The dates displayed for an article provide information on when various publication milestones were reached at the journal that has published the article activities on preceding journals at which the article was previously under consideration are not shown (for instance submission All content on this site: Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. John Cantius is not celebrated on his day of deathSebastian Woźniak | CC BY-SA 2.0-modified The Church often has a difficult time assigning a saint's feast day on the universal calendar it is impossible to give each saint their own individual day Normally when a saint is recognized in the Catholic Church their feast day is assigned to the day of their death This day would technically be the anniversary of their entrance into Heaven Sometimes the date of a saint's death lands on a day when the Church celebrates a major feast or is in the midst of a penitential season which is normally during Lent or Holy Week Since his feast day would always be superseded by a different celebration the Church assigned his feast day to the anniversary of his inauguration Mass on October 22 but the Roman Martyrology explains when he actually died: taught for many years at the University of Krakow After receiving the assignment of the pastoral care of the parish of Olkusz he added to his virtues the testimony of an upright faith and was for his collaborators and disciples a model of piety and charity towards others That day was December 24 and since it is Christmas Eve his feast day would never be celebrated by the universal Church The Church decided to simply move it to the day before his death placing his feast on December 23 to avoid it being superseded by Christmas Eve his feast is moved to October 20 in Poland likely because it does not interfere with Advent and all the preparations for Christmas Articles like these are sponsored free for every Catholic through the support of generous readers just like you Please make a tax-deductible donation today Help us continue to bring the Gospel to people everywhere through uplifting Catholic news Metrics details Origins of medieval lead artefacts are hard to establish due to re-smelting and mixing One can obtain conclusive evidence from ingots that served for bulk trade and originated directly from the mines This paper aims to analyse the thirteenth century lead ingot from Wrocław (Poland) To establish its origins we analysed its structure and chemical composition We used archaeometric methods: light and electron microscopic observations inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry and Pb isotopic analysis We compared our measurements with measurements of analogical ingot found on Kraków Market Square and a database of lead ores from Europe and the Middle East The research indicated that both ingots originated from -Kraków and Silesia Upland Pb–Zn ore deposits (Poland) intensively mined from the twelfth century The results complement the view of trade routes established based on written records and add valuable data for future comparative studies therefore any find of pure lead destined for long-distance trade has special significance The ingots were originally produced in the mining area so they should contain only the local material from a given time their archaeological context may provide us with a rather narrow chronology The purpose of this article is the identification of the physical and chemical properties of lead ingot discovered in Wrocław (Poland) and dated to the thirteenth century Further we will compare it with an analogous ingot from Kraków Market Square as well as a database of lead ores from Europe and the Middle East Medieval lead ingots are not common artefacts so the research results will contribute to the analysis of the bulk trade of lead in the Middle Ages by supplementing the scare written records Therefore metallurgy was the major basis for the development of a bulk trade of lead with permission from Dariusz Rozmus (Copyright) Schematic map of Kraków and Silesia Upland Lead–Zinc deposits: a erosional edge; b- fault; c- the boundary between dolomites calcareous dolomites and dolomitized limestones; d- Devonian formations; e- Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization; f- dolomites; g- limestones; h- calcareous dolomites 17 with permission from Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk The dimension (from a to b) is 3 Rhine feet that is 84 cm (according to Wrocław’s linear measure from eighteenth century) or 93 cm (according to Prusian linear measure dated on the beginning of nineteenth century); the thickness from c to d is 8 inches that is 20 cm with permission from Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa lead ingot found near the Great Scales in the Main Market Square (dimensions: 88.7 × 81 cm Lead ingot in situ (a) and extracted from the ground (b- topside view Markings stamped on the bottom side of the ingot (d Further polishing was achieved by using MD-Largo MD-Dac and MD-Chem shields with DiaPro Allegro The microscopic analysis of the sample was carried out with a Nikon metallographic microscope and a Hitachi TM 4000plus scanning electron microscope coupled with an EDS spectrometer (SEM–EDS) The sample was observed with detectors of secondary electrons and backscattered electrons the sample was treated with a mixture of nitric acid (139 ml HNO3 and 100 ml H2O) and OP-S colloidal silica and then further analysed An infrared spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR) was conducted using a Thermo Nicolet 380 spectrometer with a spectral range of 4000–400 cm−1 using 4 cm−1 resolution and registering the spectral image in the absorbance mode The results were interpreted with available spectral libraries The final phase identification of the corrosion sample was conducted via X-ray diffraction (XRD) on a MiniFlex 600 diffractometer (Rigaku) with a CuKα 1.5 kW X-ray lamp and a 600 W generator working under the conditions of 40 kV voltage and 15 mA of cathode current The analysis was conducted in the diffraction angle range of 3–140° 2θ using a detector allowing for 2D measurements The interpretation of diffractograms was conducted using Smart Lab Studio II software and ICDD PDF-4 + 2020 database Comparison of lead isotope ratios: a- 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb; 208Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb and b- 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb; 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/206Pb for ingots from Wrocław that these deposits were not used in the first half of the thirteenth century we can exclude them SEM image and results of EDS spectral analysis of selected areas on the ingot’s surface maps and EDS spectra of a lead ingot after etching FTIR spectrum (a) and XRD diffractogram (b) of a white corrosion sample Numbers indicate peak position (a) and d-values in Å (b) There were only a few brown and blue coloured deposits on the surface The latter ones were identified by FT-IR and XRD as iron phosphate The sample also featured another type of iron phosphate—blue-grey strengite (FePO4 · 2H2O)—and calcite Orange-brown deposits from the surface turned out to be a mixture of silica and aluminosilicates such as muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2) and pegmatite The presence of those substances clearly indicates that the ingot was contaminated by mineral compounds present in the soil during its deposition