Please select what you would like included for printing: Copy the text below and then paste that into your favorite email application This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply Service map data © OpenStreetMap contributors Subject Areas Research Centres and Institutes Research PhD think ahead events and podcast series Editor's Choice LBS Hub Give to LBS Please enter a keyword and click the arrow to search the site Tsvetelina Nevona has received this year's Ieke van den Burg Prize for research on systemic risk The London Business School PhD student in Economics was awarded the prize for her paper, “Global or regional safe assets: evidence from bond substitution patterns” The award follows a highly competitive selection process, involving peer reviews conducted by members of the Advisory Scientific Committee (ASC) of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) Tsvetelina, who is an advisee of Professor Hélène Rey, thanked the prize committee as well as all conference participants for their interest in the findings and the extremely constructive feedback she has received. “I can think of no better inspiration for future research than the ESRB’s Advisory Scientific Committee finding this line of research useful for maintaining financial stability in Europe.” In the paper, Tsvetelina used granular data – positions of a vast universe of euro-area and US mutual funds at the securities level – to estimate time-varying own elasticities and cross-elasticities of demand for bonds. “My estimates shed light on the special roles of safe assets in international portfolios, “flight to safety” phenomena in bond markets, as well as the transmission of monetary policies via international portfolio rebalancing.” Tsvetelina added that the substitutability estimates are also key in assessing the degree of market fragmentation and highlight distinct roles of different safe assets. “Shocks to US Treasuries spill over globally through portfolio rebalancing, while shocks to German Bunds have regional spill-overs to other euro-area bonds. For the euro area, in particular, the substitution elasticities offer a novel way of tracking the degree of fragmentation in the currency block’s sovereign debt markets.” Tsvetelina's paper was presented in Frankfurt at the Eighth ESRB Annual Conference, Thursday, 26 September 2024 – Friday, 27 September 2024. The Ieke van den Burg Prize is established in memory of Ieke van den Burg, who passed away ten years ago. She was a member of the inaugural ASC between 2011 and 2014 and a member of the European Parliament between 1999 and 2009. Ms van den Burg was dedicated to the notion that finance should serve society, and the prize is administered in that spirit. Volume 3 - 2016 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00291 The European Union's Blue Growth Strategy is a long term strategy to support sustainable growth in the marine and maritime sectors, aiming to contribute to innovation and economic growth (European Commission, 2012) The EU sees the financial sector as a key partner to bring about transition to sustainable consumption and production experience with working with these investors and ways to engage investors in the Blue Growth sectors is lacking It characterizes investors and identifies investor behavior and conditions and criteria relevant for investors to invest in Blue Growth sectors The presented results are derived from a literature study on investors and investment behavior an electronic survey and in-depth interviews Stereotypical images of private equity bankers or wealthy individuals do not do justice to the diversity of investors involved in the Blue Growth sectors These sectors are still in development and various risks reduce the willingness to invest Risk mitigation should be seen as a shared responsibility of entrepreneurs Government support must go further than financial support for research and development or technological demonstration projects Proven technologies get stuck in the Valley of Death as investors alone are not willing to take the risk associated with upscaling of promising technologies governments need to attract private investors—their capital and networks—to further grow of the Blue Growth sectors while investors need stable and effective government support schemes to mitigate their financial risks and inclusive economic and employment growth from the oceans Bringing about Blue Growth requires major changes in the way both public and private act regarding these ambitions. It requires new ideas, concepts, policies, technologies, and business models. To this end, various governance strategies have been deployed, with emphasis on knowledge generation—through the Horizon 2020 Blue Growth calls—and networking (Hartley et al., 2013; Stuiver et al., 2016) start-up firms die off because private investors are not willing to invest in companies without a steady stream of revenues The main question addressed in this article is how investors—a key private actor for realizing Blue Growth—can be engaged in the development of the Blue Growth sectors The following sub-questions are addressed: • Who are the investors in Blue Growth • What explains their investor behavior • What are relevant risks and barriers to investment in Blue Growth • How to involve investors to secure financing for the development of the Blue Growth sectors The results presented are derived from a four step approach a database of investors was developed and analyzed an electronic survey was developed and send out to the identified investors and the results obtained from this were used in order to enrich the questions of the survey in-depth interviews with a selected number of investors were held to acquire more detailed insights into the motives of investors Relatively low response rates in steps (3) and (4) despite the fact that considerable energy was put into reaching out to investor It also illustrates the major differences between scientific and investment community when it comes to sharing information and issues of confidentiality The objective of the investor database was to provide a detailed overview of investors inside and outside the EU who have an interest in the Blue Growth sectors The database was designed in interaction with project partners after discussing what metadata is important given the purpose of the database allowing to record the following multiple characteristics of respondents • Basins in which investors are active • Blue Growth sectors in which they invest Investors were classified as: business angel Financial information consisted of the annual turnover of an investors and the number of employees The basins in which investors are active were classified as Atlantic These basins have been selected based upon the priorities as defined in the Maribe project The Blue Growth sectors consisted of aquaculture a sector that is part of the Commission's strategy on Blue Growth was excluded due to priorities in the Maribe project Contact details consisted of information such as telephone and email addresses The data for these characteristics has been collected via Internet For every investor the appropriate website and digitalized annual reports were screened to characterize investors and find the relevant information An online survey was designed and sent out to all investors identified in the database To improve understanding of investor and their investments in Blue Growth sectors To understand the conditions and criteria relevant for investors To increase understanding of how to engage investors in the Blue Growth ambitions Many investors are active in multiple regions explaining why the sum adds up to more than 19 it is noteworthy that 15 out of 19 investors are active in the Atlantic basin An explanation could be that the project task leaders were EU based and therefore had an EU bias on investors knowledge Type of investor participating in the survey The objective of the interviews was to add in-depth knowledge to the survey to better understand results with a limited number of generic questions so that investors can share their story The scheduled time for an interview was 90 min All interviews were thoroughly prepared by getting acquainted with the investor and his/her company (studying LinkedIn news coverage in advance) and the investments already done in Blue Growth The agenda and questions of the interview were send to the investor beforehand Identification of the respondents was based on the database The database provided 70 names with complete contact details Five responded positively to join us for an interview The main reasons for non-participation mentioned included lack of time and a reluctance to share ideas and information with science These interviews were performed in September 2015 The first question is how to define an investor. In generic terms an investor can be described as any person and/or group who commits capital with the expectation of financial returns 5 investors utilize investments in order to grow their money and/or provide an income during retirement A wide variety of investment vehicles exist including (but not limited to) stocks The act of utilizing investments to grow money is not restricted to private investors a wide range of actors is active in investing money to gain return from households who save money to governments Figure 1. Firm continuum and sources of finance (adapted from Berger and Udell, 1998) Government investors also expect a financial return and sometimes support the lending company with information consisting of both types of venture capital investors) led by a private investor A significant amount of investments comes from companies themselves who spend time and resources on research and development. An internal investor is defined as a company that is using its own (human, financial, technological etc.) resources with the aim of doing business in sectors such as aquaculture, seabed mining, ocean energy, and/or marine biotechnology. This internal investment accounts for a large part of investment in techniques and products (Asker et al., 2015) A relatively new type of investment is crowdfunding. In this case external financing is provided by a large audience (the “crowd”) instead of small group of sophisticated investors (Belleflamme et al., 2014; Mollick, 2014) this type of investment was not encountered in relation to Blue Growth sectors Scientific literature on investor behavior generally falls within one of the following three research traditions A third approach to investor behavior focusses on the rise of social responsible investment (SRI). As investors are scrutinized for a one-sided focus on the financials, SRI enables them to take a multi-criteria approach to make investment decisions, not only focusing on short- and long-term profits but also on the impact of their investment on society. In SRI, both financial and social objectives are pursued (Renneboog et al., 2008; Ballestero et al., 2012) Characterization of Blue Growth investors in Maribe inventory The calculations in Table 2 were conducted as follows The percentage of investors that are active in one or more basins was calculated by cumulating the number of investors active in each type of basins divided by the total sum of investors (244) The percentage of types of investors was calculated by cumulating the number investors for each investor type The number of investors active in each sector was calculated by cumulating the number of investors for each specific sector A large group of the investors in the database have their headquarters in the UK (31%) The United States and the Netherlands are also home to a large part of investors (respectively 14 and 13%) The remainder of investors originate from various countries and continents The first result that emerges from analysis of the investor database is that the sample of investors are generally not restricted to operating in one particular basin The Atlantic basis is the most relevant basis for investors More than half of the identified investors in the database are active in more than one basin (53%) A large part of the identified investors are “internal investors,” working for companies that are already active in the maritime domain and make capital available for research and development to support and grow business Ocean energy is by far the largest sectors for the