Ksawery Masiuk fell just 0.02 shy of his second national record in as many days with victory in the 50 back at the Polish Championships in Lublin
The 20-year-old stopped the clock in 24.46
a sliver off his Polish standard of 24.44 which he’s posted on three occasions
most recently en-route to the bronze medal at the 2024 World Championships
It followed his national record of 52.55 in the 100 back on Tuesday as he booked his third individual swim at the World Championships in Singapore with the two backstroke events and the 100 fly
His time elevates Masiuk to sixth-fastest performer in the 2025 rankings which are topped by Kliment Kolesnikov who’s the only man inside 24secs following his 23.90 at the Russian Championships
Aleksander Stys replicated his 100 back silver in 25.32 with Tomasz Polewka third in 25.34
Adela Piskorska also completed the 50/100 back double with a 28.17 victory over one length as she went inside the A cut for the worlds
Varvara Hlushchenko was second in 28.44 with Paulina Peda third in 28.60
a day after the women tied for second in the 100
European bronze medallist Jan Kalusowski punched his ticket to Singapore with a 2:10.19 win in the 200m breaststroke
0.01 swifter than the 2:10.20 that secured bronze at the 2024 continental championships in Belgrade
Only Dawid Wiekiera has gone quicker among Polish swimmers with his national record of 2:09.99 from the Polish Grand Prix in 2022
Wiekiera was second in 2:11.13 with Jan Gajda third in 2:15.70
Kinga Paradowska won the women’s race in 2:31.05
Aleksandra Knop made another trip to the podium as she added the women’s 200 fly title to her 400IM and 200 back golds in 2:10.85
Adrian Jaśkiewicz went ahead on the second 50 to come home in 1:57.46 for the men’s title
Thirty-year-old Filip Zaborowski went ahead on the third 50 of the men’s 400 free to take the title in 3:54.55 with Klaudia Tarasiewicz touching first by more than five seconds in the women’s race in 4:15.55
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NYBioStatsMediaBioBioStatsMedia2024: Appeared in 17 games as a senior … had five points against Detroit Mercy (2/26/24) … had four shots and three assists against Liberty (3/06/24) … had a shot on goal in three consecutive matchups against Detroit Mercy (2/26/24) Louisville (3/02/24) and Liberty (3/06/24)
2023: Appeared in 15 games as a junior … had a shot on goal percentage of .857 while scoring four goals on six shots … posed two ground balls against Duquesne (2/11/23) … had a shot on goal in three consecutive matchups against Canisius (2/28/23) Louisville (3/05/23) and Virginia tech (3/11/23)
with the Masters SC Championships to follow at the same venue from December 10-16
Poland will host its second ever European Championship while partnering with the state tourism department to promote the country
Italian Sara Curtis won her fourth gold medal after just three days of racing at European Juniors
extending the country’s lead on the medal table
March 05th, 2025 Europe, European Championships, International, News
After announcing that Poland would be the host country of the 2025 European Short Course Championships late last year
European Aquatics has confirmed that the city of Lublin will stage the event this December
This marks the second time Poland has hosted the biennial event
with the 2011 edition being held in Szczecin
Lublin has a population of approximately 350,000
making it the ninth largest city in Poland and the largest in eastern Poland
with the Masters Short Course Championships to follow at the same venue from December 10-16
A post shared by European Aquatics (@euroaquatics)
European Aquatics President Antonio Silva and Polish Swimming Federation President Otylia Jędrzejczak jointly promoted Poland hosting the SC European Championships at the 2024 Short Course World Championships in December
“It was a long time ago when Poland last hosted a top European Aquatics event,” Silva said
so it was time to return to this beautiful country and I’m grateful for Otylia and the federation to stage this great event
“Let’s hope we’ll have more records there as well as European swimmers are doing really well this year and I’m sure they will do in 2025 too
”Looking ahead to the ‘really thrilling’ event,” Jedzrejczak said: “We have a very talented team whose members were very young when we had the last big swimming event back in 2011
the short-course Europeans in Szczecin and now they can show their quality in a home meet.”
The last edition of SC Euros was held in Otopeni
with Great Britain topping the medal table
Poland ranks 10th on the all-time medal table for the SC European Championships with 35 gold and 95 total medals
They didn’t send any swimmers to the 2023 event
This will be the 23rd edition of the event
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The director of the Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for MS at Mount Sinai talked about the shift in multiple sclerosis diagnostics from rigid classification systems to a dynamic
spectrum-based approach focused on biological phenotyping
Current phenotyping in multiple sclerosis (MS) has largely revolved around clinical classifications
and primary progressive forms based on the patient’s presentation of the disease
as it does not fully capture the complexity and heterogeneity of MS
there is increasing interest in moving toward biological phenotyping
which aims to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease
recently presented diagnostic criteria for MS are evolving to incorporate more comprehensive
The latest updates from the new criteria allow for earlier diagnoses
including the identification of radiologically isolated syndrome
and introduce advanced techniques such as paramagnetic rim signs and central vein sign on MRI
These changes reflect the growing understanding of MS as a spectrum
emphasizing the need for more accurate and individualized diagnostic approaches
This progression in diagnostic techniques also paves the way for more targeted treatments
such as Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors
which have shown some promise in managing progressive forms of MS
designed to target specific immune pathways
represent a shift away from traditional disease-modifying therapies and offer hope for better control over disease progression
As clinical trials and real-world data continue to unfold
BTK inhibitors may play a pivotal role in the future of MS management
discussed the evolving landscape of MS diagnostics
He highlighted the challenges and opportunities of implementing new diagnostic guidelines and the potential impact of advancements on early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies in MS
Click here for more coverage of ECTRIMS 2024.
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The city of Lublin will stage this year’s European Aquatics Short Course Swimming Championships
Confirmation of the hosts for this event follows the announcement last July that it would be held in Poland for the second time after the 2011 edition that took place in Szczecin
is the ninth largest city in Poland and the largest in eastern Poland
Competition will take place from December 2 to 7
with the same venue then hosting the Masters Short Course Championships from December 10 to 16
This will be the second edition of the Masters SC event and more details about how to register for this competition will be available soon
European Aquatics President Antonio Silva and Polish Swimming Federation President Otylia Jędrzejczak jointly promoted the 2025 European Short Course Championships when they appeared at a press event during the World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25m) in Budapest last December
Standing alongside Jędrzejczak – who won world titles either side of Athens 2004 gold in the 200m butterfly – Silva reflected on the last time Poland hosted this event
“It was a long time ago when Poland last hosted a top EA event” Silva told the media gathering in the Duna Arena
”Looking ahead to the “really thrilling” event
Jedzrejczak said: “We have a very talented team whose members were very young when we had the last big swimming event back in 2011
the short-course Europeans in Szczecin and now they can show their quality in a home meet”
She added that the European Short Course Championships will be a flagship event to advertise Poland across the continent
working in co-operation with Poland Travel
The last European Aquatics Short Course Swimming Championships were held in 2023 at Otopeni in Romania
with Great Britain topping the medals table after collecting nine golds
Home swimmer David Popovici earned bronze in the 100m freestyle a year ahead of his winning performance in the 200m freestyle at the Paris 2024 Games
Italy’s Nicolo Martinenghi won gold in the 50m breaststroke and silver in the 100m breaststroke – the event where he would earn Olympic gold a year later
Another future Paris 2024 champion making a splash was Ireland’s Daniel Wiffen
800m and 1500m freestyle titles – setting a world record in the second of those events – a year before winning 800m freestyle gold at the Olympics
Also earning a hat-trick of titles was Switzerland’s 23-year-old Noe Ponti
breaking the European record in the 100m race
Ponti produced a stellar performance at last December’s World Aquatics Swimming Championships (25m) in Budapest
where he set three world records en route to earning three golds
Tel: +41 22 552 99 99Fax: +41 22 552 99 89eaoffice@europeanaquatics.org
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Poland has hosted an event titled "In the Glow of the Bethlehem Light of Peace and of the Lights of Hanukkah at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
The event was attended by Bishop Mieczysław Cisło and a representative of the Jewish community
The participants recalled the words of Pope Francis
who offered his heartfelt "wishes of peace and fraternity" on the occasion of Hanukkah
"May the light of Bethlehem and the light of Hanukkah
hosted together for the third time at the Catholic University of Lublin
be an eloquent symbol of the Catholic-Jewish dialogue
John Paul II," emphasised the Rector of the Catholic University of Lublin
offered his well wishes for "the Feast of Lights
celebrated for eight days by our Jewish brothers and sisters throughout the world."
his heartfelt "wishes of peace and fraternity."
Kalinowski noted: "May the light of Bethlehem and the light of Hanukkah bring hope in 2025."
The event was attended by representatives of the Catholic Church
professors and staff of the Catholic University of Lublin
and local residents who gathered in front of the Main Building of the John Paull II at the Catholic University of Lublin
Heschel Centre for Catholic-Jewish Relations at the Catholic University of Lublin
who served from 2006 until 2016 as the Chairman of the Polish Bishops’ Conference Committee for Dialogue with Judaism
referred in the prayer opening the ceremony to the motto of the Jubilee Year just begun in the Catholic Church: Hope does not disappoint
Neocatechumenal and Jewish cantors sang hymns during the ceremony
The organizers expressed their sincere thanks to the representatives of the Neocatechumenate for all the times they have participated in the event that united two religions and two cultures in Lublin
the director of the Heschel Centre of the Catholic University of Lublin and head of the Polish section of Vatican News
stressed that combining the Bethlehem Light of Peace with the light of Hanukkah has a symbolic dimension and draws attention to the shared values of peace
and collaboration between Jews and Christians
"The lighting of the last Hanukkah candle in the presence of the Bethlehem Light of Peace is an expression of the Christian-Jewish dialogue so much cherished and called for by St
Prefect of the Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity and a member of the Honorary Committee of the Abraham J
sent his greetings to the participants of the event
she stressed that "as our faith deepens
She noted that "Hanukkah means dedication
to rededicate ourselves to our faith."
Heschel shared her own memories from her childhood
"My father used to point to the setting sun and tell me
Hanukkah is a reminder to cultivate our ability to sense the hidden as well as the visible wonders of God’s creation
The word "Hanukkah" literally means "dedication or consecration," and commemorates one of the greatest miracles in Israel's history
When the Jews won a victory over the Greeks in the second century BC
they had to cleanse the Jerusalem Temple of pagan idols to re-dedicate it to the God of Israel
they had only a small amount of oil at their disposal
At that time it took precisely eight days to prepare the ritually pure oil
This event is commemorated in a ritual of lighting lights
placed on a special Hanukkah candle holder
It is a joyous celebration spent with one’s family
Heschel Centre for Catholic-Jewish Relations at the Catholic University of Lublin is a research and education entity
The Centre’s mission involves the development of the Catholic-Jewish dialogue at a local
and poet committed to the Christian-Jewish dialogue
Thank you for reading our article. You can keep up-to-date by subscribing to our daily newsletter. Just click here
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Manya Wilkinson has won the 2025 Wingate Literary Prize for Lublin (And Other Stories
set against the backdrop of the oncoming darkness of the 20th century”
She was announced as winner at an event at Kings Place as part of Jewish Book Week
author and trustee of the Wingate Foundation
worth £4,000 and run in association with the Jewish Literary Foundation
to convey the idea of Jewishness to the general reader
Previous winners include Amos Oz, Zadie Smith, Oliver Sacks, David Grossman and, most recently, Elizabeth McCracken
this year’s shortlist featured Long Island Compromise by Taffy Brodesser-Akner (Wildfire); Cold Crematorium by József Debreczeni
translated by Paul Olchváry (Jonathan Cape); Time’s Echo by Jeremy Eichler (Faber); Eight Bright Lights by Sara Gibbs (Headline); and Elena: A Hand Made Life by Miriam Gold (Jonathan Cape)
Lublin’s synopsis reads: “As three young boys set off from Mezritsh with a case of bristle brushes to sell in the great market town of Lublin
wearing shoes of uneven quality and possessed of decidedly unequal enthusiasms
not Elya’s jokes nor Kiva’s prayers nor Ziv’s visions for a revolutionary future
can prepare them for the future as it comes barrelling down to meet them.”
