears in 10 seconds She praised her younger sister for her hard work until her debut as Lovelyz I became my best friend," expressing her affection for her sister Dindin was excited to be the only one in blind date mode "You look much prettier in real life." However my sister drew laughter by drawing the line by saying "Let's eat together with Mi-Joo" to DinDin's after-sales request "Shall we watch it more comfortably later?" Mi-Joo established the pride of the 'original Okcheon Goddess' by making an acrostic poem with "Okcheon Goddess is me who looks good in a 'Cheon' skirt." Yoo Jae-seok said "Your sisters are amazing," tongue-in-cheek at the pride of the Mi-Joo sisters the trip to Okcheon ended pleasantly with the ending of "Okcheon Goddess" with Mi-Joo and Mi-Joo with "Okcheon Yeo-si" certified by her maternal grandmother "What do you do when you play?"' airs every Saturday at 6:25 p.m DinDin made a surprise phone blind date with Mi-Joo's biological sister MBC entertainment program 'What are you doing when you play?' which will air on the 15th.In "The Funny Daily Life of the employees of "Acting for Play" who leave in search of healing and dopamine praising Mi-Joo's biological sister's beauty He usually showed his affection for Mi-Joo but he revealed that Mi-Joo thoroughly showed only half of her sister's face These remarks caused great repercussions among the members the members suggested a telephone blind date between the two "This is enough to give you a chance," and it was finally done DinDin revealed his front teeth and tried to flush them too much and also talked about who the original "Okcheon Goddess" was Mi-Joo made the scene a sea of laughter with an unexpected answer The members admired the genetic attractiveness of the Mi-Joo family you look like your sister," and "It's a beauty that's double-walled with Mi-Joo." DinDin did not give up and showed his positive attitude by suggesting a game of "jajangmyeon vs jjamppong telepathy" to Mi-Joo Mi-Joo defended DinDin's meeting with her sister "Is it because I'm small?" and created a bickering scene "I'm falling behind her," and showed themselves falling for Mi-Joo's charm Viewers are paying keen attention to the outcome of Mi-Joo's sister and DinDin's surprise phone blind date The damage is increasing as large-scale forest fires which have been ignited frequently across the country According to the Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters on the 24th the number of casualties caused by forest fires was four deaths the number of current cases increased by three The casualties include nine forest fire fighters Forest damage is also continuing to expand A total of 8,733 hectares of forest were burned by forest fires in Sancheong 2,742 people in 1485 households were displaced 689 people from 504 households have returned home but the rest are still in evacuation centers The Korea Forest Service and the Fire Department are doing their best to extinguish the flames but they are struggling to extinguish them due to strong winds and dry atmospheres If you look at the forest fire extinguishing rate by region Okcheon was completely suppressed the previous day KBS2's "Superman Is Back" Choi Ji-woo tells the behind-the-scenes story of a funny argument with his 4-year-old daughter Lua over a princess dress The 534th episode of KBS2's "Superman Is Back" (hereinafter referred to as "Sudol") and Arin of "Jae-dong-i" went on an outing to the Okcheon marketplace "There is no same dress under the sky," raising questions about the background As soon as Arin and Ayun arrive at the Okcheon Marketplace their eyes are drawn to the pink princess dress they fire heart eyes at the same time and enter the store with an exclamation of "Wow~" as if they were possessed There is a rumor that an automatic smile was created around the mouth of the viewer with an adorable figure stamping his feet "I want to buy this," while touching his clothes as if he liked it "They all look similar to each other in my dad's eyes," Choi Ji-woo said The details are all different," he refutes He then announced the recent situation of arguing with his 4-year-old daughter hey," during an argument with her daughter "Jiuhime" also tells her to raise a difficult daughter will be revealed through the main broadcast of "Sudol." 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LG CNS partners with KAIST to train AI transformation expert.. item.tmx : Math.floor(item.tmn)+'/'+Math.floor(item.tmx)) +'℃ Samsung’s Bespoke AI Combo hits 100,000 sales milestone LG Energy Solution seeks global talent in U.S. LG Electronics rolls out tumbler washer MyCup LG Elec installs LED scoreboard at Boston Red Sox stadium HD Hyundai Heavy holds ceremony for Philippine patrol ship LG unveils 2025 OLED Evo TV Samsung unveils gaming monitor with glasses-free 3D technology KITA Chief meets Texas Governor to discuss semiconductor subsidies KB Kookmin Bank, KCS to enhance forex monitoring system LG Electronics’ AI Washtower optimizes laundry in 3 seconds Your browser does not support JavaScript, or it is disabled．