identified investors in the sample and it is acknowledged that this uneven sample bias is due to the majority of investor sources used were in the knowledgeable and further expansion of the investor database will be required to cover all sectors evenly In the survey, investors where asked which of the Blue Growth sectors is the most important to them. Results show that most Blue Growth sectors are more or less equally important with the noticeable exception of sea bed mining which scores lower (see Figure 2). This can be explained. Sea bed mining is still in its infancy and the main projects are currently carried out in the Gulf of Mexico and South Pacific 8 Importance of Blue Growth sectors for investor on 1 (low)-4 (high) scale Below, the results of the survey and interviews are discussed. First, the motivation of investors to invest in particular sectors and/or companies is analyzed, followed by analysis of main risks and barriers. The analysis ends with a discussion on government regulation. Results from the survey are graphically presented in Figure 3 below (B) Importance of various barriers to invest The survey results (see Figure 3A) show that the rational motivation “return on investment” is important to the investors while “diversification of portfolio”—a strategy to reduce risk—is rated as less important The innovative character of a sector is of moderate importance and this is explained for in the interviews Investors are not driven by enthusiasm about a particular technology or device Although it is understood that technology development is needed and takes a long time this is first and foremost seen as a concern for developers The interest of investors lies in the potential impact of technologies; they are interested in finding the game-changer They do not get involved for a quick or big return but have a long-term view on the developments in sectors—and society as a whole—based on a combination of idealism and realism This is illustrated by the following quote from an investor in aquaculture: “ you invest in growth potential and the scale of businesses it is about investing in the right companies to continue marketing and thereby change the aquaculture industry in a positive way.” In similar vein an investor comments: “as private equity investor we invest in building growth rather than developing technologies.” many investors work closely with the management team of the company and/or the inventors of the concept and try to understand the character of the company they invested in They seek to contribute to knowledge development within a sector and gain first-hand understanding of what goes on in a sector “When you are engaged with money in this sector you can learn about the suppliers how they get money This knowledge is much more important than the first Return on Investment.” Particularly early stage investors—i.e. business angels—are interested in digging into the company's future and business models with an eagerness to be involved closely and thereby better understand the potential for growth Their networks can bring new insights and knowledge about the market and the technology The most important barriers to investment—according to the respondents—are the lack of confidence in technology and difficulties to access finance (Figure 3B) The most important risks according to the investors consulted are operational and financial risks Blue Growth investors are not dealing with mature technologies or low risk markets The Blue Growth sectors face uncertainty and risk in the commercialization of the products and technologies are still under development As one respondent signals: “Offshore technologies are still very expensive: new technology is not getting obviously cheaper prices are actually increasing.” Another respondent states that “Aquaculture is still young and there is still much to discover” the question is how to move toward a low-risk The involvement of investors in company management—“we always take a strong involvement We were always take a board and we follow the company very closely”—can help to mitigate market risk as they bring in experience and knowledge and can help to open up new networks for the company they invested in Investing in a company is more than handing over capital: it includes “connecting and tying together the right parties.” Investors do not see a role for themselves in technological development The mitigation of technological risks is part of technology development and remains the responsibility of entrepreneur poor-designed government support schemes are a risk to the development of Blue Growth sectors: “There have been oversized or poorly designed subsidy schemes There are improved tariff and incentives structures now and also auctioning processes help.” The attitude of investors toward regulatory measures is mixed regulations and frameworks are seen as a burden (“it is complicated to get a permit”) on the other hand investors argue that regulatory frameworks should be more supportive of investing in Blue Growth and provide subsidies or other means of support such as test sites What binds these two opposing arguments is the desire for a regulatory framework and support-scheme that is predictable has a long time-span and will not erratically change: “Problems arise when parties pull back from previous commitments Investors don't like this because there is already enough risk related to power price and other constraints.” Regulatory frameworks for offshore wind energy development are praised: “Regulatory and permitting process in the Netherlands is smooth making things simpler while maintaining competitive tension which helps the investment climate.” They conclude that future private investment of marine renewable energy is hindered by investors' greater understanding of the scale unpredictability of the costs and the length of time required to develop these technologies The objective of this paper is to identify investors in Blue Growth to gain understanding about their motives and concerns when it comes to investing in the Blue Growth sectors This knowledge serves a purpose; it is necessary to understand how public actors can involve private actors in development of the Blue Growth sectors There is not one type of “Blue Growth investor.” Stereotypical images of private equity banker or wealthy individuals do not do justice to the diversity of investors that can potentially be involved in the Blue Growth sectors There is a large variation in investors; large and small Theories suggest that that the behavior of investors is dependent on many different variables Part of the decision-making process is based on rational and calculated choices including those on risk taking and return on investment Another part is based on less rational decisions such as trust in the companies Both views on investor behavior are affirmed when studying the sample of Blue Growth investors in the survey and interviews The financial revenues—including the return on investment—and risk management are part the full spectrum of investor decision making Investors also aim for impact by contributing to the development of new sectors with positive benefits to society investing is more than simply providing capital; it often means the investor is actively involved in managing the company and expanding its network to increase impact and revenues A key insight is that investment in Blue Growth are seldom the outcome of one-on-one contact by a company and an investors Investments in the Blue Growth sectors come about when different investors—public and/or private investors—are brought together to raise the capital required Investing as partner of a consortium of investors is a way to spread risks and allows investors to invest in multiple companies The final question this paper addresses is how investors engagement in the Blue Growth agenda can be stimulated the Blue Growth sectors are still in development and there are various risks for investors that reduce willingness to invest Technology developers are in the lead to reduce technological risks Many investors are supportive to start-up or young companies and actively participate It is in mitigation of the financial risk where governments have an important role to play Public involvement justifiable because of the economic social and environmental benefits that can be realized by growing the Blue Growth sectors but government support must go further than financial support for research and development or technological demonstration projects government need to attract private investor—their capital knowledge and networks—to further growth the Blue Growth sectors while investors need stable predictable and effective government support schemes to mitigate their financial risks and RW contributed to the inventory of investors Sv and BB designed and analyzed the survey MS and RW conducted and analyzed the interviews All authors were involved in drafting this article All authors approved the final version for publication This work was carried out under the Maribe project This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 652629 The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest 1. ^http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/documents/limassol_en.pdf (last accessed 05-10-2016) 2. ^See also http://www.fao.org/asiapacific/perspectives/blue-growth/en (last accessed 06-10-2016) 3. ^http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/mare/itemdetail.cfm?subweb=342&lang=en&item_id=31238 (last accessed 05-10-2016) 4. ^https://ec.europa.eu/eusurvey/ (last accessed 05-10-2016) 5. ^http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/investor.asp (last accessed 05-10-2016) 6. ^http://www.nationaalgroenfonds.nl/ (last accessed 05-10-2016) 7. ^http://www.eib.org/ (last accessed 05-10-2016) 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Photos Δdocument.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()) Δdocument.getElementById("ak_js_2").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()) There’s a new top chef at Lefty’s Alley & Eats in Lewes The venue recently announced the appointment of Paige van den Burg as its new executive chef Van den Burg comes to the property after most recently serving as operator and chef at the prominent Dig restaurant in New York City’s financial district “It is with great delight we welcome Chef Paige as Lefty’s Alley & Eats’ new executive chef,” said Gary Foley talent and refined taste will take the culinary experience to the next level She’s a real self-starter and has instinctual culinary acumen which has allowed her to rise quickly to the level of executive chef.” Van den Burg has more than 10 years of experience in food and beverage Louis before moving to Rehoboth and working as a line cook at Espuma She rapidly rose to a level where she was able to secure a position and thrive in the competitive New York restaurant and theater scene Her first restaurant job in New York was at the legendary Russian Tea Room where she would work on 1,000 meals served per night She then worked for Danny Meyer and the famed Union Square Café and eventually joined the opening team of the renowned Dig Inn restaurant Van den Burg’s cuisine is guided by two principles:  Less is more Having fallen in love with cooking at a tender age her culinary career was slightly delayed by the siren temptress of theater She moved to New York to pursue her dream to have a Broadway credit by age 30 and attained that goal three years ahead of schedule van den Burg will oversee introducing new flavors and enhanced culinary offerings on site as well as Lefty’s new Black Hat Catering operations and the menus for VIP and corporate meetings and events at Lefty’s “Chef van den Burg understands the unique benefits and challenges of the resort/seasonal way of life and the importance of working with the local community to showcase the freshest ingredients and local influences,” said DJ Hill “There is a new excitement and energy in the kitchen and we are enthusiastic about the new tastes and the creativity she adds to our gastronomic experience at Lefty’s.” “Chef Paige’s menu is especially exciting for those looking for vegan and vegetarian options Every section of the menu features at least one such food option It’s not always easy to find noteworthy vegetarian food or even good gluten-free pizza in the beach area It