100-percent-oak-smoked-wheat-malt beer came back from the dead in the past decade
and the original Grodzisk brewery was similarly revived to focus on the style
head brewer Marcin Ostajewski shares history as well as contemporary techniques for making the beer dubbed “Polish champagne.”
as well as ways that modern brewers are keeping the style vibrant and alive through modern variations
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The newest unconventional sources of gas are shale gas and tight gas deposits
While gas-bearing shale is encountered all over the world
it is commercially exploited only in the US
where shale gas production has been growing strongly – between 1996 and 2006 alone
it grew from 8.5 bn m³ to 25 bn m³
there has been growing interest in shale gas
which – according to estimates – is buried at depths ranging from 3,000 metres to 4,500 metres
within a sidelong belt stretching from central Pomerania to the Lublin Province
and within the foreland of the Sudeten Mountains
the Ministry of Environment has awarded more than 100 licences for unconventional gas exploration to about 40 entities
of which 15 licences have been awarded to PGNiG
PGNiG drilled the vertical Lubocino-1 well on the play near Wejherowo
Around 800 m of core was collected from the well and analysed
in the late August and early September 2011
fracturing operation was carried out in the Ordovician formations
Initial results of the fracturing operation and analysis indicate that gas may flow at satisfactory rates
Preparatory work and procedures to commence drilling of the horizontal Lubocino 2-H borehole are planned for 2012
when hydraulic fracturing operation has been performed in Ordovician formations
similar preparations for fracturing in the Silurian formations in the vertical Lubocino-1 borehole are underway
Drilling of the Lubycza Królewska-1 borehole in the Tomaszów Lubelski licence area will also commence in 2012
This is the first exploration borehole designed to explore for the occurrence of shale gas in the areas of PGNiG’s licences in the southern part of the Lublin Province
Poland’s resources are evaluated by the Mineral Resources Commission and confirmed by the Ministry of Environment
the combined reserves of natural gas and crude oil amounted to 748 m boe
including 594 m boe (92 bn m³) of gas and 154 m boe (21.1 m tonnes) of oil and condensate
the total reserves to production ratio (R/P) was 24.3
the production of natural gas and crude oil with condensate was 31.32 m boe
of which gas accounted for 89% and oil with condensate – for 11% of the total output
The respective production volumes were 4.33 bn m³ of natural gas (27.91 m boe) and 467.6 thousand tonnes of crude oil with condensate (3.41 m boe)
Petroleum production is concentrated in north-western and south-eastern Poland and carried out by two PGNiG Branches – based in Zielona Góra and in Sanok
PGNiG produces two types of gas with different calorific values – high-methane and nitrogen-rich gas – at 68 production sites across Poland
the Sanok Branch produced both high-methane and nitrogen-rich gas
including 26 gas production facilities and 20 oil and gas production facilities
The Zielona Góra Branch produced nitrogen-rich gas and crude oil at 22 sites
including 14 gas production facilities and eight oil and gas production facilities
Some portion of nitrogen-rich gas is further processed at the Denitriding Plants in Odolanów and Grodzisk Wielkopolski
natural gas is fed into the high-methane gas system
the conversion of nitrogen-rich gas into high-methane gas yielded 1.45 bn m³ of gas
The process by-products include liquefied natural gas (LNG)
With a view to maintaining the current hydrocarbon production volume or limiting its natural drop
in 2011 major remedial treatments were performed on a total of 36 wells whose technical condition prevented their further operation
31 wells flowed hydrocarbons at commercial rates
which did not flow gas at commercial rates
The other two of the treated wells will be used by the underground gas storage facilities
In 2011 recovery techniques (including intensification initiatives) were applied on a total of 71 wells with a view to maintaining or improving production capacities of producing wells or to restore sub-surface extraction equipment to operating condition
Recovery techniques were also applied on wells operated by the underground gas storage facilities and on injectors
Crude oil production is concentrated in western Poland
including currently the largest field – BMB (Barnówko-Mostno-Buszewo)
which in 2011 accounted for 75% of total oil production in the country (341 thousand tonnes)
the volume of crude oil and condensate production was 467.6 thousand tonnes
This represents a year-on-year decrease of 32.7 thousand tonnes (6.6%)
compared with 501 thousand tonnes of oil produced in 2010
One of the major projects implemented in Poland in recent years to increase the production of oil and – to a lesser extent – of gas is the development of the Lubiatów-Międzychód-Grotów (LMG) fields in the vicinity of Gorzów Wielkopolski
PGNiG is now constructing the LMG Central Facility (to serve as a hub for collection
separation and treatment of reservoir fluids),as well as the Dispatch Terminal in Wierzbno
to support collection and shipment of crude oil
Crude oil will be transported by rail tankers and injected into the PERN pipeline
any surplus gas production will be transmitted via the pipeline running from the production site to the Grodzisk Denitriding Plant
The launch of production from the LMG field is scheduled for 2013
It is expected to result in a nearly two-fold increase in domestic oil production
The PGNiG Group’s international expansion began in 2007 with the acquisition of an interest in the Skarv/Snadd/Idun exploration & production licence on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Production from the Skarv/Snadd/Idun field is scheduled for launch in 2012
The target production volume in 2013 is approximately 400 m m³ of gas and approximately 490 thousand tonnes of oil
Natural gas will be transported to mainland Europe
whereas crude oil will be sold straight “from the wellhead”
Natural gas is sold by PGNiG’s Exploration and Production segment directly from the fields (outside of the transmission system)
from which it is supplied to specific customers via dedicated pipelines
and the delivery terms (including pricing) are agreed individually with the customers on a case-by-case basis
depending on the characteristics of a given project
The key group of customers buying natural gas directly from the fields are industrial users (such as Elektrociepłownia Zielona Góra SA
Zakłady Azotowe w Tarnowie-Mościcach SA or Arctic Paper Kostrzyn SA)
This form of purchase is preferred by customers located in close proximity to the gas production sites
Sales of natural gas directly from the fields enable commercially viable development of gas reserves whose quality deviates from network standards and to attract customers in whose case deliveries of system gas are not feasible for technical or economic reasons
direct sales of gas accounted for approximately 5% of PGNiG’s total sales and amounted to 682 m m³
Direct sales from the fields are made both in the case of high-methane and nitrogen-rich gas – in 2011
64 m m³ of high-methane gas and 618 m m³ of nitrogen-rich gas (measured as high-methane gas equivalent) were sold in this way
PGNiG sells crude oil on market terms
pricing it by reference to the crude prices on international markets
Crude oil is sold through the following channels:
foreign customers accounted for 40% of the total volume of crude sold
The crude was transported to German refineries through the Druzhba pipeline
Apart from non-tariff sales of gas directly from the fields and oil sales
PGNiG also sells a number of other products
the Exploration and Production Segment incurred capital expenditure of PLN 2.5 bn
The key projects implemented in 2011 include:
Other projects involve the development of gas fields
projects executed in order to sustain or restore hydrocarbon production rates
and projects related to the operation of the hydrocarbon production area
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które zostało utworzone z inicjatywy Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej Oddział w Poznaniu i Gminy Grodzisk Wielkopolski
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Część centralną stanowi wagon kolejowy z symbolicznymi sylwetkami polskich oficerów
obok na fragmencie ceglanego muru znajduje się tablica z napisem „Katyń 1940
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które upamiętniają 13 mieszkańców ziemi grodziskiej
którzy zostali zamordowani w Katyniu oraz plansza edukacyjna przybliżająca ich sylwetki
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Jarosława Szarka do uczestników uroczystości
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