Please check the site policy for more information Asia & World Korean Peninsula South Korea--As the coronavirus pandemic began sweeping through South Korea late in February doctor Nam Ha-jong received an order to report overnight to Daegu a city that was to become the epicenter of infections With little formal training in treating virus victims and just two hours of instruction in the use of personal protective gear the 30-year-old was sent to track down likely patients As fear of the new disease gripped the country Nam went door to door from dawn to dusk each day wearing full protective gear to perform the testing of members of an obscure religious group at the center of the outbreak and felt like being thrown in as a shield to fight against an enemy that no one knew about,” said Nam a city of about 2.4 million southeast of the capital A nurse and driver helped him run tests at the homes of suspected victims Many in the religious group wanted to keep secret even the fact of having been tested Nam was one of 1,900 young men conscripted from medical school to serve a term of 36 months as a public health doctor instead of regular military service which is technically still at war with the North since the neighbors ended the Korean War with only a truce After eight months on the frontlines of the virus battle the young doctors are credited with pulling off the strategy to target hotspots with rapid often feeling their efforts went unrecognized even as South Korea eventually flattened the curve of infections and won global praise for its response “Now I feel some people are taking us for granted,” Nam who now works at a test center in Okcheon county Refusing to serve would have brought punishment in the form of a service extension of five times the length of the hotspot deployment Experts say the doctors’ efforts were responsible for more than 2.5 million tests among a population of 50 million as well as a program of stringent contact tracing The doctors are “indispensable,” said Park Yoon-hyung a specialist in preventive medicine at Soonchunhyang University “The general public don’t usually appreciate their work because they think of their service as something obvious.” As many as 1,000 of the doctors rotated through Daegu in March to fight an outbreak that racked up the largest number of infections outside China That deployment paved the way for a four-fold increase in daily virus tests said Sejin Choi of the Korean Association of Public Health Doctors the routine of a public health doctor can be uneventful from prescribing blood pressure pills to the elderly or giving vaccinations who receive average monthly pay of 2.5 million won ($2,200) are the mainstay of about half the nearly 600 test centers nationwide and several hundred staff the government’s “living care centers” for those suffering mild symptoms Always at the ready to rush to any new major disease cluster the doctors can also be assigned as airport quarantine officers to guard against external infections “Our role is little known outside,” said Choi Seung-jin one of the conscripted doctors who spent six weeks at a temporary testing facility near Seoul’s Incheon airport “But our job has never subsided,” added the 32-year-old “I am constantly worried that cases can explode at any time I have stopped wishing for this to be over soon.” Korea expands social distancing rules as coronavirus outbreak grows Korea elevates distancing as virus nears spring levels Information on the latest cherry blossom conditions Please right click to use your browser’s translation function.) A series based on diplomatic documents declassified by Japan’s Foreign Ministry Here is a collection of first-hand accounts by “hibakusha” atomic bomb survivors chefs and others involved in the field of food introduce their special recipes intertwined with their paths in life A series about Japanese-Americans and their memories of World War II In-house News and Messages No reproduction or republication without written permission View the discussion thread. Lovelyz member Lee Mijoo unveiled her older sister… Lovelyz member Lee Mijoo | @queen.chu_s/Instagram …now dubbed the real “Okcheon Goddess.” appeared on the show alongside Mijoo… who previously admitted to having a crush on Yun Ji DinDin: She’s so elegant… unlike Mijoo DinDin: She looks like she would have a free pass for all kinds of job interviews Yun Ji’s idol-like visuals—that once had the whole neighborhood of Okcheon convincing her to debut—stunned viewers | theqoo “How is she not a celebrity with visuals like that?” “Wow gorgeous.” “You can tell Mijoo is super proud of her older sister from how she introduces Yun Ji to the cast She’s beautiful!” “The visuals from the Lee sisters are insane…” “Daebak How is she not an actress yet?!” “She looks like an actress How pretty!” Watch the full clip below Drunk Female K-Pop Idol Gets Wheeled Away After Concert Girl Group Member Seemingly Admits To Recent Breakup News Third-Gen Idol Reportedly Breaks Up With Soccer Player Boyfriend Female Idol Pens Emotional Message After Getting Bombarded With Hate Comments See more Lovelyz Upvote if you think more people should see this post ENHYPEN kick in 'Blessed-Cursed' MV teaser OMEGA X drop performance MV for 'Love Me Like' bless her, i think it's very regretful we never got a proper goodbye. i hope one day they stand on the same stage again, i'm waiting lovelyz has an excellent discography, it's so pitiful that they didn't have a proper goodbye and that they never had the chance to become as big as they deserved.