underground Our research confirmed that the ingot is slightly corroded and has typical oxidation products- lead compounds (cerussite and hydrocerussite) silica and calcite as well as iron compounds (e.g The ingot is much smaller than the one from Kraków Its smaller size and deposition on a plot near New Market may suggest that it was a bulk product meant for the local market to supply many local crafts using lead in their work it gives us new solid data for further comparative analysis of lead origins Since the isotopic analyses in East-Central Europe the ingot shows us the potential and need for further studies of lead trade Two ingots of lead described above—from Wrocław Catherine Street and from the Main Market Square in Kraków—were helpful in achieving the goal described at the beginning of the article The dating of both finds suggests that they were created within a span of roughly 100 years Non-destructive and relatively less-invasive archaeometric analysis of the lead ingot from Wrocław revealed its chemical and structural composition Three different methods of chemical analysis confirmed that the main component is lead which constitutes over 99% Pb of the whole mass A few other elements were recognised in a significantly smaller amount: tin (0.15% Sn) Other elements are present in a roughly 100-times smaller amount and are typical trace elements with concentration equal to a ppm or its fraction The results were compared- but not the same- with the study of the lead ingot from Cracow However done isotopic analysis clearly revealed the shared origin of both ingots in the mines around Olkusz Comparing the contents of both ingots shows differences in concentration of particular elements which can also be explained by the heterogeneity of both artifacts and the minimal amount sampled for invasive analysis through the analysis post-production residue was identified non-metallic inclusions and grains with recognised equal weight amounts of lead and sulphur which may suggest leftovers of unreduced lead ore (galena the analysis of the ingot’s surface yielded information on foreign substance residues stuck to the surface during the time the ingot spent buried underground as well as oxidised metals such as iron (Fe) The research allowed for determining the properties of lead (Pb) extracted in the Middle Ages from the deposits in Silesia and Lesser Poland created within a period of roughly 100 years The results open a perspective for further research of the range of wholesale trade and used of lead in twelfth-fourteenth century Central Europe and beyond earlier limited by the written sources available only from the fifteenth century onwards The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the authors on reasonable request The research was conducted by Anna Leśniewicz from the Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy of Wrocław University of Science and Technology Platelets are visible as flat objects through a BSE detector but become grain-like when an SE detector is used which better shows the sample’s topography Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry coupled with an energy-dispersive spectrometer Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry Multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Recycling im späten Mittelalter und der frühen Neuzeit (Recycling in Late and Early Modern Period) The composition of niello decoration on gold silver and bronze in the antique and mediaeval periods Mecking O. Medieval lead glass in Central Europe. Archaeometry. 2013;55(4):640–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00697.x Solid as a rock: poured lead joints in medieval masonry Aldershot: The Uses of Metal in the Middle Ages; 2005 Initial experiments on silver refining: how did a cupellation furnace work in the 16th century From copper to silver: understanding the saigerprozess through experimental liquation and drying metallurgy and minting in the middle ages afro-european supremacy Trincherini PR, Barbero P, Quarati P, Domergue C, Long L. Where do the lead ingots of the Saintes-Maries-de-La-Mer wreck come from? Archaeology Compared with Physics’. Archaeometry. 2001;43(3):393–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4754.00023 International lead production and trade in the “Age of the Saigerprozess” Polski ołów na rynkach Europy Środkowej w XIII-XVII wieku (Lead from Poland on the markets of Central Europe in 13th-17th c.) Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN; 2001 (The importance of lead for Czech state in the 13th c.) Silver and lead production centre in southern Poland - between Bytom Olkusz and Tarnowskie Góry in the Middle Ages The Prehistory of metallurgy in the British Isles Desaulty AM, Albarede F. Copper, lead, and silver isotopes solve a major economic conundrum of Tudor and early Stuart Europe’. Geology. 2013;41(2):135–8. https://doi.org/10.1130/G33555.1 Desaulty AM, Telouk Ph, Albalat E. Albarède F ‘Isotopic Ag-Cu-Pb record of silver circulation through 16th-18th Century Spain.’ Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(22):9002–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018210108 Carroll M, Evans J, Pashley V, Prowse T. Tracking Roman lead sources using lead isotopes analysis. A case study from the imperial rural estate at Vagnari (Puglia, Italy). J Archaeol Sci Rep. 2021;367:102821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102821 Karagiorgou O, Merkel S, Wołoszyn M. A contribution to the technology and sources of lead in Byzantium: lead isotope analysis of ten Byzantine seals. Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 2021;114(3):1161–203. https://doi.org/10.1515/bz-2021-0058 Swords into ploughs hares: recycling in pre-industrial England Clemenza M, Contini A, Baccolo G, di Vacri ML, Ferrante M, et al. Development of a multi-analytical approach for the characterization of ancient roman lead ingots. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. 2017;311(2):1495–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-016-5040-x as deduced from lead isotopes: the ingots from the Mal Di Ventre Wreck (Western Sardinia Galili E, Rosen B, Arenson S, Nir-El Y, Jacoby D. A cargo of lead ingots from a shipwreck off Ashkelon, Israel 11th–13th centuries AD. Int J Naut Archaeol. 2019;48(2):453–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/1095-9270.12365 Hauptman A, Bartels Ch, Schneider G. The Shipwreck of Bom Jesus, AD 1533: Fugger Copper in Namibia. J Afr Archaeol. 2016;142:181–207. https://doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10288 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988 Stadtgemeinde und Bergwesen Freibergs im Mittelalter (Urban commune and mining in Freiberg in Middle Ages) Weimar: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger; 1963 Bränvall ML, Bindler R, Emteryd O, Renberg I. Four thousand years of atmospheric lead pollution in northern Europe: a summary from Swedish lake sediments. J Paleolimnol. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011186100081 Blei und Silber aus dem Goslarer Rammelsberg Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum; 2007 Bergbau im frühen und hohen Mittelalter im Südschwarzwald In Früher Bergbau im südlichen Schwarzwald; (Mining in early and high Middle Ages in South Black Forest In: Early mining in south Black Forest); Stuttgart: Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Wüttemberg Medieval lead-silver smelting in the Siegerland Entstehung und Blüte der Stadt Freiberg: Die bauliche Entwicklung der Bergstadt vom 12 Jahrhunderts(The emergence and flourishin of Freiberg: the architectural development of the mining town from the 12th to the end of the 17th c.) Metalurgická produkční sféra na Českomoravské vrchovině v závěru přemyslovské éry Der Goslarer Metallhandel im Mittelalter (The Goslar metal trade in the Middle Ages) Přehledné dějiny československého hornictví I (Overview history of Czechoslovak mining vol Zastosowanie ołowiu na ziemiach polskich od XIV do XVII wieku (The use of lead in Poland from the 14th to the 17th century) Verwendung von Blei auf polnischen Gebieten vom 14 Metale nieżelazne na ziemiach polskich od XIV do XVIII wieku Górnictwo kruszcowe na terenie złóż śląsko-krakowskich do poł (Ore mining in the area of the Kraków and Silesia Upland deposits to the middle of the 16th c.) Prawidłowości wykształcenia śląsko-krakowskich złóż cynkowo-ołowiowych (Patterns of the formation of the Kraków and Silesia Upland zinc-lead deposits) Warszawa Prace Geologiczne—Polska Akademia Nauk Oddział w Krakowie Komisja Nauk Geologicznych Charakterystyka geologiczna śląsko-krakowskich złóż cynkowo-ołowiowych (Geological characteristics of the Kraków and Silesia Upland lead-zinc ore deposits) Wczesnośredniowieczne zagłębie hutnictwa srebra i ołowiu na obszarach obecnego pogranicza Śląska i Małopolski (druga połowa XI–XII/XIII wiek) (Early medieval district of silver and lead metallurgy in the frontier areas of Upper Silesia and Little Poland (second half of the 11th-12th/13th centuries) Kopalnie rud ołowiu na terenie złóż śląsko-krakowskich w XVI-XVIII w (Lead ore mines in the Kraków and Silesia Upland deposits in the 16th-18th centuries) Wrocław w przestrzeni gospodarczej Europy (XIII-XV wiek) (Wrocław in the economic space of Europe (13th-15th centuries) Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego; 2009 Abt E LG Memoriał w sprawie kopalnictwa rud ołowiu i srebra na Górnym Śląsku (Memorial on lead and silver ore mining in Upper Silesia) (Geschichte des Bley- und Silber-Bergbaues um Tarnovitz und Beuthen in Oberschlesien von 1528 bis zum Verfall und bis zur Wiederaufnahme im 1784) Działalność krakowskiej Wielkiej Wagi w kontekście badań metaloznawczych ( The function of the Great Scales in Kraków in the Context of Metal Science) Zeszyty Naukowe Muzeum Historycznego Miasta Krakowa Miedź i ołów - zanieczyszczenia historyczne na Rynku Głównym w Krakowie (Copper and lead – the historical origin of the base soils contamination of the Market Square in Kraków) de Muynck D Metale z wykopalisk na Rynku krakowskim: pochodzenie geologiczne metali na podstawie pomiarów izotopów ołowiu (Metals from the excavation at the Kraków Market Square: geological origins of the metals based on the measurments of lead isotopes) Kraków: Wydawnictwa Akademii Górniczo-Hutniczej im Wita Stwosza we Wrocławiu (In the shadow of the Hatzfeldt Palace and the Church of St Preliminary results of the quarterly research between New Market Square and Wit Stwosz Street in Wrocław) Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 2018; 60.2 A note on the metallographic preparation of ancient lead Vahora N, Keeble M, Hasnine M. Metallographic Preparation of Lead Free Solder. TECHNotes, Published by Buehler, a division of Illinois Tool Works 2017; p. 7.5:1–5. https://www.researchgate.net/ Accessed 22 Jun 2020 Analizy izotopów ołowiu a pochodzenie znalezisk z brązu (Analyzes of lead isotopes and the origin of the bronze finds) In: Sobieraj J Początki Epoki Brązu na Warmii i Mazurach w świetle analiz specjalistycznych Moving metals II: provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age artefacts by lead isotope and elemental analyses Metal provenancing using isotopes and the Oxford archaeological lead isotope database (OXALID) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy Using nondestructive portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers on stone and other materials in museums: advantages and limitations OXALID. http://oxalid.arch.ox.ac.uk Lead isotope and Pb-Pb model age determinations of ores from Central Europe and their metallogenetic interpretation The determination of lead isotope ratios by multiple collector ICP-MS: a case study of early Bronze age artefacts and their possible relation with ore deposits of the Erzgebirge Origin of lead in eight central European peat bogs determined from isotope ratios and operation times of regional pollution sources Královská mincovna v Kutné Hoře (King’s mint in Kutná Hora) Praha: Česka Akademie Císaře Františka Josefa pro Vědz Slag remains from the Na Stupi site (Prague Czech Republic): evidence for early medieval non-ferrous metal smelting storočí (Náčrt problematiky) (The origins of the mining town of Gelnica in the 13th and 14th centuries (Outline of the problem)) Die Versorgung des Neusohler Kupferbetriebes mit polnischem Blei zur Zeit des gemeinsamen Kupferhandels der Fugger und Thurzó (1494–1526) Bergbaurevier als Verbrauchszentren im Vorindustriellen Europa Faillstudien zu Beschaffung und Verbrauch von Lebensmitteln sowie Roh- und Hilfsstoffen (13.-18 Jahrhundert (The Supply of Polish Lead to the Neusohl Copper Works at the Time of the Joint Copper Trade of the Fuggers and Thurzó (1494–1526) In: Mining districts as centres of consumption in pre-industrial Europe Faill studies on the procurement and consumption of foodstuffs as well as raw and auxiliary materials (13th-18th centuries) Anthropogenic and lithogenic sources of lead in Lower Silesia (Southwest Poland): an isotope study of soils basement rocks and anthripogenic materials New archaeological and metallurgical research of the early medieval lead and silver smelting sites in the border areas of upper Silesia and Małopolska — Banská Štiavnica : Slovenské banské múzeum 2018 Lead isotopic characteristics and metal sources for the Jewelry in the medieval rural settlements from the Suzdal Region (Kievan Rus’) Between artifacts and texts: historical archaeology in global perspective Download references Stos-Gale (Department of Historical Studies University of Gothenburg) who kindly prepared and interpreted for us isotopic data for this article Leśniewicz from the Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy of Wrocław University of Science and Technology for making ICP-OES study for this article The author thanks the financial support of the National Science Centre the OPUS 18 programme under the supervision of Prof standard i ubóstwo w cywilizacji mieszczańskiej Europy Środkowowschodniej w XV-XVIII w standard and poverty in the civilisation of the burghers of East-Central Europe in 15th–eighteenth centuries Paweł Cembrzyński’s position and work is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG German Research Foundation) under Germany´s Excellence Strategy—EXC 2150—390870439 microscope pictures data and interpretation of the ICP-OES results; writing of the original draft PD—analysis and interpretation archaeological context of examined lead deposit from Wrocław PC—establishing a historical and archaeological context of lead trade in Europe and contribution to the writing of a whole paper MM—investigation of the Pb isotopic composition research questions and historical conclusions All authors read and approved the final manuscript The authors declare no competing interests Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00819-x Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: a shareable link is not currently available for this article Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks The action you just performed triggered the security solution There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page Sign up for our daily Newsletter and stay up to date with all the latest news You are receiving this pop-up because this is the first time you are visiting our site You are using software which is blocking our advertisements (adblocker) we are relying on revenues from our banners So please disable your adblocker and reload the page to continue using this site.Thanks Intermag built a new biotechnology production facility in Olkusz (Poland) The production workshops with a combined area of 1,200 square meters are equipped with an installation for multiplying microorganisms a set of devices for the production of bio-products in dry and liquid form indispensable technical infrastructure and a laboratory for the quality control of manufactured bio-products.  