This year’s judging panel was comprised of Kasriel
They said: “What a wonderful – and excruciating – process judging this prize was
We were and are so proud of our longlist and our shortlist
Each of these books conveys ‘the idea of Jewishness to the general reader’
as the Prize rubric has it – at the same time engaging with a remarkably wide variety of material
“Choosing one winner was not a simple process
and there was much impassioned debate; all of us judges absolutely stand behind each of these titles
and Manya Wilkinson’s Lublin was the book that surprised us most
left the most lingering impression in all of our minds.”
Metrics details
The paper presents the results of the calibration of an interpretive formula for the determination of IL based on cone resistance qc for loess soils
The studies were carried out on characteristic soils that occur in the Lublin region
three CPTU static soundings were selected in which a representative soil profile with a total length of 21 m was extracted
and samples for laboratory testing were collected at intervals of 0.25 m
A total of 86 samples were tested and the liquidity index was determined
The IL values specified in the laboratory were paired with the cone resistances qc averaged over the depth range corresponding to the sampling
The qc/pa – IL distribution was then analysed and a formula correlating both parameters was derived
The cone resistance depends not only on water content but also on a number of other factors
the estimation of IL from CPTU tests should be regarded as an approximation
while an accurate identification of the subsoil requires further investigations
such information provides valuable knowledge in the initial stages of subsoil recognition
One of the most important aspects that significantly influences the bearing capacity of fine-grained soils is their water content
The initial step to determine soil consistency is macroscopic testing
a numerical parameter in the form of the liquidity index (IL) is used
The liquidity index is the relative moisture content
determined on the basis of the natural water content and liquid and plastic limits from the relationship:
where: \(\:\text{W}\) – natural water content [%],\(\:\:{P}_{\text{L}}\)– plastic limit [%]
The graphical interpretation of Eq. (1) is shown in Fig. 1.
The graphical interpretation of the liquidity index
The figure enables the quantities pertaining to the sample’s water content
It demonstrates the range of soil moisture in different consistencies and correlates with the value of the liquidity index
The test and analysis methodology discussed in the paper is applicable for an arbitrary soil type for which the literature does not provide a reliable interpretive formula for estimating cohesive soil state based on CPTU tests
Research area location against worldwide loess distribution [the map base utilised in the figure was obtained from https://www.geoportal.gov.pl/]
The figure comprises areas at varying scales
which approximate the test plot from which the material for the study was derived
A simplified world map demonstrates the global distribution of loess deposits across all continents
within the context of the Lublin Voivodeship
as is the topographical delineation of the Lublin Upland and the Naleczow Plateau
together with the locations of boreholes 10
A CPTU survey had previously been conducted at a distance of approximately 0.5–1.0 m from the sampling location
The interpretive formulae IL = f(qc) sourced from: (a) Polish Standard (PN-B 04452
Pietrzykowski (Frankowski and Pietrzykowski
A review of the related literature enabled the identification of correlations between the cone resistance values obtained from the CPTU test and the liquidity index across a range of soil types
This in turn facilitated the extraction of formulae that are declared to be specifically applicable to loess
b and c from the selected and referenced studies enabled the applicability of the formulas to be verified for the loess of the study area
while the graph presented in part d represents the findings of the authors’ preliminary research conducted on loess samples from the Lublin region
The text provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential for estimating the liquidity index through the utilisation of diverse formulae
should be appropriate for the Lublin loess
which is mainly classified granulometrically as silt
but the values obtained do not coincide with the results of laboratory tests
A considerably improved adjustment is obtained for the function designed for soils with the clay fraction content fi in the range of 10–30% described by the formula:
the established formula does not correspond perfectly to the Lublin loess and overestimates IL in this case
but in the author’s original intention it was meant for ‘cohesive compacted clays’
the theoretically more appropriate formula
was found to have a lower degree of accuracy
the limiting values of qc at which IL=0 are qc≈4.5 MPa for ‘cohesive compacted clays’ and qc ≈ 7 MPa for ‘other clays and low cohesive soils’
The given formulae showed a goodness of fit of R2 = 0.60 (for the linear function) and R2 = 0.61 (for the polynomial function)
These relationships represented a pre-estimation and need to be confirmed in further research
noting that excess pore water pressure can significantly affect the values adopted for correlation relationships
The formula developed applied to low-cohesive soils
among which the author included in particular highly sandy silts and clayey sands
He defined the correlation relationship between liquidity index and net cone resistance as:
where \(\:{I}_{\text{L}}\) – liquidity index [–-]
\(\:{q}_{\text{n}}\) – net cone resistance
For low-cohesive soils with a predominant silty fraction and values of the friction ratio Rf and normalized pore pressure ratio Bq specific for loess
the recommended values of the coefficients a and b are respectively 0.25 and 0.44
despite the numerous relationships reported in the literature
most attempts to apply formulae directly according to granulometry usually result in deviations from the actual IL values
Tschuschke or Wiłun) allow the estimation of IL values close to those obtained in the laboratory
but this often requires the use of equations for soils with different granulometric characteristics and applies only to a narrow range of qc values
The detailed geotechnical cross-section provides a concise and informative representation of the subsoil within the study area
The boundaries between the separate geotechnical layers are illustrated
as are the names and symbols of the soils that comprise them
in the form of completed CPTU (including bh 10
as well as additional in situ test locations and boreholes
the cross-section supplies data regarding groundwater levels and the topography of the land
is classified as silt and partly silty clay
these soils occur most frequently in a semi-solid to solid or hard-plastic state; however
a significant amount of the subsoil in the area concerned consists of plasticized soils
This prompted a calibration study that use static soundings
Part 1 (for natural water content) and Part 12 (for consistency limits)
The sounding parameters, together with the natural water content established in the laboratory, are shown in Fig. 5.
Soil water content wn against cone resistance qc and friction ratio Rf from CPTU
The figure illustrates the data obtained from the CPTU test
presented in the form of graphs of cone resistance and friction ratio for three selected tests
the values of the natural water content of the soil samples
The samples collected comprised material from the layer
and their water content was determined as an average for the entire volume of the each sample
The graphs demonstrated a statistically significant association between the observed changes in moisture content and the corresponding values of cone resistance
Summary of the results of the liquid limit (estimated with the use of Casagrande method)
The chart represents a typical Casagrande liquid limit test
The coordinates of the points on the graph indicate the number of strokes of the apparatus bowl during the test for the specified soil paste
The results for the entire test sample are presented in a single graph
with the liquid limit determined separately for two samples with notably disparate characteristics
which was extracted at a depth of 2.5 m (LL = 30.7)
which was extracted at a depth of 10 m (LL = 32.7)
a single averaged liquid limit value of 28.3 was determined
The plasticity index IP of the majority of the samples varies between 6.5 and 9.7%, which classifies the soils as low cohesive (silt) according to the standard32
Only the results for samples bh10 [2.5 m depth] and bh25 [10 m depth] classify them as medium cohesive with the plasticity index IP =10.5 and IP = 14.2%
The completed analyses allowed the development of a quasi-continuous subsoil profile parameterized by natural water content, Atterberg limits, plasticity index and fluidity index. Figure 7 shows the summarized laboratory results for all samples collected.
Distribution at depth: natural water content; Atterberg limits; plasticity index
The three presented graphs illustrate the laboratory results obtained for the collected loess samples
The first graph illustrates the natural water content
the second depicts the consistency limits and resulting plasticity index
while the third graph indicates the liquidity index values
The graphs illustrate the variation in the determined quantities at depth for each borehole
Grain size distribution bh10, bh25, bh35. A crucial element of soil laboratory testing is the identification of its grain size. Loess from the study area underwent areometric analysis, with select samples also subjected to laser diffraction analysis. The conducted tests resulted in the establishment of limiting grain size curves for the soil, defining the maximum content of individual fractions.
In summary, the investigations reveal that the soil states range from solid to hard plastic down to a depth of about 5–6 m below the surface. In the deeper parts of the subsoil, a significant increase in plasticity is observed with depth. It should be highlighted that the trend of the IL values from the laboratory tests coincides with the resistance of the cone qc.
Distribution of qC values from CPT static soundings in the Lublin area with division into facies
The diverse morphological characteristics of a given soil type are indicative of the specific climatic conditions under which they were formed
aeolian loess were formed through the wind erosion of the bedrock
these materials were transported by wind and deposited under arid conditions
exhibiting minimal alteration from their original characteristics throughout the sedimentary process
deluvial and alluvial loess were subjected to other processes
resulting in the evolution of formations with disparate characteristics from those of typical loess
As a result of the extensive research conducted previously by the authors
a statistical distribution of the characteristic qc values for the individual facies was established
The results obtained for loess from the research plot are marked by the red square in the diagram
which serves to confirm the representativeness of the research sample for loess in the Lublin region
Liquidity index as a function of the dimensionless cone resistance
A detailed examination of the laboratory-based liquidity index results and the corresponding average cone resistance values enabled the formulation of a linear and polynomial function that accurately represents the observed relationship
the figure illustrates the coefficient of determination (R2) for each function
providing evidence of the function’s reliability in aligning with the empirical outcomes
Results significantly deviating from the trend were excluded from further analysis
The remaining data indicated a covariance of -8.77
The following linear and polynomial relationships were derived:
in which cone resistance qc is given in MPa
For the polynomial function (10) a goodness of fit of R2 = 94% was obtained
while for the linear regression (9) a slightly lower R2 = 92% was found
in order to exclude the effect of test depth on the cone resistance value
the IL variation was analysed against the normalised cone resistance Qt
Liquidity index as a function of the normalised cone resistance Qt
Further analysis involved the examination of liquidity index results and the corresponding average normalised cone resistance
the figure indicates the coefficient of determination (R2) for established function
which provides evidence of the reliability of the formula’s fit with the empirical results
To validate the derived formula, Fig. 13 compares the IL values from laboratory tests with those obtained from Eq. (9). The solid line shows the averaged trend, while the dashed lines show the range of IL values ± 0.3.
Comparison of IL values interpreted with the new formula. The figure provides a graphical representation of the relationship between the liquidity index values obtained from the tests and the IL values estimated from the linear function derived from the tests outlined in the paper. Furthermore, the graph illustrates the maximum range of results, presented on a larger scale.
is a summary of the laboratory IL values against the continuous profile estimated from Eq. (9) in each borehole
Figure 14 Comparison of laboratory IL values with results obtained using the estimated formula based on qc
The graphs illustrate the point results of the laboratory liquidity index determined on the basis of samples from boreholes 10
they reflect the continuous at-depth IL values obtained through the interpretation of the qc/pa quantities
The results presented in summary form facilitate comparison between the calculated values and the laboratory-determined values
Summary of interpretation equations with the highest alignment
The diagrams prepared for the three test boreholes demonstrate a variation in IL values with depth
These values have been estimated on the basis of interpretation formulae that have been accepted as appropriate for the analysis of Lublin loess in the context of published literature
The Liquidity Index was calculated in accordance with the formula developed by the Polish Standard for cohesive soils containing a clay fraction of between 10 and 30%
and Wiłun (for clays) and as outlined by the ITB
the IL values derived from the authors’ research methodology are indicated
For loess occurring in the Lublin region, the authors suggest the use of a linear relationship established on the basis of calibration tests described in this article. In addition to the use of the formula (9), it is also possible to determine the IL based on Fig. 16.
The nomogram offers a synthesis of available functions
when applied to a known qc value expressed in MPa
enables the estimation of the predicted liquidity index for the Lublin loess
The nomogram serves as a valuable engineering instrument for the expeditious estimation of subsoil quality at the initial stage of in situ testing
a linear function developed by the authors and the collective literature formulae applicable for loess
Despite the very good convergence obtained in the tests performed
the authors consider that the IL value should be an auxiliary parameter
while the qc should be the leading value for the identification of geotechnical layers
subsoil identification cannot be based on soundings solely and the selected tests should be verified by boreholes
It is essential to carry out boreholes and soundings at nodes to improve interpretation
loess often shows reduced qc values that do not correlate with a change in state
This is mainly the case in the near-surface zone
This is explained by the fact that the IL value depends mainly on the natural water content and clay fraction content
but qc is also influenced by a number of other factors
in-situ stresses and overconsolidation ratio
reduced cone resistance may be related not only to the condition but also to the structure of the soil and be an indicator of its collapsibility
The derived formula is considered to be a reasonable adaptation for plasticized loess
It is therefore recommended to use the derived formula (9) for the determination of IL in the range 0.0 ÷ 1.0
To complement the above analyses, the influence of the liquidity index on the sleeve friction was analysed. The graph (Fig. 17) compares the sleeve friction in dimensionless form fs/pa with the liquidity index IL.
