Sixteen novice-intermediate female runners completed two control runs outdoors and indoors at a self-selected speed with auditory step rate feedback. Then, the runs were replicated with individualized breath guidance at specific LRC ratios. Hexoskin smart shirts were worn and analyzed with custom algorithms to estimate continuous LRC frequency and phase coupling. LRC guidance led to a large significant increase in frequency coupling outdoor from 26.3 ± 10.7 (control) to 69.9 ± 20.0 % (LRC) “attached”. There were similarly large differences in phase coupling between paired trials, and LRC adherence was stronger for the indoor treadmill runs versus outdoors. There was large inter-individual variability in running pace, preferred LRC ratio, and instruction adherence metrics. Our approach demonstrates how personalized, step-adaptive sound guidance can be used to support this breathing strategy in novice runners. Subsequent investigations should evaluate the skill learning of LRC on a longer time basis to effectively clarify its risks and advantages. Volume 5 - 2023 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1112663 This article is part of the Research TopicThe Application of Technology to Enhance Quantitative Feedback in SportView all 5 articles Introduction: Many runners struggle to find a rhythm during running This may be because 20–40% of runners experience unexplained unpleasant breathlessness at exercise onset a synchronization phenomenon in which the breath is precisely timed with the steps may provide metabolic or perceptual benefits to address these limitations we developed a custom smartphone application to provide real-time LRC guidance based on individual step rate Methods: Sixteen novice-intermediate female runners completed two control runs outdoors and indoors at a self-selected speed with auditory step rate feedback the runs were replicated with individualized breath guidance at specific LRC ratios Hexoskin smart shirts were worn and analyzed with custom algorithms to estimate continuous LRC frequency and phase coupling Results: LRC guidance led to a large significant increase in frequency coupling outdoor from 26.3 ± 10.7 (control) to 69.9 ± 20.0 % (LRC) “attached” There were similarly large differences in phase coupling between paired trials and LRC adherence was stronger for the indoor treadmill runs versus outdoors There was large inter-individual variability in running pace Discussion: Our approach demonstrates how personalized step-adaptive sound guidance can be used to support this breathing strategy in novice runners Subsequent investigations should evaluate the skill learning of LRC on a longer time basis to effectively clarify its risks and advantages Breathing pattern, the temporal and mechanical characteristics of breathing, can reveal deep psychophysiological insights during running. For example, breathing rate (BR; respiratory frequency) is highly correlated with perceived effort (1) and dyspneic sensation (2) during exercise. Thus, recent publications (3, 4) have called for increased attention towards breathing as a key indicator in health and sport there is a need to bridge the gap by providing tools that enable the study of LRC in field running There is scant information available regarding how to guide runners to perform LRC. Several studies have used custom biofeedback applications with appreciable results (11, 23); other studies instructed participants to count steps per breath (24, 25). In a notable book on this subject, Coates and Kowalchik (26) advocate a multi-step approach with verbal coaching As step sound cues are known to increase the likelihood of LRC it is preferable to compare step-only feedback to LRC sound guidance to effectively separate the effects of LRC guidance from that of step-adaptive audio The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of step-adaptive LRC sound guidance vs step-only feedback in the field and laboratory upon frequency and phase coupling in novice female runners We hypothesized that such guidance would induce increases in frequency and phase coupling and decreases in breathing pattern variability we aimed to investigate individual parameters such as instructed LRC ratio (e.g. even ratios) and deviation from baseline BR We hypothesized that instruction adherence would be lower with odd ratios and with larger deviations from the individual's baseline BR as measured during the control visits A sample of 17 female beginner to moderately-experienced runners volunteered to participate in this study (Table 1) These volunteers were chosen as a varied representation of the target group (see below) One participant was excluded due to substantial LRC in the T1 visit Participant characteristics and description Female runners were chosen not only because of the possible benefits proposed above, but also because this project was part of a larger research initiative seeking to do research together with females as they are understudied in sports research (40) None of the participants indicated to use a special breathing technique while running; however three participants indicated that they breathe deeper when feeling “side