"We believe that natural beauty comes from the soul, something you feel within"
Malaysian reggae outfit Salammusik have released the music video for their latest single ‘Molek’.
The clip, shot in Langkawi, premiered on YouTube on Friday (September 25). It was directed by illustrator Art:tech, and produced by Amsterdam-based Iris van Wijhe.
Vocalist Salam said in a statement the song was not dedicated to an individual, but rather all girls and women in the country. Its message, he said, is about “authenticity” and “appreciating who you are.”
“As we get older, we realise the value of being healthy and being naturally beautiful from the inside out,” he said.
“We believe that natural beauty comes from the soul, something you feel within, not just on the surface, not just skin deep, but much deeper than that.”
The inspiration behind ‘Molek’, Salam explained, came from observing the beauty industry.
“I think it has gotten us all too focused on what’s on the outside. It seems to be all about fixing our flaws with products that they sell.”
‘Molek’ was recorded by Salam and bassist Kristopher Chong. Other members of Salammusik are vocalists Dyana Shamsuddin and Yaya Naqia, guitarist Ahmad Bulya Abdillah, drummer Kevin Theng, keyboardist Hibri Arsad, trumpet player Mohd Irhas, and Saxophonists Jazmi Jamaluddin and Aabid Aafiat.
Salammusik were formed in 2006. Their first self-titled album won the Best Album category of Malaysia’s 19th Anugerah Industry Muzik (AIM) awards in 2012.
In early 2013, the band released their 13-track sophomore album ‘O’, while their latest album ‘Riwayat’, containing 11 tracks, dropped last year.
The world’s defining voice in music and pop culture: breaking what’s new and what’s next since 1952.
Volume 9 - 2022 | <a class="ArticleLayoutHeader__info__doi" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.977359">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.977359</a>
This study aimed to identify whether early-life conditions in broiler chickens could affect their behavior and welfare
and whether or not this was associated with an altered gut microbiome composition or diversity
Broilers were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial design with hatching conditions [home pen (OH) or at the hatchery (HH)] and enrichment (dark brooder (EE) or no brooder (NE) until 14 days of age) as factors (N = 6 per treatment combination)
Microbiota composition was measured in the jejunum on days (d) 7
and 35 and in pooled fecal samples on day 14
A novel environment test (NET) was performed on days 1 and 11
composite asymmetry was determined and footpad dermatitis and hock burn were scored
HH showed more locomotion than OH (P = 0.05)
and NE were sitting more and showed more comfort behavior than EE at all ages (P &#x0003C; 0.001 and P = 0.001
On days 6 and 13 NE showed more eating and litter pecking while sitting
but on day 33 the opposite was found (age&#x0002A;enrichment: P = 0.05 and P &#x0003C; 0.01
HH showed more social reinstatement in the NET than OH
and EE showed more social reinstatement than NE (P &#x0003C; 0.05)
Composite asymmetry scores were lower for EE than NE (P &#x0003C; 0.05)
EE also had less footpad dermatitis and hock burn than NE (P &#x0003C; 0.001)
NE had a more diverse fecal and jejunal microbiome compared to EE on day 14 (feces: observed richness: P = 0.052; jejunum: observed richness and Shannon: P &#x0003C; 0.05); the principal component analysis (PCA) showed differences between NE and EE within both HH and OH in fecal samples on day 14
as well as significant differences in bacterial genera such as Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae (P &#x0003C; 0.05)
PCA in jejunal samples only showed a trend (P = 0.068) for differences between NE vs
these results suggest that especially the dark brooder affected the behavior and had a positive effect on welfare as well as affected the composition and diversity of the microbiome
Whether or not the behavior was modulated by the microbiome or vice versa remains to be investigated
there might be an association between the early rearing environment
which could influence a bird&#x00027;s ability to cope with environmental and social challenges in production systems (i.e.