really is beach food redefined and refined!” said Anita Broccolino As if the excitement of Lefty’s new drive-in movies servers on roller skates and a new NYC-trained female executive chef at Lefty’s Alley and Eats wasn’t enough the venue has debuted a beautifully upgraded outdoor patio seating area to complement the enhanced culinary flavors “The patio features lush greenery and lighting to give it a verdant vineyard feel,” said Hill it was perfect timing for this outdoor upgrade.” bringing with him the national professional wrestling welterweight title in Pietermaritzburg against the title holder For all Benny knew he remained South African champion for the rest of his life in Britain Though he pursued a violent trade, he was quiet, gentle and generous and had countless friends in Manchester – gatekeepers and car park attendants In his last years he made several visits to help sustain the poor at the ashram near Mumbai of the female guru Maia A portrait of her hung at his home in south Manchester never knew his parents and spent his earliest years with his twin brother Alan in an orphanage Somehow the authorities located an aunt in Manchester and shipped the boys to Moss Side where Benny became more than ordinarily useful with his fists as a professional boxer but neither made a living nor attracted a manager so he joined Mickey Kiely’s celebrated West Country fairground boxing booth Though Kiely called it the West of England Boxing Academy it was an academy with no professors where six boxers graduated by thumping and sometimes being thumped several times a day as long as punters came forward: farm workers fishermen and drunken sailors on shore leave Back in Manchester after the summer season a doctor hinted that attrition would leave Benny punch drunk So he won the acquaintance of the wrestler John Bates but with the speed of a striking snake and the cunning of a card sharp From him Benny blagged a full bag of tricks and received introductions to promoters His silky skills made him popular even when he moved south to avoid the embrace of Joint Promotions which floored the new wrestlers’ union he had helped to set up With a day job in a Bedford furnishing store he took fights in London and the midlands for Paul Lincoln promotions But Joint Promotions spread its tentacles and in the late 1960s Benny quit to manage the Riverboat nightclub in Salford Benny called the revellers pitching for glory at roulette Soon he was managing a group of clubs until a puritanical new Manchester chief constable closed them down in an anti-vice drive and Benny went home to Pat seven great-grandchildren and a healthy bank balance The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. Please enable JS and disable any ad blocker Metrics details We provide recommendations to improve genetic-data quality in public repositories and flag species for which there is a need for taxonomic refinement in the face of increased rate of amphibian extinctions in the Anthropocene digital curation • bioinformatics analysis Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12587744 Workflow to collate and curate The Amphibia’s Curated Database of Cytochrome-b sequences (ACDC) Taxonomic coverage of mtDNA can also be widened as a by-product of full-transcriptome and -genome assemblage including long-read Next Generation Sequencing and expansion of quality-curated databases like ACDC should promote the generation of novel genomic data covering multiple specimens per species across the amphibian tree of life and removed sequence ends with ambiguous nucleotides The database consists of two compressed batches of *.fasta files of species with (I) 1 sequence (Species_with_One_Sequence.zip) and (II) > 1 sequences (Species_with_Multiple_Sequences.zip) We implemented a three-step sequence of filters to assess Cytb-sequence quality (I) We retained sequences with complete binominal nomenclature (II) We mapped all sequences against the Xenopus tropicalis mitochondrial genome (AY789013) and reverse-complemented sequences incorrectly submitted in backward-read format (>1,000) (III) We visually scanned sequence alignments for sequencing errors whereby non-amino acid gaps (≠3) were filled or replaced by ‘N’ in the absence or presence of diversity at the base in question Neural network detects errors in the assignment of mRNA splice sites DNA sequence error rates in Genbank records estimated using the mouse genome as a reference “COI-like” Sequences are becoming problematic in molecular systematic and DNA barcoding studies Limitations of next-generation genome sequence assembly Data Descriptor: Metazoan mitochondrial gene sequence reference dataset for taxonomic assignment of environmental samples Data Descriptor: A database of metazoan cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences derived from GenBank with CO-ARBitrator Detection of potential problematic Cytb gene sequences of fishes in GenBank Gene annotation errors are common in the mammalian mitochondrial genomes database Using phylogenetic analyses and reference datasets to validate the species identities of cetacean sequences in GenBank Vast underestimation of Madagascar’s biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory Assessing DNA barcoding as a tool for species identification and data quality control Applied conservation genetics and the need for quality control and reporting of genetic data used in fisheries and wildlife management Mitochondrial bioenergetics as a major motive force of speciation The biogeography of mitochondrial and nuclear discordance in animals Mitochondrial DNA: More than an evolutionary bystander Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator DNA barcoding gap: Reliable species identification over morphological and geographical scales Liu, J. et al. Multilocus DNA barcoding – Species Identification with multilocus data. Sci. Rep. 7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16920-2 (2017) Biological identifications through DNA barcodes New amphibians and global conservation: A boost in species discoveries in a highly endangered vertebrate group Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide Recent introduction of a chytrid fungus endangers Western Palearctic salamanders Overview of chytrid emergence and impacts on amphibians Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians: A review and prospectus Patterns and biases in climate change research on amphibians and reptiles: A systematic review Prevalence of cryptic species in morphologically uniform taxa – Fast speciation and evolutionary radiation in Asian frogs High levels of cryptic species diversity uncovered in Amazonian frogs van den Burg, M. P., Herrando-Pérez, S. & Vieites, D. R. ACDC, a curated database of amphibian cytochrome-b sequences. figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9944759.v2 (2020) Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae) A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species and a revised classification of extant frogs Frost, D. R. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference, Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html (2018) GenBank is a reliable resource for 21st century biodiversity research Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data msa: An R package for multiple sequence alignment MUSCLE: Multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput Elzanowski, A. & Ostell, J. The Genetic Codes, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Utils/wprintgc.cgi?chapter=tgencodes#SG2 (2019) In Structural approaches to sequence evolution: Molecules Comparative performance of the 16S rRNA gene in DNA barcoding of amphibians Deciphering amphibian diversity through DNA barcoding: chances and challenges A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrate from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene CO1 DNA barcoding amphibians: take the chance Download references We are grateful to Angus and Malcolm Young and Phill Rudd for their contribution to a productive and relaxing working atmosphere This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia y Competitividad grant CGL2017-89898-R (AEI/FEDER Department of Biogeography and Global Change Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED) All authors contributed to the Data Descriptor and contributed to revisions The authors declare no competing interests Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the metadata files associated with this article Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00598-9 Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 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Volume 7 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00060 Spatial claims concerning the rapidly growing European offshore wind sector give rise to various ideas for the multi-use application of wind farms Seaweed is considered a promising feedstock for food and feed that could be produced at offshore wind farms Concerns about risks resulting in liability claims and insurance premiums are often seen as show-stoppers to multi-use at offshore wind farms key environmental risks of seaweed cultivation at offshore wind farms are characterized based on stakeholder consultation The current approach to risk governance is evaluated to assess how it can handle the uncertain It is concluded that current risk governance for multi-use is poorly equipped to deal with the systemic nature of risks Risk governance should be a joint effort of governments and private regulators It can improve if it is based on an adaptive framework for risk assessment that can deal with complex open to new incoming information and stakeholder input and taking into account and communicate about the different stakes and values of the various parties involved The importance of communication and inclusion must be recognized which promotes participation of concerned stakeholders The further development of multi-use combinations offshore does, however, pose risks for the environment, human health, along with food and feed safety (Michler-Cieluch et al., 2009; Wever et al., 2015) Since seaweed cultivation offshore in a multi-use setting is still being developed it is not clear how various safety aspects should be governed The subject of this study is a hypothetical combined seaweed-offshore wind park. The objective to identify and characterize the risks of combining two activities, with a focus on environmental and related food and feed safety risks.1 The main question is: What type of risk governance is needed to cope with the risks of multi-use at sea The following sub-questions are identified: (Section “Which Risks Are of Concern to Respondents?”) (Section “How Can These Risks be Characterized?”) How are these risks currently governed and are the existing approaches considered relevant (Section “How Are These Risks Currently Governed?”) Is current risk governance capable of handling these environmental risks (Sections “Respondents’ Evaluation of Current Risk Governance – An Assessment From a Risk Governance Perspective”) How can risk governance of multi-use at sea be improved European stakeholders were interviewed; hence this paper focusses on the safety aspects of multi-use in European waters the paper focuses on seaweed for human consumption and animal feed excluding other applications such as additives In order to identify what type of risk governance is suitable to cope with the risks of multi-use at sea, we identified risks of multi-use, studied how these risks are currently dealt with, and evaluated existing regulations with stakeholders. Various methods were used, each contributing to answering multiple research questions (see Table 1 below for an overview) Relation between research questions and methods A database of environmental risks of seaweed aquaculture was compiled based on a scientific literature review The database contained >100 entries which were subsequently grouped by relevance The following criteria were used to determine the relevance of each of these risks: – Whether or not the risk in an environmental risk. Risks that exclusively relate to technical operations, human health and safety, were excluded (these risks are described in some of the project deliverables, e.g., Vredeveldt et al., 2017); – the extent to which the risk increases in likelihood or impact in a multi-use combination