stitches” Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University of Salzburg (reference number: GZ 13/2021) and participants gave their informed consent Participants filled in a pre-questionnaire to including demographic information The final sample was selected based on the following criteria: • participants are not familiar with nor actively perform paced breathing techniques (including LRC) during running • participants self-identify as beginner to intermediate runners • participants can run for at least 30 min without stopping None of the participants indicated any experience or familiarization with LRC during running Android-based mobile application designed to assist runners with LRC Through simple audio the runner is instructed to either breathe in or out at every nth step since SR-adaptive audio is preferable to instruct LRC Breathtool adapts the audio instruction based on instantaneous SR The stock Google/Android step detection was utilized and smoothed over a 5-step moving average to which the sounds were synchronized and generated high-pitched tone was played on steps indicating inhalation while expiration was indicated by a low-pitched tone Pilot testing showed the application to be sufficiently accurate against a reference tibia-mounted accelerometer with limits of agreement centered around a SR difference of 0 [95% confidence interval = −3.33 2.97] and a trivial bias = −0.18 [−0.416 basic LRC parameters (including steps per inhale: exhale) can be chosen and audio is streamed via Bluetooth to headphones or a speaker and placed securely in a waist belt on the caudal side of the pelvis for all participants Participants wore a Hexoskin smart shirt (HX; Carré Technologies, CAN) in all conditions to gather respiration (dual thoracic and abdominal stretch sensors, 2 channel respiratory inductance plethysmography, 16-bit, 128 Hz), heart rate (1 Ch ECG, 12bit) and accelerometry (3-axis, 64 Hz, range ±16 g) data (Figure 1) Experimental sensor setup with Hexoskin smart shirt Note that this upper arm placement of the phone was not used for the actual experiment (instead Permission was obtained for use by the persons in the photo participants ran on a treadmill ergometer (h/p cosmos sports Germany) calibrated to manufacturer's specifications USA) near-infrared spectroscopy sensor was worn on the right vastus lateralis Questionnaires related to rating of perceived exertion, dyspnea, subjective vitality, user experience, and prior music experience were used to gather subjective data at various timepoints. RPE data is reported in Supplementary Tables As the other data are not the focus of this article A sequential within-subjects design was used to compare step-only and LRC guidance (Figure 2) This experimental design was developed with stepwise instruction and individual calibration to maximize instruction adherence and to minimize deviation from participant's natural BR The first outdoor (T1) and indoor (T2) visits were intended to familiarize the runners to the Breathtool app with single-tone step sounds and to measure each runner's baseline individual breathing pattern We speculated that step-only sounds would have negligible effects on LRC occurrence since this cohort was inexperienced both in running and LRC As we aimed to contrast spontaneous LRC occurrence with step sounds vs participants were excluded if they showed deliberate LRC performance in T1 participants were fitted with a HX shirt and then performed a silent resting phase for 5 min to capture resting BP and heart rate data This standardized measurement was performed before and after all study visits also to encourage a similar psychophysiological state between runs In T1 participants ran continuously for 30 min outdoors on a 1 km forest path one researcher accompanied the runner with a Bluetooth speaker to explain the application and sound instructions Participants wore Bluetooth headphones for the remainder of the run There was no explicit breathing instruction; runners were only told to “step to the beat” The runners were instructed to run continuously at a steady pace that they thought they could sustain for 30 min In the second visit approximately 48 h later participants ran on a treadmill at 90% and 110% (8 min each) of the speed derived from the mean pace of the T1 run These speeds were used to examine LRC at preferred and non-preferred speeds Runners completed a warmup including 3 min walking at 4 km/h and 5 min jogging at 7.5 km/h during which they were refamiliarized to the step-only feedback They had 3 min rest after warmup and between each experimental condition participants returned for identical running sessions with added LRC instruction The mean BR and SR of the final 50% of the T1 and T2 runs were used to calculate the instructed LRC parameters for T3 and T4 Several other considerations were made for LRC instruction: LRC ratio (steps per breath) was calculated as the quotient of SR/BR rounded to the nearest integer (e.g. for a SR/BR of 170/25 = 6.8 would be rounded up to 7 steps per breath) Inhale: exhale ratio was preferentially kept equal If odd number of steps per breath was estimated then always 1 step per exhale more was chosen (e.g. LRC ratios either decreased 1 step/breath or remained unchanged between speed conditions (e.g. but never 4:4 (increasing steps/breath) or 2:3 (decreasing the ratio by 2 steps/breath or more) The instructed LRC ratios were never instructed faster than 2:2 Participants were introduced to Breathtool LRC guidance through a detailed researcher-led familiarization LRC sounds were played over the Bluetooth speaker as the participants were asked to step in place and breath along with the instructed rhythm The researcher cued the correct LRC by (1) counting steps by breath phase (e.g. in-2-3-out-2-3 for 3:3) and (2) breathing aloud to the app sounds The participant was encouraged to run independently in the experiment once the researcher observed clear understanding which was observed after the warmup for all participants In T3, participants ran with one LRC ratio during the entire 30 min outdoor run. The procedure and instructions were identical to T1, except for the addition of LRC instruction and suggestion to attempt to replicate the RPE and pace of the T1 run (Supplementary Table S1) participants ran on the treadmill at identical speeds to T2 but with LRC ratios derived from each speed condition in T2 The principal investigators utilized standardized verbal instruction during the LRC familiarization. Similar to Coates and Kowalchik (26) participants practiced LRC while stationary (foot tapping) and walking until they demonstrated conceptual understanding the researchers counted breath and steps; for example the researcher performed exaggerated breathing sounds in-phase with the runner's steps to emphasize the synchronization The running familiarization lasted exactly 1 km for all participants; both researcher and runner acknowledged subjective understanding prior to all runs HX raw data were trimmed to reflect representative areas of interest for overall instruction adherence estimation (see section “Instruction Adherence”); for T1/T3 outdoor conditions the first and last 30 s were trimmed and the rest of the run separated into equal quartiles T2/T4 indoor data were trimmed from 30 s after start (exactly at sound start) to the last minute (e.g. HX respiration data was processed using a custom-built algorithm (41) in MATLAB (MATLAB Version 2021a, MathWorks, Inc., Natick, United States). Step detection from HX accelerometer data was performed using an adapted version of the algorithm by Benson et. al (42).. Previous investigations revealed these methods to be extremely accurate (<5% bias) during running (41, 43) Previous investigations investigating LRC have used diverse methods for calculation and comparison, so we followed the best practice recommendations of Stickford A.S. and Stickford J.L. (6) by choosing techniques to quantify both types of coupling (frequency and phase) LRC ratio was calculated on a per-breath basis using the quotient of average SR (over one breath cycle) and BR (five-breath rolling average). Frequency coupling was quantified similar to a previously-reported adherence estimation (43, 44) Attachments and detachments were defined a priori as five or more consecutive breaths inside or outside an attachment was flagged if five consecutive breaths had a ratio between 4.75–5.25 steps per breath These were calculated from exact sound start for all conditions We chose to report the percentage of run time “attached” or “detached” (vs Note that runners can be neither attached nor detached so they do not necessarily sum to 100% The same routine was used to quantify spontaneous LRC occurrence to any whole-integer ratio in the step-only conditions BR variability (BRV) was quantified using the coefficient of variation (CV) of BR (46). Additionally in the breathing time series, “reset breaths” were flagged if a single breath was more than twice as deep or less than half of the BR of the previous one minute average. This measure was inspired by the psychophysiological construct of sighing and respiratory variability (47) The reset breath rate (reset breaths/min) was calculated as a quantitative measure reflecting respiratory discomfort and instability A within-subjects ANOVA with repeated measures was performed in MATLAB to assess differences in outcome variables LRC frequency and phase coupling with factors: trial (T1 vs T4 with factors trial and speed condition (90% All variables met the a priori requirements for normality assessed via Q-Q plots and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests assessed via Mauchly's test of sphericity the Hodges–Ajne test was used to confirm nonuniform vector direction to indicate significant entrainment Post-hoc Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons were used to determine where significant differences existed in run quartile (T1 vs We also assessed each possible two-way interaction in all comparisons A deeper analysis of T3 and T4 instruction adherence was performed using an almost identical ANOVA approach to that outlined above ANOVA with repeated measures was used to assess whether outcome variables frequency and phase coupling were affected by factors 1 discrete relative phase was calculated and separated for periods during attachment (>10 