Biotechnology production facility in Olkusz are characterized by high hygiene standards similar to those used in the food and pharmaceutical industry They are designed to eliminate the risk of product contamination with extraneous microorganisms utilities meet very strict quality requirements consists of three bioreactors of varying capacity a set of formulation and storage tanks and a centrifuge The automatic control of the process ensures optimal growing conditions: the degree of culture oxygenation to obtain the highest level op multiplying microorganisms In order to maintain the highest hygiene standards the installation is equipped with modern washing and sterilisation systems.  An important element of the newly opened facility is the installation for formulation of bio-products final products (in dry and liquid form) containing multiplied microorganisms formulation tanks are used that have various capacity and are connected to the packaging line For the production of dry products special devices are used The installation allows for the production of a diverse range of innovative products with a very high concentration of microorganisms applied on neutral substrates as well as products containing microorganisms in combination with fertilizers The quality control process of final products is ensured in the fully equipped functional microbiology laboratory on the same location quantitative and qualitative analyses of multiplied microorganisms are carried out The complex control of processes at every production stage ensures the highest quality The new facility can be considered one of the most modern in the world.  The quality of manufactured products is tested in the laboratory The production of liquid bioproducts from the Bactim line has already started in the new facility Among them is Bactim Soil – a bio-product improving soil fertility and lowering the intensity of crop infection due to decomposition of crop residues and increasing soil microbial activity.  For more information:Intermag sp. z o.o.Al. 1000-lecia 15G32-300 OlkuszPoland+ 48 32 64 55 904[email protected] www.intermag.eu   FreshPublishers © 2005-2025 HortiDaily.com Bexon Harrison recently focused full time on swimming after doing that and water polo for much of his high school career Breaststroke specialist Landry Liston has announced her commitment to continue both her academic and athletic careers at George Mason University Lennox is a six-time 4A CHSAA State Champion Texas sophomore Brayden Taivassalo has announced that he is transferring to Arizona State University for the next season Backstroker and redshirt sophomore JT Ewing has confirmed he will transfer from NC State to Arizona State for the 2025–2026 collegiate season July 21st, 2021 College, College Recruiting, Europe, NAIA, News Fitter and Faster Swim Camps is the proud sponsor of SwimSwam’s College Recruiting Channel and all commitment news swimming in college is a lifelong dream that is pursued with dedication and determination Fitter and Faster is proud to honor these athletes and those who supported them on their journey Poland has signed a letter of intent to swim for Bethel University beginning next fall Synowiec trains with UKS SMS Galicja Krakow He competed at the Polish Junior Club Championships (50M) in February 2021 and recorded top ten finishes in the 200 IM (6th with 2:16.14) he swam at the Polish National Championships and recorded lifetime bests in the 400 free (4:09.99) and 800 free (8:39.48) competes in the Mid-South Conference of the NAIA Synowiec is a huge addition to the Wildcats’ roster His converted times would have scored in the top-8 of the 1650 free and the B final of the 500 free at the 2019 NAIA National Championships He also would have been a welcome addition to Bethel’s relays “This year just keeps getting better and better We are super excited to add this incredible young man from Poland He brings nothing but the best and will show it this upcoming year Mikolaj is an incredible addition to the Bethel family.” If you have a commitment to report, please send an email with a photo (landscape, or horizontal, looks best) and a quote to [email protected] Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value" Δdocument.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value" Anne Lepesant is the mother of four daughters With an undergraduate degree from Princeton (where she was an all-Ivy tennis player) and an MBA from INSEAD she worked for many years in the financial industry More from Anne LepesantSee All Subscribe to our newsletter and receive our latest updates Kuriozalne sceny w miejscowości Chechło w Małopolsce Do sieci trafiło nagranie całego incydentu Do niecodziennego zdarzenia doszło w miejscowości Chechło w powiecie olkuskim które pojawiło się w mediach społecznościowych która ląduje na terenie prywatnych posesji "Podczas szkolenia spadochronowo-desantowego praktycznego -  skoki i zrzuty 2 pułku rozpoznawczego - na skutek nagłego nasilenia się prędkości wiatru i zmiany jego kierunku o około 65 stopni która nastąpiła po opuszczeniu statku powietrznego przez skoczków doszło do lądowania 12 skoczków poza zrzutowiskiem Pustynia Błędowska" - napisała mjr Agnieszka Gdula w odpowiedzi na pytania portalu gazeta.pl "Jeden żołnierz lądował na dachu budynku mieszkalnego w miejscowości Chechło W wyniku niezamierzonego lądowania uszkodzeniu uległ dach budynku Żołnierz został przewieziony do placówki medycznej a dyżurny zrzutowiska sporządził dokumentację zdjęciową i spisał notatkę z właścicielem budynku" - przekazała mjr Gdula Sprawę ma teraz zbadać komisja badania wypadków lotniczych Postępowanie wewnętrzne przeprowadzą też służby wojskowe O niecodziennym incydencie jako pierwszy informował portal RMF24 Źródło: Radio ZET/ gazeta.pl/ Spotted Chechło/ rmf24 Zgłoś sprawę przez Czerwony telefon Radia ZET there is nothing more important than ensuring the safety and health of Poles That is why we are constantly striving to improve the functioning of the health service We want to increase spending on health care to 7 per cent of GDP over the next six years Additional money will be allocated to investments and modernisation of infrastructure Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki attended the symbolic handover of the keys to a new ambulance at the New Hospital in Olkusz He also visited the construction site of the operating theatre “It is with great joy that I take part in the handover of this modern equipment I am also happy to announce