the combined production of wind and seaweed; and – the extent to which the risk impacts the long-term sustainability of seaweed and wind production either because of ecosystem changes or increased societal resistance literature-based risk overview as well as provided additional expert knowledge of and insight into the identified risks a project mailing list (n = 253) with recognized stakeholders from seaweed aquaculture and/or offshore wind energy was used The survey was opened twice (29-4-2018 to 29-05-2018 and 20-6-2018 to 20-07-2018) and an online survey tool was used (SelectSurvey) The survey was designed to assess which regulations and standards are most often used by the sectors and if these regulations and standards are considered capable to cope with the identified risks Respondents were guaranteed that the data collected in this survey would be statistically analyzed and that answers provided would never be presented or published at the company or individual level Results from the survey are therefore not presented separately but shown as additional expert inputs along with the results from the qualitative interviews The methods chosen for this study and the low number of respondents to the survey limits the validity of the findings in two ways the evaluation of risks is not based on a large number of practical experiences (not in the least because there is limited experience) and should not be taken as a definitive assessment the findings are mainly based on experiences with offshore wind energy and seaweed cultivation in Europe and the United States The long-standing experience with seaweed cultivation in Asia are not well-reported in the international scientific literature nor did the companies respond to the survey It has become clear that such models are only used for specific types of “simple risks” where the cause is well known the potential negative consequences are apparent and there is hardly any ambiguity regarding the interpretation of the risk cannot be used to assess complex environmental risks For risk assessment and governance, it is therefore important to be aware of the nature of risks. Based on Van Asselt and Renn (2011) three characteristics of systemic risks are presented that set them apart from simple risks: complexity if there is a clear causal relationship between an event and an effect environment conditions) or variables (e.g. weather) influence the occurrence of effects Complexity can be caused by interactive effects among agents (synergisms or antagonisms) it is impossible to achieve complete deterministic knowledge of cause-effect relationships This second characteristic points to the high uncertainty when assessing or appraising risks pertaining to future events or consequences (Van Asselt and Renn, 2011) but the ability to quantify the probabilities is not; hence it leads to varying degrees of uncertainty uncertainty is higher when dealing with new products or new production processes since limited to no reference data is available This third characteristic implies that there are different legitimate viewpoints from which to evaluate whether there are or could be adverse effects and whether these risks are tolerable or even acceptable (Van Asselt and Renn, 2011) and/or ambiguous risks: communication and inclusion; integration; and reflection refers to the need to collect and synthesize all relevant knowledge and experience from various disciplines and various sources taking into account uncertainty and (differing) articulations of risk perceptions and values It implies that a strict separation between risk assessment and risk management is counterproductive sequential three-stage process of risk assessment but it is dynamic and requires interlinked and iterative processes and consequentially balancing different views of the need to take action) that need repeated consideration of all actors throughout the process the process jeopardizes (re)introduction of the familiar frames and routines developed for simple risks In Section “Discussion,” we return to these principles to evaluate current risk governance and formulate recommendations for improving risk governance The literature review and the workshop identified five key risks related to cumulative effects and interactions (Van den Burg and Röckmann, 2017). Subsequently, stakeholders were asked to reflect on these five risks in interviews and a survey. Figure 1 shows the frequency with which these five risks are believed to have a potentially negative (dark) or a positive (light) impact Responses came from 7 interviewees and 12 survey respondents; respondents could give multiple answers Environmentral risk of concern according to respondents Few respondents considered ecosystem change and decreased primary production as a potential negative effect of seaweed cultivation at an offshore wind-farm The other three risks were mentioned more often other risks were not only seen as potentially negative; according to half of the respondents seaweed farming can have a positive effect on its surrounding such as bringing more biodiversity and/or taking up pollution from the environment The evaluation of risks is not based on a large number of practical experiences (not in the least because there is limited experience) and should not be taken as a definitive assessment Based on literature concerning systemic risks, Table 3 was constructed to help characterize the risk of multi-use of seaweed cultivation at an offshore wind farm Scoring table for the characterization of environmental safety risks by respondents based on interviews and survey (source: authors) The five identified environmental safety risks (Section “Which Risks Are of Concern to Respondents?”) are characterized in Table 4 This characterization is prepared by the project team drawing upon the findings from the literature review and the workshop The overview below shows the different nature of the five risks addressed Characterization of environmental safety risks these disturbances might result in rapid dilution of organic matter The extent to which this negatively affects the ecosystem depends on local environmental, meteorological, and oceanographic conditions; thus, making this risk highly complex. Uncertainty is medium; there are no reported problems with increased sedimentation due to seaweed farming, but the topic is studied (Wood et al., 2017) This risk was infrequently considered relevant by respondents in interviews and the survey they generally accepted that increased sedimentation represents a negative effect; ambiguity is the occurrence of this effect is dependent not only on the scale of production but also on light and nutrient availability as well as ecosystem characteristics Uncertainty is medium as there are no reported problems of decreased primary production due to seaweed production yet the causal relationship between nutrient and light availability and primary production are known Ambiguity is low as a decrease in primary production is generally seen as negative with a negative impact on other organisms in the food web This risk is rarely considered relevant by respondents in interviews and the survey the wind turbines can act as “stepping stones” multiplying the risk of introduction and further distribution of exotic species The presence of a seaweed farm (offshore or nearshore) can amplify the risk of exotic species invasion The multi-use setting poses a potential cumulative effect because both activities introduce additional artificial hard substrates to the environment and the presence of seaweed itself can be a stepping stone or substrate for exotic species Complexity is high because the impact of combined seaweed and energy production on biodiversity is dependent on various other factors including developments in adjacent areas and quality of water An important ecological question is whether such nurseries are additional nursery areas or whether fish have abandoned their original nursery areas which might result in other ecosystem changes Uncertainty is high; there is currently no clear-cut view on the effect of seaweed farming on biodiversity The claim that wind farms can be nursery areas for fish needs scientific validation Ambiguity is high with positive and negative views on the effect of seaweed farming existing side by side Respondents which farm seaweed themselves have observed the increased presence of crustaceans translocations and facilitating invasive species are considered a negative effect disturbing ecosystems beyond the boundaries of an individual offshore wind farm Effects on biodiversity are reported by multiple respondents and – illustrating the highly ambiguous nature of this risk – generally considered a positive asset of seaweed farming Although the causal relationship for this risk is relatively straightforward (e.g. the eventual effect on animal populations depends on some other variables and complexity of this risk is considered medium given that experiences with seaweed farming are rare but impacts on marine animals are known for other sectors The ambiguity is high as respondents considered both positive and negative impacts for this risk The potential impact of both processes is high also affecting the integrity of structures and eventual safety of produced seaweed food and feed purposes effect chains and models to evaluate dispersion of pollutants in the environment Although it is known that some pollutants accumulate in seaweed less is known about the impact of incidents with temporarily high exposure to pollutants there is no disagreement on the need to avoid pollution of seaweeds Although there are no reported experiences with wind farm accidents affecting seaweed this evident concern of stakeholders may be explained by ongoing discussions on levels of arsenic and iodine in seaweed and functionality of risk governance processes related to multi-use offshore requires a comprehensive understanding of the governance system Seaweed aquaculture in a multi-use setting is still a hypothetical construct Current risk governance is shaped by a patchwork of public and private rules and standards Two main building blocks of regulation can be identified: government regulation and private standards Several government regulations concerning environmental and ecosystem impacts exist Key legislation in the field of food and feed safety relevant to seaweed production is also discussed because of their potential interactions The Marine Strategy Framework Directive aims to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) of the EU’s marine waters by 2020 and to protect the resource base upon which marine-related economic and social activities depend (Directive 2008/56/EC) The impact of new activities to be undertaken are evaluated in the planning and permitting stages This impact evaluation is performed with an environmental impact assessment The environmental impact assessment Directive (2011/92/EU) and its amendment Directive 2014/52/EU outline the procedure for environmental impact assessment as a procedure to ensure that the environmental implications of decisions are considered before the decisions are made Environmental impact assessment can be undertaken for individual projects or factory (on the basis of Directive 2011/92/EU; known as Environmental Impact Assessment – EIA Directive) or for public plans or programs (on the basis of Directive 2001/42/EC; known as Strategic Environmental Assessment – SEA Directive) The common principle of both directives is to ensure that those plans and projects that are likely to have significant effects on the environment are made subject to an environmental assessment before their approval or authorization Organic certification of seaweeds is already regulated through Regulation (EC) 834/2007 and Regulation (EC) 889/2008 and amendments in Regulation (EC) 710/2009 While this regulation has been the basis for organic labeling of seaweeds various other EU countries do not have certified seaweed producers Global food safety governance is supported by international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) the CAC develops and maintains the Codex Alimentarius which is a collection of international standards Food hygiene is also integrated into the Codex Alimentarius; it includes the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system which helps support food safety