Volume 10 - 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.827794 This article is part of the Research TopicCarbon Geological StorageView all 7 articles dynamic simulation models of CO2 injection into saline aquifers of the Choszczno-Suliszewo structure located in north-western Poland were constructed for two scenarios with different injection rates The injection rates of 1 Mt CO2/year and 2 Mt CO2/year were analysed for each of the injection wells characteristic for the sequestration process the spatial distribution of free CO2 saturation in the structure and carbon dioxide dissolved in brine were presented in a graphical form The observation time of changes occurring in the rock mass in the interval of up to 1,000 years after the completion of injection was assumed During the modelling of CO2 sequestration in Lower Jurassic aquifers in the Suliszewo model the previously assumed CO2 injection rates were achieved for both injection scenarios The observed pressure increase does not pose any threat to the Suliszewo structure tightness The sequestration process was found to be highly effective due to the phenomenon of the dissolution of CO2 in brine and the resulting convection motion of brine enriched with carbon dioxide there is an increase in CO2 storage capacity and permanent long-term trapping of the injected carbon dioxide The process of the displacement of injected CO2 from the collector layers to the layers constituting the reservoir sealing was observed This phenomenon takes place in the upper parts of the Choszczno structure and is caused mainly by the locally occurring worse technical parameters of seal layers in this area The main objectives of the summit were to adopt the missing implementing legislation to the Paris Agreement and to make commitments that maintain the possibility of limiting the temperature rise to 1.5°C above the pre-industrial average temperature the outcome of COP26 should be considered a success—provisions on transparency international cooperation mechanisms and a common time frame have been agreed The final declaration adopted indicates the need to take measures to reduce global emissions by 45% by 2030 compared to 2010 and to approach climate neutrality in the middle of the 21st century The instruments for the implementation of these activities will be the rapid building of clean generation capacities in the energy sector accelerating the abandonment of the use of coal without CO2 capture for this purpose accelerated withdrawal of ineffective subsidies for fossil fuels reduction of emissions of other greenhouse gases but also better inclusion of the results of scientific research in the process of policy making It was also emphasized that the transition to climate neutrality must be fair and that the protection of nature and ecosystems as natural sinks of carbon dioxide will play an important role It was emphasized in the discussions that one cannot wait with actions to protect the climate and the mere adoption of ambitious declarations will not stop climate change Despite the current gap between rhetoric and reality on emissions, there are still pathways which can help to reach net zero by 2050. It is now widely agreed that any effective response for avoiding the effects of climate change will require multiple large-scale solutions, including but not limited to new low-carbon energy production and storage (Hassanpouryouzband et al., 2021) Moreover, carbon dioxide capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) belongs to the technologies that can play an important role in achieving global energy and climate goals (IEAGHG, 2017; Smoliński et al., 2021; Tokarski et al., 2021) CCUS involves CO2 capture from large emission sources including power plants or industrial facilities that use fossil fuels or biomass as fuel; CO2 can also be captured directly from the atmosphere the captured CO2 is compressed and transported by pipeline rail or road for use in a variety of applications or injected into deep geological formations (e.g. depleted oil and gas deposits or saline aquifers) for permanent and safe storage CO2 storage involves injecting captured carbon dioxide into deep geological formations of porous rocks covered by an impermeable rock layer which seals the reservoir and prevents it from migrating towards the land surface or “leaking” into the atmosphere There are several types of reservoirs suitable for CO2 storage inter alia deep saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas fields Deep saline aquifers are layers of porous and permeable rocks saturated with brine which are widespread in both onshore and offshore sedimentary basins depleted oil and gas reservoirs are porous rock formations that have held oil or gas for millions of years prior to extraction and may similarly allow permanent storage of injected CO2 When carbon dioxide is injected into a geological structure it moves to fill the pore spaces in the rocks The gas is usually compressed first to increase its density and the potential reservoir typically needs to be at depths greater than 800 m to ensure that the injected CO2 remains in a supercritical state CO2 storage in magmatic rocks (basalts), which have high concentrations of reactive chemicals, is also possible but is still at an early stage of development. Under this technology, the injected CO2 reacts with chemical components to form stable minerals in the rocks