Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application She is preceded in death by her beloved son 14 grandchildren and 12 great grandchildren to honor and cherish her memory.  A Visitation will be held from 5:00 pm - 9:00 pm on Thursday 2025 with a Rosary at 7:00 pm at Sunset Funeral Home- Americas A Funeral Mass will be held at 11:00 am on Friday A Graveside will follow at 12:30 pm at Mount Carmel Cemetery Services are entrusted to Sunset Funeral Home- Americas Enter your phone number above to have directions sent via text Click to watch This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors Thank you for completing the form, here is your download: "+jQuery("body").attr("docName")+" Thank you for completing the form, here is the link to your on-demand webinar: On-Demand Webinar Link shown in a 2018 photograph by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation/TNS) hasn’t walked the streets of his hometown on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County since the 1980s when he was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison he controls an “empire” of gang members and drug dealers who pay him a cut of their illicit profits Pomona was once a haven for millionaires called “Queen of the Citrus Belt.” Today Cherryville and 12th Street have carved up its streets killing each other over territory and old grudges whose power “transcends rivalries,” Kyle Kahan said in his closing argument at Lerma’s recent trial in downtown Los Angeles where he was convicted along with three other Pomona gang members of murder and racketeering In Pomona and the prisons where he has spent the last 43 years of his life Lerma has “the power to decide life or death or just plain old pain,” Kahan said Prosecutors alleged that Lerma — a squat man with a bald head, walrus mustache and deep bags under his eyes — is part of the Mexican Mafia, a criminal syndicate based in California’s prison system From lockups near the Oregon border and later in downtown Los Angeles said prosecutors were perpetuating whispers in Pomona of a faraway prisoner who “owns and runs” the city “They’ve had since 2012 to get evidence of this evil genius Michael Lerma — and there’s nothing,” she said Lerma seized control of the drug trade within a federal jail A witness testified Lerma called the shots for Latino inmates in the Metropolitan Detention Center cleaning regimens — even which prisoners were allowed to hold jobs “Anything that happened went through him,” the witness said When an inmate ran up a heroin debt that he couldn’t pay Lerma ordered three Pomona gang members to murder him “If Michael Lerma wills it,” Kahan told the jury RELATED | 15 prison tattoos and their meanings Pomona grew rich from the citrus groves that flourished in the Southern California sun Among its early residents was Louis Phillips described by The Times as the richest man in Los Angeles County in 1892 Kellogg once raised Arabian horses on a 377-acre ranch that today is a campus of California State Polytechnic University Citrus groves were replaced by cheap homes that drew families from Los Angeles but the city was no longer a refuge for millionaires Lerma said he and his six siblings were raised by his mother and grandmother after his father — a heroin dealer — abandoned the family He wasn’t yet a teenager when he joined the 12th Street gang Lerma was arrested on suspicion of attempted murder Released after three days in jail without being charged “That year in the Marine Corps was probably the best year of my life,” Lerma told the board He learned about discipline and “chain of command,” he said Lerma returned to Pomona and went cruising with his younger brother and killed a 21-year-old man with a shotgun Both brothers pleaded guilty to second-degree murder Michael Lerma and his wife moved to Sacramento He had two children to support and couldn’t find a good job robbed him at gunpoint of heroin and a power tool Keastner was sitting in his car outside a 7-Eleven in Sacramento when gunmen in a Chevrolet Monte Carlo pulled up and shot him to death Prosecutors charged the Lerma brothers with the murder Michael Lerma told the parole board he struck a plea deal that sent him to prison for life but let his younger brother walk free Lerma got a troubling letter from his goddaughter Two men — “Danny Boy” and “Franky B” — were “threatening our family,” she wrote authorities suspected she was talking about Frank Buelna a Mexican Mafia member who was shaking down drug dealers in Pomona with his right-hand man Lerma assured his goddaughter: “As for those a—holes Things have a way of working out in time.” authorities had tapped the phones of leaders of 12th Street when they overheard talk of killing Buelna They arrested four suspects before the plot was carried out Three were convicted of conspiring to murder Buelna a reputed Mexican Mafia member from Ontario — posted $1-million bail and vanished Buelna went to his usual Pomona watering hole Lerma spent 26 years in solitary confinement at Pelican Bay a maximum-security prison near the Oregon border an FBI agent testified that the task of collecting “taxes” from Pomona’s gangs fell to a woman named Cheryl Perez Lerma told the parole board he’d known Perez Authorities said Perez acted as Lerma’s mouthpiece and handled his money although she didn’t seem to be kicking up much Financial records showed Perez and her daughter deposited $570 over a three-year period into an account Lerma used to buy commissary items in prison “There’s zero evidence of the hundreds of thousands of dollars that Michael Lerma should have allegedly been getting from drug dealers and extortions,” his lawyer said One of Perez’s associates was Seferino “Spooky” Gonzalez who called her often in 2013 using the recorded jail phones at the North County Correctional Facility in Castaic According to recorded calls played in court he told his girlfriend he was desperate to make bail so he could make enough money to repay a debt he owed Perez “If I’m not bailed out,” he said in one call “then I’m going to end up dead in this b—.” FBI agent Joseph Talamantez testified that Gonzalez tried to extort money from dealers selling at a place called “The Compound.” A vacant lot filled with junked cars its operators charged people $25 a day to sell drugs “They’re selling a hell of a lot of s— there,” Gonzalez told his brother Seferino Gonzalez also offered Perez a Mercedes Benz sport utility vehicle that he said a fellow inmate had “donated” to him “And I’m still going to give you what I owe.” But when Perez showed up with Gonzalez’s brother to collect the SUV Perez passed the phone to Gonzalez’s brother Talamantez testified the victim survived being shot in the leg Perez and Gonzalez pleaded guilty to racketeering and firearms charges and were sentenced to 12 and 13 years in prison said his client’s crime was a “personal” one and not “committed for the Mexican Mafia or Michael Lerma.” But Gonzalez was heard on a recorded call describing to Perez their work for the Pomona godfather: “We’re his eyes Lerma was brought to the Metropolitan Detention Center to face racketeering charges He and his co-defendants were held in a wing of the jail called Six North that looked more like a college dormitory than a cell block Inmates decorated their walls with posters of scantily clad women Among the other detainees was Jose Martinez who testified he collected “taxes” from Pomona drug dealers before being indicted with Lerma drug trafficking and gun crimes and is serving a 13-year term said Lerma set the tone for Latino inmates at Six North work out and “keep the house clean,” he testified Inmates who didn’t follow “the program” were beaten or stabbed Lerma and his associates secured coveted orderly jobs that allowed them to roam the jail to clean and deliver food while others were locked down let out of their cells for just 15 minutes a day heroin and synthetic cannabis called “spice” within Six North The markups were substantial: A gram of meth that cost $20 on the street cost up to $250 inside the jail Inmates who couldn’t cover their debts were stabbed Martinez said he was $300 in debt when two inmates grabbed him and brought him to a cell where Lerma and Valencia Gonzalez were waiting The two prisoners held his arms as Valencia Gonzalez stabbed him 12 times Lerma didn’t allow inmates to get medical treatment after being stabbed because it would draw attention from the guards He smeared coffee grounds into his wounds and stayed for two days in the cell that he shared with Steve Bencom a member of the King Kobras gang called “Risky.” Bencom used his 15 minutes out of the cell to work the phone trying to reach someone who could pay his debt Martinez testified he saw Bencom hang up the phone and get pushed into their cell by Juan “Squeaks” Sanchez who told him: “Your celly’s a little bit tired Martinez said he found Bencom unresponsive on the bottom bunk in their cell The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner determined Bencom was strangled and stabbed in the heart and eye Martinez testified Valencia Gonzalez came to his door and told him: “Keep your mouth shut.” guards did not require him — or Bencom — to stand for two routine counts that evening He was forced to remain in the cell overnight until Bencom’s body began to bloat “I had to sleep the whole night with a dead body It’s not normal to sleep with a dead body.” When correctional officers let out Martinez the next morning to take a shower he told them his cellmate was “man down.” A guard walked in the cell “He came out screaming,” Martinez recalled Defense attorneys argued it was Martinez who killed Bencom in a drug-induced rage manipulative junkie,” Carlos Gonzalez’s attorney There was no DNA or fingerprint evidence tying the defendants to Bencom’s homicide And defense lawyers pointed to the records of correctional officers who attested that Bencom was alive on the day that Martinez said he was killed said this was because the guards at the Metropolitan Detention Center kept poor records and didn’t follow their own protocols The trial has “blown the lid off the worst-kept secret” in the Metropolitan Detention Center ©2025 Los Angeles Times. Visit at latimes.com Copyright © 2025 Lexipol. All rights reserved.Do Not Sell My Personal Information Colossal When Jose Lerma encountered “Reception of the Grand Condé by Louis XIV” by Jean-Léon Gérôme at the Musée d’Orsay in Paris he found himself drawn to the figures tucked far behind the crowd Gérôme rendered these small characters with minimal brushstrokes a decision that has influenced Lerma’s work for more than a decade Exaggerating the sparse quality of the figures, Lerma (previously) paints portraits in wide swaths of acrylic applied with brooms and industrial tools The new works retain the contrasts of earlier pieces as well-defined strokes sweep across the burlap to form heavy At Nino Mier Gallery in Brussels Lerma’s new solo exhibition Bayamonesque presents the culmination of his current style The title references his upbringing in Bayamón Painting both real subjects and manufactured characters the portraits reference those who might otherwise be relegated to the background stripping down their likeness to only what’s necessary Vacillating between figurative and abstract the compositions are what Lerma refers to as “the summary of a portrait…The abstract painter in me is drawn to certain people for specific features that can be broken down to their bare minimum as paintable elements: an expressive cowl Bayamonesque is on view from March 14 to April 17 in Brussels. Find more from Lerma on Instagram Do stories and artists like this matter to you? Become a Colossal Member now Join more than 200,000 subscribers and get the best of art and visual culture from Colossal Copyright © 2025 Colossal. See our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy ascended to eternal peace on Christmas Day at the age of 45 and inspiration that will continue to uplift and empower those who were blessed to know her A visitation will be held from 1:00 to 3:00 PM at Marshall & Marshall Funeral Directors in Hillsboro Mandy's love and spirit will live on through her two brothers Her memory will be a blessing to her three nephews We will all deeply cherish her passion for singing and her gift of sharing love and joy with her family The Lerma River originates in the state of Mexico flows into Lake Chapala and emerges in Jalisco as the Santiago River The two rivers are among the most polluted in the country contaminated by so much human and industrial waste that treatment plants are overwhelmed exposing locals to a toxic environment and a nauseating stench Numerous projects have been launched to clean up the Lerma-Santiago river system prompting people living alongside the rivers to seek their own solutions Two of these grassroots approaches have stood the test of time Both are schemes to filter the noxious river water one employing eggshells and the other volcanic tezontle stones also known as clinkers or scoria The eggshell movement got its start around 2019 when Lerma resident Elvia Evangelina Árias discovered that her neighbor a water researcher named Verónica Martínez Miranda Both Árias and Martínez got their water from wells partially contaminated by the Lerma River but Martínez had protected her well with a homemade filter made of eggshells Martínez I learned that eggshells — which are made of calcium carbonate — contain countless tiny pores that trap heavy metals and contaminants like nitrogen and phosphorus.” a plan was formed: to create filters around wells near the Lerma River The filters would be ditches filled with eggshells and the aim would be to transform contaminated wells into sources of clean With this in mind, Árias and Martínez formed a civil society organization called H2O Lerma con Encanto  which put out a call for eggshells The response was widespread and surprising People all over began to save their eggshells and to take them to collection centers “We made 10 protective barriers around 10 wells,” Árias told me “Our barriers filter out the contaminants from the river Each well is different and each requires a study if needed— it all depends on the contaminants present The upshot is that all 10 wells are now producing clean potable water and they will continue to produce it for five to 40 years depending on how close the well is to the river.” After demonstrating the effectiveness of their filters near Mexico City and Toluca plans were made to protect a well near the town of El Salto on the bank of the Santiago River in Jalisco Hundreds of people contributed eggshells from all over the state citing legal requirements that had not been met the project had to be abandoned in Jalisco the donation of eggshells continued unabated and today has reached the point where around five tons are collected every month has started using Martínez’s system for a new purpose: to help wastewater treatment plants do their job better “We are creating eggshell biofilters for these plants,” says Árias we are helping a treatment plant in the town of Jocotitlán meet its standards It used to have to pay a fine for not meeting them the plant’s consumption of electricity has been reduced While the use of eggshell filters has been put on hold in Jalisco a different approach to cleaning contaminated water — using volcanic rock — is presently undergoing testing on the banks of the Santiago at one of its most polluted points “All along the trajectory from Lake Chapala to Guadalajara,” says water researcher Joshua Greene “there are 2,000 families that have concessions to use the river for irrigation purposes They are trying to eke out a living by farming they have no choice but to irrigate their crops with the malodorous “They’re using it to grow wheat and oats and hopefully not so much for vegetables they don’t consume the stuff that grows on their own land because they know what they’re putting on it So they sell it and buy their wheat and oats from somewhere else.” In 2016 Greene helped local people get funding to build the prototype of a simple filtration system that might allow farmers to take the filthy water from the river and transform it into grey water suitable for irrigation purposes readily available volcanic rock called tezontle in Mexican Spanish and scoria or volcanic clinkers in English This lightweight rock is full of holes which are home to bacteria that break down human waste Reeds and certain flowers are then planted in the bed of wet tezontle to absorb chemicals and heavy metals “We set up our system for educational purposes,” says Greene but you could make something simpler: just a channel the width of a backhoe would do the trick It’s on the property of a farmer whose family now happily uses the water that comes from it to grow things like moringa and tobacco and to water a small orchard.” The pros and cons of using eggshell and tezontle filters to clean dirty water are presently being looked into by the government of President Claudia Sheinbaum Worried Mexicans living alongside the Lerma the Santiago and many other polluted rivers are hopeful that the great clean-up of filthy rivers will finally become a reality John Pint has lived near Guadalajara, Jalisco, for more than 30 years and is the author of “A Guide to West Mexico’s Guachimontones and Surrounding Area” and co-author of “Outdoors in Western Mexico.” More of his writing can be found on his website ADVERTISE WITH MND COMMUNITY GUIDELINES Subscription FAQ's Privacy Policy Mexico News Daily - Property of Tavana LLC This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Albino Christopher "Pempi" Lerma He is survived by his loving wife; Celia Lerma He will be greatly missed by all who knew him A Visitation will be from 4:00 to 8:00 PM with a Vigil/Rosary at 6:00 PM 2024 at Our Lady of the Light Catholic Church A Graveside Service will follow at 1:30 PM at Evergreen East Cemetery.  A manual recount intended to determine the ultimate winner of Corpus Christi City Council’s District 1 race is expected to get underway Monday and Tuesday wrote City Secretary Rebecca Huerta in an email to the Caller-Times last week only “persons expressly permitted to attend by law may be in the room where the recount is taking place or in a hallway within 30 feet of the entrance to the room,” she wrote Those include the recount chair and committee “any state or federal inspectors,” and Nueces County Clerk Kara Sands An electronic recount was automatically triggered after District 1 candidates Everett Roy and Billy Lerma were found in a canvass of the Dec Lerma “filed a petition requesting a manual recount,” Huerta wrote in the email including mail-in and in-person (election day and early voting) ballots.” 14 runoff election after the general election found none of the original six candidates who had vied for the seat securing the 50.1% or more of the vote required to win outright Roy and Lerma had been the two highest vote-getters among the six contenders with Roy garnering 3,916 votes and Lerma bringing in 3,393 City officials expect to have the recount results by Friday Huerta wrote in her email to the Caller-Times Should a recount show Roy and Lerma still tied in votes a decision is expected to be made with a “casting of lots” — which essentially finds the successful candidate between two who are tied in votes via a chance means In other cities and states where election ties have occurred that has been carried out through a variety of methods from a coin toss and drawing names from a hat to literally rolling a dice City records show a special council meeting scheduled for Jan but with a range of possibilities: a “one-reading Ordinance to review Recount results for purposes of electing District One Council Member; canvassing if necessary; casting lots to resolve a tie pursuant to Texas Election Code Sec 2.028 if necessary; and declaring the person elected to be the Council Member for District One.” should the recount not find one candidate earning more votes than the other How the lots would be cast — if the recount doesn’t resolve a winner — hasn’t yet been determined Lerma was not immediately available late last week for an interview said officials need to “just go through the process.” “The reality is every vote counted,” he said Roy and Lerma competed for the seat in 2022 Roy bested Lerma in a runoff election that year Guajardo wins reelection as Corpus Christi mayor, unofficial returns show What can I recycle in Corpus Christi? Here are some answers to your questions. The community organization Esperanza Peace and Justice Center and community members have rehabilitated the building to be used by the public once again and continue the building’s legacy as a community hub and cultural center Lerma's bay is utilized by the Conjunto Heritage Taller and offers free accordion and bajo sexto classes for future Conjunto musicians to learn The two northernmost bays will be a part of the Bexar County BiblioTech starting in December 2024 https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Rose Marine Theatre conjunto (pronounced con-HOON-toh) is folk music that tells the story of every day working class people specifically of Tejanos (descendants of people who settled in Texas before it was the United States It is also used to describe Texans of Mexican Descent) from the late 1800s to today Conjunto music originated along the Texas-Mexico border It's deeply tied to Mexican folk music like Norteño and Tejano conjunto often features a smaller ensemble with button accordion and bajo sexto In addition to the bajo sexto and accordion it also involves instruments like bass and drums This genre is rooted not only in German sounds but also reflects the contributions of other cultures that settled in the region and utalized the button accordion Conjunto emerged as a form of working-class expression born in the fields of German Weekend dances on these farms and ranches served as pivotal gatherings allowing the Tejano community to foster connections and plan for the future after a hard week’s worth of labor The lyrics typically illustrate stories of love reflecting the experiences of Tejanos throughout different time periods in US history Conjunto’s sounds and popularity evolved through distinct eras from its early roots in the late 1800s to the post WWII commercialization boom to its rebirth and popularization in the early 2000s Conjunto celebrations or dances were held frequently as a way to get together after long days of work Gatherings were typically promoted through word of mouth unlike other venues that promoted their music through flyers and newspapers The sounds of the button accordion had a limited reach until the advent of radio programming and the emergence of a new generation of musicians in the 1920s and 1930s These elements collectively contributed to the post-WWII boom of conjunto music along the Texas-Mexico border the music is celebrated both in tradition and through institutions and events such as the annual Tejano Conjunto Festival in San Antonio Tejano R.O.O.T.S Hall of Fame Museum in Alice TX and the Texas Conjunto Music Hall of Fame and Museum in San Benito and many more included in the Conjunto Hall of Fame have helped conjunto music thrive Modern conjunto today continues to innovate while honoring its traditional foundations Lerma’s is a good example of late Art Moderne design The octagonal windows and rounded corners are a distinctive architectural feature of Art Deco style buildings Art Deco is a decorative art style that originated in Paris France that is defined by bold geometric shapes and strong colors The floor level windows and the upper windows are different in both size and shape Black and white tile detailing along the bottom half of the building was painted over for many years but has recently been uncovered The cinder block building consists of five separate sections All these features are demonstrations of Art Deco and Art Moderne design Courtesy of Esperanza Peace and Justice Center The Wu Family: A Chinese American family who are the original owners of the building that housed Lerma’s Theodore Hong Wu was a prominent businessman in the area Wu leased out each of the five sections of the building to different members of the community Lerma: In 1951 the lease for the music venue was taken over by Pablo H a local business owner who had previously owned a bar a few streets down Upon taking over the lease Lerma changed the name of the club from El Sombrero to Lerma’s Nite Club and began featuring exclusively conjunto music Armando Lerma: Pablo’s son Armando took over the lease after Pablo retired Armando ran the business until 1981 when after falling ill he decided to retire He decided to offer the lease to some family friends on the condition they keep using the name Lerma’s Nite Club Mary and Gilbert Garcia: Mary and Gilbert Garcia were avid fans of conjunto music so they agreed to taking over the lease when Armando retired The Garcias eventually became the owners of the building that houses Lerma’s which they kept open until 2010 when the building was closed by the city of San Antonio for code violations Lerma’s Nite Club is one of the longest continually running conjunto dance halls in the US Lerma’s stage was active for sixty years until it was forced to close down after a threat of demolition in 2010 Lerma’s was most active during the post WWII peak of conjunto and acted as a space where working class people and their families could gather to form community and express their cultural traditions Tardeadas or afternoon dances were broadcast live on the radio The black and white tiled floor of Lerma’s was a literal foundation for the many musical adaptations that revolutionized conjunto and was a frequent stage for artists who read like the line up for the Conjunto Hall of Fame Despite its popularity within the conjunto community the larger San Antonio community often disregarded Lerma’s cultural heritage due to harmful stereotypes of the West Side “Unfortunately though many San Antonians will probably never know the charms of the 20-year-old establishment because it sees to fit the “West Side bar” stereotype” (San Antonio Express News Lerma’s achievement in preserving both tangible and intangible heritage held significant symbolic value for the West Side community including disinvestment in public infrastructure and insufficient representation in preservation efforts numerous buildings with significant West Side history have been demolished a beloved music venue that was torn down in 2002 prompting a profound sense of mourning and loss of cultural heritage within the community In response to the threats posed by demolition community members and activists have tirelessly worked to protect landmarks like Lerma’s from similar fates Thanks to the power of preservation, the Esperanza Peace and Justice Center and community members from Save Lerma’s coalition saved Lerma’s from demolition. That same year, San Antonio’s city council approved a historic landmark designation the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places Preservation Texas included Lerma’s on its list of Texas’s Most Endangered Places in 2014 the community hopes to open its doors again as a cultural center where people can once again come together and enjoy conjunto Preserving a site can be difficult if you don’t know where to start nominating a site for the National Register of Historic Places involves thorough research into its historical You can start by gathering supporting documentation like historical records and photographs Consider consulting with experts in relevant fields Contact your State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) or Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) for guidance and obtain the official nomination form Complete the form with detailed information about the site's history and physical characteristics (this is where the research and consultation come in handy.) Submit the nomination according to the SHPO’s instructions The nomination typically is evaluated by a State Review Board and the National Park Service the site will be listed on the National Register helping to preserve its heritage now and for future generations Read more on the National Register of Historic Places site where you can find step by step information on listing a site The National Park Service’s Underrepresented Communities Grant Program (URC) works towards diversifying the nominations submitted to the National Register of Historic Places URC grants are funded by the Historic Preservation Fund (HPF) and are administered by the NPS Projects include surveys and inventories of historic properties associated with communities underrepresented in the National Register as well as the development of nominations to the National Register for specific sites Read more on the Historic Preservation Fund site where you can find step by step information on applying for a grant Alejandro Wolbert Pérez, “Lerma's Nite Club,” Handbook of Texas Online, accessed May 15, 2024, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/lermas-nite-club "San Antonio's Redlining and Segregation," Methods of Historical Research (Spring 2020) Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas and the Esperanza Peace and Justice Center The Texas-Mexican Conjunto History of a Working-class Music Bridging cultures: reflections on the heritage identity of the Texas-Mexico borderlands San Antonio Light, May 26, 1985. Gregory Smith and Susana Segura, “Lerma’s Nite Club, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 2011 (https://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/NR/pdfs/11000135/11000135.pdf) Download the NPS app to navigate the parks on the go Tension filled the room at City Hall during a special council meeting Tuesday as the District 1 candidates cast lots to name a winner after a runoff election showed a tie — a first for Corpus Christi After drawing a pebble numbered “3,” incumbent City Councilman Everett Roy bested former council member Billy Lerma for the win Mayor Paulette Guajardo explained that Roy and Lerma would roll a die to determine who would go first in drawing from a box full of numbered pebbles Whoever had the highest number on his pebble would be deemed the winner After Guajardo announced Roy as the winner Lerma shook hands with Roy and quickly exited the chambers Attempts to reach Lerma via phone for comment were unsuccessful Tuesday he will be able to continue his work for District 1 and the city "I think we have to continue to work on job creation and economic stability," Roy said I'm seeing people struggling and I want to help the people in Corpus Christi be successful." An electronic recount and a manual recount showed the candidates tied with 1,916 votes The casting of lots was used as a tiebreaker in accordance with the Texas Election Code More: It's cold out there. Here's where you can get warm at no cost in Corpus Christi More: Will Selena's killer be released? Yolanda Saldívar's parole eligibility date approaches John Oliva covers entertainment and community news in South Texas. Contact him at john.oliva@caller.com or Bluesky @johnpoliva.bsky.social Consider supporting local journalism with a subscription to the Caller-Times 2025 at 12:50 PM UTC·1 min readThe FA Cup has been going for almost 125 years The old competition has seen some truly remarkable moments and landmark goals but we were almost treated to one of its very best this afternoon This Jefferson Lerma effort almost broke the deadlock between Fulham and Crystal Palace with just the outside of the post stopping one of the best goals we've ever seen Metrics details Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system Inflammation is gradually compartmentalized and restricted to specific tissue niches such as the lesion rim the precise cell type composition of such niches their interactions and changes between chronic active and inactive stages are incompletely understood We used single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics from subcortical MS and corresponding control tissues to map cell types and associated pathways to lesion and nonlesion areas We identified niches such as perivascular spaces the inflamed lesion rim or the lesion core that are associated with the glial scar and a cilia-forming astrocyte subtype Focusing on the inflamed rim of chronic active lesions we uncovered cell–cell communication events between myeloid Our results provide insight into the cellular composition multicellular programs and intercellular communication in tissue niches along the conversion from a homeostatic to a dysfunctional state underlying lesion progression in MS understanding the cellular composition and molecular dynamics of the lesion microenvironment would have a critical impact on future biomarker and interventional studies in people diagnosed with MS due to a lack of spatially resolved molecular tools it has not been possible to discern spatially restricted areas of cell-type-specific pathology and map back those changes to defined lesion and nonlesion areas we paired single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) with spatial transcriptomics (ST) to create a large atlas of subcortical MS lesion pathology We characterized how cell types organize in MS lesions and found a previously unreported ciliated astrocyte subtype in the demyelinated core of MS lesions We reported the molecular differences between control we identified spatially restricted cell–cell interactions involving glial endothelial and immune cells specific to the rims of chronic active lesions Our findings can be further used to target potential key events in MS pathology Lesion characterization design (left) and histological assessment (right) of MS lesions with IHC for CD163 and CD68 (myeloid cells) and stains for iron and LFB (myelin) Study design showing different data modalities and associated metadata Links between samples indicate that they come from the same tissue block Barplot with number of cell subtypes per main cell type (left) UMAP of integrated snRNA-seq data (n = 103,794 center) and dot plot of averaged z-transformed gene expression of marker genes for each cell type (right) Spatial panel displaying H&E staining (left) feature plots of cell type deconvolution results (center) and inferred pathway activities (right) in CTRL and MS lesion types Pipeline design using MOFA+ to generate a spatial clustering from the integration of gene expression and deconvoluted cell type proportions (left) and comparison of histopathological areas with the computationally annotated niches between lesion types (right) Dot plot of averaged z-transformed gene expression of marker genes for each niche Heatmap of z-transformed cell type proportions for each niche asterisks indicate significance (adjusted P < 0.05) interferon gamma signaling (R-HSA-877300) was predicted to be active in the demyelinated core and at inflamed lesion rims Pathways related to tissue remodeling by assembly of collagen fibrils (R-HSA-2022090) mapped strongly to demyelinated lesion areas these results show that spatial cell type mapping using deconvolution prediction models can accurately predict the presence of cell types and associated pathways in lesion and nonlesion tissue areas niche annotations revealed a precise cell type organization in subcortical MS and CTRL tissues These results indicate that unsupervised niche characterization recapitulates tissue organization in subcortical MS lesions integration of snRNA-seq with ST enabled us to generate a comprehensive paired dataset of subcortical WM in MS pathology enabling investigation of gene expression profiles and spatial cell-type relationships Dot plot of averaged z-transformed gene expression of marker genes for each AS subtype Violin plots of Cilia AS marker genes compared with other AS subtypes (n = 283 for Cilia AS n = 12,704 for rest) (two-tailed t-test; BH-adjusted P < 0.05) Predicted number of Cilia AS per niche (empirical P < 0.05) Spatial feature plots showing the niches (left) and spots predicted to contain Cilia AS (right) Quantification of Cilia AS as percentage of total AS population in MS-CA Cilia AS were quantified at lesion border (PPWM and LR) and in LC (n = 25 for border n = 11 for LC) (two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test; P < 0.05) IF staining of cilia (SPAG17) in EP cells adjacent to the lateral ventricle IF staining of damaged axons (SMI32) and cilia (SPAG17) in the LC of MS-CA lesions Two IF examples showcasing the length of AS cilia in the LC of MS-CA lesions; note presence of elongated SPAG17+ cilia in AS versus EP cells Color indicates overrepresentation significance by Fisher exact test and size indicates odds ratio between Cilia AS marker genes and each geneset Violin plots of predicted transcription factor activity from snRNA-seq (n = 283 for Cilia AS with the ends of the black box indicating Q1 and Q3; the whiskers extend to the furthest datapoint within 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) Transcription factor FOXJ1 (square) and its target genes (circles) Spatial feature plots showing FOXJ1 predicted activity (blue/red) and gene expression of some of its target genes (purple/green) these results confirm an AS subtype generating large cilia structures associated with glial scar in demyelinated cores of subcortical MS lesions MDS plot based on the aggregation of molecular and compositional differences across paired samples Color indicates MS lesion type and control Cumulative number of DEGs per cell type across conditions Venn diagram visualizing overlap of aggregated DEGs between CTRL and MS lesion types OL DEGs (left) and subtype composition (rigplot of enriched pathways for DEGst) associated with DEGs AS DEGs (left) and subtype composition (right) associated with DEGs MC DEGs (left) and subtype composition (right) associated with DEGs (n = 6 for CTRL Cumulative number of DEGs per niche between MS lesion types Color indicates association to a MS lesion type as in a Heatmap of pathway enrichment activities between niches AS and MC compositional changes per individual niches between MS lesion types (n = 8 for MS-CA Violin plots illustrate the median (white dot) 25th percentile (Q1) and 75th percentile (Q3) with the ends of the black box indicating Q1 and Q3; the whiskers extend to the furthest datapoint within 1.5× the IQR while CTRL tissue had a unique signature having minimal overlap with MS-CA and MS-CI MS-enriched genes derived from CA and Dis subtypes MS-CA genes were related to MC activation (TRAF3 complement activation and heparin binding (C1QB MS-CI MC genes were linked to tissue remodeling and regulatory functions (ANXA2 together with genes encoding proteins related to pattern recognition cell motility and cell–cell signaling (CLEC7A pathways enriched in MS-CI were related to tissue integrity mitochondrial damage and cellular starvation Although niche abundances did not change between MS lesion types reflecting AS-mediated build-up of the glial scar in the chronic LC suggesting sustained inflammation at the rim these results help better characterize different lesion types by offering high-resolution spatial insights into cell types and gene expression changes across different niches Pipeline design for the inference and filtering of CCC events DGE analysis results obtained from snRNA-seq were used to obtain significant cell type pair ligand–receptor interactions (BH-adjusted P < 0.15) Color scale indicates association with condition spatially weighted interaction local scores are computed for the selected interactions and tested for significance across lesion types (BH-adjusted P < 0.15) Violet to yellow scale indicates spatial weight; blue to red scales indicate magnitude of interaction scores interactions are only kept if their ligand or receptor was a marker gene for a MS lesion type and specific cell subtype conflicting interactions were dropped to ensure robustness Cumulative number of differential interactions grouped by cell type across conditions Venn diagram of overlapping interactions between MS lesion types and CTRL Edge size indicates number of interactions Green indicates healthy (CTRL) and purple disease (MS-CA and MS-CI) specificity Top 30 significant interactions grouped by gene across conditions Top 30 significant interactions per MS lesion types and CTRL across niches Text color indicates sender (left) and receiver (right) cell types Box plots of AS-encoded ligand HMGB1 and MC-encoded receptors CD163 (g) or TLR2 (h) between conditions (top left and center) Note box plot showing cell–cell interaction scores between ligand and receptor together with predicted ST mapping (top right) Box plots of MC-encoded ligand CD14 and both the EC-encoded (i) or AS-encoded (j) receptor ITGB1 (top left and center) Note box plot showing interaction scores between MC and EC/AS cells with predicted ST mapping Two-tailed Wald test for gene expression; BH-adjusted P < 0.05; n = 6 for CTRL n = 4 for MS-CI; two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test for interaction scores; BH-adjusted P < 0.10; n = 6 for CTRL Box plots illustrate the median (white dot) unsupervised analysis and validation of CCC events in spatially restricted MS niches can help identify disease-relevant targets Combining unsupervised single-cell computational tools with multiplex imaging techniques would offer a holistic approach to deep tissue profiling in MS pathology we generated a paired snRNA-seq and ST dataset This combined approach permitted us to generate a high-resolution transcriptomic atlas of subcortical WM in CTRL and MS lesions we focused on the composition of the main cell types and their subtypes highlighting tissue changes between inflamed CA and noninflamed CI lesions our analysis highlights perivascular spaces and their cellular components as a key tissue niche in MS These results demonstrate that unsupervised computational approaches can reveal biologically relevant targets previously identified in MS and related neuroinflammatory models this glial–immune–vascular interaction might have specific roles in blood vessel remodeling and immune cell trafficking at inflamed MS LRs illustrate how computational methods can be used to identify disease-specific interactions and link them to specific cell subtypes and tissue niches in MS we generated and analyzed paired snRNA-seq and ST data to reveal the complex tissue microenvironment underlying MS lesion progression focusing on the rim area and identifying cell-type-specific and spatially restricted drivers of pathology While future research should examine different lesion types in individual patients our results enhance understanding of the molecular cytoarchitecture of the subcortical WM across MS lesion types As our approach is highly driven by computational prediction models in combination with in situ validation on RNA and protein level future work will be necessary to functionally validate the findings obtained Data collection and analysis were not performed blind to the conditions of the experiments The following antibodies were used: mouse anti-CD68 (cat For chromogenic CD163 IHC and histochemistry tissue sections were fixed on slides by thawing and drying followed by immersion in acetone for 10 min at 4 °C slides were allowed to dry at room temperature CD163 was stained with an Autostainer Link 48 by Dako Endogenous peroxidase was blocked using a ready-to-use peroxidase-blocking solution (cat The primary antibody was diluted in antibody diluent (cat Dako) and applied for 60 min at room temperature slides were exposed to a mouse-specific biotinylated secondary antibody (cat followed by incubation with streptavidin-linked horseradish peroxidase (cat The staining was developed using a 1:50 dilution of 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen in DAB+ substrate buffer (cat Sections were counterstained using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and coverslipped Sections were stained for myelin with LFB by incubation with 0.1% LFB at 56 °C overnight After washing with 96% ethanol and rehydration the slides were immersed in 0.1% aqueous lithium-carbonate solution for 5 min The staining was differentiated in 70% ethanol until the myelin sheaths obtained an intense blue color tissue slides were washed with distilled water counterstained with periodic acid-Schiff and To localize ferrous and ferric iron, DAB-enhanced Turnbull Blue (TBB) was applied as described previously66 the slides were dried and exposed to 10% ammonium sulfide solution (cat Merck) in double-distilled water for 90 min slides were immersed in 10% potassium ferricyanide and 0.5% hydrogen chloride in an aqueous solution for 15 min This step was followed by blocking the endogenous peroxidase with 0.01 M sodium azide and 0.3% hydrogen peroxide in methanol for 60 min The slides were washed with 0.1 M Sorensen’s phosphate buffer and the staining was developed with a 1:50 solution of DAB chromogen (cat Dako) and 0.005% hydrogen peroxide in Sorensen’s phosphate buffer for 20 min Slides were counterstained with H&E and coverslipped 4% paraformaldehyde or acetone at room temperature for 10 min Primary antibodies were diluted in PBS-T or Intercept-TBS (cat LI-COR) and then incubated overnight at 4 °C The slides were washed twice with PBS for 5 min and then incubated with secondary antibodies diluted in PBS-T for 2 h Slides were then washed twice with PBS for 5 min and mounted using Fluoromount-G with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (cat The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit anti-SPAG17 (cat Separate slides were stained only with secondary antibody The following human RNAscope assay probes were used: HMGB1 (C1) probes were labeled with TSA Vivid Fluorophores (Fluorescein Slides with positive ISH and human ACD bio-techne 3-plex negative probes TBB (iron) and LFB were acquired using a Leica DM6 B microscope with Leica K3C camera at ×20 magnification Pictures were imaged with the Leica Application Suite X (LAS X) software (v.3.8.1.26810) and exported as TIFF files and later processed using ImageJ (v.2-2.14.0) software Images were also acquired using Hamamatsu NanoZoomer 2.0HT at ×40 magnification and exported as NPD files Image processing of histological data was performed using GIMP-v.2.10 software and subcellular spot detection was run for ADCY2 and SPAG17 Double positive cells were classified using a composite classifier on the estimated subcellular spots of ADCY2 and SPAG17 Staging of lesion types was performed by a trained neuropathologist specializing in MS pathology Chronic active lesions showed a hypocellular demyelinated lesion center but a distinct inflamed rim with presence of CD68- and CD163-positive cells regularly containing LFB-positive myelin degradation products Some of these lesions showed accumulation of iron-laden microglia and macrophages at the rim Chronic inactive lesions were characterized by a fully demyelinated a low frequency of CD68- and CD163-positive macrophages or microglia within lesions and a distinct rim without accumulation of CD68- or CD163-positive cells The RNA integration number (RIN) was used as a sample selection criteria and only samples with a value of ≥5.9 were included for both transcriptomic analysis We cut 70-µm-thick sections of tissue on a Leica Microsystems CM3050S cryostat to obtain a final weight of 15 mg of tissue QIAGEN) following the manufacturer’s recommendations RNA integrity was measured on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer using the High Sensitivity RNA ScreenTape (cat Agilent) according to the manufacturer’s instructions each nuclei raw expression was normalized by the median of total counts (target_sum = None) and log-transformed (log1p) genes were filtered based on the following hyperparameters: min_count = 10 we filtered the profiles by the intersection of genes between the two atlases and log-normalized them with scanpy (target_sum = None) the Pearson correlation between the different profiles was performed and the P value adjusted by Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) correction (BH-adjusted P < 0.05; r > 0.75) Clusters with no clear molecular profiles were removed (denoted as NA) The 10x Genomics Visium Spatial Gene Expression platform was used for the ST experiments Tissue samples (RIN ≥ 5.9) were cut into 10 µm sections using a Leica CM3050 S cryostat and placed into a Spatial Gene Expression Slides (cat region of interest (ROI) 6.5 × 6.5 mm) that was precooled inside the cryostat at −22 °C The slides were stored in a container at −80 °C until further processing The sections were then fixed and stained using protocol CG000160 Rev B The sections were then imaged for a general morphological analysis and for future spatial alignment of the data using a ×10 lens equipped to a Leica DMi8 microscope and processed by LAS X slides were permeabilized enzymatically for 18 min This time was assessed using the 10x Visium Tissue Optimization kit (PN-1000191) and following the protocol CG000238 Rev D The generation of the libraries was performed according to published protocols (10x Genomics): CG000239 Rev D using the Gene Expression Reagent kit (cat PN-1000190) and the Dual Index Plate TT Set A (cat To assess the correct amplification of obtained cDNA For full length of cDNA and indexed libraries analysis the TapeStation 4200 analyzer (Agilent) was used The libraries were loaded at 300 pM and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 system (Illumina) with a sequencing depth of 250 million reads per sample The data were subjected to demultiplexing using SpaceRanger software (10x These files were then used by SpaceRanger count to perform alignment with the human reference genome GRCh38-2020-A fiducial detection and barcode/unique molecular identifier counting generating a spatial gene count matrix per slide spatial coordinates were annotated manually by a trained neuropathologist based on myelin (MOG and GFAP) marker staining into different area types using the Loupe Browser v.6.3.0 software (10x Genomics) spots were filtered by genes (<200 genes) and genes were kept if they were expressed across different spots (number of expressed spots >3) using scanpy raw expression of each spot was normalized by the median of total counts (target_sum = none) and log-transformed slides were concatenated into a single AnnData object and the scanpy’s function rank_genes_groups (method = t-test_overstim_var) was used to identify characteristic cell types per niche cell type proportions were averaged per slide and then tested for differences against the rest (Wilcoxon rank-sum test To assess the level of overlap between the computationally annotated niches and the ones annotated by a pathologist the Jaccard index and the ARI were computed for each slide ignoring categories that were not shared between annotations similarities between intra and interniche spots were computed using the Pearson correlation at the pseudobulked gene expression and mean clr-transformed cell type proportions Neighborhood analysis of spatial niches was performed by computing local spatial proportions a binary matrix (spots as rows and niches as features) was generated based on the obtained niche annotations Niche binary values per spot were weighted spatially by averaging neighboring spots using an L1-norm Gaussian kernel (bandwidth = 150) Values were then averaged per niche across slides INFECTION or SARS were removed before computing the enrichment Each pseudobulk profile was built by summing the gene counts of all cells belonging to a cell type and a sample Pseudobulk profiles built from at least ten cells were kept in the analysis genes expressed in at least 25% of the samples were kept for the analysis A gene was considered to be expressed in a sample if at least 100 counts were identified Samples within a cell type with a gene coverage of <90% were excluded Cell types with fewer than ten samples or greater than 50 genes were not included in the analysis we inferred three factors using multicellular factor analysis on the pseudobulk expression profiles of each niche and disease sample Pseudobulk profiles were filtered as described above except that niches with fewer than nine samples were excluded Distances were then computed between samples for each different level by computing the following term: distance = 1 − corr(x where corr is the Pearson correlation coefficient between the vector values of sample x with the vector values of sample y generating a distance matrix between samples of the same level Each distance matrix was used to generate a level-specific MDS Distances were summed into a single matrix keeping only samples with paired snRNA-seq and ST data since unpaired ones have missing values This cumulative distance matrix was also used to perform joint MDS summarizing the differences across levels silhouette coefficient as implemented in sklearn was computed from each distance matrix at the sample level to quantify the clustering of lesion types low expressed genes were removed using the function filter_by_expr from decoupler (group = Lesion type Genes were tested to be differentially expressed using PyDESeq2 (v.0.3.5) The covariates lesion type and biological sex were used as design factors and the contrast was performed between different pairwise lesion types: MS-CA versus CTRL MS-CI versus CTRL and MS-CA versus MS-CI (cooks_filter = False Contrasts were performed only if enough replicates were available for a particular cell type (min samples > 2) MS-CA and MS-CI typed MS slides were pseudobulked per niche and slide and genes were tested for differential expression per niche between the two lesion types using the same approach described above SC and BC were removed to make compositions as comparable as possible since they were missing in most CTRL samples NEU were also removed due to their presence caused by the nature of the tissue sampled rather than the lesion type Cell subtype compositions in snRNA-seq data were computed per sample and cell type in the same fashion Niche compositions in ST data were computed per sample by summing the number of spots per niche divided by the total number of spots in the slide and log-ratio transforming the obtained proportions GM and EP were removed due tissue sampling reasons as described above Cell type compositions per niche and slide were computed by summing the deconvoluted cell type abundances per cell type across spots of each niche divided by the total sum of abundances for the niche The obtained proportions were log-ratio transformed Cell type compositions per slide were computed by summing all deconvoluted cell type abundances per cell type divided by the total sum of abundances across the whole slide and log-ratio transforming the obtained proportions The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to test for differences in each compositional type (adjusted P < 0.05) the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test for pairwise differences between lesion types (adjusted P < 0.10) LIANA+ was used to compute a differential interaction score between a ligand of cell type A and a receptor of cell type B as the mean value between their differential gene statistics generating lesion type-specific cellA–cellB–ligand–receptor interaction tetramers Interactions with conflicting signs between ligand–receptor or with both genes not being significant (BH-adjusted P < 0.15) were not considered Due to the low number of replicates for BC TC and SC for differential expression analysis a separate strategy was employed to infer their communications events snRNA-seq data was filtered for the lesion type being tested keeping only genes that were expressed in at least 5% of cells and the method rank aggregate from LIANA+ was used to infer CCC scores Interactions that belonged to any of the three cell types and were significant were kept (BH-adjusted P < 0.15) For the remaining significant interactions spatially informed local scores were inferred across slides using a custom multivariate version of the normalized product method from LIANA+ cell type proportions and gene expression were binarized for each slide (proportion > (1/No of cell types); log-normalized expression >0) Feature values per spot were then spatially weighted by averaging neighboring spots using an L1-norm Gaussian kernel (bandwidth = 150) The local score for a given cellA–cellB–ligand–receptor interaction was computed for each spot by the following formula: where CA and CB are the normalized spatially weighted cell type proportions of cell type A and B and L and R are the normalized spatially weighted gene expression values of the ligand and receptor genes Differences of interaction scores between lesion types were tested using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test Significant interactions with no conflicting sign with the scores obtained in snRNA-seq were selected (BH-adjusted P < 0.15) Candidate interactions were further filtered based on the results of cell subtype compositional changes and cell subtype marker gene described in the previous sections Interactions were kept only if the ligand or the receptor was a marker gene for at least one cell subtype that significantly changes its abundance in the corresponding lesion type (BH-adjusted P < 0.15) Further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article All other data supporting the findings of the present study are available from the corresponding authors upon request The custom scripts used in this work are available via GitHub at https://github.com/saezlab/VisiumMS Cross-regional homeostatic and reactive glial signatures in multiple sclerosis The topograpy of demyelination and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain The compartmentalized inflammatory response in the multiple sclerosis brain is composed of tissue-resident CD8+ T lymphocytes and B cells A lymphocyte-microglia-astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis Persistent 7-tesla phase rim predicts poor outcome in new multiple sclerosis patient lesions Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging Association of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions with disability in vivo Spatial distribution of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions and their impact on disability Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination An updated histological classification system for multiple sclerosis lesions Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis: distribution of inflammatory cells in newly forming lesions Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions Remyelination capacity of the MS brain decreases with disease chronicity Astrocyte characterization in the multiple sclerosis glial scar Long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions in 7 T MRI Seven-tesla phase 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induction of VEGF The Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway regulates Nectin2/CD112 expression and impairs NK cell recognition and killing CD226 Gly307Ser association with multiple autoimmune diseases Multiple sclerosis associated genetic variants of CD226 impair regulatory T cell function Diversity and function of glial cell types in multiple sclerosis FoxJ1-dependent gene expression is required for differentiation of radial glia into ependymal cells and a subset of astrocytes in the postnatal brain Next generation massively parallel sequencing of targeted exomes to identify genetic mutations in primary ciliary dyskinesia: implications for application to clinical testing CFAP54 is required for proper ciliary motility and assembly of the central pair apparatus in mice Sperm-associated antigen-17 gene is essential for motile cilia function and neonatal survival De novo mutations in FOXJ1 result in a motile ciliopathy with hydrocephalus and randomization of left/right body asymmetry Comparison of methods and resources for cell-cell communication inference from single-cell RNA-seq data Identification of CD163 as an antiinflammatory receptor for HMGB1-haptoglobin complexes HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors: potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases Altered human oligodendrocyte heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis Identifying CNS-colonizing T cells as potential therapeutic targets to prevent progression of multiple sclerosis