that this district will benefit from investments made under the Strategic Investment Project Programme,” said Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki Thanks to the prime minister's decision each district and city hospital throughout Małopolska will receive funds for development Hospitals will decide what equipment to buy hospitals in Małopolska will be supported with over PLN 50 million and an ambulance worth over half a million is the result of effective government action We are well aware that health care is an area of our lives that requires a great deal of investment and attention Our goal is to achieve average health spending as a share of GDP within 6 years That is why we have introduced changes to the legislation that will increase spending on health care by an additional PLN 4 billion already in 2022 spending on health care exceeded PLN 100 billion This is an increase of PLN 30 billion compared to 2014 in 2021 the spending exceeded PLN 120 billion and in 2022 it will exceed PLN 133 billion It belongs to Grupa Nowy Szpital Holding S.A. which manages 10 district hospitals located in three provinces: Grupa's hospitals are an important part of local government health care strategies In most cases they are the first choice facilities for local communities The construction of a new operating theatre in the New Hospital in Olkusz is underway a sterilisation room and an auxiliary area Stefania Wernik and her mother Anna Piekarz look at the camp number 79414 which her mother wore until the end of her life Editor's note: The following story may be especially upsetting to those who have experienced infant loss or trauma they tattooed the number 89136 on my left leg Mom cried a lot when they brought me to her with that number for whom they had hoped very much," says Stefania Wernik She’s been married to her husband Jan for 58 years and is a mother but on her birth certificate the name of where she was born still gives her the shivers: Auschwitz-Birkenau We know from available documents that in the camp of Auschwitz a midwife named Stanisława Leszczyńska attended more than 3,000 births and Stefania's mother left her town to visit her parents but the Germans caught her during a roundup of women smugglers and arrested her with them Anna didn’t mention that she was two months pregnant In the camp documents they wrote: Piekarz Anna Stefania says that thankfully she doesn't remember anything and that her mother never wanted to talk too much about the camp saying that she was on her knees in the water and that he will take away Stefania away from her," says Stefania who as an infant and child was subjected to medical experiments Her mother recalled that as soon as Stefania was born Mengele would forcefully remove her from his arms and when they brought her back she would cry for hours and no one could calm her down recorded in the Auschwitz Midwife Report the atrocities that were committed: Stanisława collected the wet remains of bitter herbs from the cups the prisoners had not drunk and cut the umbilical cord with rusty scissors Anna Piekarz was on the truck that was supposed to take her to the Ravensbrück camp Her friend Hela told the "kapo" that Anna was pregnant They took her off the truck and transferred her to barrack 15; she was also taken off the heavy labor list Her mother Anna was so weak that she barely had the strength to give birth she gave birth to the baby girl in the camp hospital She didn’t remember having anyone by her side although according to Stanisława Leszczyńska's report someone was always there to help at childbirth although it’s unclear how since she weighed just 62 lbs The women in the barracks made baby clothes for little Stefania from the canvas of the striped uniforms and those tattered clothes full of lice couldn’t warm the child’s cold body She and her mother miraculously survived to see January 27 The Germans were destroying documents and setting fires She wrapped her child in a blanket or coat (she could never remember which) and dragged the makeshift container with her baby across the snow She didn't have the strength to pick up her daughter; she was too weak hidden in a stool that she dragged through the snow to Libiąż as if a miracle had happened," Stefania recalls my father went to the registry office to inform about my birth but as a birthplace he put Czubrowice," says Stefania "He was afraid the Germans would take me away It wasn't until 1977 that I corrected my birth certificate before the court in Krakow." Poland (JTA) — A monument commemorating Jews murdered in a small town in southern Poland during World War II may be removed The owner of the land on which the memorial is standing has asked the local government of Chrzanow to remove the monument It is believed that he wants to sell or lease the land In 1942, the Germans murdered seven Jews at the site in Chrzanow as punishment for illegal bread baking. The victims were: Israel Gerstner, Chaim Gerstner The mayor of the town informed the Jewish community in nearby Katowice about the request to remove the monument Members of the Chrzanow town council are now discussing how to commemorate the murders should the monument ultimately be removed including asking whoever builds on the land to put a memorial plaque on the building which arises in place of the monument “Poles also have their memorial places abroad and are fighting for them like lions. Therefore, we should respect such places in our area. People who died there were also Polish people,” said town councilman Kamil Bogusz in an interview with the newspaper Przełom I’d like to ask you to please support the Forward American Jews need independent news they can trust At a time when other newsrooms are closing or cutting back the Forward has removed its paywall and invested additional resources to report on the ground from Israel and around the U.S rising antisemitism and polarized discourse This is a great time to support independent Jewish journalism you rely on See our full guidelines for more information, and this guide for detail about canonical URLs subject line “republish,” with any questions or to let us know what stories you’re picking up Copyright © 2025 The Forward Association Due to the settings of your browser and in order to facilitate the functioning of the umcs.pl webpage You can change this in the settings of you browser a press conference was held about the agreement covering the granting of a license for 4 patents concluded between the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin the Intermag company from Olkusz and the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - National Research Institute in Puławy The developed inventions are protected by a patent and concern a method of obtaining and purifying substances produced by bacteria which are the active ingredient of a preparation stimulating the growth of crops The conference was attended by: UMCS Rector - prof President of the Management Board of INTERMAG sp.z o.o Director of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG) - National Research Institute in Puławy - prof UMCS Vice-Rector for development and cooperation with the economy - prof Director of the Center for Knowledge and Technology Transfer at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University - Anna Grzegorczyk Krzysztof Ambroziak - Director of the Intermag Research and Development Department Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka - Director of the Institute