and, simultaneously, traps carbon dioxide in geological formations (Goldberg et al., 2008; Matter et al., 2011; Gysi and Stefánsson, 2012) Global resources for CO2 storage are believed to far exceed likely future demand The International Energy Agency scenarios assume that CCUS technologies will play an important role in reducing CO2 emissions in the industrial and energy sectors The analysis shows that numerical simulations depend on the simulator used numerical methods and specific discretisation methods The results of numerical simulations determine the estimated CO2 storage capacities in geological structures which are a key element in the decision-making process when considering the implementation of CCS projects on an industrial scale modelling issues and physico-chemical processes occurring during the CO2 storage within geological formations with the remaining wells distributed in irregular grid pattern mainly north and south of the studied areas Choszczno-Suliszewo area: (A) Location map and (B) structures delineated in a static numerical model The overburden of the potential reservoirs in the studied area consists of Quaternary Cretaceous and Upper and Middle Jurassic sediments sands and silts which were formed as a result of glacial and interglacial processes The thickness of the Quaternary cover in the Choszczno reservoir area is 148 m and in the case of Suliszewo—163 m The Tertiary sediments in the studied area are characterized by variable thickness from about 3 m in the Choszczno area to 63 m in the Suliszewo area The Tertiary sediments are Middle Miocene sediments consisting mainly of dark brown clays with inclusions of silts and very fine-grained clay sands The lithology of the Upper Cretaceous is dominated by marls marly and pelitic limestones as well as marly opaques The thickness of the Upper Cretaceous in the studied area is approx Hoterivian) in the upper part of the profile are formed by marly limestones while in the lower part by marly-sandy and clay-sandy formations The Lower Cretaceous sediments in the south-western part of the Szczecin Trough are considerably reduced—their thickness ranges from 5 to 30 m The thickness of the Lower Cretaceous sediments in the studied area ranges from 12.5 m (the Choszczno reservoir) to 20 m (the Suliszewo reservoir) Lower and Middle Oxfordian sediments are distinguished The Lower Oxford is represented by marl and marly siltstone sediments whereas the Middle Oxford is represented by siltstone with insets of mudstone The Middle Jurassic sediments are characterised by bipartite character The upper part of the profile is formed by Upper Jurassic sediments composed of sandy and marly mudstones underlain by marly dolomites and dolomitic mudstones The total thickness of the Upper and Middle Jurassic sediments in the studied area ranges from 167 to 180 m The Lower Jurassic Gryfice Beds (Lower Toarcian) of thickness ranging from 40 m (Suliszewo) to 70 m (Choszczno) constitute the formations sealing the reservoir series The upper section is comprised mainly of siltstones and mudstones whereas the lower section is represented by marine ingression sediments containing mainly clay shales with inserts of siderite and dolomitic sandstone TABLE 1. Details of the reservoir simulation model and parameters of reservoir horizon of the Lower Jurassic Komorowo Beds (Michna and Papiernik, 2012; Luboń, 2021) Numerical model in the (I) Suliszewo-1 and (II) Choszczno IG-1 well area: (A) Permeability model (B) hydrodynamic discontinuity in the porosity model TABLE 2. CO2 solubility (Rsb) and CO2 formation volume factor (Bw) as function of pressure (Pw) (Chang et al., 1996) the model is 100% saturated with brine with salinity of 12.9 g/dm3 and density of 1,009.3 kg/m3 which was defined above the minimum model depth was taken as the initial condition for the reservoir simulations carried out The initial reservoir pressure at the depth of 1,069 m was determined from measurements in the Radęcin-1 well The average temperature of 38°C at the depth of 1,000 m was assumed Fluids at the above mentioned pressure and reservoir temperature were in hydrostatic equilibrium conditions Characteristics of reservoir properties and initial conditions of the simulation models Summary of injection rates for different simulation variants (A) Location of the injection well in the (I) Choszczno and (II) Suliszewo structure; (B) cross-section through the structure in the area of the Choszczno-2 and Suliszewo injection wells Bottomhole pressure in the (A) Suliszewo-1 and (B) Choszczno-2 well and average formation pressure in the injection zone Determined section enlarged in the (I) distribution of free CO2 saturation in the structure and (II) structure saturation distribution of CO2 dissolved in brine (RSWCO2-molar fraction) after (A) 5 (G) 500 and (H) 1,000 years from the start of injection During the process of gravitational migration of CO2 towards the local top of the structure, the dissolution of carbon dioxide in brine takes place. The longer the gas migration time, the greater is the possibility that the CO2 will dissolve and remain in the pore spaces of the rocks. The distribution of dissolved CO2 in the analysed structure is presented by molar fractions for individual simulation time intervals (Figure 5) a slow reduction process of the free phase of CO2 can be observed due to the fact that CO2 dissolves in brine and falls towards the lower layers of the