Chart of the (fs/pa) – IL pairs distribution
A further addition to the study was the verification of a correlation between the dimensionless value of sleeve friction (fs/pa) and the liquidity index value
The laboratory-determined IL values and the corresponding averaged fs/pa values were plotted
A formula for a linear function has been derived
which represents a straight line approximating the points analysed in the IL>0 value range
it should be noted that the applicability of this function is limited to the fs values shown in the CPTU test at 5.5 MPa
It is inadvisable to employ values of fs/pa in excess of 550 as a basis for estimating IL values
A discernible correlation was observed between the dimensionless sleeve friction value and the IL value within the range of 0.0 to 0.8
no such relationship was evident for IL values less than 0.0
The plotted linear function for the IL range of 0.8 to 0.0 was described by the following formula:
The relationship between the dimensionless sleeve friction value and the IL value is characterised by a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.65 with the covariance of -37.4 and the Pearson coefficient of 0.80
it can be concluded that IL can be reliably determined at fs/pa < 550
The paper presents the methodology of calibration analysis for the determination of the liquidity index using CPTU static sounding results
The research resulted in a valid formula as well as the nomogram for estimating the IL value of the aeolian loess of the Nałęczów Plateau from the dimensionless cone resistance qc/pa
The function (9) derived from the analysis is recommended to estimate the liquidity index of the indicated loess in the range 0.0 ÷ 1.0
Semi-solid and solid states in the loess subsoil were noted when the cone penetration value exceeded 4.4
Stiff soil was anticipated for qc values between 3.25 and 4.4
while medium-soft soil was expected for values from 1.72 to 3.25
Soft soil was recognized with qc values ranging from 0.8 to 1.72
Cone resistance qc values from CPTU tests that fall below 0.8 suggest the existence of very soft soil
a correlation was identified between the liquidity index and sleeve friction
which can be deemed a reliable indicator for the fs/pa < 550 range
the authors place particular emphasis on the fact
that cone resistance qc rather than IL should be used for determining geotechnical layers within a soil type
Despite the high compliance of the formula
it should be remembered that static soundings only allows for a preliminary determination of the liquidity index
The appropriate value should be determined in laboratory tests
The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article
Zaskórski, L. & Puła, W. Calibration of characteristic values of soil properties using the random finite element method. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 16, 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2015.09.007 (2016)
Oleniacz, G. Geośrodowiskowa ocena przydatności terenu do celów budowlanych. Mater. Bud. 1, 50–53. https://doi.org/10.15199/33.2023.12.10 (2023)
Lunne, T., Robertson, P. & Powell, J. Cone-penetration testing in geotechnical practice. Soil. Mech. Found. Eng. 46, 237–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11204-010-9072-x (2009)
Młynarek, Z., Gogolik, S. & Półtorak, J. The effect of varied stiffness of soil layers on interpretation of CPTU penetration characteristics. Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 12, 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2012.03.013 (2012)
Correlations of regional (Poland) geotechnical parameters on the basis of CPTU and DMT tests
Dimensionless and unbiased CPT interpretation in sand
PN-B 03020 Posadowienie bezpośrednie budowli
Analiza wyznaczania konsystencji lessów lubelskich na podstawie wyników sondowań statycznych CPT (The analysis of consistency evaluation of the loess in Lublin based on CPT tests)
Li, Y., Shi, W., Aydin, A., Beroya-Eitner, M. A. & Gao, G. Loess genesis and worldwide distribution. Earth Sci. Rev. 201, 102947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102947 (2020)
Definicja i klasyfikacja lessów oraz utworów lessopodobnych (Loess and loess-like soil definition and classification)
Accumulation conditions and the upper limit of Neopleistocene loesses in the central Roztocze region (SE Poland)
Badania geologiczno-inżynierskie lessów (Geological-engineering loess investigation); Wydawnictwo Geologiczne: Warszawa (1971)
Nepelski, K. Characteristics of the Lublin loess as a building subsoil. Prz Geol. 69, 835–849. https://doi.org/10.7306/2021.45 (2021)
Numeryczne modelowanie pracy konstukcji posadowionej na lessowym podłożu gruntowym
Rozprawa doktorska (Numerical Modelling of the behaviour of a structure situated on a loess subsoil) (Lublin University of Technology
Kokoszka, W. Ocena właściwości zapadowych lessowego podłoża gruntowego. Mater. Bud. 1, 130–132. https://doi.org/10.15199/33.2022.11.35 (2022)
Zmienność właściwości geotechnicznych lessów w świetle współczesnych metod badań
Wytyczne wykonywania badań lessowych (The loess studies by field methods guidelines); Warszawa (1979)
Parametry odkształceniowe lessów lubelskich wyznaczone z badań cptu
Badania gruntow statyczną sondą wkręcaną (Soil studies with the use of static screw sound)
Charakterystyki odksztalceniowe lessów poludniowo-wschodniej Polski
Identyfikacja konsystencji gruntów mało spoistych na podstawie charakterystyk penetracji z badania statycznego sondowania
Zależności regionalne parametrów geotechnicznych na podstawie sondowań
Cetin, K. O. & Ozan, C. CPT-based probabilistic soil characterization and classification. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135, 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(Asce)1090-241(2009)135:1(84) (2009)
Librić, L., Jurić-Kaćunić, D. & Kovačević, M. S. Application of cone penetration test (CPT) results for soil classification. Gradjevinar 69, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.1574.2016 (2017)
1:2022 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing — Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration test
1 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Sampling methods and groundwater measurements — Part 1: Technical principles for the sampling of soil
Geotechnical design — Part 1: General rules
1:2014 Geotechnical investigation and testing — Laboratory testing of soil
Nepelski, K. & Lal, A. Cpt parameters of loess subsoil in lublin area. Appl. Sci. 11, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136020 (2021)
Robertson, P. K. Cone penetration test (CPT)-based soil behaviour type (SBT) classification system — An update. Can. Geotech. J. 53, 1910–1927. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0044 (2016)
Soil behaviour type from the CPT: an update.; (2010)
Nepelski, K. Geotechnical Interpretation of the Geological Structure of Loess Covers in Lublin Region. Archit. Civ. Eng. Environ. 16, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.2478/acee-2023-0037 (2023)
Lim, Y. X., Tan, S. A. & Phoon, K. K. Friction angle and overconsolidation ratio of soft clays from cone penetration test. Eng. Geol. 274, 105730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105730 (2020)
Zhang, M., Wang, B. M. & Wang, S. J. Correlation analysis of CPT parameters and the physico-mechanical parameters of the loess-like silty clay soil. Appl. Mech. Mater. 482, 26–29. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.482.26 (2014)
Ramsey, N. & Tho, K. K. Estimating plasticity index directly from piezocone penetration tests in saturated natural soils. Can. Geotech. J. 61, 582–588. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2023-0106 (2024)
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The research leading to these results has received funding from the commissioned task entitled ‘VIA CARPATIA Universities of Technology Network named after the President of the Republic of Poland Lech Kaczyński,’ under the special purpose grant from the Minister of Education and Science
as part of the action ‘ISKRA – building inter-university research teams.’
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new needs and expectations of the economy are emerging
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The Sunday TimesLublin has long been multicultural
so many Hebrew scholars studied and resided here that it became known as the “Jewish Oxford”; today this hub of eastern Poland has nine universities that attract students from far and wide
You might recognise some of its sites as locations from Academy Award winner A Real Pain
Already announced as one of Europe’s Capitals of Culture for 2029
it’s affordable and photogenic courtesy of a pastel-coloured and wholly pedestrianised old town
And while the city has been a place of tragedy
as its haunting Majdanek Museum — on the site of a Nazi death camp from the Second World War — bears sober witness
cocktails delivered by toy trains or an army of miniature goat sculptures
Lublin has a quirky charm that makes a weekend visit thoroughly rewarding
Lublin Castle has been continuously rebuiltALAMY48 hours in Lublin — at a glanceDay one• Morning: Lublin Castle• Lunch: U Szewca• Afternoon: Grodzka Gate• Drink at: Perlowa Beer House• Evening: Lipowa street cemetery• Dinner: Za Kulisami
• Morning: Majdanek• Lunch: Pelier• Afternoon: Food tour• Drink at: Nocny Portier• Evening: Old town and Lubin Underground Trail• Dinner: Mandragora
The Lipowa Street Cemetery is the oldest in the cityALAMYWhat to do and see• Adjoining one of the old town’s arched entrances
the Grodzka Gate’s Memory of the Place exhibition informs about Lublin’s more recent past
stories and sounds from pre-Holocaust days
Some remain empty and the museum hopes to find the missing names of those lost (guided tours £9; teatrnn.pl).• Lublin Castle has been repeatedly rebuilt
yet a cylindrical round tower survives from the 1200s and
Inside the complex below are a 14th-century chapel
whose terrific red-green biblical frescoes cover every surface
plus the Lublin Museum’s folk art and weaponry (combined entry £8; zamek-lublin.pl)
Protestant and Roman Catholic graves lay in scarcely separate sections
re-emphasising Lublin’s cultural plurality
beautifully kept graves and tombs shaded by lime trees and soundtracked by birdsong
It’s almost as if you’re in the countryside.• One of six Nazi extermination camps in Poland
where tens of thousands of Jews were murdered during the Holocaust
Its vast site (bring water and comfy shoes and arrive early at 9am) has reconstructed barracks and original gas chambers and there are videos of survivors’ tear-inducing testimonies
yet essential (free; majdanek.eu).• A long-time Lublin resident
the easygoing Dutchman Martin Dalebout gives bespoke tours
His food-themed version can take in communist-era cafeterias
an artisan bakery whose cebularz — Lublin’s staple snack: a poppy-seed flatbread topped with onions — has been the tastiest in town for decades (£125pp for two; martinscitytours.com).• Roam the enchanting
miniature goat statues (a nod to the one on Lublin’s coat of arms) and the gravity-defying installation of a tightrope walker (inspired by one of the local novelist Isaac Bashevis Singer’s books) before inspecting the Lublin Underground Trail’s old cellars and dungeons (£7; teatrnn.pl)
The heartbreaking Majdanek museum is located on the site of a Nazi death campALAMYWhere to eat and drinkU SzewcaFollow an elevated pathway into Lublin’s old town
and you’ll find this labyrinthine pub where the city’s residents catch up in sport-themed rooms
The lunchtime staple is zurek staropolski — a traditional
chowder-like sour rye soup containing chunks of sausage
bacon and boiled egg (soup from £4; uszewca.pl)
• Read our full guide to Poland
The local beer-maker Perla has grown too big to continue brewing at this site and instead uses the ivy-covered former monastery as a bar and restaurant where aficionados can enjoy flights of the brand’s delicious porter
In summer there are also free courtyard screenings of
English-language films (flight of four beers £5; perlowapijalniapiwa.pl)
The old market square in LublinALAMYZa KulisamiClose to Fryderyka Chopina street’s art nouveau houses
red-walled restaurant adjoins the glassy Centre of the Meeting of Cultures cultural hub
Its à la carte menus are effectively Poland meets the Med — not least a superb starter imaginatively pairing high-quality grilled octopus with broad bean hummus and pear salsa (mains from £9; zakulisami.lublin.pl)
• One of my family died at Auschwitz. But should we still be visiting?