management the foundation for food and feed safety law is the General Food Law [Regulation (EC) 178/2002] In addition to these standards and regulations more detailed legislation for food (and feed) safety exist which e.g. specify maximum allowable concentrations of contaminants that could be present in food or feed ingredients to the legal norms and methods described above respondents reported many private standards that are relevant regarding safe seaweed production Additional certification to highlight the environmental-friendly nature of production can be achieved The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) have released a joint standard for sustainable seaweed production setting many requirements for seaweed harvesting and farming practices A variety of private standards for food and feed safety are considered relevant when it comes to safe seaweed Three standards – the International Standards Organization (ISO) 22000:2018 – had been mentioned by respondents (see Section “Private Standards”) the International Featured Standards (IFS) ISO 22000:2018 provides the principles and specifies the basic requirements for the design and implementation of a feed and food traceability system It can be applied by an organization operating at any step in the feed and food chain and is intended to be flexible enough to allow feed and food organizations to achieve identified objectives The BRC Global Standard for Food Safety is developed by food industry experts from retailers and food service organizations; it was first published in 1998 The BRC Global Standard provides a framework to manage product safety and the operational controls for these criteria in the food and food-ingredient manufacturing Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) standards have been developed by the food industry and producer organizations to formulate standards for agricultural practices at the farm level Aquaculture Standard sets criteria for legal compliance workers’ occupational health and safety Aquaculture Standard applies to a diversity of fish and mollusks and extends to all hatchery-based farmed species as well as the passive collection of seedlings in the planktonic phase Aquaculture producers are required to source the compound feed used at the aquatic farming hatchery levels from reliable suppliers As seen in Section “How Are These Risks Currently Governed?,” various standards are potentially relevant for seaweed. Figure 2 combines results from the interviews and survey to illustrate how often particular standards were considered relevant by respondents. Various respondent explicitly indicated that particular standards are irrelevant to them (Figure 2) Relevance of private standards accordings to responds Global food safty Initiative (GFSI) and ISO14001 These standards are deemed relevant for seaweed by some of the respondents The variety of relevant standards is reflected in Figure 2 as is the lack of a “dominant” standard The four standards that are most often considered relevant (BRC and MSC/ASC) were also the ones most often considered irrelevant Other standards were mentioned occasionally Given the limited number of respondents and the geographical bias these results should be considered indicative Private standards related to the environmental impact of production are not unequivocally welcomed by respondents “they are rarely asked for” while others see this as a crucial element in setting their production apart from others and have applied for certification Some are certified based on a comparable national standard The MSC/ASC seaweed label is newly developed – as a general standard to seaweed production and not focused explicitly on multi-use – and was unknown to some respondents Among those who are familiar with the label some see it as relevantly showcasing the sustainability and natural character of seaweed Others argue that the strong association of MSC/ASC with fish renders it useless for seaweeds The results presented in Sections “Which Risks Are of Concern to Respondents?” and “How can these risks be characterized?” are discussed from two perspectives respondents reported on how both government regulation and private standards are used in securing safety in their operations current risk governance is assessed from a “risk governance” perspective (relating to Section “Risk Governance”) Risk governance of seaweed production in a multi-use setting is still in its infancy Corporate responsibility and private standards are key components of contemporary seaweed risk governance Whether imposed by value chain actors or pushed by critical non-governmental organizations and consumers the challenge is to show how operations can be safe Standardization and verification are of added value as they can result in standard protocols for monitoring and assessment not specified to deal with seaweed – let alone seaweed produced in a multi-use setting – even though their impact might be far-reaching and certification bodies take up standards and norms from adjacent fields There is no consensus on which standards and norms to use nor is there a uniform approach to securing environmental as well as food (and feed) safety this allows producers to work with tailored approaches each of them must then “reinvent the wheel.” the minimum requirements are set by the obligation to address environmental impact in applying for permits to produce seaweed the minimum is comprised of those principles and procedures laid down in global and national legalization there are efforts to implement and enforce stricter standards Almost all respondents impose additional requirements to secure environmental and food (and feed) safety These requirements range from organic labeling and MSC/ASC certification to implementing one of the various private food safety standards What is most striking are the differences in attitude toward these standards Legislation for managing environmental impacts is not written specifically for seaweed farming and multi-use The interviewed seaweed farmers had to show authorities that their operations come with little environmental impact but they did not go through a formal environmental impact assessment This exemption might be explained by the limited scale of farming and sometimes even experimental character of seaweed farms The legislation for food safety is written less specific to seaweed as a product the General Food Law is the basis for food safety There is little guidance as on how to interpret existing norms for seaweed Various respondents see this lack of guidance – which creates room for varying interpretations – as a missed opportunity The food safety issues considered by respondents as most pressing bear no directly apparent relation to multi-use and retailers all showed concerns about toxic heavy metals All respondents see the value of private standards for food safety Food safety certification is a “license-to-produce” imposed by retailers on the value-chain Although different private standards are used the consensus is that ISO-22000 is a basic standard for food safety and a good starting point and clients demand more evidence related to food safety These standards are based on legal norms but require additional safety measures and monitoring to be in place These standards do not explicitly describe safe seaweed production and processing The lack of such detailed standards provides the freedom to make ones’ own requirements depending on the influx of variables to consider (type of seaweed This approach is the essence of private food safety management where the responsibility to have safe food products lies with the food (or feed) business operators and certification bodies jointly face a challenge to establish additional criteria to assess food safety beyond the norms laid down in public regulation and thresholds for certification Given the limited experience with seaweed cultivation in the EU two trajectories to identify criteria and thresholds beyond what is legally required are followed by the different companies in the seaweed sector a reactive approach where food products are first brought to the market and criteria for food safety will be developed if incidents warrant such criteria a proactive approach where companies and certification bodies look toward adjacent sectors (in practice this refers to both fresh vegetables and shellfish) to identify food safety aspects that may become relevant for the seaweed sector The last question addressed in this section is to what extent do the current ways to govern the risks of seaweed production in a multi-use setting adhere to the principles of risk governance The characterization of risks (Section “Which Risks Are of Concern to Respondents?”) points to various systemic risks that are not suitable for traditional risk governance based on known causations only pollution is a “simple risk,” while the others are more “systemic risks” characterized by high levels of complexity The effect on biodiversity and pollution are two environmental risks that can influence food (and feed) safety concerns and could mean that seaweed produced may no longer be used for some food or feed purposes Evaluated from the perspective of three principles of risk governance: (1) communication and inclusion the contemporary approach to deal with the risk of multi-use is considered disjointed Current risk governance is based on a limited number of legal norms on some legally prescribed procedures for assessing risks (EIA HACCP) and a variety of private standards that are used by the sectors to secure safety and private standards (often also based on legal norms) are often not specified for seaweed; hence retailers and certification bodies find themselves on a joint journey to identify what comprises safe seaweed production Some take this journey more serious than others and look for insights from adjacent markets and products Current risk governance is composed of a patchwork of norms The privatization of risk governance implies that information is not The associated costs for certification and required monitoring and control measures mean that some standards are not easily accessible for smaller companies nor can they access the body of knowledge present with the companies that support and audit companies Communication and inclusion of varying stakeholders is particularly pertinent to those risks that score high on complexity current risk governance for environmental and associated food (and feed) safety risk of multi-use is the result of a fragmented set of actions by various stakeholders in applying for standards or monitoring production but hardly any efforts are made to integrate findings into a shared body of knowledge Integration of knowledge is particularly urgent for effects on biodiversity (highly uncertain) When discussing the risks of seaweed production at an offshore wind farm there is no long-standing history of real-life experiences the fragmented approach to risk governance suggests that it is too early for systematic reflection on the approach Multiple stakeholders argue that at this stage of development the seaweed sector should be given the room to experiment and develop further – without imposing strict (and costly) norms and standards if seaweed production at offshore wind farms is to grow into a significant industry it does need regulation of safety aspects to minimize the chance of incidents as well as create trust among stakeholders along the chain and consumers This process of reflecting is highly needed in cases of high uncertainty and/or ambiguity (i.e. This study set out to discuss strategies for governing safety aspects of interactions and cumulative effects of wind energy generation and seaweed production The question is what can be done to improve risk governance for the safety of seaweed production at a multi-use setting the following recommendations for governing the risks of multi-use are formulated The interdisciplinary assessment process should be informed by scientific analyses – but in contrast to traditional/standard risk assessment models the scientific process needs to include the natural as well as include stakeholder knowledge and experience Current risk governance is characterized by the diversity of approaches using different standards and certificates this is a deliberate bottom-up choice of governments and businesses – giving room to the sector to develop on its own The negative side effect of this is that many actors reinvent the wheel not building upon experiences gained by others (e.g. when applying for a permit or certificate) Using these experiences in advancing risk governance is not only efficient but it can also benefit inclusion of those companies for whom (multiple kinds of) certification is too expensive and thereby benefit the development of multi-use a limited number of government norms is supplemented by private standards are generally procedural by nature; they prescribe procedures to follow Governmental norms lie at the basis of these standards as they provide the legal framework to fall back on but there is a need to translate these to seaweed there are procedures for assessing the impact of individual sectors whereas private standards can be instrumental in advertising or promoting a company that demands more than is formally required Since the combination of seaweed production and offshore wind energy is as of now non-existent The lack of practical experiences adds to the uncertainty around the related risks Given the societal challenge to produce food for a growing world population and the spatial claims of offshore wind energy the combined production of food and energy should be explored further Risk governance that imposes strict standards beforehand – excluding everything that might possibly happen will render multi-use next to impossible What is needed is an approach to risk governance that recognizes the systemic nature of risks without being overwhelmed by complexity and that can be adapted to new incoming information Risk assessment tends to focus on individual activities (e.g., a wind farm) and individual risks. The ecosystem impact results from the totality of activities. 