Identification of early neurodegenerative pathways in progressive multiple sclerosis Tissue-resident memory T cells invade the brain parenchyma in multiple sclerosis white matter lesions Extracellular matrix in multiple sclerosis lesions: Fibrillar collagens biglycan and decorin are upregulated and associated with infiltrating immune cells Dysferlin is a new marker for leaky brain blood vessels in multiple sclerosis Fibrinogen-induced perivascular microglial clustering is required for the development of axonal damage in neuroinflammation Schwann cell remyelination of demyelinated axons in spinal cord multiple sclerosis lesions Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: CNS plaque development in unsuppressed and suppressed animals Schwann cell remyelination of the central nervous system: why does it happen and what are the benefits Mitochondrial dysfunction compromises ciliary homeostasis in astrocytes Mitochondrial defects in acute multiple sclerosis lesions The neuropathobiology of multiple sclerosis Derivation and transcriptional reprogramming of border-forming wound repair astrocytes after spinal cord injury or stroke in mice Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals glial cell type-specific responses to ischemic stroke in male rodents Neuroinflammation: an astrocyte perspective The alarmin HMGB1 mediates age-induced neuroinflammatory priming Erratic and blood vessel-guided migration of astrocyte progenitors in the cerebral cortex Integrin β1 controls VE-cadherin localization and blood vessel stability Endothelial destabilization by angiopoietin-2 via integrin β1 activation Iron and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis Unsupervised removal of systematic background noise from droplet-based single-cell experiments using CellBender SCANPY: large-scale single-cell gene expression data analysis Scrublet: computational identification of cell doublets in single-cell transcriptomic data sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony From Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities decoupleR: ensemble of computational methods to infer biological activities from omics data Cell2location maps fine-grained cell types in spatial transcriptomics Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0 Modeling and Analysis of Compositional Data (Wiley The molecular signatures database (MSigDB) hallmark gene set collection Perturbation-response genes reveal signaling footprints in cancer gene expression Expanding the coverage of regulons from high-confidence prior knowledge for accurate estimation of transcription factor activities Multicellular factor analysis of single-cell data for a tissue-centric understanding of disease scCODA is a Bayesian model for compositional single-cell data analysis LIANA+ provides an all-in-one framework for cell–cell communication inference Download references Gveric (Imperial College London) for help with selection of human brain samples from the UK MS Tissue Bank funded by the MS Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and A Heidelberg University) for technical assistance and help with spatial transcriptomic preparations We gratefully acknowledge the data storage service SDS@hd supported by the Ministry of Science Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg (MWK) and the German Research Foundation (DFG) through grant INST 35/1314-1 FUGG and support by the state of Baden-Württemberg through bwHPC and the DFG through grant INST 35/1134-1 FUGG This work was supported by intramural funding provided by the Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University (to L.S.) research grants from the Hertie Foundation (medMS MyLab the European Research Council (DecOmPress ERC StG the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RFA-2203-39300 the German Research Foundation (InCheck GRK 2727 to L.S. research support through the Priority Program SPP 2395 to L.S and a WU 1098/1-1 Walter-Benjamin fellowship to F.W.) the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01ZZ2004 and D.S.) the Silicon Valley Community Foundation (2017-171531(5022) to M.H.) the National Institute Of Neurological Disorders And Stroke (R01NS114227 to S.H the National Institute of Mental Health (RF1MH132662 to M.H.) California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (DISC0-14514) and the National Human Genome Research Institute and NIH (U24HG002371 to M.H.) This work was supported by the DFG Research Infrastructure NGS_CC (project 407495230) as part of the Next Generation Sequencing Competence Network (project 423957469) NGS analyses were carried out at the Competence Center for Genomic Analysis (Kiel These authors contributed equally: Celia Lerma-Martin These authors jointly supervised this work: Julio Saez-Rodriguez Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience Translational Spatial Profiling Center (TSPC) Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences acquired images for histopathological assessment assessed CTRL and MS tissue samples (supervised by L.S annotated lesion and nonlesion areas of ST samples carried out the snRNA-seq libraries and ST experiments Trobisch acquired immunofluorescence images performed ciliated AS quantification (supervised by S.H designed the computational analysis (supervised by J.S.-R.) analyzed and integrated the snRNA-seq and ST datasets (advised by C.L.-M. generated the web browser for visualization of snRNA-seq and ST data edited and approved submission of the manuscript has received travel expenses from Bayer Health Care a GSK company and received honorariums from Immunai Pfizer and Sanofi and fees/honoraria from Travere Therapeutics reports research support from Roche and Merck and filed a patent for the detection of antibodies against KIR4.1 in a subpopulation of patients with multiple sclerosis (WO2015166057A1) The remaining authors declare no competing interests reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations For each cell type: original UMAP colored by the given cell type and cell subtype name abbreviations (left); UMAP colored by cell subtypes (center left); dot plot of averaged z-transformed gene expression of marker genes for each cell subtype (center right); proportion of nuclei per condition and snRNA-seq sample grouped by cell subtype (right) Distribution of number of genes per spot (left) distribution of number of UMIs per spot (center) and total number of spots per ST sample (n per sample is represented at the right) number of expressed genes per spot and annotated histopathological areas for each analyzed sample IHC for LFB (left) to visualize demyelinated lesion areas in MS samples and IHC for CD163 (right) to highlight inflamed lesion areas of analyzed samples Correlation plots between inferred ST cell type proportions and snRNA-seq data grouped by sample Correlation plots comparing predicted ST cell type proportions and snRNA-seq data grouped by cell type Proportions in a and b were log10-transformed to make them comparable ST feature plots visualizing niches annotated in an unsupervised way per sample Proportion of ST spots per sample grouped by niche Proportion of ST spots per MS lesion type and CTRL grouped by niche Jaccard index between manually annotated areas and computationally annotated niches per shared category (top) (n = 6 for WM ST spots belonging to annotation-specific categories were ignored in the calculation Adjusted Rand index between histopathologically annotated areas and niches annotated in an unsupervised way per ST sample (bottom) (n = 6 for CTRL values above 0 indicate agreement between annotations Intra-niche and inter-niche pairwise Pearson correlations of normalized pseudobulked gene expression (up) and mean centered log-ratio transformed cell type proportion (bottom) (n = 120 for EP n = 387 for WM) (two-tailed Wilcoxon-rank sum test IHC staining of blood vessels and perivascular spaces in MS-CA lesions with antibodies against CD3 (TC) Mean spatially weighted proportions of neighboring niches for each niche Heatmap of z-scaled expression of top 10 genes (positive and negative scores) per niche based on Spearman correlation corresponding to a spatial trajectory from MS lesion to CTRL white matter (VI-LC-LR-PPWM-WM) Mean pathway activity across ST samples grouped by niche Top enriched pathways for genes with a decreased expression along the spatial trajectory Top enriched pathways for genes with an increased expression along the spatial trajectory Quantification of Cilia AS as percentage of total AS population in MS-CI Ciliated AS were quantified at lesion borders (combination of PPWM and LR) and in lesion core (LC) (n = 8 for Border Quantification of Cilia AS density in MS-CA and MS-CI (n = 14 for Border in MS-CA n = 4 for LC in MS-CI) (two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test Cilium assembly pathway activity score for spots containing Cilia AS Box and Violin plots illustrate the median (represented by the white dot) Summary statistics of the multicellular factor analysis model (MOFAcellulaR) for snRNA-seq the lower panel shows the hierarchical clustering of the factor scores for the samples in the study Patient and sample metrics data and lesion type are indicated in each row p-values) of testing for associations between the factor scores and if they were MS or CTRL (Dis) The upper panel shows the percentage of explained variance of each cell type expression matrix recovered by the factor Right box plots visualize distribution of Factor 1 and 4 scores between CTRL and MS lesion types (n = 6 for CTRL Summary statistics of MOFAcellular for ST data of MS samples and percentage of explained variance for each spatial niche Right box plots visualize distribution of Factor 3 between MS lesion types (n = 8 for MS-CA MDS computed on distances at the snRNA-seq cell type proportion level MDS computed on distances at the ST deconvoluted cell type proportion level MDS computed on distances at the snRNA-seq cell subtype proportion level MDS computed on distances at the snRNA-seq MOFAcellulaR factor level MDS computed on distances at the