of Biological Sciences and prof Jerzy Wielbo - researcher at the Institute of Biological Sciences - I would like to thank President Hubert Kardasz because Intermag undertook the commercialization of these four inventions We strive to dynamize our cooperation with the socio-economic environment it is the first such large commercialization President of the Management Board of INTERMAG sp Hubert Kardasz from Olkusz commented on the concluded contract: I would like to thank our partners - UMCS and the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puławy Talks regarding the commercialization of this product have been going on for two years We have excellent contacts with the employees of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University and we see great potential in the commercialization of this product We tested it ourselves and confirmed its high efficiency It is a very innovative approach to agriculture in line with new trends such as the Green Deal or organic farming Wiesław Oleszek - Director of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG) - National Research Institute in Puławy who spoke about why IUNG undertakes this type of research: Our unit's interest in the cultivation of legumes is huge because they have a strategic value Animal production for protein production depends on a supply of soybeans The global market is dynamic in this matter - so Polish institutions are doing everything to become as independent as possible from soybean imports It is a difficult process due to the thermal and water conditions that must be provided to legumes The area of ​​their cultivation is negligible - on a global scale we must take measures to increase the yield per hectare or use a different method - for example use the methods of supporting the growth of these plants discussed today It is best to breed types that are resistant to different Zbigniew Pastuszak - UMCS Vice-Rector for Development and Cooperation with the Economy and Anna Grzegorczyk - Director of the UMCS Knowledge and Technology Transfer Centre  - The task of commercialization is to translate scientists' research into practice and the university has a well-developed administrative structure to help ensure that these ideas find buyers and the process of finding buyers and translating scientists' ideas into a contract and further cooperation was smooth A specially established Centre organizes the commercialization process for Knowledge and Technology Transfer at our university - said Prof - The Centre for Knowledge and Technology Transfer is a unit to help connect two worlds: science and business and the effect are to be products implemented on the market I am happy that we managed to find an entrepreneur interested in the commercialization of bio-fertilizer but we are also planning further implementations in science and the humanities and social sciences - added Anna Grzegorczyk The commercialization of preparations based on "Nod factors" was undertaken by the Polish company Intermag specializing in the development and production of modern preparations for agriculture and horticulture and pro-health products for animals - The Intermag company has a Research and Development Department We carry out several research projects ourselves co-financed by the National Centre for Research and Development and those co-financed directly by the European Commission We look for interesting solutions on our own while solutions developed by scientists are also interesting for us and we count on the further development of this product in the field of other crops and we are curious how this cooperation will continue to develop - explained Krzysztof Ambroziak - Director of the Research and Development Department at INTERMAG scientists from the Institute of Biological Sciences took the floor - Scientists who have participated in the research for many years are an essential element of this success We are glad that the works related to this subject which are carried out at the Institute of Biological Sciences I thank the scientists for developing their passion and the courage to show their results I would also like to thank entrepreneurs for their involvement in our research - said What is the difficulty and novelty of the invention - The novelty consisted in changing the way of thinking about what bio-fertilizers should be used for legumes because traditionally and for decades bio-fertilizers based on live bacterial cells have been used it is quite difficult to use them because microorganisms must reach the soil to the plants in a live form it is important to be aware of the fact that many legumes are regularly grown on the soils or that they appear in the vegetation as weeds and this entails the presence of microorganisms that can have the problem with such plants that usually bacteria which are present in soil and symbiotic with legumes do not bind atmospheric nitrogen very much We have tried to isolate very effective strains for many years but their application in practical conditions did not bring outstanding results Here was the idea that maybe we should change the system a little and make the plants produce more organs that bacteria can inhabit If there are more places that bacteria can colonize that is what our various inventions really are about These are the active substances contained in the bio preparations that Intermag intends to produce and market These are certain substances made by bacterial cells that are grown under laboratory conditions Then these substances are extracted from such cultures and administered to the plants in the form of preparation cause more special organs to form on the roots of plants the plants will become colonized with more bacterial cells resulting in more reduced atmospheric nitrogen being supplied to the plants Commercialization of the patents of scientists from UMCS has been the largest so far at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University the teaching staff has nearly 90 inventions and patents at various stages of implementation which constitutes a large number of commercialization opportunities All rights reserved© 2013 UMCS powered by Veneo The EU has agreed to grant the CPK Company nearly €2,000,000 for preliminary works on the construction of a 30-kilometre stretch of railway line near the Czech border enabling the restoration of a railway connection to Jastrzębie-Zdrój – currently Poland’s largest town without a rail connection The line will form part of the Katowice-Ostrava route which is scheduled to be constructed by the CPK in collaboration with the Czech rail operator SŽDC The subsidy granted to the CPK (in the amount of €1,750,000) will fund preliminary works on the construction of a railway route from the Polish-Czech border to Jastrzębie-Zdrój and its connection to the existing Chybie-Żory line The prospective 30-kilometre-long section will constitute the missing link of the TEN-T Trans-European Transport Network Works will also include proposing a route for the new rail corridor fromJastrzębie Zdrój to Katowice The project will not only improve the railway connection between Poland and neighbouring countries but will also enable connecting Jastrzębie-Zdrój – a town of nearly 90,000 inhabitants andcurrently Poland’s largest town without access to rail lines – to the national long-distance railway route system The CPK applied for funding under the Connecting Europe Facility(CEF) in late April Funds from the facility are used to finance