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Volume 10 - 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00246 This article is part of the Research TopicApplication of Cytometry in Primary ImmunodeficienciesView all 21 articles In the rapidly evolving field of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) the EuroFlow consortium decided to develop a PID orientation and screening tube that facilitates fast and validated immunophenotypic diagnosis of lymphoid PID and allows full exchange of data between centers Our aim was to develop a tool that would be universal for all lymphoid PIDs and offer high sensitivity to identify a lymphoid PID (without a need for specificity to diagnose particular PID) and to guide and prioritize further diagnostic modalities and clinical management The tube composition has been defined in a stepwise manner through several cycles of design-testing-evaluation-redesign in a multicenter setting Equally important appeared to be the standardized pre-analytical procedures (sample preparation and instrument setup) analytical procedures (immunostaining and data acquisition) the software analysis (a multidimensional view based on a reference database in Infinicyt software) This standardized EuroFlow concept has been tested on 250 healthy controls and 99 PID patients with defined genetic defects an application of new EuroFlow software tools with multidimensional pattern recognition was designed with inclusion of maturation pathways in multidimensional patterns (APS plots) The major advantage of the EuroFlow approach is that data can be fully exchanged between different laboratories in any country of the world which is especially of interest for the PID field with generally low numbers of cases per center Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) of the lymphoid system are rare inherited disorders with heterogeneous clinical presentations (1, 2) Most patients have clinical manifestations of immune dysfunction such as recurrent infections (early in life) and autoimmunity frequently causing irreversible organ damage in case of delayed diagnosis As a consequence fast and efficient diagnostic screening is required Advanced multicolor flow cytometry serves on this need and NK cells is the classically recommended method in the diagnostic work-up in case of a suspicion of PID of the lymphoid system The complete diagnosis and classification consists of stepwise screening and subsequent characterization for numerical alterations in lymphocyte (sub) populations lack of standardization and the rarity of PID has so far complicated a common strategy in PID diagnostics The introduction and the availability of next generation sequencing (NGS) based on targeted panel sequencing or whole exome sequencing (WES) with a filter for PID genes has an important impact on PID diagnostics in identification of the variants in known PID genes (3, 4) it contributes to the broadening of the clinical spectrum of known PIDs WES and whole genome sequencing (WGS) allows the identification of genetic defects in new PID candidate genes the turnaround time is relatively long (i.e. a couple of months in a routine diagnostic setting) in contrast to flow cytometry which already provides complete insight into the composition of the lymphoid compartment within a day it is crucial that the immunophenotype is known flow cytometry can play an important role in the functional validation of genetic variants to evaluate the impact on the immune system this illustrates that both NGS and flow cytometry are valuable tools in PID diagnostics we developed a PID screening and orientation tube which allows fast and robust detection and enumeration of the lymphocyte subsets It is important to notice that more than 70% of all PID concern inborn defects in the lymphoid system Orientation in an early phase of the diagnostic process forms the basis for consecutive diagnostics we need a PID screening and orientation tube (PIDOT) which allows dissection of especially the lymphoid compartment in peripheral blood with full standardization to allow international comparability of results They were enrolled at the different EuroFlow laboratories after informed consent was provided by each subject In addition 99 patients with a genetically defined PID were collected according to the local medical ethics regulations of the participating centers All samples were collected after informed consent was provided by the subjects The study was approved by the local ethics committees of the participating centers [University of Salamanca Spain (USAL-CSIC 20-02-2013); Charles University The Netherlands (MEC-2013-026); University Hospital Ghent Belgium (B670201523515) and St Anne‘s University and NK cells) was determined either in a separate TrueCount (BD) tube with anti-CD45 PerCP alone or BD Multitest™ CD3/CD16+CD56/CD45/CD19 or it was determined by hematological analyser as a part of a diagnostic workup Next we tested the lymphoid PID screening tube on 99 genetically defined PID patients The patients were classified according to the IUIS classification the absolute number and relative frequencies of the lymphocyte subset populations were determined in all patients This data set formed the basis for development of our new approach for flow cytometry in PID Composition of the EuroFlow PID Screening tube and information of monoclonal antibodies used in the PID screening tube including volumes some effector CD8+ T-cells showed dim CD27 positivity (EffCD27dim; CD27int-CD45RA+; blue) CD4/CD8 double negative T-cells are indicated in light blue (C) B-cell subsets could be further subdivided into pre germinal center (PreGC; IgM+IgD+CD27−; orange) unswitched memory B-cells/plasma cells (Unswitched MBC/PC; IgM+IgD+/−CD27+; yellow) switched memory MBC/PC (IgM−IgD−CD27+; pink) (D) Definition and hierarchy of the defined subsets (E) Multidimensional view (APS view) based on the most discriminating parameters for lymphocytes Figure 2. Flow cytometric analysis of B- and T-cell populations using the EuroFlow PIDOT in 250 healthy controls in 14 different age ranges. All values of this reference data set are displayed as bar graphs representing the median, minimum, maximum, and p10, p25, p75, and p90 percentiles. For data visualization package gplot2 for the statistical language R was used (10) Table 2. Frequency of patients with inborn errors of immunity showing defects of the major subsets identified in the EF PIDOT, as compared to age-reference values (Summary of Supplementary Tables 2, 3) The two main categories of PID with absence or strong reduction in one or more lymphocyte subsets are SCID and agammaglobulinemia with absent T (NK) and/or B-cells which are in this case all TCRγδ- and had a memory or effector T-cell phenotype In such situation the origin of T-cells need to be determined to investigate whether these T-cells are autologous or from maternal origin A third pattern that can be seen is the presence of both T and B cells (RAG patient C and D) In both cases both TCRγδ- and TCRγδ+ T-cells are present (with a memory or effector phenotype) and the B-cells were mainly naïve or natural effector No switched memory B cells or plasma cells were detected the hallmark for RAG deficiencies with residual T-cells which is characteristic for Omenn Syndrome is absence or strong reduction of naïve CD4 and CD8 T-cells Flowcytometric analysis of B- and T-cell populations using the EuroFlow PID screening tube on controls and patients with SCID CD3+ T cells and TCRgd- T cells are shown Lines depict a 2 standard deviation boundary of all controls combined (A) Multidimensional views of all lymphocyte subsets of a newborn one Artemis-deficient and four RAG-deficient SCID patients (B) Multidimensional views of all lymphocyte subsets of a newborn three IL2RG-deficient and a ZAP70-deficient patient In IL2RG, IL7RA and ZAP70 deficiencies B-cell numbers were normal. IL2RG and IL7RA deficiency have in common that all B-cells have a naïve phenotype, which is in line with the fact that T-cell help is lacking for further differentiation (Figure 3B). In the ZAP70 deficiency some natural effector and switched memory B-cells are present. In case T-cells were present in patients with IL2RG deficiency, they had a memory phenotype (IL2RG B and C, Figure 3B) A second clear cut example in which lymphocyte subset analysis is highly informative in PID diagnostics is absence of B-cells in the 10 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. The absolute number of B-cells is strongly reduced or the B-cells are even absent. As shown by the APS plots, if B-cells are present, they only have a naive phenotype (Figure 4A) The advantage of this approach is that on top of the maturation pathway that can be visualized with the APS plots The expression level within the naïve B-cells is shifted indicating that the phenotype of this population also differs from normal Multidimensional views of all lymphocyte subsets in healthy controls and PID patients (A) Multidimensional views of all lymphocyte subsets of two BTK-deficient patients a patient with ALPS due to a mutation in FAS and healthy infants of 6 months and 3 years (B) Multidimensional views of all lymphocyte subsets of single examples of patients with Wiskott Aldrich syndrome (WASp) DOCK8 deficiency and two patients with DiGeorge syndrome these altered distribution profiles must be interpreted in the context of age-matched healthy controls correct interpretation relies on both patterns and absolute numbers In other PID categories similar characteristic abnormalities were observed For CID and PAD it was expected that aberrancies in lymphoid subsets are expected but this dataset shows that also in patients with immune dysregulation and defects in phagocyte and innate immunity aberrancies were found with high frequencies This illustrates that the PIDOT is a powerful tool to detect aberrancies in a broad range of PID with lymphocyte defects As expected the PIDOT did not give any abnormalities in complement deficiencies since these PIDs do not display any lymphocytes' derangement This new application of EuroFlow software tools support diagnosis of PID Multidimensional views of all lymphocyte subsets in combination with the absolute values of all subpopulations plotted as red dots in the age-matched reference bar graphs after automated analysis (APDS) Patients with activated PI3K delta syndrome (APDS) we designed a single flow cytometry staining tube for analysis of defined B and T cell subsets and validated its sensitivity performance on 250 healthy controls