s) and outside of attachment in order to estimate the effect of frequency coupling onto phase coupling within individuals Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (95%) unless otherwise stated. Partial eta squared effect sizes were calculated using the formulas provided by Lakens (48) and interpreted as small (ηp2=0.01), medium (0.06), and large (>0.14) (49) Group summary of primary locomotor-respiratory coupling variables between outdoor conditions Frequency coupling was much stronger in T3 vs. T1, as participants were “attached” 69.9 ± 20.0 vs. 26.3% ± 10.7% of the run [F(1,15) = 15.86, ηp2=0.51, p = 0.001; Figure 3] Figure 4 demonstrates a representative example comparison for two participants Pairwise comparison revealed that each quartile of T3 was significantly different than the corresponding T1 quartile (p < 0.001) BRV also had a large difference [19.8 ± 3.4 vs 14.7% ± 4.9% for T1 vs respectively; F(1,15) = 15.25 p = 0.002] and each pairwise comparison was significant (p < 0.001) There was no apparent effect of BR deviation magnitude from T1 upon T3 adherence T3 attachment for all participants across equal quartiles of the run and attachment plot for two participants during T1 and T3 outdoor runs LRC ratio quantified using SR/BR quotient (steps per breath) Phase synchrogram shows relative phase of each step within the breath cycle (0–360 degrees Steps nearest inhalation are calculated relative to inhalation (270–360 and same with steps closest to exhalation (90–270 degrees) Note that this differs from the sine circle map and circular statistics approach which uses relative phase of breath to step for statistical efficacy Attachment calculation described in methods section as five or more breath cycles within 5% of prescribed LRC ratio First column shows participant 6 with T1 % time attached = 9.4%; T3 In the top panel note the highly variable LRC ratio throughout the run starting between 6-7 steps/breath and then speeding up to around 5 steps per breath as BR increased In the bottom panel note the strong adherence to the instructed ratio of 5 throughout most of the run Parallel dot groups indicate consistent relative phase of steps within the breath cycle Second column shows participant 1 with lower comparative LRC strength in T3 (LRC sounds) T1 % time attached = 24.2 %; T3 Note the large amount of attachments & detachments as well as inconsistent relative phase of steps within breath (random dots dispersion) Phase coupling was much more stable in T3 vs. T1 for expirations [ρ = 0.43 ± 0.18 vs. 0.20 ± 0.12; F(1,15) = 7.60, ηp2=0.34, p = 0.015; Figure 5] and all pairwise comparisons were significant (p < 0.001) A different effect was seen for inspirations; while there was a small nonsignificant difference between conditions [ρ = 0.39 ± 0.19 vs 0.23 ± 0.12; F(1,15) = 0.45 each pairwise comparison was significant (p < 0.02) There was a large difference in expiration timing θ [F(1,15) = 3.22 p = 0.023] across conditions T3 (A) expiration and (B) inspiration entrainment resultant vectors relative to step cycle Each marker represents the ensemble average for one participant over the entire run Gardner-Altman plot of T3 expiration entrainment stability ρ during attachment vs Note the single participant with small negative difference in entrainment when attached (dotted line) In T2, the average detected ratios were 4.8 ± 1.5, 4.7 ± 1.4, and 4.3 ± 1.0 steps per breath for the slow, neutral, and fast speeds, respectively. In T4, the individually instructed ratios ranged from 4 to 8 steps per breath (Table 3) Group summary of primary locomotor-respiratory coupling variables between indoor conditions Quantitative differences between step and LRC sound conditions were overall more pronounced indoors compared to outdoors participants were attached 37.9 ± 23.7 (T2) vs 92.3% ± 8.4% (T4) of the time [F(1,15) = 18.73 Each pairwise comparison between step and LRC sounds within speed conditions was significant (p < 0.001) There was a moderate nonsignificant difference in BRV between conditions [21.5 ± 17.2 vs 8.01% ± 3.31%; F(1,15) = 0.06 p = 0.81]; deeper analysis revealed a significant difference between participants (p = 0.03) and pairwise differences at the 90% and 100% speeds (p = 0.007) although there was a negligible difference in reset breaths between conditions [F(1,15) = 0.13 there was a significant pairwise difference between T2 and T4 in the 110% speed condition (p = 0.017) There was a large nonsignificant difference in expiration entrainment stability between conditions [F(1,15) = 4.35 and each pairwise comparison between speed conditions was significant (p < 0.02) A moderate nonsignificant difference in inspiration entrainment stability [F(1,15) = 1.13 p = 0.31] was accompanied by significant pairwise differences at 90% and 100% speeds (p = 0.005) No meaningful differences were observed in entrainment timing θ between conditions even ratio was observed for BRV [F(1,15) = 8.01 which was higher for odd ratio adherence (9.2 ± 1.6 vs 5.6% ± 2.2%) No other effects upon frequency or phase coupling adherence were detected within T4 between speeds This is one of few studies published on LRC in the field