infrastructural projects in EU member states Obtaining financial aid under the Connecting Europe Facility is excellent news given the tough competition in the form of projects submitted by other EU member states It also serves as proof that there is demand for this project This was the first application for funding for the CPK Railway Programme under the CEF 64 applications from various EU member states were submitted for the competition as part of the ‘Transport’ category of the CEF of which 56 (including the application submitted by the CPK) concerned investments into transborder sections as part of the TENT-T network – their total value amounted to €227,000,000 The commission ultimately selected 31 projects from this category with the EU allocating €117,000,000 in funding for the projects The decision requires further approval from the European Commission the CPK and Czech rail operator SŽDC have been collaborating as part of preparations for the construction of new railway lines Collaboration involves the coordination of the preparation and construction process of the new transborder Katowice – Ostrava line as well as the Wrocław – Prague line Both parties have agreed to work together to determine the detailed route of the new lines as well as their detailed technical parameters Construction of a new line in the Jastrzębie-Zdrój area is only part of the CPK Railway Programme in the Śląsk and Małopolska regions The main project to be implemented in the area is the Małopolska-Śląsk Hub (Węzeł Małopolsko-Śląski – WMŚ) which will act as a new transfer hub and long-distance stop for the towns of Jaworzno Construction of the hub and connecting lines will reduce the fastest travelling times fromKrakówto Katowice to 35 minutes trips from Warsaw to Katowice will take approximately 1 hour 35 minutes and from trips from Warsaw to Kraków will take 1 hour 45 minutes The project will also result in a significant increase in the number of trains passing through Katowice and Kraków The new track layout will also enable direct routes from Katowice via Sosnowiec and Dąbrowa Górnicza which will help redress certain past shortcomings – as a result of which Sosnowiec (over 200,000 inhabitants) Dąbrowa Górnicza (120,000 inhabitants) and Będzin (60,000 inhabitants) lack a railway connection with Kraków Implementation of the CPK Railway Programme will also help to reduce the duration of train trips abroad – to the Czech Republic but also to Hungary and Slovakia Plans include the construction of the V4 transborder high-speed rail route (Budapest – Bratislava – Brno – Warsaw) Jastrzębie-Zdrój (on the new section to be subsidised under the CEF) the area of Rybnik and Katowice and further on through WMŚ and the existing Central Rail Line and will terminate at the CPK The CPK Railway Programme contemplates the construction of over 1,600 kilometres of new railway lines (known as rail ‘spokes’) leading to the CPK and Warsaw from 10 directions which is scheduled to be completed prior to the CPK Airport obtaining operational capability a 140-kilometre-long new rail link between Warsaw – CPK – Łódź will be constructed enabling trains to reach speeds of up to 250 km/h The estimated travel time from Warsaw to the CPK will be 15 minutes and from Łódź to the CPK 25 minutes Each of the 10 ‘spokes’ leading to the CPK will comprise new sections of tracks and renovated or modernised fragments of the existing infrastructure The CPK Company will be responsible for the construction of the former while PKP Polish Railways will be responsible for the modernisation of the latter CA Immo exits non-core market Serbia with the sale of the 19,600 sqm office building Sava Business Center in Belgrade Both the sales price and the buyer are subject to confidentiality As the PBSA sector finally takes off in Poland it is now increasingly attracting international operators and investors Eurobuild CEE spoke to Xior's investment manager about why it has such confidence in the Polish market Residential developer Develia has signed a preliminary agreement to acquire all the shares in Bouygues Immobilier Polska the Polish subsidiary of Bouygues Immobilier ESA logistika has leased 15,000 sqm in Prologis Park Piotrków GLP has completed the development of its Wrocław V Logistics Centre and has received a BREEAM rating of Outstanding Panattoni has secured EUR 40 mln in financing from BNP Paribas for the development of Panattoni Park Sosnowiec IV Newgate Investment (NGI) and Redkom Development are developing a large retail park in Bydgoszcz Deutsche Hypo – NORD/LB Real Estate Finance has provided a five-year green loan to Olivia Seven for the refinancing of the Olivia Prime A office building in Gdańsk-Oliwa communications and security company Motorola Solutions has signed a five-year lease renewal 18,000 sqm at the Green Office complex in Kraków’s Podgórze district Falling interest rates and easing monetary policy across the eurozone and CEEi are boosting investor confidence in the region’s commercial real estate market reveals Colliers in its ‘Beyond Real Estate | Economy’ report Panattoni is to build the Panattoni Park Mainz Süd in Erbes-Büdesheim bei Alzey Axi Immo has presented its latest report “Warsaw Office Market – Q1 2025 The market opened in 2025 on a steady footing with a notable increase in leasing activity and a modest decline in vacancy landlords continue to focus on upgrading existing assets and prioritizing quality over quantity Convenience store chain Żabka has officially opened a new logistics centre in Kąty Wrocławskie The first stage of the development will serve 1,500 stores in the Wrocław area Romanian Post has leased over 5,000 sqm of logistics space in CTPark Bucharest to serve as its temporary regional courier and logistics hub for Bucharest JLL has announced the sale and leaseback of two properties by a manufacturing company in a deal worth over PLN 1 bln Warehouse developer CTP is adding 2,000 sqm to its Clubco coworking development in Brno pbb Deutsche Pfandbriefbank has extended an investment facility to PineBridge Benson Elliot for the Diuna Office Park in Warsaw The hotel market in Bucharest continued its recovery in 2024 while the ADR has finally surpassed the milestone of EUR 100 Torus has announced its All.inn students’ residence concept that is soon to appear on ul Panattoni has been granted a EUR 14 mln loan from Alior Bank for the development of an 11,190 sqm centre for a leading logistics operator Xior has bought the Basecamp Wrocław student residence Sienkiewicza has 780 rooms and is the largest in Poland in terms of floor space Newgate Investment has completed the purchase of a retail park at ul 16,000 sqm and stands on the site of a former Tesco hypermarket investors bought commercial real estate with a total value of EUR 155.8 mln according to a study by Fortim Trusted Advisors followed by investments from Lebanon and Romania (9 pct) Berlin Hyp has just released the findings of its Trendbarometer survey of just under 140 real estate professionals Santander Bank Polska and Helaba have granted AFI a total of EUR 120 mln in refinancing for four PRS assets under the brand AFI Home in Warsaw This is the largest transaction of its type in this sector in Poland Panattoni has secured financing from mBank for its latest project in the Małopolska region The €26 mln funding will be used to develop the modern logistics complex Generali Adriatic Value Fund has concluded the sale of two properties in Ljubljana: Stekleni