and 99 genetically-defined and IUIS-classified PID patients This tube is fully standardized with the aim to have fully comparable data for international exchange of data and to support diagnosis of PID the PIDOT was designed over multiple rounds of design we created a reference data base for automated data analysis which can be implemented in diagnostic laboratories for routine diagnostics of patients suspected for PID we could analyze all major lymphocyte subsets and the important lymphocyte subpopulations allowing the generation of data on the absolute counts and frequency of the lymphocyte subsets and a lymphocyte profile as APS view with a single tube This tube can readily be implemented in the diagnostics of PID If the PIDOT is used as screening tube to test whether the patient suffer from a PID relative frequencies of naive CD4+ cells as well as CD4 and CD8 effector memory cells were most frequently aberrant We propose that this approach is used in any patient with a clinical suspicion of PID because multiple and clear abnormal values are indicative of severe PID that requires adequate clinical management PID screening tube can direct further evaluation including prioritization for NGS or gene panel evaluation) In PIDs that do not affect the lymphoid compartment (CGD IRAK4 and complement deficiencies) no aberrant populations were identified indicating that this tube is not useful for these categories It will be of great value to prospectively collect the data of PID analyzed with the PIDOT to better define the characteristic pattern of aberrant subsets in a large cohort of genetically defined PID in combination with the clinical presentation and the exact mutation Availability of the fully standardized PIDOT and accessibility to EuroFlow reference data base allows any lab in the world to perform standardized PID diagnostic because all over the world 8-color flow cytometers are now available thanks to the HIV diagnostics and leukemia and lymphoma diagnostics the multidimensional data analysis strategy and visualization will disclose new information which is otherwise lost if only frequencies and absolute numbers of separate lymphocyte subsets are taken in consideration a new dimension is added to flow cytometry in the PID field in which the number of newly identified PIDs is still increasing and JvD contributed to the conception and design of the study and JS performed the data acquisition and data analysis All authors contributed to manuscript revision The coordination and innovation processes of this study were supported by the EuroFlow Consortium (Chairmen: MvdB and AO) MvZ is supported by Senior Research Fellowship GNT1117687 from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council TK and EM were supported by projects 15-28541A from Ministry of Health Youth and Sports and GBP302/12/G101 from Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and AO were supported by a grant from the Junta de Castilla y León (Fondo Social Europeo Spain) and the CB16/12/00400 grant (CIBER/ONC Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad the FIS PI12/00905-FEDER grant (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria of Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spain) and AP119882013 grant (Fundación Mutua Madrileña Publishing costs for this article were covered by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) and AO each report being one of the inventors on the EuroFlow-owned patent PCT/NL 2015/050762 (Diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies) a company that pays royalties to the EuroFlow Consortium JvD and AO report an Educational Services Agreement from BD Biosciences The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00246/full#supplementary-material International union of immunological societies: 2017 primary immunodeficiency diseases committee report on inborn errors of immunity The 2017 IUIS phenotypic classification for primary immunodeficiencies Diagnostics of primary immunodeficiencies through next-generation sequencing Uses of next-generation sequencing technologies for the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies The who's who of T-cell differentiation: human memory T-cell subsets Quality assessment program for EuroFlow protocols: summary results of four-year (2010-2013) quality assurance rounds EuroFlow standardization of flow cytometer instrument settings and immunophenotyping protocols Age-associated distribution of normal B-cell and plasma cell subsets in peripheral blood Human peripheral blood B-cell compartments: a crossroad in B-cell traffic PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text Google Scholar Patients with T(+)/low NK(+) IL-2 receptor gamma chain deficiency have differentially-impaired cytokine signaling resulting in severe combined immunodeficiency Clinical characteristics and genetic profiles of 44 patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID): report from Shanghai A systematic analysis of recombination activity and genotype-phenotype correlation in human recombination-activating gene 1 deficiency Similar recombination-activating gene (RAG) mutations result in similar immunobiological effects but in different clinical phenotypes Human RAG mutations: biochemistry and clinical implications Human CD19 and CD40L deficiencies impair antibody selection and differentially affect somatic hypermutation Optimization and testing of dried antibody tube: The EuroFlow LST and PIDOT tubes as examples Clinical spectrum and features of activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome: a large patient cohort study Standardizing immunophenotyping for the human immunology project V(D)J recombination defects in lymphocytes due to RAG mutations: severe immunodeficiency with a spectrum of clinical presentations Transplacentally acquired maternal T lymphocytes in severe combined immunodeficiency: a study of 121 patients RAG1 reversion mosaicism in a patient with Omenn syndrome Common variable immunodeficiency patients with a phenotypic profile of immunosenescence present with thrombocytopenia Frequent issues and lessons learned from EuroFlow QA Keywords: flow cytometric immunophenotyping Orfao A and van Dongen JJM (2019) The EuroFlow PID Orientation Tube for Flow Cytometric Diagnostic Screening of Primary Immunodeficiencies of the Lymphoid System Received: 05 December 2018; Accepted: 29 January 2019; Published: 04 March 2019 Copyright © 2019 van der Burg, Kalina, Perez-Andres, Vlkova, Lopez-Granados, Blanco, Bonroy, Sousa, Kienzler, Wentink, Mejstríková, Šinkorova, Stuchly, van Zelm, Orfao and van Dongen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) *Correspondence: Jacques J. M. van Dongen, ai5qLm0udmFuX2RvbmdlbkBsdW1jLm5s †These authors have contributed equally to this work The L'Chaim of Ari Denburg of Montreal, Canada and Hinda Dalfin of Boro Park, NY took place at Eshel in Crown Heights. Photos The wedding of Mendel Denburg of Coral Springs FL and Chaya Barber of Crown Heights was held on Sunday night in Oholei Torah Notify me via e-mail if anyone answers my comment Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" R' Leibel Denburg, an elder member and supporter of the Lubavitch community in Montreal, Canada, who had a connection with Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson, passed away on Thursday, Chol Hamoed Pesach. Full Story who born into a Chassidic family and built a Chabad family a chassidic agricultural colony established by the Tzemach Tzedek a student of Yeshiva Tomchei Tmimim in the town of Lubavitch who served as the community shochet of Shchedrin (a position previously held by the mashpia R’ Zalman Moishe HaYitzchaki) daughter of the R’ Yitzchok Nemenov and sister of R’ Nissan Nemenov the revered Mashpia of Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch in Brunoy the Denburg family escaped from the frontlines and settled in Tashkent where R’ Yeshayahu passed away from an illness Denburg and her children Leibel Denburg and Rashi (who married R’ Tzvi Hirsh Gansburg of Crown Heights) ended up in Pocking which was home to the second-largest DP camp (“displaced persons”) they learned that the woman was Rebbetzin Chana Schneerson wife of Harav Levi Yitzchok Schneerson who has given smicha to their late father R’ Yeshayahu Denburg Leibel remained close with the Rebbe‘s mother ever since Leibel worked in the garment industry (“shmata business”) as other Lubavitcher immigrants did and was successful in his endeavors Worried that he won’t find a shidduch he lied about his age to Canadian authorities and lowered it by 2 years He soon was married to Esther Sonnechein and together they raised a Lubavitcher family in the Snowdon neighborhood He regularly davened at the “Yeshiva” shul located in the Rabbinical College of Canada – Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch of Montreal built by the 9 Shluchim sent by the Frierdiker Rebbe Leibel was particularly close to Rabbi Leibel Kramer and supported the institutions he directed – the Yeshiva their children Rabbi Shloime Denburg – Miami Beach Florida; R’ Shaya Denburg – Montreal Canada; Rabbi Yossi Denburg – Coral Springs Florida; Rabbi Moshe Denburg – Boca Raton Florida; grandchildren and great-grandchildren The levaya will be held on Friday arriving directly to the Old Montefiore Cemetery in Queens Baruch Dayan Haemes: Yehuda Leib ben Yeshayahu Sign up for the COLlive Daily News Roundup and never miss a story Mitchell Denburg meets with weavers (from left) Octaviana Sente Macajol Then a daydream suddenly kicked in: Why not start a weaving studio that would improve its workers’ standard of living while catapulting a Guatemalan tradition out of the country’s artesania shops and into international living rooms “My immigrant grandparents always did something to give back,” explains the entrepreneur whose altruistic plan also included building and staffing a bilingual school for the artisans’ children The little atelier that could started small (five workers three looms) and grew big (today 175 weavers who had been commuting between Florida and Guatemala settled full-time in Antigua with his wife the Guatemalan artist and collector Lissie Habie stayed in Florida to finish high school.) “The plan was to stay for a couple of years and then run the business from the U.S Denburg’s craftspeople dye and loom not just any textiles but custom-made eco-friendly rugs and fabrics of inexpressible fineness “There’s been a constant evolution in Mitchell’s work inspired by partnering with talented interior designers imaginative clients,” says Denburg devotee Deeda Blair a bio-medical-research leader hailed for her aesthetic eye Think 200-plus fabrics fashioned of couture-quality fibers (silky linen crisp sisal) in colors ranging from suave neutrals to succulent primaries including those for Sir Evelyn de Rothschild’s summer place on Martha’s Vineyard and the Obamas’ private quarters at the White House Denburg’s team also conjures up works for textile artist Sheila Hicks among them scarlet wool hangings for her installation at the 2017 Venice Biennale Other products are made on automated looms it makes the indulgence—because it is an indulgence—all the more palatable and powerful.” Allied to the studio is the New Roots Foundation led by Denburg’s artist daughter Jamie Denburg Habie Socioeconomic initiatives have been developed under its umbrella and rural acreage planted with teak and mahogany that can provide enduring incomes for area farmers a visual-arts center and cultural space on a 16th-century plaza The L’Chaim of Mendel Denburg of Coral Springs FL and Chaya Barber of Crown Heights took place Tuesday night at Ulam Chana Penn State football hopes to replicate its success from a year ago with another 10+ win season in 2023. The Nittany Lions return 14 starters from the Rose Bowl team Nicholas Singleton and Kaytron Allen are set to take over on offense and the defense ranked among the best in the Big Ten last fall There is a lack of size and manpower at the defensive tackle position Three of the seven scholarship players listed at that position during spring practice were listed at 275 pounds or less James Franklin added Old Dominion transfer Alonzo Ford through the portal but there is a clear need for someone to step up at the defensive tackle position Jordan Van den Berg might be the most improved