This cheerful bistro has hanging birdcages and vintage clocks behind a faux-blossom frontage and terrace
it’s open all day but best at brunch thanks to good toasted bagels
crêpes and egg dishes (brunch mains from £6; pelier.pl)
The cocktails at Nocny Portier are themed around moviesNocny PortierLublin’s best bar has upside-down pot plants
absurd monkey portraiture and terrific cocktails from a movie-inspired menu
Under a huge smoke bubble you must first pop
the beetroot-powered Night Hunter is sensational
You’ll need a password to visit the downstairs speakeasy (ask Martin during your food tour)
where drinks at the bar arrive aboard trains on a toy railway (cocktails from £6; nocnyportier.pl)
• 18 of the best affordable summer destinations in Europe
Mandragora evokes private Jewish houses of yesteryear
Alongside gigantic portions of modest dishes made from old recipes — such as roasted duck wings topped with pearl barley — rugs
menorahs and monochrome family photos help to achieve this effect
It’s as much a cultural as a dining experience (mains from £8; mandragora.lublin.pl)
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convenient rentalsGiven their style notes — herringbone floors; exposed husks of red brick; minimal four-poster beds — these eight spacious en suite apartments represent a real bargain
kitchenettes and views of either the old town or Lublin Castle (room-only doubles from £71; fontana-apartments.com)
The IBB Grand Hotel Lublin has 72 high-ceilinged roomsCity-centre class and grandeurOccupying a belle époque building on the city’s main square (Plac Litewski)
this ex-bank pairs a well-stocked bar and formal restaurant with 72 high-ceilinged chambers — some rather aggressively contemporary
most sophisticated and decorated in rich navy hues
The Deluxe category and up have espresso machines; ask for a room at the rear if you’re a light sleeper (B&B doubles from £84; ibbhotellublin.com)
Old town boutique with a poolIn a 16th-century old-town tenement
elegant rooms in which vintage furniture and brown-leather fittings set a fairly traditional tone
The underwhelming breakfast spread is best skipped (room-only doubles from £156; hotelalter.pl)
WizzAir flies direct from Luton to Lublin daily between April and November
Ryanair operates the same route six times a week between April and mid-October
get a train to Lublin Glowny station (£1.50; 30 minutes) or the No 5 bus to the more central Brama Krakowska stop (£1; 55 minutes)
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Sep 26, 2024 | Culture, Society
Lublin in Poland has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2029
a prestigious title that the city hopes will raise its profile
boost the economy and support local culture
“We have once again proven that Lublin’s culture and its creators have enormous potential,” said mayor Krzysztof Żuk
will be Poland’s third to hold the title since the European Capitals of Culture programme was launched almost 40 years ago
🎉 Lublin has been named the European Capital of Culture for 2029!✨ This vibrant city, already known as the European Youth Capital of 2023, is now getting ready to showcase its unique cultural flair to the rest of Europe. We can’t wait to see what 2029 will bring!#Lublin2029 pic.twitter.com/JxWt6o6DuJ
— Poland Travel (@PolandTravel_UK) September 26, 2024
the European Union designates a city or several cities to hold a series of events to promote local culture and art for one calendar year
over 60 places have been European Capitals of Culture
including Kraków (2000) and Wrocław (2016) in Poland
with a population of around 330,000 is Poland’s eight largest city
hopes that holding the title will benefit not only local culture but also the economy and society more broadly
“The experience of other cities shows that receiving the title has been a powerful boost for development,” the city wrote in a statement
“It means hundreds of events attracting thousands of tourists and enormous promotion within Poland and globally.”
“It also increases opportunities for reaching out for European funds
to develop infrastructure and support social and cultural initiatives,” they added
In applying to be European Capitals of Culture, Lublin chose as its slogan “RE:UNION”, referring to the historic Union of Lublin that created the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The title is supposed to be “understood as renewed integration
Its proposed programme includes projects intended to support artistic education for children and young people
senior residents’ activation and participation
and the development of creative industry entities
The budget for the programme is estimated to reach €55 million (235 million zloty)
with 85% expected to come from public funds
including €12.5 million from the city itself
€24.5 million (104.6 million zloty) from the culture ministry and €3.5 million from the European Union
A video portal that until now has provided a live feed between Lublin and Vilnius has been connected to New York and Dublin, allowing people in the four cities to see – and interact with – one another in real time https://t.co/OkOwhBnBiz
— Notes from Poland 🇵🇱 (@notesfrompoland) August 30, 2024
“The European Capital of Culture is not only prestige
It is first and foremost a tremendous opportunity to build a strong international brand
to attract thousands of tourists and investors
and above all to strengthen local identity
to build community,” said Polish culture minister Hanna Wróblewska
Twelve Polish cities applied to be named as the country’s European Capital of Culture in 2029
Four of them were shortlisted: Bielsko-Biała
Their applications were assessed by independent experts appointed by the European Parliament
A new bus station hailed as the "most beautiful in Poland" has opened in Lublin
The building includes a range of features designed to reduce its environmental impact https://t.co/UXIXuy7k4z
— Notes from Poland 🇵🇱 (@notesfrompoland) January 20, 2024
Main image credit: Tomasz Zielonka / Unsplash
Alicja Ptak is senior editor at Notes from Poland and a multimedia journalist
Defence, Energy & Climate, News
The project will strengthen national security and regional infrastructure
Business, Law, News, Politics
Figures from PiS have dismissed the claims against Karol Nawrocki as “lies”
Business, News, Politics
Karol Nawrocki even suggested that the state security services were involved in creating the scandal
Apr 30, 2025 | Defence, Hot news, News, Politics
That response will include “large Polish and NATO exercises in Poland”
Apr 29, 2025 | Business, Hot news, News, Society
Those employed in Poland work on average the third-longest hours in the European Union
Apr 28, 2025 | Business, Energy & Climate, Hot news, News, Politics
Westinghouse and Bechtel were first chosen in 2022 as partners on the 192 billion zloty ($51 billion) project
please consider helping us to continue and expand it
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Senior Research Fellow at the Global Europe Centre
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Weronika Strzyżyńska is currently studying journalism at Goldsmiths as a Scott Trust Bursary recipient
She has written on issues immigration and Brexit for New Statesman and Prospect
Agnieszka Wądołowska is managing editor of Notes from Poland
She has previously worked for Gazeta.pl and Tokfm.pl and contributed to Gazeta Wyborcza
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Daniel Tilles is editor-in-chief of Notes from Poland and assistant professor of history at the Pedagogical University of Krakow
He has written on Polish affairs for a wide range of publications
The Independent and Dziennik Gazeta Prawna
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Stanley Bill is the founder and editor-at-large of Notes from Poland.He is also Senior Lecturer in Polish Studies and Director of the Polish Studies Programme at the University of Cambridge
Stanley has spent more than ten years living in Poland
He founded Notes from Poland in 2014 as a blog dedicated to personal impressions
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Aug 30, 2024 | Culture, Society
A video portal in the Polish city of Lublin – which up until now has provided a live link to another portal in Vilnius
Lithuania – has been connected to New York City and the Irish capital of Dublin
The device allows people in the cities to see – and interact with – one another in real time
with one side of the portal on Lublin’s central Litewski Square and the other next to Vilnius’s main train station
with media reports appearing in the BBC and USA Today
opened another one that connected Flatiron South Public Plaza in New York with Dublin’s North Earl Street
Now all four cities have been connected to one another
with the feeds between them rotating every three minutes for a seven-hour period each day (2 p.m
“We are delighted to welcome Dublin and New York – the latest cities joining this unique project,” said Lublin’s deputy mayor
“We are pleased that our portal is gaining more and more reach and popularity
opening up new possibilities for communication and cooperation on an international scale.”
we can now look at Manhattan in New York and the centre of Dublin
experiences and jointly initiate new projects,” added Stepaniuk-Kuśmierzak
noted that his city’s portal has already drawn over 340,000 visitors since its launch
“bringing a new lease of life to North Earl Street”
foot traffic around the portal is reportedly up 47% on last year
“We are delighted to see the network of cities expand to Vilnius and Lublin and look forward to seeing more people enjoy the portals experience,” said Geoghegan
Gylys says that his aim “is to build multiple portals that together create a global entity – a bridge to a united planet that invites people from distant cultures to meet beyond borders
He revealed that further portals will be opened in new locations later this year
Dublin City Council is delighted to announce that 2 extra cities have been added to the Portal. As well as connecting with New York, people on North Earl St will be able to see Vilnius in Lithuania and Lublin in Poland. The livestreams will rotate every 180 seconds forming a… pic.twitter.com/bBJdFloHjn
— Dublin City Council (@DubCityCouncil) August 27, 2024
Main image credit: Miasto Lublin
Daniel Tilles is editor-in-chief of Notes from Poland
[email protected]
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lost the 10 Olympic medals he earned over a stellar career during wildfires that swept
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The Para Swimming World Series recently touched down in Indianapolis
and many of the nation’s greatest Para swimmers staked claim to wins across the three day competition
The Spectacular Legacy of Sarah Sjostrom in the 50 Butterfly On Friday night
Gretchen Walsh walked through a door in the sport that had previously been accessed by just one
Luka Mijatovic Claims League Titles in ‘Off’ Events as High School Postseason Begins A rising star on the distance-freestyle scene
16-year-old Luka Mijatovic contested some “off” events during the East
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Two Pro Swim Series Marks Ilya Kharun’s weekend at the TYR Pro Swim Series didn’t begin auspiciously
July 23 was the 80th anniversary of the liberation of the Lublin-Majdanek concentration camp in Poland
Commemorative ceremonies were held in Lublin
where a memorial to the Nazi crimes was established shortly after the liberation in 1944
the date was hardly noticed by the official political establishment
including one at the Berlin-Karlshorst Museum
which commemorates the site of the capitulation of Nazi Germany in the Second World War
because it was the first major Nazi camp to be liberated by the Red Army
as historian and Holocaust researcher Stephan Lehnstaedt put it at the Berlin memorial event
“basically all aspects of occupation and the Holocaust in Eastern Europe.”
the history of Majdanek is particularly revealing
It is here that the connection between Nazi Germany’s war of aggression against the Soviet Union and the Holocaust
the extermination of the Jewish population
which primarily affected Poland and Eastern Europe
What began as a prison and forced labour camp as part of the Germanisation and resettlement policy ended with the murder of around 80,000 prisoners
When Soviet soldiers and members of the Polish underground army reached the camp on the outskirts of Lublin in eastern Poland on the night of July 22-23,1944
they found a place of horror: burning barracks
human remains and mountains of shoes of murdered people
around a thousand prisoners in a pitiful state between life and death
The SS guards had fled the camp a few hours before their arrival
hastily burying corpses and transporting around a thousand prisoners to Auschwitz
relatives and local residents flocked to the huge camp site
they gathered at a memorial service in Lublin
which was also attended by international war reporters
The horrific images of the Nazi killing machine quickly spread around the world
the pleas of Jewish exile groups to the American and British allied forces to bomb the railway lines to Auschwitz
where the mass murders continued day after day
A Soviet-Polish camera team—including Stanisław Wohl, Aleksander Ford and Adolf Forbert, who would later found the Filmhochschule Łódź—immediately began work on a film documentary, which was released that same year: “Vernichtungslager Majdanek—Friedhof Europas” (Majdanek Extermination Camp—Europe’s Cemetery)
in which original statements by survivors and captured SS guards can be heard
just under a month after the camp was liquidated
the initiative to establish a museum was launched
Majdanek thus became the first concentration camp memorial in Europe to begin its work during the war
a historic city in eastern Poland with a population of 120,000 at the time
was located only about a hundred kilometres from the border with the Soviet Ukrainian Republic
After the invasion of Poland on September 1
it became part of the occupied General Government of Poland under the command of General Governor Hans Frank
the “Butcher of Poland” who was later executed in Nuremberg
His right-hand man in the Lublin district was Odilo Globocnik
whom Heinrich Himmler had appointed SS and police leader of Lublin
notorious for his mistreatment of Jews and personal enrichment at their expense
organised a brutal campaign of terror in the city and surrounding area immediately after the occupation
He drove farmers from their farms and their homes
recruited paramilitary gangs of the “Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz” (German Self-Defence) from the German minority and used them for the mass executions of the so-called “Intelligenzaktion” (Intelligentsia Action) and the subsequent AB-Aktion (“Extraordinary Pacification Action”)
This genocidal campaign by the German occupying power was intended to break the resistance of the Polish population and to initiate the Nazis’ plans for Germanisation and resettlement
Globocnik began building forced labour camps as early as 1939
Four weeks after the start of the campaign against the Soviet Union in 1941
the task of “securing the newly occupied eastern territories.” He immediately travelled to Lublin and appointed Odilo Globocnik as his “representative for the establishment of SS and police bases in the new eastern territories.” Lublin
with its high proportion of Jewish inhabitants
was to be the centre and was to be settled by Germans from the Reich
the construction of the camp in the Lublin suburb of Majdan Tatarski
which later became the Majdanek camp complex
Himmler initially ordered the construction of a “concentration camp for 25,000 to 50,000 prisoners to be used for workshops and buildings for the SS and police”[1]
which was officially called the “prisoner-of-war camp of the Waffen-SS.” It was not until 1943 that Majdanek was designated the “Lublin concentration and labour camp.”