Dvor and Tivoli Center The buyer of both properties is Agromarket Logistic The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is providing a regional loan of up to EUR 120 mln to AFI Europe to support its development pipeline across Serbia BIG Poland has announced the acquisition of Power Park Olsztyn a shopping centre located in the southern part of Olsztyn This strategic investment reinforces the company’s commitment to expanding its presence in Poland’s retail sector through high-quality assets Syrena Real Estate has sold its first PRS project at ul The new owner is the Belgian company Xior Student Housing NV making it the second successful sale of a stabilised PRS project in Poland KGAL has acquired the Streitfeld Lofts office complex with 8,400 sqm of rental space and 54 underground parking spaces for one of its institutional special funds The seller of the property is one of the BlackRock Real Asset Funds Spring has very much sprung and everywhere is bathed in the first warm sunshine of the year I have in the back of my mind the terrifying fo .. The Polish warehouse market has finally stabilised after the post-pandemic boom but new challenges and opportunities are on the horizon for the sector UBM Development has been given the go-ahead for the first wooden office building in Poland: Timber Park in Poleczki Business Park in Warsaw The office market in Warsaw is currently experiencing a period of stability in terms of supply and take-up Recent data on overall tenant activity indicates that clients in the cap .. Receive all the latest information from the world of real estate by e-mail the construction of the Aura residential building designed by Robert Konieczny's office KWK Promes According to a report by research company Spectis “Construction companies in Poland 2025-2030” the total revenues of the 300 leading construction gro .. The Globalworth Foundation has provided the authorities in Bucharest with office space for a Covid vaccination centre Panattoni BTS and Commercecon together support the establishment of the second Centaurus Foundation centre in Poland to help horses and other animals intends to focus on operations in other reg .. Six class A office buildings in the PRO Portfolio which is jointly owned by PineBridge Benson Elliot and Sharow Capital have been granted BREEAM In-U .. Who won this year's 14th edition of the Eurobuild Awards The jury and guests gathered at the Double Tree by Hilton hotel in Warsaw chose this year's .. Enjoy the last set of recordings with comments straight from this year's MIPIM we asked experts from our home country for their input will take place on 9-10 April 2025 at the Norblin Factory Event Hall in W .. we invite you to hot episode of the "Eye to eye" podcast The UN Nansen Refugee Award award will go to Poland for the first time According to the office of the UNHCR High Commissioner this year's regional wi .. Czech developer CTP has been granted a EUR 200 mln loan from the European Investment Bank for the roll-out of its large-scale solar panel installation .. while the ADR has finally surpassed the milestone .. Jarosław Szanajca plans to resign from the position of president of the management board of Dom Development at the end of the year and join the superv .. The Polish and Danish governments have entered preliminary discussions for the construction of a tunnel between Szczecin and Copenhagen underneath the .. Viterra has moved into its ​​new 1,500 sqm offices in Olivia Prime part of the Olivia Centre business complex in Gdańsk Panattoni has acquired two properties near Gothenburg The brownfield sites will be replaced by a modern 43,000 sqm facility Contemporary cities are grappling with the challenge of fostering dynamic growth while alleviating environmental pressures Colliers has taken over the management of the Studio B office building located in the Warsaw Wola district The property is owned by Stena Real Estate .. The University of Warsaw has signed a contract with the general contractor for a project at ul The new building will house the faculti .. Velis Real Estate Tech is officially changing its name to Singu adopting the title of its property management product the construction of the Panattoni Park Unterfranken has officially started Ireneusz Jacek Raś – Polish politician historian by education and experienced local government official Member of the Sejm (Parliament) of the Republic of Poland of the 5th he graduated from the Pontifical Academy of Theology in Krakow with a degree in History From 1997-1999 he ran his own business in the tourism industry From 1999 to 2002 he served as director of the Chancellery of the Mayor of Krakow he served as Chairman of Krakow city district VI Bieńczyce (1998-2005) and was a member of the Krakow City Council (2002-2005) he was elected to the Sejm as a candidate of the Civic Platform party 13 (city of Kraków as well as Olkusz and Miechów poviats (counties)) he was an active member of the Administration and Internal Affairs Committee the Legislative Committee and the Family and Women's Rights Committee He won a parliamentary seat for the second time in the early elections held in 2007 He continued to be an active legislator in the Sejm of the 6th term focusing on matters related to government administration He was elected to parliament for a third consecutive time in 2011 he was selected Chairman of the Committee on Physical Culture Sports and Tourism while continuing his work on the Internal Affairs Committee After being elected to the Sejm again in 2015 he actively participated in the work of the Committee on Environmental Protection the Committee on Liaison with Poles Abroad and continued to serve as Chairman of the Committee on Physical Culture In 2019 he was re-elected to parliament under the banner of the Civic Coalition he served for the third time as the Chairman of the Committee on Physical Culture He was elected to the Sejm in October 2023 as a candidate of the Third Way party In December 2023 he was appointed Secretary of State at the Ministry of Sport and Tourism The 'przedproża' are typical elements of Gdansk's townhouses Broad stone steps with wrought-iron railings and balustrades and wide terraces in front of the entrance served as places for leisure This is where children played under the watchful eye of their mother working at home The appearance of a given 'przedproże' depended on the imagination They represented a kind of house's business card the popularity of 'przedproża' in Gdansk was also related to the fact that the city was built on marshy ground and the streets were often flooded - hence the need to place the entrance to the building higher above the road level To drain water from the 'przedproża' themselves ending with decorative spouts and gargoyles in the form of dragon Did you know that 'przedproża' were also reportedly found in Krakow and Olkusz and a few have survived to this day in Torun and Elblag This does not change the fact that those in Gdansk are the most famous and most representative You will find the most 'przedproża' today on Mariacka Street and Długi Targ And where did the carved animals and creatures on Gdansk's 'przedproża' come from Learn about the legend of the Kashubian carpenter who once decided to visit Gdansk.. is the most popular character from the Kashubian legends Did you know that one of the Kashubian giants once visited Gdańsk Gdansk's 'przedproża' are on the route of our walk following the Gdansk legends and stories: