Thirty-five years ago on a sweltering April night
which stands 1,939 meters (about 6,360 feet) tall
dominates the horizon of the Mexican community of Juanacatlán
neighbors and relatives to climb the mountain and put out the fire
“Our disappointment was that while we were fighting the fire
or members of an ejido] who had been dividing the parcels were burning them to … plant agave,” says Cárdenas
This experience left an impression on Cárdenas
says he decided to organize with his neighbors and fight to conserve the forests that surround their home of Juanacatlán on that night in 1988
They have managed to protect 1,600 hectares (about 3,954 acres) of forest and stop the installation of a thermoelectric plant and a gas pipeline that would have further damaged the already-degraded ecosystem in the state of Jalisco located in western Mexico
Juanacatlán is located 30 kilometers (about 19 miles) from Guadalajara
This small community of 30,855 residents is surrounded by mountains like El Papantón
Temperate forests cover these mountains and arehome to species like the Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica)
another oak known as the encino in Spanish (Quercus crassifolia)
the peacock flower (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) and the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
one can also see the monkeypod tree (Pithecellobium dulce)
the purple morning glory (Pharbitis purpurea)
the mesquite tree (Prosopis spp.) and the sweet acacia (Acacia farnesiana)
Part of the Indigenous population of Juanacatlán has roots with the Coca Indigenous people
and historians believe that they may have mixed with the Nahuatl community
This would explain why the word “Juanacatlán” derives from the Nahuatl word Xoconoxtle or Xonacatlan
which refers to a “place where onions are abundant” or “place of onions.” The fields and mountains of this region are home to a plant resembling a small jicama or cebollita
Teacher Cárdenas says the environmental decline and the fires in Juanacatlán began in the late 1980s
The municipality is divided into six ejidos
some members of the community burned their parcels in these ejidos to change the use of their land
They also sold or transferred some of their land to agave producers
who then burned the land to harvest this valuable plant
a 79-year-old farmer and friend of Cárdenas since childhood
they also extinguished fires inside pathways between crops that had been neglected by bean farmers who lived in the nearby community of El Platanal
They also reported mule drivers and loggers who took timber or set fire to the forest to later sell it as charcoal
“We asked for support from the town council to conserve the forests
but we were constantly rejected,” says Cárdenas
Cárdenas and other residents of Juanacatlán made a vital decision: During an assembly
they created a civil association called El Roble
or “The Oak.” They chose the name because the tree is representative of the region
“was to defend the forests because our natural territory is mainly forested.”
The community of Juanacatlán comprises an area of 141 square kilometers (about 54 square miles)
20.5% rainforest and wetlands and 54.7% agricultural land
according to data from the Institute of Statistical and Geographical Information of Jalisco (Instituto de Información Estadística y Geográfica de Jalisco
The El Roble civil association has 45 members
Among its active participants are teachers María Tiburcia Cárdenas and Angelina Cárdenas (the sisters of Enrique Cárdenas)
brothers Remigio and Benito Gómez (retired teachers from the elementary school in Juanacatlán)
Antonio Huerta (a car repair expert) and de Anda (the director of El Roble)
These environmental guardians saw that the forests of Juanacatlán were gradually
during the “agave rush,” they noticed their trees were being replaced by crops of Agave tequilana called “Weber Azul.” The reason for this land-use change was due to economics: A hectare of agave is worth three times more money than a hectare of corn
a 54-year-old homemaker and resident of Juanacatlán
she stopped going to the stream near the El Saucillo mountain
a natural space where she once enjoyed picnics with her family
during rainy times when the stream was high
I saw cans of pesticides floating in the stream and a gasoline-like substance dripping out
and I quickly took my children out [of the water]
The worst part is that cows continued to drink water from it,” says Mancilla
Urban developers also entered the forests to build roads
the amount of hunting in the area increased drastically
“Hunting is something very disagreeable,” says de Anda
explains that to mitigate the damage to forests
El Roble has organized groups to tour the forests and make a record of damages
“We walk at least 50 km [about 31 mi] per month
and we record the damage left by the fires and logging
sand and minerals was done and [where] the drilling of deep wells [was done]
We also make a note of where orchids and sweet potatoes are harvested
when the fire is less intense,” says Remigio Gómez
adds: “We destroy the hunters’ shelters and the water dispensers that they leave as traps to kill animals
We clean the dams so that the wild animals can drink water.”