The intention was to create a central military supply base for the network of fortified SS and police locations and industrial enterprises planned for the east
Globocnik became one of the two managing directors of Ostindustrie GmbH
which operated its own SS armaments company and appropriated existing private companies
Globocnik was thus entrusted with the implementation of the Generalplan Ost,” Stephan Lehnstaedt said in Berlin
commissioned by Himmler and developed at the Friedrich Wilhelm University
under the leadership of the agronomist and SS-Oberführer Konrad Meyer (1901-1973)
was an essential basis for the Nazis’ war strategy in the east
The Generalplan Ost envisaged the expulsion of the majority of the “Slavic sub-humans”—Russians
Czechs and Ukrainians—from Eastern Europe and the enslavement of the remainder
The plan also included the extensive extermination of Jews and 30 million deaths from starvation
The Nazis originally planned to build barracks for 250,000 prisoners on a huge site covering 516 hectares but were later forced to scale down their plans
Unlike the outright extermination camps such as Auschwitz II
crematoria with a smaller capacity were only built relatively late at Majdanek
the prisoners were exploited to the point of exhaustion as forced labourers under miserable living conditions
63,000 died—first through extermination through work and then through extermination with gas vans and in gas chambers
Inmates who were unfit for work or ill were deported to the region’s specially constructed death camps
the inmates of Majdanek also included 35,000 Poles
as well as entire families from Belarus and Ukraine who had been deported to build SS bases
Around 15,000 members of this group of prisoners were also murdered
the fact that there were not even more Polish victims was also due to the courageous intervention of a Jewish mathematician from the Galician city of Lviv (Lemberg)
who passed herself off as the Polish countess Janina Suchodolska and
at which the Nazi leadership decided upon the extermination of European Jewry
the “Aktion Reinhardt” programme was concentrated in Lublin
leading to the murder of 1.8 million Polish Jews and Roma within a year
The code name is associated with the Nazi response to the assassination of the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA
“Lublin was the centre of Aktion Reinhardt,” said Lehnstaedt in an interview
“It is the place where the economic activities converge
It is where the Jews who are still needed for forced labour and exploitation are distributed
It is where the stolen goods are sorted and processed
It is from there that people are transported to other camps
and it is from there that everything is coordinated.”
The forced labour in the workshops of Majdanek and its satellite camps Lublin-Lipowastraße
Trawniki and others served to supply the Wehrmacht— for example
Wehrmacht uniforms were manufactured by the company Schultz & Co.
ammunition and ammunition boxes by the Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke DAW
parts for Heinkel aircraft construction and weapons by Steyr Daimler Puch
Aktion Reinhardt was followed by Aktion Erntefest (Action Harvest Festival)
This cynical code name concealed the mass shooting of all remaining Jews in occupied Poland
SS Reichsführer Himmler had personally planned and ordered it in 1943
He was reacting to the uprisings of Jewish
Polish and Soviet prisoners that had broken out in the Warsaw Ghetto (April/May 1943)
Bialystok Ghetto (August 1943) and the extermination camps Treblinka (August 1943) and Sobibor (October 1943) after the defeat of the Wehrmacht in Stalingrad
Himmler and Globocnik planned a mass murder of 43,000 Jewish inmates of the remaining labour camps Majdanek
Trawniki and Poniatowa at the same time on November 3-4
To drown out the sound of the machine-gun fire and the screams of the victims
the Nazi murders were mainly prosecuted by Polish-Soviet courts
Immediately after the liberation of the camp
set up a commission of inquiry that organised an inspection of the camp and prepared the first trial in the same year against six captured SS perpetrators
A second trial against 95 SS prisoners from 1946 to 1948 ended with seven death penalties and long prison sentences
the murderers of Majdanek remained virtually unchallenged
the existence of the camp was long kept secret and has hardly been discussed to this day
It was not until ten years after the end of the Auschwitz trial
that a six-year trial began in Düsseldorf against some mostly lower-ranking members of the SS guard team
the trial ended with only one life sentence for Hermine Braunsteiner-Ryan
and mostly with short prison sentences or acquittals
The trial ended in a riot when a lawyer for one of the Nazi defendants loudly demanded that a surviving witness who had been forced by the warden to carry a container of Zyklon B be charged with aiding and abetting the murder
the Federal Republic of Germany refuses to contribute financially to the Majdanek memorial in Lublin
Stephan Lehnstaedt responded to a question from the Berlin audience: “A clear no.”
Germany also refuses to contribute financially to other memorials
And this happens with “very absurd justifications.” Cornelia Pieper (Liberal Democrat
until 2013 State Secretary at the Foreign Ministry and since 2014 Consul General in Gdansk
said during the construction of a new memorial in Sobibor: “The victim nations are participating
the so-called Theresienstadt Declaration is being invoked
“And that is a masterpiece of German diplomacy
in that it states that the countries in which the memorials are located are financially responsible for them.” The German government only provides subsidies for individual projects
it was focusing unilaterally on the Holocaust and on Auschwitz
since this was more effective in the media
The real reason is that German politics after 1945 never really broke with the Nazi traditions. The 80th anniversary commemoration of Majdanek in the Berlin-Karlshorst Museum ended a series of events on the year 1944, which included the liberation of Leningrad after the Wehrmacht’s hunger blockade, the severe crimes committed by the Wehrmacht in the Ozarichi death camp and the Maly Trostenez extermination site on the outskirts of Minsk
But these crimes against humanity do not prevent German imperialism today from pursuing its geopolitical and economic goals through war and the promotion of fascist tendencies. In Ukraine, it is supporting the war against Russia with billions of euros and is working with a regime that erects monuments to Nazi collaborators and mass murderers from the Second World War
such as Stepan Bandera and Roman Shushkevich
Just a few days before the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Majdanek by the Soviet Red Army, a decree issued by the Bundeswehr (Armed Forces) was announced
honouring leading generals and officers of the Nazi Wehrmacht as fostering “tradition” and “identification.” And two weeks later
German-supplied tanks rolled over the border into Russia near Kursk
the German government supports the Israeli army’s genocide of the Palestinians and denounces anyone who protests against it as an “anti-Semite,” including numerous Jews
it receives applause from the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) and numerous other fascist organisations
its compliant media and academic lackeys twist history to justify this criminal policy
the war of extermination against the Soviet Union
Hitler’s and the Nazi leadership’s “anti-Semitism” was inextricably linked to their hatred of socialism and the Soviet Union
At the centre of their aggressive war propaganda was “Jewish Bolshevism,” which they held responsible for the October Revolution of 1917 and the defeat of German imperialism in the First World War
the ‘right’ war was always the one against the Soviet Union
because for him the fate of Germany depended on the conquest of living space (Lebensraum) and the solution of the ‘Jewish question.’ Both
depended on the destruction of the Soviet Union
the war against ‘Jewish Bolshevism’ and for Lebensraum was comprehensive and of a piece.”[3]
This is also the deeper reason for the almost complete annihilation of Polish Jews
Before the Nazi invasion on 1 September 1939
the socialist and anti-Zionist General Labour Union—“The Bund”—was the strongest Jewish party in Poland
The Communist Party also had a large following among Jews
[1] Tomasz Kranz: “The Lublin Concentration Camp – Between Planning and Realisation.” In: Ulrich Herbert
Christoph Dieckmann: The Nazi Concentration Camps
Ostkrieg: Hitler’s War of Extermination in the East
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The third-generation owners of Kuźmiuk Bakery say they only learned of the site’s pre-war history in the past decade
Poland — On a quiet corner of Furmańska Street
dawn breaks to the warm smell of bread wafting from the oldest bakery in Lublin
announced by a sign: “Kuźmiuk Bakery since 1944.”
But another bakery was there before 1944, when Furmańska Street belonged to a historic Jewish quarter of this Polish city. Before the Kuźmiuk Bakery opened that year
and before the Nazis killed 99% of Lublin’s Jews
the best bakery in town served rye bread and onion rolls from within the same walls
It was run by Mordka and Doba Bajtel and their children
a Jewish family entirely erased from the city
The third-generation owners of Kuźmiuk Bakery say they only learned of the site’s pre-war history in the past decade
The bakery’s postwar history is threaded throughout its operations
inherited recipes and techniques from her father Sergiusz Kuźmiuk and his father Włodzimierz Kuźmiuk
dates only to the 1980s.) Brochures inside the store tell how Włodzimierz Kuźmiuk and his young family escaped the destruction of World War II across Poland
finally settling in an empty bakery in Lublin
his first batch of bread fed Lubliners for their first Christmas after the city’s liberation from Nazi Germany
But her father and grandfather never told Golawski about what came before
She knew nothing of the store’s Jewish history until July 2017
when a woman walked into Kuźmiuk Bakery and introduced herself
and she had traveled from her home in Florida to see the bakery once owned by her great-uncle Mordka and great-aunt Doba
The visit shook Golawski, who still maintains the family business with help from her husband Artur Golawski and daughter Natalia. Minars pointed out where the Bajtels lived in an apartment behind the bakery — today, it’s the home of the Golawski family. Records from the Grodzka Gate-NN Theater Center
a Lublin institution focused on the city’s Jewish history
confirm that Mordka Bajtel owned a bakery in the building that is now the Kuźmiuk Bakery
“It made an impact on us,” Goławski told the Jewish Telegraphic Agency
once called pletzel by Lublin’s Yiddish-speaking Jews
Minars’ mother, Eva Eisenkeit, was a native Lubliner who loved the city and fondly remembered the bakery run by her aunt and uncle. She was 20 at the start of World War II. In March 1942, she escaped the Lublin ghetto two days before the Nazis began its “liquidation” — an operation to kill all the Jews
mostly through extermination camps and mass executions
Eisenkeit spent 22 months hiding in an underground hole beneath a pigsty in the nearby village of Dys
she was the only member of her family alive
“My mother survived by herself,” Minars said to JTA
“She came from a home [where] there were eight children
My mother didn’t even have a first cousin or second or third cousin survive
Minars had a clear picture of the bakery in her mind. While she visited Lublin she was also completing her mother’s memoir, “A Lublin Survivor: Life is Like a Dream,” based on 14 years of testimonial interviews
Bakeries were embedded in the rich tapestry of Jewish food and culture. Lublin’s many Jewish bakeries sold rye bread (then known as “Jewish bread”) and pumpernickel (or “German bread”) along with challah, rugelach and pletzel, an onion flatbread originating from Lublin-area Jews in the 19th century
But the most famous bakery was the Bajtels’
“People stood in line outside waiting their turn to get into the bakery,” Eisenkeit recalled in her memoir
“Wholesalers and store owners from the surrounding towns and villages came to Lublin to buy baked goods from the Bajtel bakery.”
Mordka Bajtel was a religious man who spent a great deal of his bakery’s profits on local Jewish institutions
He was particularly inspired by the Lublin Yeshiva
pillows and bedding in the school’s dormitories
he donated challah to the yeshiva and the Jewish Hospital
And he never failed to bake challah for Lublin’s Bialer Hasidic rabbi
which he personally delivered before Shabbat
was a vibrant center of Jewish life before the Holocaust
The Germans shut down nearly all of Lublin’s bakeries in 1939
Bajtel and his sons were forced to bake bread exclusively for the Germans until November 1942
when they were finally rounded up and killed at the Majdanek concentration camp
Doba Bajtel was shot with her daughters-in-law and grandchildren in the Krepiecki Forest
intending to claim the bakery as its only surviving heir
But the Polish government had already granted the building to Włodzimierz Kuźmiuk
Poland was quick to redistribute the property of dead Jews after the Holocaust
using decrees that nationalized private property under the post-war Soviet regime
but she would have to wait for months or a year while her documentation was processed
She did not want to stay in the hometown where her family
neighbors and all Jewish life had vanished
Other survivors who returned to their homes were threatened or killed by Poles who had moved in
she decided to visit the bakery’s new owner
70 years before her daughter’s trip from Florida
Eisenkeit walked into the bakery and met Kuźmiuk
He told her that he waited for a surviving heir
he took ownership of the building just one day earlier
she ran into a former Jewish neighbor from Lublin
moving to Israel and later the United States
includes memories of her family’s Lublin bakery
which since 1944 has run under new ownership as the Kuźmiuk Bakery
The Kuźmiuk Bakery’s bestseller today is known in Polish as cebularz
once called pletzel by Lublin’s Yiddish-speaking Jews: a round flatbread topped with diced onions and poppy seeds
the pastry was widely known as a Jewish specialty
But after the Nazis killed 90% of Poland’s Jews
the country was left with fragments of Jewish heritage — like an onion flatbread — without the Jews
Polish children who grew up eating cebularz from Jewish bakeries still wanted cebularz when they grew up
“If you used to eat something from childhood
it’s quite normal for you to still eat it,” said Golawski
She is currently working on printing a Hebrew-language brochure dedicated to the history of cebularz and its origins in Lublin’s Jewish community
could not name a traditional Jewish bakery like the Bajtels’ today
“There are no Jewish bakers in Poland,” said Nazaruk
we have maybe 20,000 Jews in the entire country
usually disconnected from Jewishness to some degree
So there are no Jewish businesses rising from the past.”