collector The brine convection phenomenon occurs due to the changes in its density caused by CO2 dissolution The pressure increase in the collector roof layers is a maximum of about 9.5 bar after 25 years of the injection process the roof pressure decreases and only about 1.5 bar increase of the original roof pressure of the structure was already observed about 10 years after the injection had finished Bottom pressure in the (A) Suliszewo-1 and (B) Choszczno-2 wells respectively and average formation pressure in the injection zone during and after injection It is evident that the brine containing dissolved CO2 spreads over a much larger area compared to the residual CO2 zone Determined section enlarged in the following Figures (A) the distribution of free CO2 saturation (1) and CO2 dissolved in brine RSWCO2-molar fraction (2) in the roof layer of the Pliensbachian collector after (B) 5 (C) 25 years of injection and after (D) 50 (G) 1,000 years after the completion of injection Figure 8 shows the dissolution rate of the injected carbon dioxide in brine for two simulation scenarios The course of the CO2 dissolution process in brine largely depends on the effective contact area between carbon dioxide and brine Comparison of changes in the quantity of free CO2 over time in the structure for Scenarios no 2 in the (A) Suliszewo and (B) Choszczno-2 structures The determined fragment of the section enlarged in the following Figures (A) the distribution of free CO2 saturation in the structure (B) and the distribution of CO2 saturation dissolved in brine (c) after 25 years of injection Distribution of saturated free CO2 (1) and dissolved CO2 (2) in the (I) Pliensbachian collector roof layer and (II) (A) and in the sealing roof layer (B) in the sealing roof layer of the Toarcian after 25 years of injection During simulations of CO2 injection for Scenario no. 2, a constant daily injection rate of about 2,899 334 sm3/d (2 Mt CO2/year) was maintained in the Choszczno model. The bottom pressure in the injection well changes by about 7 bar, while the average pressure in the injection zone—by about 9 bar (Figure 4) Figure 8 shows the comparison of the above-mentioned pressure values for the two injection scenarios The pressure increase in the sealing roof layers was about 12 bar after 25 years of injection the increase in the same pressure for Scenario no 1 (injection with a capacity of 1 Mt CO2/year) was about 5 bar In the case of the simulation of the CO2 injection process with the output of 2 Mt CO2/year, the rate of carbon dioxide spreading is higher and the size of the area saturated with CO2 is larger as compared to the results of the simulation of injection with the output of 1 Mt CO2/year. In a similar way as for Scenario no. 1, the results of the simulations according to Scenario no. 2 for Choszczno structure are presented in Figures 10, 11 Distribution of free CO2 saturation in the structure (A) and CO2 dissolved in brine (B) after 25 years of injection multiple simulations of geological storage of carbon dioxide in brine aquifers of the Choszczno-Suliszewo structure were performed according to the assumed injection scenarios diversified in terms of efficiency Based on the obtained results of numerical calculations the changes in pressures characteristic for the sequestration process were analyzed and the spatial distribution of free CO2 saturation in the structure as well as carbon dioxide dissolved in brine were presented in a graphic form During the modelling of the CO2 sequestration process in aquifers of the Lower Jurassic in the Suliszewo model the assumed CO2 injection capacities were achieved for both injection scenarios the pressure rise in the roof part of the collector ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 MPa depending on the injection scenario The observed increase of pressures does not seem to pose any threat to the tightness of the Suliszewo structure No changes in pressure in the roof of the reservoir sealing layers were observed in this area After carrying out simulations in the Choszczno model the process of displacement of the injected CO2 from the collector layers to the layers constituting the reservoir seal was observed This phenomenon takes place in the upper parts of the Choszczno structure; the locally occurring inferior parameters of seal layers in this region are the main reason for the occurrence of the phenomenon An increase in pressure in the roof part of the collector ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 MPa and an additional increase in pressure in the insulating layer of the Toarcian ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 MPa were observed the formation and gradual development of free CO2 zones around the injection wells was observed Another observation was that CO2 moves towards the collector roof layers and further towards the local top of the structure due to the prevailing buoyancy forces During the process of the gravitational migration of CO2 towards the local top of the structure the phenomenon of the dissolution of carbon dioxide in brine takes place the greater is the possibility that CO2 will dissolve and remain in the pore spaces of the rocks A slow reduction of the free phase of CO2 was observed due to the fact that CO2 dissolves in brine and falls towards the lower layers of the collector The brine containing the dissolved CO2 spreads over a much larger area compared to the residual CO2 zone The course of CO2 dissolution in brine largely depends on the effective contact area of carbon dioxide with brine The sequestration process was found to be highly effective due to the dissolution of CO2 in brine and the resulting convective movement of the brine enriched with carbon dioxide This results in an increase in the sequestration capacity of the structure and permanent long-term trapping of the injected carbon dioxide Based on the reservoir parameters of the analyzed structures and the results of numerical simulations carried out it was found that the Lower Jurassic sandstone formations in the areas in question show very good conditions for the effective underground storage of carbon dioxide The simulations performed and the analysis of their results allow to conclude that the CO2 storage capacity of the analyzed structures significantly exceeds the quantities of the injected CO2 assumed in the simulations that there are 19 wells situated up to 30 km from the potential reservoirs in Choszczno and Suliszewo which are relatively easy migration paths for the injected CO2 works preceding the sequestration of carbon dioxide should take into account a detailed study of their technical condition and a possible method of subsequent decommissioning of some wells The chemical reaction of CO2 dissolved in groundwater with groundwater salt solution and rock mineral composition may affect the permeability of CO2 in the rock formation and in consequence adversely affect the safety of storage The evaluation of the safety of storage in terms of rock properties are not considered by the authors of this work the results of numerical modeling should be verified after obtaining experimental data of some parameters; 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PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe (PKP PLK) The 195km-long Poznan-Szczecin section is a part of the Baltic-Adriatic rail corridor The E59 railway line runs from north to south in western Poland The modernisation of the line will involve five sections Choszczno-Stargard and Stargard-Szczecin Dabie The project is expected to eliminate a 118.7km-long bottleneck on the sections from Poznan Glowny to Wronki and Slonice to Szczecin Dabie while improving line capacity and service quality It will also improve signalling systems of the line The total estimated cost for the modernisation of E59 Poznan-Szczecin rail line is approximately zl4bn ($1.03bn) Preliminary works on the project started in 2017 and the project is anticipated to be completed in 2022 Works on the Poznan Glowny-Rokietnica section will include the reconstruction of two railway stations (Kiekrz and Rokietnica) It will also involve the modernisation of seven railway crossings and construction of three new passages (Poznan ul Buzanska The section between Rokietnica and Wronki will witness the reconstruction of three railway stations (Szamotuly tracks and catenary over a length of approximately 76km The project will further undertake the upgrade of 19 crossings and construction of two underground passages (Szamotuly and Wronki) and 15 animal crossings in the Rokietnica-Wronki section The Slonice-Choszczno section will include the construction of a passage under the tracks at the Choszczno station renovation of five railway crossings and conversion of three engineering facilities to animal crossing facilities It will also involve the reconstruction of the Choszczno railway station and the Stary Klukom station tracks and an overhead line for a stretch of approximately 23km The Choszczno-Stargard section will involve the reconstruction of two railway stations (Dolice and Kolin) and four stops (Ziemomysl Strzebielowo Pyrzyckie and Witkowo Pyrzyckie) 12 platforms and 60km-long tracks and catenary The section will also witness the renovation of ten rail-road crossings and development of 21 animal crossings The Stargard-Szczecin Dabie section will include the reconstruction of two railway stations (Stargard and Reptowo) and three stops (Grzedzice 11 platforms and 24km-long tracks and traction network It will also involve improvements to six railway crossings and modification of engineering facilities to animal crossings The project also covers the upgrade of the telecommunications network and devices used for railway traffic control A local control centre will be built in Stargard while the current control centre in Poznań is planned to undergo extension Enhancements to the platforms will include better access The changes will adapt the platforms to meet the requirements of people with vision and mobility problems PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe is also constructing a railway bridge over the Warta in Wronki The renovation project will enhance mobility among European countries and allow the railway line to meet European standards The modernisation of the E59 Poznan-Szczecin rail line will improve cross-border cooperation among the countries in goods transportation It is also expected to boost the usage of railways for public transport and mobility of goods in the western part of Poland The project will improve connectivity between southern and central Europe to Szczecin and Świnoujście seaports It will also increase safety on the Slonice-Szczecin and Poznan Glowny-Wronki railway sections The travel time between the capital of Greater Poland and West Pomerania is expected to decrease by 50 minutes upon completion of the project The project will enable passenger trains to achieve speeds of up to 160km/h and freight trains up to 120km/h The European Union is co-financing the E59 Poznan Glowny-Szczecin Dabie railway line modernisation project with approximately zl1.8bn through the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) The European Investment Bank (EIB) signed loan agreements worth €400m ($446.36m) with PLK Polskie Linie Kolejowe to support the project in 2019 PKP PLK and AZD Praha signed three contracts for modernising signalling and communication equipment on three different sections Slonice-Szczecin Dabie line and Wronki-Slonice line The first contract was awarded in September 2018 while the second and third contracts were placed in January 2019 and February 2020 respectively The first two contracts will be completed by the end of 2020 while the third contract is expected to be completed by the end of 2022 Austrian firm Strabag won two contracts to upgrade the Wronki-Krzyz and Dobiegniew-Slonice sections in January 2020 They include the reconstruction of double-track lines modernisation of stations and construction of new bridges Porr received a zl374m ($96.78m) contract for modernising the Krzyz-Dobiegniew segment of E59 Poznan Glowny-Szczecin Dabie rail line The completion of the section is slated for the fourth quarter of 2022 a contract was awarded to Colas Rail Polska to upgrade the E59 line between Slonice and Choszczno Give your business an edge with our leading industry insights View all newsletters from across the GlobalData Media network .st1{fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;fill:#2a2a2a}By Danny Moran | The Oregonian/OregonLiveHans Vatheuer was only 2 years old when his family fled Soviet-occupied Germany but that escape and hardships that followed defined his life Vatheuer came to Portland and ultimately became a successful civil engineer and land developer thanks to a fierce work ethic which he demanded from employees and colleagues But also in his hard-charging disposition was a staunch desire to help those in need which stemmed from his past as a displaced immigrant He was born in a small village in the Pomeranian region of eastern Germany that is now part of Poland on Nov his mother and five siblings (one had died in childbirth) heard the terrifying sounds of shooting and raging fires in nearby Arnswalde and decided to leave their village in wagons with other neighbors They temporarily relied on friends in Mecklenburg for housing but were soon tracked down by the Soviet army “It was a horrible time,” said Ina Goetzinger and his family spent eight years in Hamelin West Germany after escaping from the Soviet Occupation Zone following World War II Hans and his family spent one year at a refugee camp separated from his father who was in an American prison camp After attempts to earn release were rejected Hans’ mother forged a letter that allowed the family to earn residence in the British Zone of Occupation in northwestern Germany where Hans and his five siblings were eventually rejoined by their father “I think even pretty small children can sense the climate They can sense what the adults feel and talk about,” said Hartwig Vatheuer “Even though a child of 2 (years old) may not understand it all Federation found a family with a farm in Kendrick Hans spent his teenage years in the Yakima Valley in Washington where Hans and Hartwig worked as laborers on their parents’ vegetable farm enjoys Christmas with his parents and three of his siblings Hartwig and their parents moved to Portland Vatheuer slept at his office and ensured his staff was paid before paying himself He also became a founding partner of the Aloha Land & Cattle Co. a successful land development company in Portland Vatheuer’s turbulent childhood contributed to his ongoing desire to help others Vatheuer organized and personally accompanied a shipment of fruit into Dresden in East Germany to ensure it reached the East German people The goal of the organization was to help create a self-sustaining agricultural economy in Oaxaca Hans Vatheuer poses with Mexican children in Oaxaca during a visit on behalf of the Vatheuer Family Foundation which was established in 1993 to develop sustainable agriculture in the area Vatheuer spent nearly $150,000 to fund full-tuition civil engineering scholarships at Portland State even though he did not earn a degree himself from the school “The whole family remembers what it’s like to have nothing and to lack hope,” Stefan Vatheuer said “Hans always believed that it was important to give people an opportunity to prosper and to give them hope.” just two months prior to his mother’s death Hans organized a trip for her and his five siblings to return to their home village for the first time since escaping in the aftermath of World War II He provided the airfare and rented a car for the trip bringing a small degree of closure to the family’s grim departure “It was a joyful experience even though we did have mixed feelings about going there,” Ina Goetzinger said Vatheuer was married once for roughly one and a half years Sigrid Huwald of Germany; six nephews and one niece Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, (updated 8/1/2024) and acknowledgement of our Privacy Policy, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (updated 1/1/2025) 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