De Anda says they also plant endemic tree seeds and check germination rates after it rains
After feeling abandoned by local authorities
the members of El Roble decided to file complaints before the Federal Attorney for Environmental Protection (PROFEPA) beginning in 2001
This is the federal agency in charge of monitoring compliance with environmental laws
after receiving continual complaints from El Roble
officials from PROFEPA suggested that community members be trained by the Participatory Environmental Monitoring Committee (Comités de Vigilancia Ambiental Participativa
This program seeks to combat environmental crimes through community monitoring and protection
“A person from PROFEPA came here to Juanacatlán and talked to us about rules
regulations and environmental laws; they focused on issues like forestry
They showed us how to fill out monthly reports
the incidents and the damage to flora and fauna,” says teacher Remigio Gómez
Participatory Environmental Monitoring Committees are organized groups of people committed to the care and defense of the natural resources in their communities
They are eager to participate by monitoring the forests
Participants are accredited and trained by PROFEPA itself
PROFEPA trained 1,129 people as part of the “Environmental Impact” program nationally in 2021
The “Forestry” program included 1,142 trainees
who learned about land-use changes and combating undocumented logging
The “Wildlife” program trained 2,095 people on topics like the hunting
trafficking and illegal sale of flora and fauna
This program also discussed a lack of respectful treatment toward wild animals
the introduction of exotic species and fragmentation of habitats due to disordered population growth
PROFEPA formally recognized 28 people from El Roble as environmental guardians
PROFEPA trained 917 people between 2019 and March 2023
when the members of El Roble were designated as environmental guardians
de Anda delivered monthly reports prepared by the group to PROFEPA annually
These reports contained information on poaching
the coordinates where logging took place and the damaged flora and fauna
These reports allowed PROFEPA to review and
closure or 36-hour administrative detention
as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic,the PROFEPA offices closed
the 28 members of El Roble no longer submit descriptive reports on the environmental damage
benefit from training or receive recognition as environmental guardians
Although PROFEPA is aware of the environmental degradation
it has not taken sufficient action to protect the environment
but those warnings have not definitively stopped the fires or the logging
We turned to them because of our need to report the deterioration that we see,” says Enrique Cárdenas
or the Lugar de las Mariposas (“Place of the Butterflies”)
El Papantón lost 12.1 km2 (about 4.7 mi2) of forest in 45 years
This is equivalent to about 1,466 soccer fields
as revenge for the complaints that de Anda
loggers and people who plant illegal crops used agrochemicals to burn the parcel that he had loaned for corn
De Anda says this group also set fire to his beehives and shot at the door of his brother — and fellow member of El Roble — Miguel’s house
the group attempted to run over Pedro de Anda with a car and threatened to kill him
when 30 members of El Roble traveled up to El Papantón to stop machinery that was cutting down dozens of trees
an ejidatario told them he would continue logging because he had money
also shares that they prefer not to report the crimes and threats suffered by the members of El Roble because of their distrust of the authorities and the impunity that prevails in the country
“But our presence in these natural areas has managed to inhibit poaching
Those who are acting with evil intentions or damaging the environment should think twice because we are after them
The pressure that we exert also sometimes forces the authorities to go and act,” says Remigio Gómez
“Our ancestors instilled in us the love of the land
Our parents never thought about selling or dividing the parcels for profit
and we are following in their footsteps,” says Angelina Cárdenas
She was the first woman to be the commissioner of the ejido
which is home to 918 people and has 30 ejidatarios who participate in the assemblies
During Angelina Cárdenas’ time as commissioner from June 2019 to June 2022
and with support from her siblings — María Tiburcia Cárdenas and Enrique Cárdenas — and the other members of El Roble
coal sellers and other community members of the importance of conserving their natural resources
The Ex-Hacienda de Zapotlanejo ejido has 900 ha (about 2,224 acres) of crops and 1,600 ha (about 3,954 acres) of common land