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The floor is yours!”: in the second half of the 1970’s
Lea Lublin opened to all the possibility to speak freely about the nature of art
Hélène Gheysens recontextualizes this project – but also Lublin’s career – within a wider social
up and to a new ethical way of creating art
The public space therefore the forum where an individual can assert himself within society
Psycho-Politics Of Public Space: The Investigations Of Lea Lublin (1929-1999) Hélène Gheysens
In Interrogations et Entretiens sur l’art
Lea Lublin calls out to her audience: “Take the floor
Lea Lublin’s call is conveyed in several works that
This is one of the artist’s leitmotifs in order to think a non-authoritarian social articulation that affects both the intimate (the psychoanalytical dimension) and the collective (the political dimension) future of the individual
These questions are deployed in the public space
which is conceived as a physical space (to circulate in) and a mental space (to communicate in)
Lea Lublin’s consciousness of circulation spaces comes from the Surrealist heritage passed on to her by her teacher at the Buenos Aires School of Fine Arts
Lea Lublin shares his interest in representing the city
she adds to it a new way of thinking about communication
A drawing dated 1956 shows a tree in the process of merging with the edges of buildings
echoing the lines of antennas and electric wires
anticipating the artist’s interest in the fusion of the biological and the media
At a time when the brain’s electrical activity was being uncovered
the lamp in the corner seems to be a metaphor for human consciousness
The question of awareness under influence is present in the many drawings that Lea Lublin dedicated to representing crowds between 1957 and 1958
Lea Lublin continues her surrealist experiments in the spirit of the neo-dada artists
incorporating everyday objects into her work
For the Cara o Seca (Heads or Tails) exhibition
she created 3D “paintings-installations” that appropriated semiotic elements of urban space as well as household objects: not without humour
The artist presents chaotic compositions that echo shopping streets during rush-hour
Lea Lublin alerts of the risk of personalities being destroyed by an aggressive capitalist environment
In the context of the development of behaviourist theories
she creates “warning-works” designed to awaken the viewers
which uses pop media in a political and social perspective
following Luis Camnitzer’s theorisation of “ideological conceptual art”
this practice can be seen as part of pop art
the media or popular works (including vernacular ones)
while its output makes extensive use of industrial materials
aware of the power of images to shape identity and social relations and fully ingrained within a Marxist tradition
claims the critical consciousness previously carried by Mexican muralists
It asserts the revolutionary power of artworks
Lea Lublin’s subsequent projects occupy the public space in a bid to raise people’s awareness
the artist proposes Opération Commando Télécommandée de Communication (OCTC)
in a more direct attempt to fight the autocratic situation in Argentina
she seeks to transform collective action from “mass” art into “community” art through experiments such as Fluvio Subtunal and Flor de Ducha
lies at the boundary between the material and the immaterial
the intellectual public space constituted by culture was recognised as a place for debate and confrontation
Lea Lublin embraces this idea which was supported by the Cuban cultural revolution
Several articles published during her visit to Cuba in 1966 express her enthusiasm for the revolution underway
She does not see art as propaganda for a particular regime but as a true heir to the idea of the avant-garde
the artist carries a social responsibility
Nicolas Guillén and Lea Lublin in Buenos Aires
This point of view is shared with two close friends
is an essential reference to understand the merging of culture and identity
Encouraged by his encounters with Federico García Lorca and Langston Hughes
his literary experiments buttress his social convictions
or a precursor of the Black Arts Movement developed in the United States in the 1960’s
Although the precise circumstances of his meeting with Lea Lublin are unknown
its importance for both of them is undeniable
Their intense exchanges between 1955 and 1959
then still as close but more episodic until the 1980s
The second revolutionary figure close to Lea Lublin is Rafael San Martin
a fighter and writer whom she meets the same year that Ernesto Guevara landed in Cuba with Fidel Castro
Rafael San Martin’s parents were related to the Che’s
and he himself joined Fidel Castro’s column in the Sierra Maestra
He plays a key role in the spreading of the revolution
His international political obligations gradually distance him from Lea Lublin from the late 1970’s onwards
share each other’s lives for brief moments of time
Lea Lublin pays particular attention to theories that place communication
at the heart of interactions between the individual and society
social sciences studying these relationships are developing: psychology
These disciplines take as a fundamental precept the porosity of identity and raise the question of how the individual mediates with his or her environment
Lea Lublin represents these various modes of mediation before experimenting with them
As early as the series Incitation au massacre
she endorses the Arte de los Medios de Comunicación Masivos manifesto
according to which “the only thing that counts is the image of the artistic event reconstructed by the mass media”
Blanco sobre Blanco (White on White) illustrates this
This work depicts a couple engaged in sexual practice at the Pan-American Engineering Exhibition of 1970
Against a backdrop of heightened morality in Argentina
the eroticism of the depiction leads to the work being deemed subversive by the authorities and censored almost immediately
with the artist being taken to court for “obscenity”
Following her official conviction in Argentina
Lea Lublin presents a new work quoting Blanco sobre Blanco at the Comparaison salon in Paris
It is entitled Lecture d’une œuvre de Lea Lublin par un inspecteur de police (A Police Inspector Analysing A Work By Lea Lublin)
The work features photographs and archival documents recounting this episode of censorship in the context of proto-dictatorial Argentina
It explores the different ways in which a work can be received in two distinct geographical spaces
and seeks to make the limits of free speech in Argentina perceptible to European viewers
the artist puts forward a reflection on the role of the media in the face of power
a work supposedly meant to disappear can find lasting visibility in the press
Reading of a work by Lea Lublin by a police detective
The artist also turned her interviews into manifestos
she publishes an article entitled “La peur de se libérer des béquilles mentales” (The Fear Of Freeing Oneself From Mental Crutches)
in which she explains her research into movement and the multiplicity of points of view
she frequently accompanies her works with texts published in the press
This is particularly true of Culture – Dedans/Dehors le Musée (Culture Inside / Outside The Museum)
a paradigm of her revolutionary and media-oriented thinking
Lea Lublin writes in the preface to this work: “We attempt to show all the mechanisms hidden by the capitalist system
in order to bring about a total awareness that would open the way to a truly revolutionary culture”
As an extension of Culture Inside/Outside The Museum
Lea Lublin is attempting to bridge spaces of circulation with spaces of communication
in order to propose new modes of interaction
This is done under the influence of cybernetics
which combine individual and social psychology
a true “architect of information “
Using cybernetics adapted to social sciences
the artist finds a way of involving spectators in line with her social concerns
With an aim towards collective emancipation
Lea Lublin sets up ‘systems’ in which the relationship between the individual and society is no longer one of domination
She creates environments that serve as new settings in which the individual can define his or her identity
she follows in the footsteps of the latest discoveries in psychiatric theory
in particular behaviourism in considering that identities could shift or be provisional
which emerged from Culture – Dedans / Dehors le musée
epitomizes her desire to articulate physical and mental space in her works of art
Lea Lublin develops them mainly in Europe between 1974 and 1979
Interrogations is an artistic syntax being staged within an environment
A banner repeating an anaphora (L’art est-il
The latter is of particular interest to us
the artist chooses to hang the banner on a lamppost
She also carries out a test on the Cathedral before hanging it on the emblematic statue of the painter Pierre-Paul Rubens on the Groenplaats
Lea Lublin hung her Interrogations as a critique of the representation of the ideological and political power of Western art
long before statues were attacked (as was the case in Fort de France in 2020 with the statue of Joséphine de Beauharnais and Pierre Belain d’Esnambuc)
She photographs her hand pointing to the two words on the banner: “ideologische” and “politische”
she does so in a way that avoids replacing one ideology with another
by putting forward an open and playful intervention
The photographs that have survived show a banner that dances in the wind around the statue
sometimes covering it completely but then quickly disappearing
initially on the statue of Jean-Baptiste Vico
a Neapolitan autodidact sometimes identified as a precursor of Hegel
an emblematic author of Renaissance humanism
These critical interrogations of the universality of ‘icons’ of European intellectual culture
echo her sacralisation of a monument to Carlos Gardel
Argentinian tango legend and “true soul” of Latin America
The Interrogations banner is part of a system designed to encourage audience participation
in order to give participants some feedback
but also to share within the installation these multiple opinions
or “explanatory posters” bringing together photographs and transcriptions
Lea Lublin seeks to extricate herself from the determination of discourse by presenting a seemingly incoherent list of questions
the purpose of which is to prohibit any pre-established answers and thus to encourage personal statements and introspection
which she herself characterised as a “trap”
inviting us to restlessly question art and society
Her desire for a parallel activation of physical and mental space continues later in her exhibition practice and her presence in the press
as part of the television show Cercle de Minuit
a series of cibachromes from Lea Lublin’s investigation of Marcel Duchamp’s footsteps in Buenos Aires
These pieces had previously been shown in two exhibitions curated by the artist in 1991
via a relatively mainstream media program and in the context of a discursive definition of culture
demonstrates the artist’s ability to assert the importance of art in the psycho-political definition of public space
Conceptualism in Latin American art: Didactics of Liberation
and Teresa Lozano Long series in Latin American and Latino art and culture »
art et conditionnement psychologique XIXe-XXIe siècles »
« Nicolas Guillén in the 1980s : A Guide to Recent Scolarship » in Latin American Research Review
Lublin L., « El Miedo a liberarse de los andadores mentales » in TESTIGO, Revista de Literatura y Arte, Enero, Febrero, Marzo 1966, Buenos Aires, Archivo Histórico de Revistas Argentinas (www.ahira.com.ar
exhibition held from the 28th of October 2015 to the 28th March 2016 at the Centre Pompidou Metz
Lea Lublin – Retrospective: [anlässlich der Ausstellung Lea Lublin – Retrospective
Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus und Kunstbau
Hélène Gheysens holds a PhD in contemporary art history from Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne
was supervised by Pascal Rousseau and defended in 2023
Arte será vida at the Galerie Michel Journiac in Paris and co-edited the book Amis
120 ans avec le Musée national d’art moderne
she was co-curator at the the Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art of the exhibition AntipsychiARTrie
relations entre art et antipsychiatrie depuis 1960
She is the founder of the Mission Recherche des Amis du Centre Pompidou
a program dedicated to researchers wishing to work with the collections of the the Musée national d’art moderne – Centre Pompidou
She has contributed to various archival tools
She is also president of Fun Tech Adventures
Poland: Brutal Police Raid on the Dominican Monastery in Lublin
Unprecedented police raid in the Dominican convent in Lublin sparks outrage and raises questions about legality and respect for religious rights in Poland
It seemed like a scene from a police movie
with agents storming a hideout of criminals: six hooded police officers entering the building
drones flying in the air; the police searching the rooms and photographing the interiors: the operation lasted two hours
under orders from the National Prosecutor’s Office
officers stormed the historic Dominican friary
violating and desecrating the monks’ cells
not a country that proclaims itself democratic like the Republic of Poland governed by Tusk
the objective of this shameful action was to search for Deputy Marcin Romanowski
Romanowski being sought in the Lublin friary
The search provided for by the Code of Criminal Procedure (Article 219 of the Penal Code) presupposes reasonable suspicion of the presence of a suspect in a given place
pro-government media openly reported that the deputy was abroad: there was talk of Spain or Hungary
an action purely demonstrative and repressive in nature
This brutal and unprecedented raid on the Dominican Monastery of Saint Stanislaus in Lublin has caused great indignation in various sectors of Polish society
According to the Association of Lawyers for Poland
not only have national laws been violated: the government has breached Article 8
paragraph 3 of the Concordat between the Holy See and the Republic of Poland
“This document,” the lawyers write
“clearly guarantees the inviolability of places of worship
and any activity in such places is possible only with the consent of ecclesiastical authorities or in exceptional situations where life
or property are at risk.” “Whose life
whose health was at risk in this grotesque operation?” they ask rhetorically
The Lawyers for Poland have no doubt about the motivations of the authorities of the current government: “The purpose of this action was not to enforce the law or justice
but to humiliate the clergy and write another chapter in the political war against the Catholic Church
which has long obsessively denounced Catholic influence in Poland
has decided to take another step and launch a symbolic attack on one of the bastions of spirituality.” Could it be any clearer
“Each new case of law violation distances us from the group of civilized countries and leads Poland towards the abyss of authoritarianism
We demand the immediate punishment of those responsible and the restoration of respect for the law and ethical standards in state actions,” the lawyers insist
The Dominicans themselves have also reacted to the shameful police action
in a letter addressed to Father Dariusz Wilk CSMA
President of the Conference of Major Superiors of Men’s Religious Orders in Poland
wrote: “The case is surprising because none of the brothers in the Lublin friary know Mr
Romanowski has no contact with the Lublin friary
where he had been granted political asylum
What is shocking is the fact that the brothers were suspected of hiding a man wanted with an arrest warrant.” In this unfortunate situation
the Dominicans have decided to file a complaint with the National Prosecutor’s Office denouncing the actions taken
we will submit a request to access the records regarding the reasons why it was suspected that Mr
Romanowski was hiding in the Lublin friary,” the friars declare
governed by politicians supported by the Brussels oligarchies
by politicians who wanted to restore the rule of law and continuously violate the Constitution and the laws
“the raid on the Lublin friary was carried out under the aegis of the National Prosecutor’s Office
which since January 2024 has been taken over by politician Adam Bodnar and his puppet prosecutors
they have brought the institution into a state of chaos and anarchy
It is not without reason that the rulings of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Tribunal highlight devastating violations in the functioning of this institution.” So the question arises: why do the supposed defenders of legality and justice in Brussels not react
who attacked the Poland of the previous conservative government and deprived the country of European funds
Wlodzimierz Redzioch è nato a Czestochowa (Polonia)
si è laureato in Ingegneria nel Politecnico
Dopo aver continuato gli studi nell’Università di Varsavia
nel 1980 ha lavorato presso il Centro per i pellegrini polacchi a Roma
Dal 1981 al 2012 ha lavorato presso L’Osservatore romano
Dal 1995 collabora con il settimanale cattolico polacco Niedziela come corrispondente dal Vaticano e dall’Italia
Per la sua attività di vaticanista il 23 settembre 2000 ha ricevuto in Polonia il premio cattolico per il giornalismo «Mater Verbi»; mentre il 14 luglio 2006 Sua Santità Benedetto XVI gli ha conferito il titolo di commendatore dell’Ordine di San Silvestro papa
ha scritto diversi volumi sul Vaticano e guide ai due principali santuari mariani: Lourdes e Fatima
Promotore in Polonia del pellegrinaggio a Santiago de Compostela
In occasione della canonizzazione di Giovanni Paolo II ha pubblicato il libro “Accanto a Giovanni Paolo II
Gli amici e i collaboratori raccontano” (Edizioni Ares
compresa la testimonianza d’eccezione di Papa emerito Benedetto XVI
per commemorare il 40mo anniversario dell’assassinio di don Jerzy Popiełuszko
ha pubblicato la sua biografia “Jerzy Popiełuszko
Martire del comunismo” (Edizioni Ares Milano 2024)
Reflection by Bishop Enrique Díaz: I will praise you
Paris Marks 400th Anniversary of the Congregation of the Mission
Reflection by Bishop Enrique Díaz: The Lord’s mercy is eternal
The Holy See's commitment to resolving conflicts—whether in Ukraine
advancing human rights and religious freedom
opposing the "throwaway culture"; supporting migrants; and advocating healthcare access is unwavering
and promotes fraternity and multilateralism
Described as a "field hospital amid a battle," the Holy See is a vital player in global conversations about the challenges facing the international community
exerting "soft power" that often secures results even major global powers struggle to achieve alone
the Vatican's Secretary for Relations with States and International Organizations
described the vocation and tools of Vatican diplomacy
which currently maintains relations with 184 countries and is deeply engaged with global governance institutions
His presentation at the Catholic University of Lublin (KUL)
titled "The Diplomacy of the Holy See in the contemporary world," was part of a conference organized by the University's Center for Diplomacy Studies
Gallagher outlined the current state of the Holy See's diplomatic mission
beginning with a historical perspective and emphasizing decades of bridge-building
humble approach that has proven effective in untangling seemingly insurmountable conflicts and fostering signs of goodwill among warring parties
this "diplomacy of mercy" embodies a genuine political commitment to solidarity and the common good—not as an abstract goal but through tangible actions like cancelling foreign debt
advancing cooperation and development policies
even in the face of severe injustices such as the death penalty
Gallagher elaborated on the structures and key figures of Vatican diplomacy
the Pope's presence in diverse cultural and religious settings
who represent the Holy See locally where diplomatic relations have not been formalized
The Secretariat of State guides this "vast and well-defined" network
"the very first diplomat is the Pope himself."
The pontificate of John Paul II and "questions concerning Eastern Europe" amply demonstrated this
"we can see the impact that Pope Francis has on the international stage." To him
"the world turns," and "it is his words and actions that inspire and animate the diplomatic activity of the Holy See," the Vatican representative pointed out
"the Pope is tirelessly exercising his moral authority," confronting injustices
and warning against harmful practices that jeopardize our world and future
Gallagher's address also focused on the Vatican's quiet
behind-the-scenes efforts in conflict resolution
the Holy See "intervenes to support an idea of peace that is the f "uit of just relationships
and the protection of fundamental human rights." The Holy See also works on humanitarian grounds to support the social renewal of often forgotten regions
facilitate family reunification for minors
and enable prisoner exchanges and the return of fallen soldiers between Russia and Ukraine
"the principle of humanity" must never be "compromised in the name of military needs," mainly when civilian lives are at stake
This commitment underpins its active engagement in disarmament discussions
Gallagher also highlighted the Holy See's commitment to human rights
including "the right to life and the inviolability of every person as children of God" and the defense of "the sanctity of human life from conception to natural death" By defending "these rights
the Holy See upholds a moral "standard and sparks crucial global debates
He voiced concern over countries or coalitions imposing views on human rights and dignity that diverge from Church teachings
sometimes conditioning humanitarian and development aid on a country's willingness to adopt these ideologies
Gallagher also underscored the Vatican's "commitment to universal healthcare
albeit without embracing certain contentious" concepts that have evolved into a global ideological agenda
such as the so-called "right to abortion."
Religious freedom was another central theme
with Gallagher reflecting on Pope John Paul II's legacy and reiterating the need to resist the instrumentalization of religion for political disputes
The Holy See consistently emphasizes "the public dimension of religious freedom while respecting the legitimate autonomy of the secularity of the State." It fosters a healthy dialogue between the state and religious communities as partners
Gallagher listed other crucial areas for Vatican diplomacy
opposing the "throwaway culture" that devalues human dignity by assessing "people only by their utility
the impact of technological progress and globalization on the workforce
and concerns "about artificial intelligence's ethical implications
he reiterated the Holy See's commitment to pursuing solutions for a crisis affecting nearly 120 million people displaced by persecution
He stressed the importance of just economic policies and efforts to "eradicate poverty
aiming to promote human fraternity as an antidote to the "globalization of indifference."
The Holy See is also deeply committed to eradicating human trafficking and other forms of modern slavery
"Pope Francis is universally recognized as one of the leading moral voices in the fight against human trafficking," Gallagher said
noting the Pope's ongoing calls for justice for people "deceived
often sold many times for different purposes and
physically and mentally harmed." To combat this "toxic scourge," the Holy See urges governments to address the underlying causes
against the backdrop of a world that the Pope has called "the third world war fought piecemeal," the Holy See's diplomatic mission remains unified in its commitment to "be a sign of hope." In this way
Vatican diplomacy "serves the common good" and acts as a voice affirming a shared yearning for stability
Gallagher also elaborated on the Holy See's bilateral diplomacy with various nations through concordats and agreements
to defend the locaSee'srches from any undue interference of the State in ecclesial matters
to engage with States on issues of common interest
in order to ensure effective cooperation within the social and religious spheres." He cited the Provisional Agreement with China on bishop appointments and similar arrangements with countries where formal diplomatic relations are still developing
Since becoming a permanent observer at the FAO in 1949
the Holy See has steadily intensified its engagement with the international community by contributing to numerous international organizations
This engagement allows the Holy See to "act primarily as a force of ethical leadership" with "independence from political alliances and blocs," fostering cooperation and dialogue
the Holy See can serve as "a trustworthy mediator
which is paramount in addressing conflicts and fostering dialogue on global issues," building bridges where others may see only insurmountable divisions
Panattoni has obtained a loan from Alior Bank to support the expansion of its latest investment in the Lublin Voivodeship
The €14 million will be allocated to developing an 11,190 sqm build-to-suit (BTS) facility for one of the leading logistics operators
- Lublin and its surroundings are among the fastest-growing regions in the country and play a key role in the development of logistics and industry in Eastern Poland
Panattoni has already delivered over 272,000 sqm of modern industrial space in the area – more than half the total market volume
The financing from Alior Bank enables us to pursue yet another investment – a state-of-the-art cross-docking terminal tailored to the needs of our long-standing business partner will be built within Panattoni Park Lublin IV
located in the Economic Activity Zone in Świdnik
is a high-quality modern warehouse complex currently consisting of two buildings with a total area of 53,000 sqm
Its tenants include companies from the automotive
A further 13,000 sqm of warehouse space remains available for lease
offers access to a well-developed transport infrastructure
Its proximity to the Lublin-Zadębie junction and easy access to expressways S12
and S19 – which is part of the international Via Carpatia route – make Panattoni Park Lublin IV an attractive operational base for logistics and manufacturing companies
Pope Francis maintained several notable connections with the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL)
including outreach to inmates at the Lublin Remand Center
His relationship with the university also included correspondence with the Rector and shared initiatives
“We all make mistakes in life; God never tires of forgiving,” Pope Francis emphasized in a letter to the students of KUL Center for Studies for Inmates at the Lublin Remand Centre
The letter from the Vatican was sent to the Rector of KUL
on the occasion of the academic year’s inauguration at the Center for Studies in the Lublin facility
The ceremony also marked ten years of the university’s educational program for prisoners
the Holy Father extended his blessing to the inmates
and their response reached the Bishop of Rome
Another example of the Pope’s interest in and respect for KUL was his congratulatory message to Rabbi Prof
who received an honorary doctorate from the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
“When I wrote to him that I was coming to Poland to receive the honorary doctorate from KUL
brothers—we refer to each other in our emails as ‘Dear Brother.’ When I informed Francis of this ceremony and the award from KUL
he congratulated me warmly,” Rabbi Skórka shared with KUL’s academic media during the event
Pope Francis also took note of the publication of the book They Even Killed the Children (Zabili nawet dzieci) by Manuela Tulli and Fr
a project developed in collaboration with the university
Archbishop Edgar Peña Parra wrote a letter on behalf of the Pope
expressing the hope that the Ulma family’s sacrifice would become a symbol of values that must never be betrayed—even under the threat of death
University staff had numerous opportunities to meet Pope Francis
not only during official audiences but also through more personal encounters at the Casa Santa Marta
the teachings and thought of Pope Francis became the subject of academic research at KUL
Scholars focused on his encyclical Laudato si’ and his apostolic exhortation Laudate Deum
in which the Pope observes that humanity is not responding adequately to the harmful changes affecting the climate
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Xaoc Devices Lublin is a new dual pingable analog VCA module for Eurorack that has three unique ping responses
” You can never have enough VCAs.” That’s true
VCAs offer many interesting patch possibilities and can be used with audio and CV signals
Xaoc Devices from Poland now has a new dual VCA in its growing portfolio
It mainly specializes in sounds with natural dynamics
dual pingable analog VCA module with unique features unavailable in classic VCAs.