guy in the program. Franklin said so himself The 10th-year head coach is very proud of the redshirt sophomore van den Berg saw time in all 13 games last season in a very minimal capacity He recorded nine total tackles and 1.5 sacks van den Berg was an unranked recruit out of Providence Christian Academy in Georgia and spent his freshman season at Iowa Western Community College Van den Berg has been putting in work in the weight room He recently threw up three reps of 410 pounds on the bench press as if it was nothing Neither of those feats are impressive as what went down Wednesday but the manner in which he got up the rep is what makes the feat impressive His right hand completely slipped as van den Berg flipped the bar up and went to catch it he caught the bar with his left hand and right shoulder and pushed through Should van den Burg's off-field performance translate to the gridiron Penn State is in a great position to compete for a Big Ten title Franklin and the staff are liking what they see You are agreeing to OutKick's Terms of Use and Privacy Policy DISCLAIMER: This site is 100% for entertainment purposes only and does not involve real money betting. Gambling related content is not intended for anyone under the age of 21. If you or someone you know has a gambling problem and wants help, call 1-800-GAMBLER The L'Chaim of Zalman Denburg of Coral Springs, FL and Chanie Gorkin of Crown Heights took place at FREE Shul in Crown Heights. Photos artist lisette spee in collaboration with architect tim van den burg created ‘lawgne’ a series of lounge chairs for public spaces made from metal and covered with artificial grass they are currently installed in valkenberg park in breda AXOR presents three bathroom concepts that are not merely places of function but destinations in themselves — sanctuaries of style who survived Soviet persecution to raise a Chabad family in Montreal R’ Leibel was born in the renowned chassidic town of Shedrin to Rabbi Yeshaya and Henya (nee Nemenov) Denburg both coming from prominent family of Chabad chassidim His uncle was the famous mashpia R’ Nissan Nemenov Leibel experienced the Soviet persecution first-hand when his father was forced into hiding from the Communists who had came to arrest him his father passed away at a young age after battling an illness After reuniting with his mother and baby sister in Uzbekistan Leibel overcame terrifying escapades and nearly-being-caught to smuggle his family to safety like countless others was resettled in a Displaced Persons camp in Germany It was there that he offered his bed to an elderly lady The next morning it was discovered that she was Rebbetzn Chana Schneerson That relationship which lasted the rest of her life was recognized by the Rebbe R’ Leibel refused to work on Shabbos a fact that made him unemployable in those days The Rebbe took an interest R’ Leibel asking one of the Rabbis in Montreal to personally welcome him in a sign of personal attentiveness that was uncommon the Rebbe even suggested him as ‘an honest broker” who R’ Leibel was a prominent member of the Chabad community in Montreal He was a strong supporter of the Chabad mosdos in the city and could frequently be seen in the “Yeshiva” shul with a sefer and their children; Rabbi Shloime Denburg – Miami Beach FL; Rabbi Shaya Denburg – Montreal The Levaya will take place on Friday at Montefiore Cemetery IDE Home IDE Latest news Delft Design students from the TU Delft | Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering participated in Stanford University Faculty of Mechanical Engineering’s ME310 course During which they collaborated with Stanford students to create MorphLock a system designed for self-driving cars that uses particle jamming technology to lock objects in place “The mix of skills and experience helped us to combine all different aspects of concept development.” Together with three Stanford Mechanical Engineering students they designed MorphLock for their sponsor BMW MorphLock is a system that uses particle jamming technology to lock objects in its place Particle jamming systems consist of cells filled with small particles of ground coffee the particles fluidise and become morphable again The air bladder has a separate function to create space for morphing and restoring the cell back to its original position like in the dashboard of a vehicle for example The final prototype was showcased during the final exhibition ‘EXPE 2024’ of the Stanford Mechanical Engineering 310 Masters’ course It was the first time that TU Delft design students participated in the Stanford Mechanical Engineering 310 Masters’ course Discover what they learned and experienced. to a transparent A-pillar experience or a morphable seat The final idea came only a couple of months before the EXPE presentations The ME310 course stimulated us to do different prototypes and learn from it for the final design we could also prototype with weekly new concepts We aligned with each other on our work during Zoom meetings As we went to visit them and they came to us we also experienced that working together in person was much more productive.” “The way that Stanford approached EXPE excited us to put a lot of effort in making a good presentation We spent a lot of time creating our story and we really wanted to let the audience imagine all possibilities of MorphLock In the end it was very rewarding to get a lot of compliments on our presentation we sometimes see the presentation as the last thing to prepare but here we even had an official rehearsal earlier that week “We learned that you can become an expert on a topic you initially didn’t know anything about And that it is super valuable to consult other experts to learn from their experience and knowledge.” “The BMW team was impressed by the interested reactions in the audience they will present it to their tech office and explore next steps It would be very interesting to see – maybe not in this exact form – a feature in future cars that can conveniently store loose objects.” "There's no such thing as bad (sailing)weather Postbus 5 2600 AA Delft The Netherlands Contact and accessibility Vacancies Reading assistant BrowseAloud Intranet Student portal Donate Disclaimer Privacy & Security BURG has launched a smartwatch for $199 that functions as a standalone phone but can also be paired with iPhones and Android phones through Bluetooth technology it offers the capability to make calls and send/receive texts using a GSM SIM card as well as taking photographs and listening to music BURG claims that its new device is the “first smartwatch that’s a phone” but there have been other such devices before. Samsung launched the Gear S wearable device in the summer which comes with 3G support that lets users “seamlessly make and receive calls directly from their wrist or get calls forwarded from their smartphones.” a voice capability requires a SIM card and operator subscription The BURG 12 Smartwatch includes a SIM card with $25 of prepaid talk and text According to van den Burg: “We built the BURG 12 for people who want their hi-tech watches to be fashionable and want customisable options for their watch screen and straps without being tied down to one phone platform.” The watch boasts a 1.5-inch display with a resolution of 240 x 240 3-day standby battery life and a Micro SD port for up to 16GB of storage According to a recent survey by market research firm GfK consumers can envisage a number of uses for smartwatches ranging from ticket payments and identity cards to transmitting healthcare data While the Apple Watch is expected early next year, wearables start-up Omate recently announced “the first smartwatch designed exclusively for women,” and Microsoft is coming out with one soon which will sync with smartphones powered by Android and iOS as well as Microsoft’s own Windows Phone platform ORANJESTAD - Secretary of State Eric van den Burg of Justice and Security fell ill on Sunday while in Aruba He had just begun a working visit to the ABC islands and contracted food poisoning while in Aruba This was reported by the Caribbean Netherlands Communications Department. Van den Burg was briefly admitted to an Aruban hospital it is essential for the Secretary of State to rest in order to fully recover This means that the planned visit to Curaçao cannot proceed Whether the Secretary of State can go to Bonaire is assessed day by day and depends on his recovery. Van den Burg was set to make a four-day working visit to Aruba and Bonaire to be updated on migration policy the approach to human trafficking and smuggling and border management on the islands. The visit was scheduled from October 22 to October 25. Susan Denburg has been named acting provost and vice-president academic for the time that David Wilkinson will be on research leave The Senate approved the appointment at its meeting this week Provost Wilkinson will be on research leave July 1 through Dec Denburg is McMaster’s associate vice-president (academic) in the Faculty of Health Sciences and a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience Denburg works closely with the provost and as well as with the deans and other members of the senior team and has a great deal of knowledge and experience of the current institutional projects and priorities that are underway,” says President Patrick Deane Susan Denburg came to McMaster in 1975 as a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Psychiatry She has held a number of senior roles including associate dean (education) in the Faculty of Health Sciences Her undergraduate degree in psychology is from McGill University and she holds a masters in educational psychology from Cornell University and a PhD from the University of Toronto All republished articles must be attributed in the following way and contain links to both the site and original article: “This article was first published on Daily News. Read the original article.” For International Happiness Day, people in the Mac community share what makes them happy. (Have you met Terri?) McMaster has received $1.4 million in federal funding for decarbonization projects, including one that will reuse excess energy to heat a campus building, reducing its natural gas use by 76 per cent. Marketing & Public Affairs - McMaster University Email: daily@mcmaster.ca McMaster University is committed to providing websites that are accessible to the widest possible audience © 2025 McMaster University Kim Huybrechts admits there is an issue between himself and Dimitri van den Burgh(Image: YouTube)Feuding team-mates Dimitri van den Burgh and Kim Huybrechts couldn’t even look at each other as Belgium made a winning start at the World Cup of Darts The pair defeated Finland 4-0 in a routine victory on the opening night of action in Frankfurt. However, the actual darts was a sideshow compared to the obvious tension between Belgium's top two players who didn’t even exchange glances while Huybrechts hastily left the stage after the match Dutch player and pundit Vincent van der Voort confirmed during Viaplay’s coverage of the tournament that the pair were not on speaking terms He claimed it was due to Van den Burgh filing a complaint related to Huybrechts to the PDC Fans couldn’t help but spot the animosity between the pair with one saying: “Huybrechts and Van Den Bergh barely looking at each other or acknowledging READ MORE: Willie O'Connor gives death stare as Thailand star backs into him at World Cup of Darts Another said: “There seemed to be a very strange atmosphere between Dimi and Huybrechts at the end of that game.. A third asked: “Do Huybrechts and Van Den Bergh not get on They haven’t so much as acknowledged each other through that match and didn’t shake hands at the end.” Can Belgium win the World Cup of Darts? Tell us in the comments section below Kim Huybrechts left the stage as quickly as possible after Belgium's win over Finland(Image: Sky Sports)‌A fourth added: “Huybrechts and Van den bergh are weird No acknowledgment of each other after each throw and even after the game ended Huybrechts admitted there was an issue between himself and Van den Burgh Van den Burgh declined to comment on the feud but insisted Belgium could still win the tournament. Belgium are in action again today (Friday) when they round off their group campaign against China. 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