and that examined individualized breath guidance during exercise While the results show clear adherence to the guidance overall there were large inter-individual differences within this sample We attribute this varied response to small group differences in running experience This should be explored further in future studies we observed lower LRC prevalence in the current step-only sound conditions vs We suspect that this low LRC occurrence in T1 is due to 1 the relatively low running experience of our sample and 2 the focus on step sounds possibly perturbing any natural breathing patterns There is limited literature with which to compare our in-field LRC instruction success. Only one similar study could be found; they also leveraged real-time SR together with haptic feedback, but reported very low adherence around 26% “success ratio” across full, intermittent, and self-selected feedback conditions (53) When calculating the same success ratio for our data we found an average 72% ± 16% which strongly favors our auditory approach for guiding this promising breathing strategy The within-attachment analysis strongly suggests that stable frequency coupling inherently induces consistent phase coupling. While intuitive, these two components of coupling are phenomenologically distinct. It is possible to have one without the other, for example during weak frequency coupling, or, as previously reported, during alpine skiing when strong phase coupling can exist without frequency coupling (54) We propose that frequency coupling guidance that maximizes attachment is sufficient to trigger phase coupling in most runners This could lower the barrier to creating biofeedback application using this construct as precisely phase-synchronized sound feedback may not be needed While the majority of studies on LRC calculate relative phase using footstrike future studies should investigate the visceral piston timing relative to footstrike in order to improve such analysis Using the mean BR = 38 and SR = 166 observed in T1 combined with these reported event detection errors an average phase coupling error of ±54° could be expected This error certainly contributes noise to the phase coupling estimations compared here but cannot fully explain the systematic phase lag observed in the data we theorized that reset breaths represent normal BRV and would be elevated when the runner experiences respiratory distress or physical fatigue during this study we observed that some individuals consciously alter their breath (i.e. breath holding) when trying to adhere to breath guidance reset breaths might represent a psychophysiological reset or a conscious attempt to re-adhere to instructions we found that the largest percentage of reset breaths occurred within 10 s of a detachment (33.9%) while many “caused” the end of an attachment (21.3%) 27% occurred away from these a priori margins thus likely representing true psychophysiological resets (sighing) We attribute the lack of detectable differences in reset breaths between conditions to small sample size and large inter-individual variation; more studies are needed to understand this variable and normal values in runners so we conclude that the step-only and LRC sound guidance did not substantially influence SR within this cohort This study lacked randomization and a true control condition. We chose a sequential design to introduce step sounds before LRC guidance, since LRC guidance alone could be considered a dual-task problem (following step and breath cues) (35) The first visits served to familiarize runners to the synchronized step sound to precisely evaluate frequency and phase coupling only breath guidance was added for the T3 and T4 visits We chose a step-only sound condition instead of no sound in the first study visits in order to isolate the effects of coupled breath guidance amongst the diverse effects of synchronized step sounds The addition of an initial no sound run may have revealed if there were any differences in LRC vs this design was sequential instead of randomized since exposure to LRC guidance might cause learning or retention of LRC during subsequent runs; future studies could explore this topic The verbal familiarization during the T3 and T4 conditions had an unknown contribution to the large increase in LRC observed in those runs While the runners only received a brief verbal familiarization to under the guidance at run onset it likely influenced the adherence in later parts of the run for this study we considered instruction understanding critically important so this aspect was not studied independently Future studies could examine the difference between verbal-only vs As stated above in the section “phase coupling” the accuracy of the HX for estimating LRC (especially phase coupling) is not entirely clear While we have published data on its suitability for detecting the component events (FR and footstrike) there are methodological barriers to evaluating overall LRC detection vs Future studies should clarify the key events from which to calculate synchronization (e.g. These results show promise that a mobile guidance system can be used in the field to further the understanding