ST MOFAcellulaR factor level MDS computed on distances at the aggregated distances across all levels Distribution of silhouette coefficient for each sample grouped by level (n = 16 for snRNA-seq prop Box plots illustrate the median (represented by the white dot) Color indicates association to a condition Dot plot of enriched pathways for DEGs of OL Remaining cell type and subtype compositional changes across conditions n = 4 for MS-CI) (two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test Volcano plot of DEGs for PPWM and LC niches Color indicates association to an MS lesion type Violin plots illustrate the median (represented by the white dot) Number of cell-cell interactions obtained at each step of the pipeline Heatmap showing multicellular ligand-receptor interactions Numbers indicate the number of cell type pairs Color indicates association to MS lesion type smFISH of CTRL samples shwoing cell-cell interaction events between ADCY2 (AS) Barplot of CD14 (ligand) and ITGB1 (receptor) in MC across the different conditions (left Box xfplot showing cell-cell interactions scores between ligand-receptor together with predicted ST mapping of the interaction (right) (two-tailed Wald test for gene expression n = 4 for MS-CI; two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test for interaction scores smFISH of CTRL samples showing cell-cell interaction events between VWF (EC) Pearson correlations between interaction spatial local scores and spatial pathway activities per ST sample compositional analysis (Wilcoxon rank-sum) Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-024-01796-z Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (2025) Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science Tx — The person who will represent Corpus Christi residents who live in District 1 will be determined by casting lots Nueces County Clerk Kara Sands told KRIS 6 News that the recount of ballots cast during the Corpus Christi City Council runoff is now complete and candidates remain tied As KRIS 6 News reported the results of the runoff election had candidates incumbent Everett Roy and Billy Lerma tied at 1,916 votes Lerma filed a petition asking that the recount be a complete manual recount including mail-in and in-person election day and early voting ballots," according to an email sent to the council by Corpus Christi City Secretary Rebecca Huerta Supervision for the recount was designated to Huerta but she asked that the task be delegated to her assistant given she currently works for Roy and has worked for Lerma previously The City Secretary is one of three city employees directly hired by and supervised by the City Council given the candidates remain tied following this recount Roy and Lerma must cast lots to determine who will represent the residents of District 1 We spoke with both candidates Thursday afternoon shortly after the announcement was made that the recount ended in a tie When we asked Roy if he was nervous that the future of his district would depend on a game of chance "I've got a few people in my camp that are looking at the rules and making sure that we've following them but it's what happens when people don't go out to vote," Roy added Billy Lerma also said he wasn't surprised with the tie and he was at peace That's the important thing that we've done everything and we've been very transparent with it," Lerma said A Special City Council meeting is Tuesday at 10 a.m Stalls for Rent at Durondeau Dressage in Peer, Belgium Exceptionally Well Located Equestrian Facility in Wellington, Florida Well-built Equestrian Estate With Multiple Business Opportunities in Sweden Stable Units for Rent at Lotje Schoots' Equestrian Center in Houten (NED) For Rent: Several Apartments and Stable Wing at High-End Equestrian Facility Stable Wing Available at Reiterhof Wensing on Dutch/German border Real Estate: Well-Appointed Country House with Extensive Equestrian Facility in the U.K. Rémi Blot Mexico is celebrating a premier with its first ever North American league World Cup qualifier hosted at Rancho St Show organizer Equo put its shoulders under this high-level dressage competition and set a milestone for Mexico and Latin America by hosting the first of its kind in the region offering riders an important opportunity to qualify for the prestigious 2025 World Cup Final The CDI-W will be held during Mexico’s traditional holiday of which the theme features prominently in the decoration and color scheme It adds a unique and vibrant cultural dimension to the event which over the years at the national shows has been highly appreciated by everyone in attendance World Cup dressage in a festive atmosphere celebrating Mexico's Day of the Dead tradition"The Day of the Dead theme gives a festive atmosphere to the show which celebrates both sport and local customs," said Mexican judge and show organizer Omar Zayrik "We expect around 1500 people to attend this weekend and have made it into a "dressage and wine" social event with VIP seating and family friendly activities This show will introduce dressage sport to a wider audience in Mexico as it promises to deliver top performances and a competitive spirit unmatched in the region." An esteemed panel of international judges is officiating this weekend For the World Cup qualifier Floridians Kevin Kohmann and Devon Kane have flown from the U.S.A. joined by Canadians Evi and Tanya Strasser Spanish Olympic team rider Borja Carrascosa has come all the way from Germany to compete in this North American league qualifier The stage is set for the first ever CDI-W in Mexico (Photo © L Kowalski)The weekend will be action packed as the International Dressage Officials Club (IDOC) is also hosting an FEI Judges and Steward Seminar during the weekend Equo TV provides live streaming of the competition making the event accessible to audiences worldwide Claro Sports will also be broadcasting key moments of the competition offering unprecedented coverage of this major event Live scores can be found on Equestrian Hub « Back Adriana Lerma has always harbored a deep passion for Mediterranean cuisine This inclination led her to create restaurants that reflected these culinary influences the latter of which specializes in American-style sliders To hone her skills in preparing Neapolitan pizza Adriana embarked on a research trip to Naples There she studied with master pizza makers such as Giuseppe Manuele Scalya and Joshua Serrano winners of the Mexican Pizza Championship in 2016 and 2017 After more than six months of experimentation he perfected the dough that characterizes the pizzas served at his Pizza Félix location located in Mexico City's Roma Norte neighborhood has quickly become a landmark for pizza lovers The menu offers pizzas cooked in a wood-fired oven and salads that combine Italian roots with American influences and Mexican ingredients Among the most iconic creations is the “Carbo Pepe” pizza a reinterpretation of classic cacio e pepe and carbonara pastas Pizza Félix was ranked 45th in the world by “The Best Pizza Awards,” cementing the restaurant's international reputation Do you want to discover the latest news and recipes of the most renowned chefs and restaurants in the world La nostra società utilizza inoltre cookie funzionali per registrare informazioni sulle scelte dell’utente e per consentire una personalizzazione del Sito; ad esempio Questi cookie possono essere installati dalla nostra società o da Terze parti In caso di disabilitazione di questi cookie la qualità e l’esperienza di navigazione potrebbe non essere soddisfacente Questi cookie sono installati da social media per consentire la condivisione dei contenuti del presente Sito Essi sono in grado di monitorare la navigazione compiuta anche in altri siti e creano un profilo dell’utente sulla base dei suoi interessi Ciò potrebbe avere un impatto sul contenuto e messaggi visualizzati sugli altri siti visitati non sarà possibile utilizzare o visualizzare questi strumenti di condivisione per l’installazione e l’uso di tali cookie occorre il consenso dell’utente Per maggiori informazioni consulta la pagna cookies policy "We lost a lot of things that can't be replaced," said Robinson resident Michael Lerma Lerma woke up to the smell of smoke filling his house on Saturday — he quickly rushed his family out before heading back inside to get his dogs they found him passed out in the backyard from the smoke Eva Lerma says she was at work when the fire started 'I know that's my home Lord' — I could tell by that smoke it's gone but protect everyone else around it," said Robinson resident Eva Lerma The family lost all of their belongings — including Eva’s wedding ring and two of the family dogs we lost everything that we had,” Michael said pictures of our kids when they were small growing up little things that they did in school that we'd save," Angela Dodd heard about the fire through social media — she's one of the many who shared the family's donation needs "We're going to be a donation site for them so if you have something that you wanna bring by you can bring it by and drop it off and we'll coordinate getting it to the family," said Launch Pad Espresso and Bakery owner Angela Dodd "We're very grateful for everyone," Eva said The Lerma family says they are overwhelmed by the support from our community including plenty of clothes and toiletries "Seeing everybody here in our community and the family I have definitely been walking in that love that He wants us to show," Eva said The Lerma family says they are thankful for the first responders and neighbors that showed up for them on Saturday The Robinson Volunteer Fire Department says they still do not know the cause of the fire If you'd like to help donate to the family they are accepting drop offs at 708 Dogwood Drive in Robinson and are looking for: size extra small to small shirts and size seven shoes for their daughter; medium to large shirts and size nine shoes for their son; size large shirts size 10 pants and size 7 shoes for the mother; and size extra large shirts 36/32 jeans and size 10.5 shoes for the father