The circuit focuses on low noise and has a DC-coupled signal path
A dedicated exponential response input makes it more flexible
and they have three different flavors of ping responses
giving you different natural responses: shortened
It’s important to know that Xaoc Devices Lublin does not have built-in traditional vactrols
These characteristics make harmonically rich and thick percussive sounds with natural dynamics possible
the module hosts a gain control circuit that lets you push the audio hard without unnecessary distortion.
An exciting new dual VCA from Xaoc Devices
One that can set itself apart from the traditional ones and is especially worth a look for people who want to generate more natural sounds
Xaoc Devices Lublin is available now for $189/169€
More information here: Xaoc Devices
Perfect Circuit
Eurorack News
hardware programmer for the Roland MKS-7 and Juno-106 synthesizers
new Hainbach test equipment tone generator and audio mangler plugin
The colorful Dreadbox Eudemonia is a dual analog filter, mixer, and VCA in one and reduces the patch paths with its clever design. After testing at the Hysteria oscillator module, I now move on to […]
News from ST Modular, Alstaden is a new DIY analog oscillator with subs, dual waveshaping, FM and built-in VCA. The German Stefan Tretau is one of the hardest working developers in the Eurorack world. He […]
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Predicted lineups are available for the match a few days in advance while the actual lineup will be available about an hour ahead of the match
The current head to head record for the teams are Widzew Łódź 1 win(s)
Sebastian Kerk has created the most big chances for Widzew Łódź (8)
Hubert Sobol has the most shots on target per match for Widzew Łódź (0.8)
Have scored 9 goals in their last 5 matches
Haven't kept a clean sheet in 5 matches
Kacper Rosa is ranked 1 in saves per match in the competition (4.2)
19 Apr 2025 15:30:00 GMT?Motor Lublin won 2–1 over Widzew Łódź on Sat
19 Apr 2025 15:30:00 GMT.InsightsHave scored 6 goals in their last 5 matches
Widzew Łódź is playing home against Motor Lublin at Stadion Miejski Widzewa Łódź on Sat
Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (UMCS) in Lublin
celebrating its 80th anniversary brought together all ATHENA European University partners
This significant occasion featured the official launch of a new phase for the ATHENA consortium
symbolizing renewed commitment to collaboration and further advancing partnerships in education and research
consisting of rectors from all partner universities
convened to discuss the future of the consortium
Key topics included the formalization of new governance principles and the renewal of task forces (action groups) responsible for driving strategic initiatives forward
all rectors signed a new ATHENA Consortium agreement
further reinforcing the consortium’s dedication to offering high-quality
The agreement is designed to ensure that ATHENA’s goals align with European needs
enabling students and staff to benefit from enhanced educational opportunities
The event also saw a major leadership transition
as the University of Maribor officially assumed the presidency of ATHENA
Rector Zdravko Kačič now holds the responsibility of leading the consortium into its next phase of development
our focus is firmly on strengthening our partners’ commitment to consolidate actions in key areas of research and deepen inter-institutional collaboration in education
We are continuing to enhance ATHENA’s thematic clusters
The newly established governance principles will guide our transition toward a leaner
enabling us to adapt and grow as we move forward."
Discussions on ATHENA’s activity plan for the coming year
setting the course for future actions were in the center of the gathering
The renewed task forces will play a crucial role in ensuring that ATHENA continues to offer cutting-edge research and inclusive educational opportunities to students across Europe
its mission remains clear: to deliver high-quality
international education that addresses the most pressing needs of today’s globalized
ATHENA is well-positioned to continue making significant strides in shaping the future of European higher education
Stay tuned for further updates on ATHENA’s exciting future initiatives
View specialisms glossary
Home » News » Buro Happold opens a new office in Lublin
Our Polish team boasts more than 160 skilled engineers and consultants dedicated to delivering the highest quality services for sustainable solutions in the built environment
The new Lublin office will play a crucial role in the current and future projects
enhancing our development potential and enabling us to serve our clients better across Poland and beyond
Our new office in Lublin is a part of our global growth strategy – it also plays an important role from the local point of view
we would like to bring opportunities for talented people living here to work on international projects
We are building strong relationships with the Technical University to influence the education of students by presenting innovative engineering solutions
Buro Happold is currently hiring for multiple roles
We offer exciting opportunities to work on international projects
collaborate with industry experts and contribute to groundbreaking developments
we have built an unrivalled reputation by delivering creative
value-led solutions for the benefit of people
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With a Golden Globe already pocketed, Jesse Eisenberg’s beautifully bittersweet and sharply funny comedy-drama A Real Pain is on an inspiring journey from Sundance breakout to Academy Awards favourite.
and old family tensions are never too far away as the pair make their way across the country
heading ultimately for their late grandmother’s old hometown and a poignant tribute
Polish composer Frederic Chopin provides the road-trip playlist of 19th century bangers.
Making the film was a case of life imitating art imitating life
with cast and crew travelling across Poland to film at all locations featured in the story
From Warsaw to the medieval town of Lublin in the country’s southeast
A Real Pain takes audiences on a journey of Poland’s past and present
filtered through the prism of the Jewish experience
Eisenberg was given permission to film in a former concentration camp – Majdanek on the outskirts of Lublin – for the film’s unsentimental but deeply moving centerpiece
Yes, barring two bookending scenes at a New York airport, the entire movie was filmed in the country. Eisenberg took inspiration from films like Y Tu Mamá También to ‘create a road movie that’s also beautiful
that shows Poland in a really beautiful light
but mixes the kind of elements of horror and history’
Here’s where to go to follow in Benji and David’s footsteps
The group’s tour begins at Warsaw’s memorial to the Jewish fighters who rose up against the Nazis in 1943
Tour guide James describes it as ‘a monument that celebrates the Jewish heroes that fought back against the Nazis’
contextualising its place in the group’s itinerary ahead of a visit to Majdanek concentration camp
‘I think it’s important to dispel the myth that these were people who were led like lambs to the slaughter,’ he explains
Designed by Polish-Jewish sculptor Nathan Rapoport
the 11-metre-tall statue was unveiled in 1948
it was made from materials originally earmarked for Nazi monuments.
📍 More info
taking in the tree-lined Grzybów Square (or ‘Plac Grzybowski’)
it was once part of the Warsaw Ghetto.
The group’s tour takes in Warsaw’s Krasiński Square and this massive monument to the 1944 Warsaw Uprising against the Nazis
Benji soon has fellow tourists Marcia (Jennifer Grey)
Diane (Liza Sadovy) and Mark (Daniel Oreskes)
posing as resistance fighters on the memorial – even coaxing the reluctant James to join in. The bronze artwork commemorates the resistance fighters who took on the Nazis over 63 days in the summer of 1944
Head across town to the Warsaw Rising Museum to get the full story of those heroic deeds.
📍 More info
David and Benji catch up with their fellow travellers for the Lublin leg of their tour
James leads the group on a walk of the city’s Jewish past
introducing them to Lublin’s medieval castle and this gateway
to the town’s old Jewish quarter.
📍 More info
A tense exchange between Benji and James takes place in the ancient Old Jewish Cemetery on a Lublin hillside
As James places the burial ground in its historical context
Benji asks his chastened tour guide to ease up on the ‘factoids’
James suggests following the Jewish tradition of leaving a stone on the ‘matzevah’ of Talmudist Jakub Kopelman
📍 More info
Eisenberg’s idea of filming within the sombre surrounds of a concentration camp initially met with discouragement
reverential treatment of the location saw permission granted
and it shows Majdanek the way it is now,”’ he explains
’[The scene] takes place in Majdanek
which no Holocaust movie does because no one knows about it
But mine is set there because that’s where my family is from.’
people were just very quiet,’ remembers Culkin of the shoot
All of the practicalities of filmmaking – lighting
etc – were conducted with ‘the utmost reverence and sanctity for what we were doing,’ recalls Eisenberg.
For visitors aged 14 and over, the State Museum at Majdanek offers two-and-a-half-hour tours of the camp.📍 More info
Frederic Chopin’s houseIt’s not a physical location in the film
and doesn’t feature on David and Benji’s tour
but the home of Poland’s greatest composer was a key influence
Eisenberg had visited Chopin’s house on a trip to Poland and he returned to the musician’s work to provide the film’s score
‘It gives the movie this sophisticated “removed” tone that I just found very helpful,’ he says
‘When we started editing the movie and were putting these Chopin pieces in the places that they belonged
the editor and I just turned to each other and said
“This is the tone of the movie.”’
📍 More info
Photography courtesy of the Polish National Tourist Office
A Real Pain is in UK and Ireland cinemas Jan 8. Streaming on Hulu in the US Jan 16.Read our verdict of A Real Pain.
101 places all movie lovers should visit
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The current head to head record for the teams are Motor Lublin 1 win(s)
Samuel Mraz has the most shots on target per match for Motor Lublin (1.5)
Have scored 10 goals in their last 5 matches
Joel Pereira has created the most big chances for Lech Poznan (9)
13 Apr 2025 15:30:00 GMT?Lech Poznan won 2–1 over Motor Lublin on Sun
13 Apr 2025 15:30:00 GMT.InsightsHave scored 9 goals in their last 5 matches
Motor Lublin is playing home against Lech Poznan at Motor Lublin Arena on Sun
embrace the charm of lesser-known destinations
Last year was surely the year of the city break big hitter
We had one of the all-time great Olympic Games in Paris
and Taylor Swift’s Eras tour saw millions of Swifties boosting international economies one capital city at a time
savvy travellers are turning away from crowded capitals in favour of lesser-known cities — places that still offer the thrill of discovery far from the cruise ship hordes
And with the flexibility of the new Trading 212 card
exploring these spots has never been easier or more rewarding
From an under-the-radar gem in Georgia to a culture-packed Bulgarian beauty
we round up five surprisingly wonderful city break destinations for your 2025 travel calendar
Lublin is Eastern Europe’s best kept secret but it’s unlikely to stay that way for long
charming city is less than two hours from Warsaw on the train and it’s got it all: a colourful cobblestoned Old Town
colossally grand and extremely well-priced hotels
a burgeoning art scene that includes the vast multi-disciplinary modernist gallery CSK (Centrum Spotkania Kultur)
and hometown breweries producing brilliant beer
while it still has that authentic locals-only feel to it
where beautiful antebellum mansions line brick-paved streets and the house’s historic ties stretch back to the Revolutionary War of 1779
It’s a culture-packed place with an art gallery designed by Moshe Safdie and its own jazz hall of fame
The food is hearty in the best southern-style: head to Mrs
Wilkes Dining Room for crispy fried chicken
there’s a touch of the gothic here too: trails of Spanish moss hang from the city’s many oak trees
giving the place a fantastical fairytale feel
Away from the clamour and crowds of Copenhagen
Denmark’s understated second city is quietly emerging as a big player in its own right
You could come simply for the spectacular modernist museums: the grass-roofed marvel that is the Moesgaard museum of archaeology and anthropology seems to emerge from the earth
and the ARoS art museum houses works from the Danish Golden Age in an incredible building by Henning Larsen architects
But the food is just as big a draw: a sprawling street food market sells everything from bao buns to Danish comfort food and the city boasts four Michelin-starred restaurants
Bulgaria’s second city stakes a claim to be Europe’s oldest continually inhabited urban space
and remnants of its epic history are everywhere – from its astonishing Roman amphitheatre to its handsome 19th-century mansion houses
The old town is a winding warren of charming streets with gorgeously well preserved Ottoman-era architecture
But it’s not trapped by its illustrious past: there’s a thriving contemporary art scene that was given a huge boost in 2019 when Plovdiv was named European City of Culture
And oenophiles will be in their element: the pedestrianised Kapana district is full of wine bars serving the highly regarded local reds
*Card distributed by T212, issued and provided by Paynetics UK, available with an Invest account. ATM withdrawals are free up to £400 per month, 1% ATM fee applies thereafter. Other fees may apply. When investing, your capital is at risk. By enabling interest, we hold your cash in QMMFs and banks. Otherwise we hold it only in banks. Interest applies on cash in an investment account. Terms apply.