and study of LRC and its potential benefits First it was critical to report and understand deeply what and how runners adhered to the sound guidance amongst various constraints and performance data and plan to explore these in another study for example using the within-attachment approach described above This study design proved successful in inducing strong LRC in an acute setting and can also be used to compare the short-term effects of LRC and its implication for metabolic and perceptual responses Future iterations of the Breathtool app are planned to include features reflecting key learning from this study we hope to provide different soundscapes and temporality options for LRC instruction it will be designed for greater understanding and aesthetics to be used independently during longer intervention studies This study demonstrated how step-adaptive LRC sound guidance can be used to individualize breathing guidance and to strongly increase frequency and phase coupling in novice female runners More investigation is needed to clarify the advantages and challenges of instructing this breathing strategy in the field over longer time periods Progressive development of this custom application is in progress to enable such studies in the wild and to maximize usability for all runners The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of University of Salzburg The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study Written informed consent was obtained from the individual(s) for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article VVR; writing—original draft preparation All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version This work was partly funded by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport the Austrian Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs and the federal state of Salzburg under the research program COMET—Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies—in the project Digital 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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited in accordance with accepted academic practice distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms *Correspondence: Eric Harbour ZXJpYy5oYXJib3VyQHBsdXMuYWMuYXQ= Specialty Section: This article was submitted to Elite Sports and Performance Enhancement a section of the journal Frontiers in Sports and Active Living Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher 94% of researchers rate our articles as excellent or goodLearn more about the work of our research integrity team to safeguard the quality of each article we publish This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page or sign up for a new account and purchase a subscription to continue reading or sign up for a new account to continue reading We hope that you continue to enjoy our free content no promotional deals were found matching that code hundreds of rock music fans jam a highway leading from Bethel as they try to leave the Woodstock Music and Art Festival More than 400,000 people attended Woodstock which was staged 80 miles northwest of New York City on a bucolic hillside owned by dairy farmer Max Yasgur but miserable for handling the hordes coming in by car 1969 remain sharp among people who were in the crowd and on the stage Ilene Marder Hinchey poses for a picture in Woodstock Hinchey was one of the 400,000 people who flocked to the three-day Woodstock Music and Art Festival in 1969 Bethel 1969 file photo shows a crowd of about 400,000 people attending the Woodstock Music and Arts Festival in Bethel Woodstock was staged 80 miles northwest of New York City on a bucolic hillside owned by dairy farmer Max Yasgur remain sharp among people who were in the crowd and on the stage Kevin Rheden poses for a photograph with a photo of himself taken while in high school as he talks about his memories of the original Woodstock music festival in Bethel remains sharp among people who were in the crowd and on the stage for the historic festival Kevin Rheden talks about his memories from a return trip 40 years later of mud and rain at the original Woodstock music festival in Bethel smiling faces and feeling this overwhelming feeling of comfort I can't describe it except to say that the hillside was just like a waterfall of love … It's like I'm not alone There are other people out there that think like me look like me and live like me.” (AP Photo/Hans Pennink) Kevin Rheden's memorabilia of his memories of the Woodstock music festival and his return trip to the site in Bethel are displayed on a table at his home Tuesday Woodstock was staged 80 miles (130 kilometers) northwest of New York City on a bucolic hillside owned by dairy farmer Max Yasgur a flat piece of ground and some rocks are all that remain of the stage of the 1969 Woodstock Music and Arts Fair Henry Diltz poses for a picture in the Morrison Hotel Gallery in New York Diltz said he got to the site early during the setup: “All these hippie carpenters were sawing and hammering building this huge plywood deck right at the bottom of this big The green alfalfa was waving in the breeze … It was all wonderful It was like summer camp.” (AP