On-farm hatching may thus have long-term consequences for welfare
it is unknown whether or not these effects might be associated with changes in the gut microbiome
and suggested a role of the gut microbiome in the development of behavior
and immune response in layers housed in different environments
it remains to be further studied whether a dark brooder indeed affects broiler welfare and whether this might be related to changes in the gut microbiome composition
The animal study was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of Wageningen University and Research (License Number AVD401002016578)
The experiment included a total of 576 Ross 308 broiler chickens divided over 24 pens with 24 chickens (12 male
Two randomly chosen chickens per pen (one male and one female) were euthanized and dissected on days 7
and 35 for the collection of jejunal content (see below)
These two chickens received a color mark (one pair until day 7
and these two marked chickens were also subjected to the novel environment test on days 1 and 11 (see below)
both that hatched on-farm and from the hatchery (see below)
were from the same batch of eggs and the same parent stock (42 weeks of age)
egg trays were alternately assigned to one of both treatments in a commercial hatchery (Probroed
A total of 384 18-day-incubated eggs were transported to the experimental farm of Wageningen University and Research (Lelystad
The Netherlands) and distributed over cardboard trays specially made for on-farm hatching (One2Born
32 eggs were placed in one tray (three rows of 10 eggs with an empty row in between
and two additional eggs placed in the middle)
all hatched chickens were sexed and healthy
first-grade chickens were selected for the experiment
This day was named &#x0201C;d0&#x0201D; according to commercial practice
The remaining chickens that were on-farm hatched were removed from the pen and euthanized
384 additional chickens from the same parent stock batch arrived from the hatchery and were randomly placed in the other pens
All female chickens received a wing mark upon placement in the pen or selection on day 0
The EE treatment was randomly allocated to one of both rooms
pens were alternately assigned to the OH or HH treatment
Pens were 20 cm apart to prevent contamination between them through the exchange of litter or feces
pens were closed off to 20 cm height from the floor whereas the other side was closed by the feeding troughs (1 m height)
clean plastic overshoes and gloves were used when caretakers or observers needed to enter a pen and/or catch a chicken
Each pen measured 1.5 x 1 x 1 m (l x w x h)
Two food troughs of 75 cm in length each were placed in front of the pen and four drinking nipples with cups were available at the back side of the pen
Fresh wood shavings were used as litter material and these were also present in the OH pens on day 18 of incubation (upon placement of the eggs)
food was provided on paper and water in small dishes to enable newly hatched chickens to find food and water; this was continued until day 3 when all chickens had started to eat from the trough
the eggshell temperature was measured two times per day after placement of the eggs until the majority started to hatch to ensure an egg temperature of 37.8&#x000B0;C
the cardboard tray and the egg shells were removed from the OH pens
The dark brooder measured 0.5 x 0.5 m and was accessible via black plastic flaps on each side
The height of the brooders was adjusted to the height of the birds two times per week
the dark brooders were removed from the pens
and from day 14 onward an equal temperature schedule was applied for both experimental rooms
the temperature was set at 35&#x000B0;C on day 0 and decreased to 18&#x000B0;C from day 33 onward
From the placement of the eggs until day 1
From days 1 to 4 18L:6D schedule was applied
A standard three-phase pelleted commercial diet (ABZ
The Netherlands) provided ad libitum with a starter from days 0&#x02013;15
All pens were vaccinated against IB and NCD by spray vaccination at d0
Chickens selected for the dissections were individually weighed upon removal from the pen
Cameras were mounted above the pens to record the behavior of the chickens. Three ages were selected for scan sampling of home pen behavior, i.e., days 6, 13, and 33. Scan sampling was done for 2 h per day during the light period: 08:00&#x02013;09:00 h and 16:00&#x02013;17:00 h, and these periods excluded the checking of the birds by the caretakers. For each pen, every 10 min the number of chickens performing one of the behaviors as listed in the ethogram (<a href="#T1">Table 1</a>) was scored
Ethogram defining the different behavioral categories
A novel environment test according to de Haas et al. (<a href="#B25">25</a>) was carried out by one observer on days 1 and 11 of age for one male and one female per pen; different chickens were tested on days 1 and 11
Test birds received a small color mark on their head after testing for dissections on days 7 and 14
Both chickens in a pen were tested before moving to the next pen
and all pens in a room were tested before moving to the next room
The test was performed in the small hallway to which the rooms were connected
a chicken was caught from a pen and placed in a black round bucket (23.5 cm in diameter at the bottom and 23.5 cm in height) that served as a novel environment
and the number of escape attempts were scored by the observer that was out of sight of the chicken
and the chicken was placed back in the pen
the bucket was thoroughly cleaned with alcohol to prevent contamination between pens
On day 35, all broilers per pen were scored for footpad lesions (FPD) and hock burn (HB) according to Welfare Quality (<a href="#B58">58</a>)
both FPD and HB were scored on a scale from 0&#x02013;4
with 0 being no lesion and 4 being a large and deep lesion
four broilers were randomly selected (two males and two females) and euthanized
and the legs were collected by cutting the tibia
Legs were marked for each broiler and frozen at &#x02212;20&#x000B0;C until further analysis
legs were thawed and the length of the left and right middle toe
and the length and width of the left and right metatarsus were measured using X-ray
Relative metatarsus length was calculated:
This was done in a similar way for relative metatarsus width and middle toe length. From these values, the composite asymmetry score was calculated by the sum of the 3 relative asymmetry scores, as described by (<a href="#B59">59</a>)
PCR efficiency was checked on an agarose gel
Amplicons were sequenced using paired-end sequencing
2x150bp technology on a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina
USA) at a sequencing depth in the range of 43
170 read-pairs per sample) for the total dataset
One sample that did not pass the quality control was already excluded
For the pooled samples (n = 24,) we filtered samples having more than 5,000 merged reads
resulting in 22 samples (excluding one OH-NE and one HH-NE sample) that were subsequently rarefied to an even depth to 27,855
and 1,061 taxa remained for further down-stream analysis
we filtered samples having more than 5,000 merged reads
resulting in 135 samples that were subsequently rarefied to an even depth of 5,215 and 1,762 taxa remained for further down-stream analysis
and the proportion of chickens showing aggression could not be analyzed as too many zeros were present in these data
Scan sampling data of the behavior were summed for all scans per behavioral category
and divided by the total number of observed broilers in that session
Data were analyzed by GLMM with a binomial distribution and logit link
Latency to vocalize in the NET was log-transformed before analysis
Latency to vocalize and frequency of vocalizations in the NET were analyzed with ANOVA with treatment (hatching system and enrichment)
and sex and their interactions as fixed factors and pen&#x0002A;age as block
FPD and HB scores were analyzed as ordinal variables with a generalized linear model using a logit link
For statistical analysis of the fecal and jejunal microbiota diversity and composition
the vegan (v2.5&#x02013;6) and phyloseq (v1.28.0) packages within the R environment (R version 3.6.1) were used
we used Student&#x00027;s t-test to test for the significance of enrichment (EE vs
NE) within the different hatching systems (HH and OH)
we used a principal coordinate analysis with the Bray&#x02013;Curtis dissimilarity
the seed (an integer vector containing the random number generator (RNG) state for random number generation) was set to &#x0201C;12,345,&#x0201D; and thereafter adonis (tests if the position of the centroids differs among the treatments) and betadisper (tests if the communities differ in their variance) were performed
To investigate the differences between groups on the phyla and genera levels
Differences of P &#x0003C; 0.05 were considered statistically significant
0.05 &#x02264; P &#x02264; 0.10 were considered a trend
Proportion of chickens performing the different behaviors (back-transformed means) and P-values for hatching conditions (HH
sitting while pecking at the litter and in the brooder/not visible
where a significant interaction between hatching system and age (upper part)
even if we assume that a few percent of these young chicks were not visible on the videos at all because of obstruction or they were too small
Latency to first vocalization did not differ between the treatments and no two- or three-way interactions were found (data not shown)
Escape attempts were not observed at day 0 and only 4 attempts were observed on day 11
these (including the latency to escape) were not analyzed
Average frequency of vocalizations &#x000B1; se in the novel environment test on days 1 and 11 of age
for males and females in pens without a brooder (NE) and with a dark brooder until day 14 of age (EE)
Bars lacking a common letter differ significantly (P &#x0003C; 0.05)
Diversity of microbiota in fecal samples collected on day 14 of age; observed richness (top boxplot) and Shannon index (bottom boxplot)
P-values of comparison between pens with a dark brooder (EE) and without a brooder (NE) within the hatchery-hatched (HH) resp
on-farm hatched treatments (OH) are indicated in the boxplots
Each point represents a pen (pooled sample of six chickens per pen)
Hatching conditions did not affect the prevalence of footpad lesions and hock burn on day 35, but EE broilers had lower footpad lesion and hock burn scores than NE broilers (<a href="#SM1">Supplementary Figure 2</a>) (footpad lesions: P &#x0003C; 0.001; hock burn P &#x0003C; 0.001)
The composite asymmetry score on day 35 was significantly lower for EE than NE broilers (49.84 mm vs
51.96 mm for EE vs NE respectively; se = 0.88; P = 0.02)
females had significantly lower composite asymmetry scores than males (19.77 mm vs
males respectively; se = 0.54; P &#x0003C; 0.001)
The hatching system did not affect composite asymmetry scores (data not shown)
HH broilers with dark brooders (EE) had a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus
but a lower relative abundance of Corynebacterium
and Clostriciales_vadinBB60 group than HH-NE
OH broilers with dark brooders (EE) also had a higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus
and a lower relative abundance of Staphylococcus
Treatment differences in the relative abundance of the genus-level microbial groups in pooled fecal samples collected on day 14
indicated the significance levels for both without (P-value) and with multiple testing (FDR)
Principal coordinate analysis (family level) of fecal microbiota on day 14 for pens with a dark brooder (EE) and without a brooder (NE) within the hatchery-hatched (HH) respectively
The microbial diversity in jejunal samples showed a significantly higher diversity for NE vs. EE within OH on day 14 (Observed richness: P = 0.003; Shannon index: P = 0.002), but not on days 7 and 35 (<a href="#F4">Figure 4</a>). In addition, no differences were found for NE vs. EE within HH for both observed richness and the Shannon index. Principal coordinate analysis at the family level was performed for each age (<a href="#F5">Figure 5</a>)
Further testing per time point for all treatment combinations only showed a trend for EE vs
NE within OH on day 35 (corrected P = 0.069)
The variances between the different groups were not significantly different within a time-point (data not shown)
When testing for specific bacterial genera between NE vs
no significant differences were observed (data not shown)
Diversity of microbiota in jejunal samples on days 7
and 35 of age; observed richness (top boxplot) and the Shannon index (bottom boxplot)
P-values of comparison between pens with a dark brooder (EE) and without a brooder (NE) within the hatchery-hatched (HH) respectively
on-farm hatched treatments (OH) for each age are indicated in the boxplots
Principal coordinate analysis (family level) of jejunal microbiota on day 7 (upper plot)
and day 35 (bottom plot) for the different treatments [with a dark brooder (EE) and without a brooder (NE)
we determined whether early rearing conditions in broiler chickens not only affected behavior and welfare but also the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome
The early rearing environment was modified by different hatching conditions (on-farm hatching vs
traditional hatching at the hatchery) and the presence or absence of a dark brooder until day 14 of age
The hatching environment resulted in few changes in behavior but not in the jejunal and fecal microbiome composition or diversity
whereas the dark brooder treatment showed both short and more long-term effects on behavior
and fecal microbiome composition and diversity
As only a few interaction effects between hatching environment and enrichment were found
these early rearing factors will be discussed separately
They further observed more resting in chickens provided with a dark brooder
supposing that this was the most predominant behavior when being under the brooder
that both the chickens under the brooder and the chickens sitting idle perform resting behavior
On day 13 the proportion of resting chickens is more or less equal for EE and NE
our results indicate that the dark brooder can have both a short and long-term effect on broiler chicken home pen behavior
being in line with earlier studies in laying hens
It also might be related to the fact that chickens used the brooder for resting in the first weeks
which could have caused the litter quality in the rest of the pen to remain good
NE chickens were sitting more than EE chickens
which could have had a negative effect on litter quality
and increased the contact time of feet and hocks with the litter
increasing the risk for contact dermatitis
gives an additional effect to this early colonization resulting in a difference in intestinal development later in life
It remains to be further determined whether there is a relationship between microbiome composition and social behavior in EE chickens
or whether the observed effects on sociality are a result of early programming of behavior due to the dark brooder in the pen
was also not affected by the hatching treatment
on-farm hatching as practiced in the present experiment had only minor effects on behavior and welfare indicators
but did not find significant differences from day 21 of age onward
we did not observe significant differences in microbiome diversity and composition between HH and OH at all ages
only a short-lasting delay in colonization of the gut between HH and OH was present
as both groups were housed in an identical environment from day 0 onward and received an identical diet
the first moment of analysis of the microbiome (day 7 of age) might have been too late to observe any differences between the hatching conditions
It cannot be excluded that other environmental factors also played a role in the microbial colonization of the gut in addition to the diet; HH and OH broilers were from the same parent stock and housed in the identical environment from day 0 onward
The different environment between embryonic day 18 and day 0 of age and disinfection of the HH chickens in the hatchery seemed to play a minor role in the microbial colonization of the gut in the present study
we showed that rearing broiler chickens with a dark brooder from days 0&#x02013;14 affects sociality
as compared to rearing broilers without a brooder
and that some of these effects last until slaughter age (d35)
whether there is just an association between behavior
and gut microbiome diversity or composition
or whether the microbiome modulates the behavior or vice versa needs to be further studied
hatching conditions affected sociality and had a minor effect on home pen behavior
but did not change the gut microbiome composition
The relatively short transport duration and thus likely the relatively small difference in timing of first feeding between HH and OH may have contributed to the lack of effects of hatching conditions on the gut microbiome composition
The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found below: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/</a>
All other data can be provided upon request
The animal study was reviewed and approved by Ethical Committee of Wageningen Livestock Research
IJ and JR contributed to the conception and design of the study
IJ and DS performed the statistical analyses
IJ wrote the first draft of the manuscript
JR and DS wrote sections of the manuscript
and DS contributed to the manuscript revision
All authors read and approved the submitted version
The present study was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture
Nature and Food Quality within the program KB-34-006-008 Microbiome Program
Johan van Riel was acknowledged for the statistical analysis of the behavior and welfare data and the caretakers of the experimental farm are acknowledged for their assistance with the sampling of the birds
Jerine van der Eijk was acknowledged for reviewing the manuscript
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations
Any product that may be evaluated in this article
or claim that may be made by its manufacturer
is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.977359/full#supplementary-material">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2022.977359/full#supplementary-material</a>
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Received: 24 June 2022; Accepted: 16 August 2022; Published: 12 September 2022
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Supermarket chains Nettorama and Boni announced on Friday their decision to merge, with the new entity operating under the name Nettorama, <a href="https://nos.nl/artikel/2484558-supermarktketens-nettorama-en-boni-fuseren">NOS reported</a>
the Boni brand will no longer be present in the market
The combined workforce of both chains amounts to 6,800 employees
None of the store staff will face job losses due to the merger
as the stores are spread across different locations in the Netherlands
there will be some job reductions at the headquarters over time
the Boni supermarkets will be turned into Nettorama stores
One of the main reasons cited by Boni for this merger is the pursuit of economies of scale
scale enlargement is necessary to continue serving customers at the lowest prices and to remain an attractive employer," stated Boni's director Bouke van der Wal in a press release about the merger
The merger's final approval still depends on the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets and Boni's Works Council
The number of supermarket chains has declined in recent years in the Netherlands
Plus and Coop supermarket chains merged under the name Plus
while supermarket Deen was acquired by Albert Heijn
most stores of the supermarket chain Jan Linders
which has branches mainly in the south of the country
clearing the way for her son to become king
Former Queen Juliana is seen in this March 1943 file photo when she was still a princess in exile in Ottawa
In her arms is Princess Margriet.FILES/The Associated Press
Dutch royal entourage (from left) Renee Roell
Queen Beatrix and Princess Irene found a warm welcome in Canada
walk from the Royal Palace in Amsterdam this morning on their way to civil ceremony that preceded church wedding
Queen Beatrix is shown during her crowning ceremony at Nieuwe Kerk
the German-born husband of Dutch Queen Beatrix
Austria during their winter sports vacation.The Associated Press
Dutch Queen Beatrix waves to the public in Wijhe
The Dutch Royals are spending the Queen&#x27;s day
in Wijhe.VINCENT JANNINK/AFP / Getty Images
Queen Beatrix (C) of the Netherlands poses with her son Prince Johan Friso
his wife Princess Mabel and the couple&#x27;s newborn daughter Countess Luana in the Hague in this April 24
walk together during the welcome ceremony at the palace Noordeinde in The Hague
speaks with Queen Beatrix after memorial ceremonies in Groesbeek Canadian Military cemetery in Groesbeek
Netherlands&#x27; Queen Beatrix (R) and her son Crown Prince Willem-Alexander wave to well-wishers from the balcony of the Royal Noordeinde Palace after opening the new parliamentary year in The Hague September 21
Princess Maxima (C) and Crown Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands listen to a speech during the annual Queen&#x27;s day in Veenendaal April 30
her son Prince Willem-Alexander (C) and his wife Princess Maxima are seen waving to well-wishers from the balcony of the Royal Palace Noordeinde
after the Queen officially opened the new parliamentary year for 2013
announces her abdication in favour of her son
during a hastily announced broadcast on Dutch National Television to the nation at her home palace in The Hague in this January 28