This common land is home to the El Taray forest and the La Peña y La Mina natural area
During Angelina Cárdenas’ three-year term as commissioner
there were no records of fires or felled trees in the 1,600 hectare forest
there was an intentional fire to create charcoal
and in 2022 there was a fire that came from the municipality of Zapotlán del Rey
El Roble managed to suspend the operation of the La Charrería thermoelectric plant that would have been installed on 25 ha (about 62 acres) of land in Juanacatlán and a gas pipeline 326 km (about 203 mi) long that would have fed this megaproject
This achievement was due to the partnership that they had formed with the civil organization Un Salto de Vida
which is a collective that works to defend the land in the municipality of El Salto
which is 2 km (about 1.2 mi) from Juanacatlán
Un Salto de Vida was formed in December 2005
who have been highlighted for their reports of environmental crimes committed in El Salto and Juanacatlán
These municipalities are linked by the Santiago River
It flows through the streets of these two municipalities
giving off a nauseating odor and foaming with white bubbles as a result of the pollution
Un Salto de Vida has demanded cleanup of the Santiago River
stoppage of the overexploitation of aquifers and penalties for the polluters.
The organization has demonstrated the ineffectiveness of current treatment plants
shown an increase in kidney disease in the population living close to the river and named several companies that pollute
Many members of Un Salto de Vida have also received threats and suffered harassment because of these actions
an economist and graduate student in political ecology and alternatives to development — who has been a member of Un Salto de Vida for 10 years — says the fight to stop the installation of the thermoelectric plant began in January 2019
The thermoelectric plant would have been installed in Juanacatlán
mainly on the San Luis Charolais private ranch
It would have also covered a small area of the La Guadalupe ejido and the Ex-Hacienda de Zapotlanejo ejido
High-voltage lines would pass through this land to connect the thermoelectric plant to the nation’s electrical system
Carmona adds that most of the gas pipeline would also go through the ejido of Juanacatlán
Eight hundred million dollars was pledged for the project
which was sponsored by the Spanish company Fisterra Energy
with financing from Blackstone Energy Group
Carmona recalled that in the first months of 2019
they were in charge of collecting information and asking for support from environmental specialists
health experts and lawyers to gain an in-depth understanding of the consequences of the installation of these megaprojects
plaza and ranch in the ejidos of La Guadalupe
Juanacatlán and Ex-Hacienda de Zapotlanejo
They handed out brochures and shared information about potential environmental effects
since the operation of the thermoelectric plant would lead to land-use chanes
a local temperature increase and consumption of clean water
This clean water — which would be used to operate and cool the turbines — is lacking in the region
who was the commissioner of the Ex-Hacienda de Zapotlanejo ejido at the time
stood up to the pressure of some ejidatarios who wanted to force her to sign in favor of the installation of these projects
I visited the ejidatarios to tell them about the environmental problems
Others were more interested in the 70,000 pesos [about $3,960] that the company had promised them
They had been told that once the thermoelectric plant was installed
‘I am leaving my position if you want to damage the environment and our health.’ And in mid-2019
the majority rejected the project,” says Angelina Cárdenas
which is in charge of the thermoelectric plant
made an appearance in the main plaza of Juanacatlán and offered free classes in English
they submitted more than 3,000 signatures to the town council in opposition to the thermoelectric plant and the gas pipeline
They also carried out three large mobilizations in the streets and main plaza of Juanacatlán and showed evidence to Fisterra Energy that the plant would only create 34 jobs
They inspired the creation of the Local Ecological Law Program (Programa de Ordenamiento Ecológico Local
in Spanish) — which did not exist in Juanacatlán at the time — and managed to use a public consultation process to prohibit high-risk regional and industrial infrastructure
including thermoelectric plants and gas pipelines
In order to have a voice — and a vote — against authorities
the members of Un Salto de Vida and El Roble formed the Xonocatlán Indigenous Council (in Juanacatlán) in July 2019
They are now seeking legal certification as a Coca Indigenous community
This certification is essential for the defense of their territories
The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention
169) of the International Labor Organization established that Indigenous communities have the right to free-and-informed prior consultation about any megaprojects that may be installed on their territory in order to take action and influence any government’s decision
they presented four complaints to various courts and named 25 authorities responsible for the approval of the thermoelectric plant that would affect their environment
culture and identity as an Indigenous community
They were granted a suspension for the duration of the trial
the expert evidence that we submitted to the judge regarding environmental health
anthropology and cartography is being shared,” says Carmona
who hopes that the megaprojects will be suspended definitively in 2023
María Tiburcia Cárdenas and Antonio Huerta
two guardians of the forest in Juanacatlán
connecting with experts and uniting with other organizations has strengthened them
They add that their motivation is the love that their ancestors instilled in them and their hope that future generations will be able to enjoy the nature surrounding them
This story was reported by Mongabay’s Latam team and first published here on our Latam site on Apr
The “fortress conservation” model is under pressure in East Africa
as protected areas become battlegrounds over history
and global efforts to halt biodiversity loss
Mongabay’s Special Issue goes beyond the region’s world-renowned safaris to examine how rural communities and governments are reckoning with conservation’s colonial origins
and trying to forge a path forward […]
The super middleweight champion of the World Boxing Council Saúl ‘Canelo’ Álvarez
was honored with a statue in his honor in his hometown
an event he attended and was very happy and pleased by this recognition
The sculpture was placed on the boardwalk of the municipality of Jalisco
and was made by the plastic artist Sigifredo Islas
who took a couple of months to create the work of two and a half meters high
Thanks to everyone who made it possible and to my family who is always supporting me
granted him the status of ‘distinguished son’
in addition to giving him a recognition called the ‘Municipality Foundation Cross’
Canelo Álvarez has a record of 58 victories
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A new movement is afoot to clean up Jalisco’s Rio Santiago
widely considered one of the most — if not the most polluted river — in Mexico
And the charge is not being led by environmental activists but by a group of economists
the University of Guadalajara’s Center for Economic Sciences (under the leadership of Gustavo Padilla and Margarita Hernández) has teamed up with his colleagues in the International Society of Ecological Economics to issue a clarion call to government
Shame!” they are crying out over the toxic waste and raw sewage that flows through what used to be one of Mexico’s most beautiful rivers before it was contaminated by an overwhelming number of toxic chemicals coming from one of Mexico’s largest industrial zones
The Santiago River flows westwards from Lake Chapala via Ocotlán through the states of Jalisco and Nayarit to empty into the Pacific Ocean
The sad state of the Santiago made headlines in 2008 when 8-year-old Miguel Ángel López of El Salto
waded into the river to retrieve a soccer ball and died 18 days later
not from drowning but from having swallowed a mouthful of river water containing 400 times the amount of arsenic a human being can tolerate
The public outcry resulted in the construction of the Ahogado sewage treatment plant in 2012
That reduced the amount of fecal matter in the river but did little about the more than 1,000 contaminants — including chrome
These heavy metals and synthetic compounds come from the second largest industrial zone in Mexico
there are 600 plants producing everything from chemicals and steel to textiles and powdered milk
Many of them are owned by foreign companies
there have been numerous campaigns to stop these companies from polluting the river
and the people who live alongside it in El Salto are paying the price
They breathe the aerosols generated by the moving water
The incidence of cancer is several times higher in the municipality of El Salto than elsewhere in Mexico
“See that street?” local resident Enrique Enciso says in the excellent documentary about the Santiago, “Silent River.” “There are eight houses on this block
The harm that the river’s contaminants are doing to the people of El Salto have made headlines for years
but no one has succeeded in cleaning up what many call “The River from Hell.”