Photo/Seth Wenig) near the site of the 1969 Woodstock Music and Art Festival in Bethel David Crosby poses for a portrait in Park City Crosby was one of the performers on stage at the 1969 Woodstock Music and Art Festival in Bethel “I saw people tear a sandwich and share it we were hopeful.” (Photo by Taylor Jewell/Invision/AP 2019 aerial photo shows the field on Max Yasgur's farm where 400,000 people flocked for the1969 Woodstock Festival in Bethel a small peace sign is set into the grass at the site of the 1969 Woodstock Music and Arts Fair a tourist looks at messages and items people have left at the site of the 1969 Woodstock Music and Arts Fair in Bethel photo shows the number 50 and a peace sign mowed into the grass at the site of the 1969 Woodstock Music and Arts Fair in Bethel — They helicoptered over crowds into the Woodstock festival and hiked in past abandoned cars They danced at dawn on a muddy hillside and dodged drenching rain phoned Mom to say they were OK and marveled at their sheer numbers They left behind sodden socks and sleeping bags Here are their recollections of the Woodstock festival Rock photographer Henry Diltz got to the site early during the setup: “All these hippie carpenters were sawing and hammering It was like summer camp … And then suddenly one day there were people sitting up there on the hillside and at first I thought ‘What the hell are they doing up there?’ and then ‘Oh yeah an 18-year-old traveling up from the Bronx: “People were abandoning their cars — not on the side of the road but ON the road … I was very responsible then ‘You can’t just leave your car in the middle of the road!’ But everyone did … There was an immediate sense that something was happening that never happened before.” but they got caught in traffic: “We got out of the car and kind of glared at each other You have to remember that everything about Woodstock being chaos is the truth … Some guy was running around with a t-shirt and walkie-talkie and he looked like he knew what he was doing The enduring story of Woodstock is that more than 400,000 people jammed into an area of about a square mile without a disaster Nancy Nevins first saw the crowd from a helicopter: “It didn’t even look like a crowd Sweetwater’s keyboardist) says to the pilot Kevin Rheden was an 18-year-old from the Hudson River Valley: “I’m meandering up through bodies I can’t describe it except to say that the hillside was just like a waterfall of love … It’s like I’m not alone Henry Diltz : “Late the afternoon I thought I’m going to walk through that crowd to the top of the hill and turn around and take a photo looking over the crowd down the hill at the stage.’ And so I did that and it took me quite a while to get up there and by then it was just getting dark and I’m looking down and taking a picture and I hear … ‘Ladies and gentleman and I’m way up here!’ It took me half the set to get back through the whole crowd and get back up on stage.” Stills & Nash: “I saw people tear a sandwich and share it For a minute we were not facing the Vietnam War we were behaving like decent human beings.” who drove to the festival with a college friend: “You know what they call good vibes It was an incredible experience with all these people and was very peaceful and just listening to great music Everyone was really friendly and helpful.” I saw the crowd kind of separate … and two guys were circling each other waving their fists like they were going to fight about something And then somebody handed them a joint and they each took a puff off the joint and then they kind of laughed and hugged each other and then they sat back down.” Lighting director Chip Monck was told by promoter Michael Lang that he had an extra job: “Michael just tapped me on the shoulder and said we’ve neglected to hire an emcee and you’re it because you don’t have anything to do in the daytime.’” William Tindale was among the state troopers dispatched to Bethel: “We just didn’t know what was going to happen But we were just concerned about them getting into a riot or something.” Jefferson Airplane guitarist Jorma Kaukonen and the band arrived Saturday for an evening performance They ended up playing Sunday: “We got there in the morning We were supposed to go on at like 6 in the evening I like two-wheeled things with motors on them college student: “The closer you got to the stage on Sunday just meant you were almost underwater because there were literally streams going down the hill.” Debra Conway lived nearby and would drive in and out via back roads: “By Sunday it was really disgustingly muddy and smelly and steamy so maybe it was different for people who were.” Ted Neumann: “The only way to communicate was to stand on line at somebody’s house and wait for use of their phone and give them a dollar … The field that I parked my car at there was some farm house there and there was a line of 20 or so people And you just waited on line and used the woman’s phone told her where I was and told her I was safe.” Because the concert ran into Monday morning Country Joe McDonald performed an impromptu solo set that was tepidly received — until he led a now-famous foul-mouthed cheer: “I walked off stage and nobody even noticed that I left And I went over to (tour manager) Bill (Belmont) and I asked him if he thought it would be OK if I did the cheer and “Fixin’ to Die Rag,” the song about Vietnam because I was saving it for that evening to play with the band What difference does it make what you do?’ And I thought he’s right.’ So I walked out there and yelled ‘Give me an F!’ And they stopped talking to each other and they looked at me and yelled ‘F!’” Ted Neumann: “It was just one (act) after another Just talking to each other in the field and saying it can’t get any better than that.’ And then the next thing seemed even better … When Jefferson Airplane came on John Fogerty waited a while with Creedence Clearwater Revival to go on after the Grateful Dead who finished around midnight: “It was just pitch black I couldn’t see anything except a couple rows right here it looked like one of those paintings of the souls in Dante’s Inferno we’re rocking out … And finally I begin to realize that’s why I’m not hearing a big response from the darkness: they’re all asleep The Grateful Dead had put half a million people to sleep!” Jorma Kaukonen: “Carlos Santana’s performance was an eye opener because we’d never seen anything like that I remember that to this day as being one of the great live shows of all time.” Henry Diltz: “I had my rented station wagon parked behind the stage … I woke up Monday morning to … “Ladies and gentlemen Jimi Hendrix” … I leapt out of the back of that car and ran up on stage … When he played the Star-Spangled Banner … I remember my first thought was That’s the song of the government that we hate for trying to send us off to war … That’s their song He’s reclaiming it for us.’ … In that quiet of the dawn it went out from these huge speakers and it echoed against the bare hillside because many people had left It was so riveting and so amazing everyone was standing there with their mouths open.” littered hillside knew they had been through a once-in-a-lifetime experience Ilene Marder: “I do remember looking out upon the sea of sleeping bags in the mud It’s all I could see — it felt like to the horizon You just saw these hulking shapes in the mud and you knew that they were sleeping bags or collapsed tents Annette Nanes: “I went to work on Monday and I was working in a very prim and proper office And they knew that I went to a concert and They had heard about you know this whole Woodstock thing over the weekend YOU were at Woodstock!?’ They were incredulous I said ‘Yeah.’ And I went back to my work in my little skirt who died in 1973: “It changed him in many respects He became more reflective and because he became more known people would reach out to him … to reunite families He spent his last years doing a lot of that.” Jorma Kaukonen: “I’ve got a 13-year-old daughter and I took her to the museum of Woodstock last year And we looked at all the stuff and she found it appalling that we went out dressed like that I knew everything was gonna be all right no matter what I did or where I was going to go It wasn’t just my long hair or the clothes that I wore It was something in my soul that I connected with other people It’s a memory that I have and the older I get But that feeling inside me has not left me.” AP reporters John Carucci in New York and Marcela Isaza in Los Angeles contributed to this report Your browser is out of date and potentially vulnerable to security risks.We recommend switching to one of the following browsers: This website has been translated using an AI program "Aquarius finds strength in embracing others without losing itself." In the sign of Aquarius Aquarius is the third and last air sign of the zodiac and symbolizes the recognition of social boundaries in the world but it comes down to these people being real people people but sometimes they even go so far that they lose their own identity a little And autumn has a lot in store for Aquarius Autumn is a time of change and movement with travels that stimulate curiosity and intellect cultural discoveries or trips where they can meet new ideas and people This is the Aquarius Horoscope: autumn 2024 Aquarians are natural helpers who will not hesitate to enter the lion’s den if it is for a good cause and prefer shared responsibility to prevent tyranny The year 2024 promises to be a dynamic year for Aquarians It will be a year of personal and spiritual development in which they will leave old parts of themselves behind for good and prepare for a new time This transformation brings abundance and strength although sometimes compromises have to be made first The fall of 2024 is the perfect time for reflection and seeking compromises. Retreat into nature to think about the choices you want to make. Think of the Kennemerduinen, Gulpen, the Veluwezoom in Rheden October is the ideal month for long-distance travel that helps you grow as a person. Beautiful destinations are Japan (been there, done that and collected it in an e-book) and Indonesia. Would you rather stay closer to home? Then explore Belgium and discover the cities of Liège or Ghent. Ok, one more tip: enjoy Lake Garda in Italy, where it is still wonderful to stay in autumn