So how is it that economists have now taken on this task
“We call this ‘shame economics,'” he says
we want to demonstrate with satellite maps and with local sensors the deplorable state of the river basin and how it’s affecting people’s health
and we want to calculate the cost of it all.”
These economists are calculating the cost of the services residents are not getting; the cost of the harm being done to nature
“the cost of so many people losing their kidneys; the cost of conjunctivitis; the cost of cancer,” Peniche explains
They are interested in measuring all of these factors scientifically
“which is why we are working with satellite image experts
people who will help us get measurements — hard scientific data that we can present through the media.”
these economists want to quantify the scale and costs of the problem and give the public the scientific evidence it needs to act
“What we are trying to do is to generate awareness here,” Peniche says
‘The silence we have kept greatly resembles stupidity!’”
Perhaps the best way to come to an awareness of this problem is to participate in what the people of El Salto call “El Tour de Terror.”
This is a visit to the Ahogado creek and dam
where raw sewage and industrial waste collect and work their way down to the river
Stop number one is at a point where Guadalajara’s Periférico
meets the main highway going to the city’s international airport
At the corner of two streets quaintly named Biblia and Rosario
we pulled up next to what looked like a drainage ditch
We stepped out of the car to be hit by a stench that nearly gagged us
This was the natural bed of the Ahogado creek
and raw sewage from countless houses all around us was flowing into it
Our next stop was a spot only 100 meters north of the airport
Here we found great gobs of garbage floating on the creek’s surface
worn-out tires and “icebergs” of Styrofoam
we spotted the bloated corpse of a dead dog
the river flows right into a grim-looking swamp called the Ahogado dam
All around it are located hundreds of factories
and most of them seem to be spilling their residues into the smelly bog
munching on the water hyacinths growing in the muck
Finally we went to the most infamous point on the Santiago River
once a huge tourist attraction nicknamed “The Mexican Niagara.”
How is it possible [that] all of us have permitted a catastrophe of this magnitude!” he said
“We aren’t aiming at confrontation here
need to work together in the recuperation of the river basin.”
proposes the imposition of a universal tax — or as they refer to it
a duty — onto all factories near the river
based on their individual revenues: a “Collective Industrial Victim Impact Compensation Cost” (a CIVIC Duty)
“This financial levy,” say the two economists
“should be sufficiently painful to incentivize behavior change in the polluters
as the river’s environmental qualities improve
“I think the public will like this,” adds Peniche
“because we are not blaming anybody in particular
‘Either we move full steam ahead on this or we’re all going to suffer.’”
Coming soon: Río Santiago: the Heavenly River — about the extraordinary natural beauty of the Santiago River and the loss in tourism dollars that its pollution has caused
The writer has lived near Guadalajara, Jalisco, since 1985. His most recent book is Outdoors in Western Mexico, Volume Three. More of his writing can be found on his blog
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two stations of Line 1 of the Mexico City Subway reopened: Salto del Agua and Balderas
Metro Balderas reopens on Line 1 of the Metro
September 13 you will be able to travel the section from Pantitlán to Balderas
As part of the works on Metro Line 1, several stations have been closed for several months. From Friday Isabel la Católica
Salto del Agua and Balderas will be fully open
so now you can transfer freely to Line 8 and 3 of this means of transport
different changes will be applied both in the Metro and in the provisional service
As of this Friday there will be 19 trains that will run from Pantitlán to Balderas (nine more than the ones that were running until today)
it is expected that the wait between trains will be a maximum of three minutes
the RTP will now offer three circuits from Balderas:
Meanwhile the Metrobus running from Alameda de Tacubaya to Paris will continue to provide service
Tacubaya and Observatorio stations will continue to be closed
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